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Hirako S, Wada N, Iizuka Y, Hirabayashi T, Kageyama H, Kim H, Kaibara N, Yanagisawa N, Takenoya F, Shioda S. Effect of Intracerebroventricular Administration of Galanin-Like Peptide on Hepatokines in C57BL/6 J Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:25. [PMID: 38386221 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-024-02200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Galanin-like peptide (GALP) is a neuropeptide that was first isolated and identified from the porcine hypothalamus. Studies have described an anti-obesity effect of GALP. We previously found that intracerebroventricular administration of GALP in mice resulted in an increase in respiratory exchange rate 12 to 16 h later. GALP may also affect glucose metabolism, but the detailed mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effects of GALP on glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver. Nine-week-old male C57BL / 6 J mice were administered a single intracerebroventricular dose of saline or GALP and dissected 16 h later. There were no significant between-group differences in body weight and blood glucose levels. With regard to gene and protein expression, G6Pase associated with hepatic gluconeogenesis was significantly reduced in the GALP group. In addition, the hepatokines selenoprotein P and fetuin-A, which induce insulin resistance in the liver, were significantly decreased in the GALP group. These results suggest that intracerebroventricular administration of GALP decreases the expression of key hepatokines, thereby enhancing glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hirako
- Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, 1288 Magome, Iwatsuki-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, 339-8539, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Wada
- Department of Anatomy, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South 1, West 17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Iizuka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- Clinical Medicine Research Laboratory, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, 16-48 Kamishinano, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 244-0806, Japan
| | - Haruaki Kageyama
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Family and Consumer Sciences, Kamakura Women's University, 6-1-3 Ofuna, Kamakura-shi, Kanagawa, 247-8512, Japan
| | - Hyounju Kim
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma, 374-0193, Japan
| | - Naoko Kaibara
- Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, 1288 Magome, Iwatsuki-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama, 339-8539, Japan
| | - Naoko Yanagisawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Fumiko Takenoya
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, 16-10, Kamishinano, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 244-0806, Japan
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Takenoya F, Shibato J, Yamashita M, Kimura A, Hirako S, Chiba Y, Nonaka N, Shioda S, Rakwal R. Transcriptomic (DNA Microarray) and Metabolome (LC-TOF-MS) Analyses of the Liver in High-Fat Diet Mice after Intranasal Administration of GALP (Galanin-like Peptide). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15825. [PMID: 37958806 PMCID: PMC10648535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to test the efficacy and potential clinical application of intranasal administration of galanin-like peptide (GALP) as an anti-obesity treatment under the hypothesis that GALP prevents obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Focusing on the mechanism of regulation of lipid metabolism in peripheral tissues via the autonomic nervous system, we confirmed that, compared with a control (saline), intranasally administered GALP prevented further body weight gain in diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice with continued access to an HFD. Using an omics-based approach, we identified several genes and metabolites in the liver tissue of DIO mice that were altered by the administration of intranasal GALP. We used whole-genome DNA microarray and metabolomics analyses to determine the anti-obesity effects of intranasal GALP in DIO mice fed an HFD. Transcriptomic profiling revealed the upregulation of flavin-containing dimethylaniline monooxygenase 3 (Fmo3), metallothionein 1 and 2 (Mt1 and Mt2, respectively), and the Aldh1a3, Defa3, and Defa20 genes. Analysis using the DAVID tool showed that intranasal GALP enhanced gene expression related to fatty acid elongation and unsaturated fatty acid synthesis and downregulated gene expression related to lipid and cholesterol synthesis, fat absorption, bile uptake, and excretion. Metabolite analysis revealed increased levels of coenzyme Q10 and oleoylethanolamide in the liver tissue, increased levels of deoxycholic acid (DCA) and taurocholic acid (TCA) in the bile acids, increased levels of taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), and decreased levels of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). In conclusion, intranasal GALP administration alleviated weight gain in obese mice fed an HFD via mechanisms involving antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and fatty acid metabolism effects and genetic alterations. The gene expression data are publicly available at NCBI GSE243376.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Takenoya
- Department of Sport Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (F.T.); (M.Y.); (A.K.)
| | - Junko Shibato
- Department of Functional Morphology, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 244-0806, Japan; (J.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Michio Yamashita
- Department of Sport Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (F.T.); (M.Y.); (A.K.)
| | - Ai Kimura
- Department of Sport Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan; (F.T.); (M.Y.); (A.K.)
| | - Satoshi Hirako
- Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama 339-8539, Japan;
| | - Yoshihiko Chiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Hoshi University, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan;
| | - Naoko Nonaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan;
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Department of Functional Morphology, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, Kanagawa 244-0806, Japan; (J.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8574, Japan
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3
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Caffeine suppresses high-fat diet-induced body weight gain in mice depending on feeding timing. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Berry NT, Rhea CK, Wideman L. Cardio-Hypothalamic-Pituitary Coupling during Rest and in Response to Exercise. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24081045. [PMID: 36010709 PMCID: PMC9407513 DOI: 10.3390/e24081045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine cardio hypothalamic-pituitary coupling and to better understand how the temporal relations between these systems are altered during rest and exercise conditions. An intensive within subjects study design was used. Seven adult males completed two visits, each consisting of either a 24 h period of complete rest or a 24 h period containing a high-intensity exercise bout. An intravenous catheter was used to collect serum samples every 10 min throughout the 24 h period (i.e., 145 samples/person/condition) to assess growth hormone (GH) dynamics throughout the 24 h period. Cardiac dynamics were also collected throughout the 24 h period and epoched into 3 min windows every 10 min, providing serial short-time measurements of heart rate variability (HRV) concurrent to the GH sampling. The standard deviation of the normal RR interval (SDNN), the root mean square of successive differences (rMSSD), and sample entropy (SampEn) was calculated for each epoch and used to create new profiles. The dynamics of these profiles were individually quantified using SampEn and recurrence quantification analysis (RQA). To address our central question, the coupling between these profiles with GH was assessed using cross-SampEn and cross-RQA (cRQA). A comparison between the epoched HRV profiles indicated a main effect between profiles for sample entropy (p < 0.001) and several measures from RQA. An interaction between profile and condition was observed for cross-SampEn (p = 0.04) and several measures from cRQA. These findings highlight the potential application of epoched HRV to assess changes in cardiac dynamics, with specific applications to assessing cardio hypothalamic-pituitary coupling.
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Chi ZC. Metabolic associated fatty liver disease is a disease related to sympathetic nervous system activation. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2022; 30:465-476. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v30.i11.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence from animal and human studies shows that sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation is a key factor in the development of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Activation of the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, and MAFLD. When genetically susceptible subjects are exposed to a variety of epigenetic changes, their liver damage may develop into MAFLD. Thus, the pathogenesis of MAFLD is complex, involving the complex interaction of insulin resistance, abnormal hormone secretion, obesity, diet, genetic factors, immune activation, gut microbiota, and other factors. In these processes, the role of sympathetic nerves cannot be underestimated. Notably, SNS has been proposed as a therapeutic target for MAFLD by inhibiting sympathetic nerves. It is worthy of further discussion and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Chun Chi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266011, Shandong Province, China
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Mizuno K, Haga H, Okumoto K, Hoshikawa K, Katsumi T, Nishina T, Saito T, Katagiri H, Ueno Y. Intrahepatic distribution of nerve fibers and alterations due to fibrosis in diseased liver. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249556. [PMID: 33852613 PMCID: PMC8046205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Autonomic nerve fibers in the liver are distributed along the portal tract, being involved in the regulation of blood flow, bile secretion and hepatic metabolism, thus contributing to systemic homeostasis. The present study investigated changes in hepatic nerve fibers in liver biopsy specimens from patients with normal liver, viral hepatitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, in relation to clinical background. The areal ratio of nerve fibers to the total portal area was automatically calculated for each sample. The nerve fiber areal ratios (NFAR) for total nerve fibers and sympathetic nerve fibers were significantly lower in liver affected by chronic hepatitis, particularly viral hepatitis, and this was also the case for advanced liver fibrosis. However, the degree of inflammatory activity did not affect NFAR for either whole nerves or sympathetic nerves. Comparison of samples obtained before and after antiviral treatment for HCV demonstrated recovery of NFAR along with improvement of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Mizuno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Haga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hoshikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Katsumi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taketo Nishina
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
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Mills EG, Izzi-Engbeaya C, Abbara A, Comninos AN, Dhillo WS. Functions of galanin, spexin and kisspeptin in metabolism, mood and behaviour. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:97-113. [PMID: 33273729 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-00438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bioactive peptides galanin, spexin and kisspeptin have a common ancestral origin and their pathophysiological roles are increasingly the subject of investigation. Evidence suggests that these bioactive peptides play a role in the regulation of metabolism, pancreatic β-cell function, energy homeostasis, mood and behaviour in several species, including zebrafish, rodents and humans. Galanin signalling suppresses insulin secretion in animal models (but not in humans), is potently obesogenic and plays putative roles governing certain evolutionary behaviours and mood modulation. Spexin decreases insulin secretion and has potent anorectic, analgesic, anxiolytic and antidepressive-like effects in animal models. Kisspeptin modulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, food intake and/or energy expenditure in animal models and humans. Furthermore, kisspeptin is implicated in the control of reproductive behaviour in animals, modulation of human sexual and emotional brain processing, and has antidepressive and fear-suppressing effects. In addition, galanin-like peptide is a further member of the galaninergic family that plays emerging key roles in metabolism and behaviour. Therapeutic interventions targeting galanin, spexin and/or kisspeptin signalling pathways could therefore contribute to the treatment of conditions ranging from obesity to mood disorders. However, many gaps and controversies exist, which must be addressed before the therapeutic potential of these bioactive peptides can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard G Mills
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chioma Izzi-Engbeaya
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alexander N Comninos
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
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Galanin peptide family regulation of glucose metabolism. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 56:100801. [PMID: 31705911 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that the galanin peptide family may regulate glucose metabolism and alleviate insulin resistance, which diminishes the probability of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The galanin was discovered in 1983 as a gut-derived peptide hormone. Subsequently, galanin peptide family was found to exert a series of metabolic effects, including the regulation of gut motility, body weight and glucose metabolism. The galanin peptide family in modulating glucose metabolism received recently increasing recognition because pharmacological activiation of galanin signaling might be of therapeutic value to improve insuin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. To date, however, few papers have summarized the role of the galanin peptide family in modulating glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. In this review we summarize the metabolic effect of galanin peptide family and highlight its glucoregulatory action and discuss the pharmacological value of galanin pathway activiation for the treatment of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Li J, Yang M, Yu Z, Tian J, Du S, Ding H. Kidney-secreted erythropoietin lowers lipidemia via activating JAK2-STAT5 signaling in adipose tissue. EBioMedicine 2019; 50:317-328. [PMID: 31740386 PMCID: PMC6921330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidemia is commonly observed in various kidney diseases, renal specific secreted erythropoietin (EPO) may participate in this process. However, how this process is regulated remains elusive. Method Dyslipidemia was evaluated in chronic kidney disease and ischemia kidney injury animal model. Primary cultured adipocytes were harvested to investigate the lipid metabolic effect of EPO. Lipidemia was evaluated in EPO treated animals. Blood samples from cardiac surgery-induced kidney injury patient were collected to assess correlationship between EPO and lipidemia. Findings We found a decrease in secreted EPO and hypertriglyceridemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) mice. In contrast, in renal ischemia animal model, increased EPO triggered by hypoxia signaling activation, was accompanied by decreased triglyceride (TG) in serum. Mechanistically, circulating EPO modulated JAK2-STAT5 signaling, which in turn enhanced lipid catabolism in peripheral adipose tissue and contributed to dysregulated lipidemia. Delivering of recombinant EPO into both wild type and CKD mice suppressed TG in serum by accelerating lipid catabolism in adipose tissue. In a cohort of patients diagnosed with acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, the decreased TG and cholesterol negatively correlated with increased EPO in serum. Interpretation This study depicted a new mechanism by which renal secreted EPO controlled lipidemia in kidney diseases including chronic kidney disease. Circulating EPO stimulated lipid catabolism by targeting JAK2-STATA5 signaling in peripheral adipose tissue, providing new therapeutic target for dyslipidemia treatment. Funding This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 81700640 and 81970608).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Minliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Zhuo Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jianwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Songlin Du
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Hanying Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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Abstract
The maintenance of the body weight at a stable level is a major determinant in keeping the higher animals and mammals survive. Th e body weight depends on the balance between the energy intake and energy expenditure. Increased food intake over the energy expenditure of prolonged time period results in an obesity. Th e obesity has become an important worldwide health problem, even at low levels. The obesity has an evil effect on the health and is associated with a shorter life expectancy. A complex of central and peripheral physiological signals is involved in the control of the food intake. Centrally, the food intake is controlled by the hypothalamus, the brainstem, and endocannabinoids and peripherally by the satiety and adiposity signals. Comprehension of the signals that control food intake and energy balance may open a new therapeutic approaches directed against the obesity and its associated complications, as is the insulin resistance and others. In conclusion, the present review summarizes the current knowledge about the complex system of the peripheral and central regulatory mechanisms of food intake and their potential therapeutic implications in the treatment of obesity.
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Sergeant L, Rodriguez-Dimitrescu C, Barney CC, Fraley GS. Injections of Galanin-Like Peptide directly into the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) reduces food intake and body weight but increases metabolic rate and plasma leptin. Neuropeptides 2017; 62:37-43. [PMID: 28043649 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Galanin-Like Peptide (GALP) is a hypothalamic neuromediator of metabolism and reproduction. GALP is known to stimulate reproduction and alter food intake and body weight in multiple species. The regulation of body weight involves control of both energy intake and energy expenditure. Since GALP is known to alter food intake - possibly via the autonomic nervous system - we first hypothesized that GALP would increase metabolic rate. First, male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulae and abdominal radiotelemetry temperature transmitters. Following ICV injection with either 5nmol GALP or vehicle, the oxygen consumption of each rat was monitored for 8h. Food intake, core temperature, and general motor activity were monitored for 24h. GALP significantly increased oxygen consumption, an indirect estimator of metabolic rate, without having any significant effect on motor activity. Compared to controls, GALP increased core body temperature during the photophase and reduced food intake over the 24h period following injection. ICV GALP also increased plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH). A second group of male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with abdominal transmitters and given injections of GALP directly into the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS). These injections resulted in a significant reduction in food intake, and a significant increase in both oxygen consumption and core body temperature compared to vehicle injections. Direct injections of GALP into the NTS compared to vehicle also resulted in a significant increase in plasma leptin levels, but not LH levels. GALP appears to increase energy expenditure in addition to decreasing energy input by actions within the NTS and thus may play an important role in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy Sergeant
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | | | | | - Gregory S Fraley
- Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is an important determinant of fasting dyslipidemia and the development of fatty liver disease. Although endocrine factors like insulin have known effects on hepatic lipid homeostasis, emerging evidence also supports a regulatory role for the central nervous system (CNS) and neuronal networks. This review summarizes evidence implicating a bidirectional liver-brain axis in maintaining metabolic lipid homeostasis, and discusses clinical implications in insulin-resistant states. RECENT FINDINGS The liver utilizes sympathetic and parasympathetic afferent and efferent fibers to communicate with key regulatory centers in the brain including the hypothalamus. Hypothalamic anorexigenic and orexigenic peptides signal to the liver via neuronal networks to modulate lipid content and VLDL production. In addition, peripheral hormones such as insulin, leptin, and glucagon-like-peptide-1 exert control over hepatic lipid by acting directly within the CNS or via peripheral nerves. Central regulation of lipid metabolism in other organs including white and brown adipose tissue may also contribute to hepatic lipid content indirectly via free fatty acid release and changes in lipoprotein clearance. SUMMARY The CNS communicates with the liver in a bidirectional manner to regulate hepatic lipid metabolism and lipoprotein production. Impairments in these pathways may contribute to dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis in insulin-resistant states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Taher
- aDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto bMolecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hirako S, Wada N, Kageyama H, Takenoya F, Inoue S, Shioda S. Autonomic nervous system-mediated effects of GALP on energy metabolism. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 148:23-7. [PMID: 27430675 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.148.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kageyama H, Shiba K, Hirako S, Wada N, Yamanaka S, Nogi Y, Takenoya F, Nonaka N, Hirano T, Inoue S, Shioda S. Anti-obesity effect of intranasal administration of galanin-like peptide (GALP) in obese mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28200. [PMID: 27323911 PMCID: PMC4914964 DOI: 10.1038/srep28200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin-like peptide (GALP) has an anti-obesity effect in rats and mice. It has been reported that the uptake of GALP by the brain is higher after intranasal administration than with intravenous injection. This study therefore aimed to clarify the effect of intranasal administration of GALP on the feeding behavior of lean and obese mice. Autoradiography revealed the presence of (125)I-GALP in the olfactory bulb and the brain microcirculation. The body weights of ob/ob mice gradually increased during vehicle treatment, but remained unchanged in response to repeated intranasal administration of GALP, with both ob/ob and diet-induced obese mice displaying significantly decreased food intake, water intake and locomotor activity when treated with GALP. These results suggest that intranasal administration is an effective route whereby GALP can exert its effect as an anti-obesity drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruaki Kageyama
- Division of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Care, Kiryu University, Gunma 379-2392, Japan
| | - Kanako Shiba
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirako
- Department of Health and Nutrition, University of Human Arts and Sciences, Saitama 339-8539, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Wada
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate school of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamanaka
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Yukinori Nogi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Fumiko Takenoya
- Department of Exercise and Sports Physiology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Naoko Nonaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Hirano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Shuji Inoue
- Division of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Care, Kiryu University, Gunma 379-2392, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Peptide Drug Innovation, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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