1
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Kasmani MY, Topchyan P, Brown AK, Brown RJ, Wu X, Chen Y, Khatun A, Alson D, Wu Y, Burns R, Lin CW, Kudek MR, Sun J, Cui W. A spatial sequencing atlas of age-induced changes in the lung during influenza infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6597. [PMID: 37852965 PMCID: PMC10584893 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection causes increased morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Aging impairs the immune response to influenza, both intrinsically and because of altered interactions with endothelial and pulmonary epithelial cells. To characterize these changes, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), spatial transcriptomics, and bulk RNA sequencing (bulk RNA-seq) on lung tissue from young and aged female mice at days 0, 3, and 9 post-influenza infection. Our analyses identified dozens of key genes differentially expressed in kinetic, age-dependent, and cell type-specific manners. Aged immune cells exhibited altered inflammatory, memory, and chemotactic profiles. Aged endothelial cells demonstrated characteristics of reduced vascular wound healing and a prothrombotic state. Spatial transcriptomics identified novel profibrotic and antifibrotic markers expressed by epithelial and non-epithelial cells, highlighting the complex networks that promote fibrosis in aged lungs. Bulk RNA-seq generated a timeline of global transcriptional activity, showing increased expression of genes involved in inflammation and coagulation in aged lungs. Our work provides an atlas of high-throughput sequencing methodologies that can be used to investigate age-related changes in the response to influenza virus, identify novel cell-cell interactions for further study, and ultimately uncover potential therapeutic targets to improve health outcomes in the elderly following influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moujtaba Y Kasmani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Ashley K Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Ryan J Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Xiaopeng Wu
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Achia Khatun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Donia Alson
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Robert Burns
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Chien-Wei Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Matthew R Kudek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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2
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Houser CL, Lawrence BP. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Modulates T Follicular Helper Cell Responses to Influenza Virus Infection in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2319-2330. [PMID: 35444027 PMCID: PMC9117429 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells support Ab responses and are a critical component of adaptive immune responses to respiratory viral infections. Tfh cells are regulated by a network of signaling pathways that are controlled, in part, by transcription factors. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an environment-sensing transcription factor that modulates many aspects of adaptive immunity by binding a range of small molecules. However, the contribution of AHR signaling to Tfh cell differentiation and function is not known. In this article, we report that AHR activation by three different agonists reduced the frequency of Tfh cells during primary infection of C57BL/6 mice with influenza A virus (IAV). Further, using the high-affinity and AHR-specific agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, we show that AHR activation reduced Tfh cell differentiation and T cell-dependent B cell responses. Using conditional AHR knockout mice, we demonstrated that alterations of Tfh cells and T cell-dependent B cell responses after AHR activation required the AHR in T cells. AHR activation reduced the number of T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells; however, the ratio of Tfr to Tfh cells was amplified. These alterations to Tfh and Tfr cells during IAV infection corresponded with differences in expression of BCL6 and FOXP3 in CD4+ T cells and required the AHR to have a functional DNA-binding domain. Overall, these findings support that the AHR modulates Tfh cells during viral infection, which has broad-reaching consequences for understanding how environmental factors contribute to variation in immune defenses against infectious pathogens, such as influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Houser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; and
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; and
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
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3
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A previously unappreciated polymorphism in the beta chain of I-A s expressed in autoimmunity-prone SJL mice: Combined impact on antibody, CD4 T cell recognition and MHC class II dimer structural stability. Mol Immunol 2022; 143:17-26. [PMID: 34995990 PMCID: PMC9261112 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the process of structure-function studies on the MHC class II molecule expressed in autoimmunity prone SJL mice, I-As, we discovered a disparity from the reported sequence of the MHC class II beta chain. The variant is localized at a highly conserved site of the beta chain, at residue 58. Our studies revealed that this single amino acid substitution of Pro for Ala at this residue, found in I-As, changes the structure of the MHC class II molecule, as evidenced by a loss of recognition by two monoclonal antibodies, and elements of MHC class II conformational stability identified through molecular dynamics simulation. Two other rare polymorphisms in I-As involved in hydrogen bonding potential between the alpha chain and the peptide main chain are located at the same end of the MHC class II binding pocket, studied in parallel may impact the consequences of the β chain variant. Despite striking changes in MHC class II structure, CD4 T cell recognition of influenza-derived peptides was preserved. These disparate findings were reconciled by discovering, through monoclonal antibody blocking approaches, that CD4 T cell recognition by I-As restricted CD4 T cells focused more on the region of MHC class II at the peptide's amino terminus. These studies argue that the conformational variability or flexibility of the MHC class II molecule in that region of I-As select a CD4 T cell repertoire that deviates from the prototypical docking mode onto MHC class II peptide complexes. Overall, our results are consistent with the view that naturally occurring MHC class II molecules can possess polymorphisms that destabilize prototypical features of the MHC class II molecule but that can maintain T cell recognition of the MHC class II:peptide ligand via alternate docking modes.
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4
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Hill DL, Whyte CE, Innocentin S, Lee JL, Dooley J, Wang J, James EA, Lee JC, Kwok WW, Zand MS, Liston A, Carr EJ, Linterman MA. Impaired HA-specific T follicular helper cell and antibody responses to influenza vaccination are linked to inflammation in humans. eLife 2021; 10:e70554. [PMID: 34726156 PMCID: PMC8562996 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody production following vaccination can provide protective immunity to subsequent infection by pathogens such as influenza viruses. However, circumstances where antibody formation is impaired after vaccination, such as in older people, require us to better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underpin successful vaccination in order to improve vaccine design for at-risk groups. Here, by studying the breadth of anti-haemagglutinin (HA) IgG, serum cytokines, and B and T cell responses by flow cytometry before and after influenza vaccination, we show that formation of circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) cells was associated with high-titre antibody responses. Using Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) class II tetramers, we demonstrate that HA-specific cTfh cells can derive from pre-existing memory CD4+ T cells and have a diverse T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. In older people, the differentiation of HA-specific cells into cTfh cells was impaired. This age-dependent defect in cTfh cell formation was not due to a contraction of the TCR repertoire, but rather was linked with an increased inflammatory gene signature in cTfh cells. Together, this suggests that strategies that temporarily dampen inflammation at the time of vaccination may be a viable strategy to boost optimal antibody generation upon immunisation of older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danika L Hill
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Carly E Whyte
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Silvia Innocentin
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jia Le Lee
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - James Dooley
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jiong Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Translational Research Program and Tetramer Core LaboratorySeattleUnited States
| | - James C Lee
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Diabetes ProgramSeattleUnited States
- Department of Medicine, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Martin S Zand
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Adrian Liston
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Edward J Carr
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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5
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Niebuhr M, Belde J, Fähnrich A, Serge A, Irla M, Ellebrecht CT, Hammers CM, Bieber K, Westermann J, Kalies K. Receptor repertoires of murine follicular T helper cells reveal a high clonal overlap in separate lymph nodes in autoimmunity. eLife 2021; 10:70053. [PMID: 34402793 PMCID: PMC8370764 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular T helper cells (Tfh) are a specialized subset of CD4 effector T cells that are crucial for germinal center (GC) reactions and for selecting B cells to undergo affinity maturation. Despite this central role for humoral immunity, only few data exist about their clonal distribution when multiple lymphoid organs are exposed to the same antigen (Ag) as it is the case in autoimmunity. Here, we used an autoantibody-mediated disease model of the skin and injected one auto-Ag into the two footpads of the same mouse and analyzed the T cell receptor (TCR)β sequences of Tfh located in GCs of both contralateral draining lymph nodes. We found that over 90% of the dominant GC-Tfh clonotypes were shared in both lymph nodes but only transiently. The initially dominant Tfh clonotypes especially declined after establishment of chronic disease while GC reaction and autoimmune disease continued. Our data demonstrates a dynamic behavior of Tfh clonotypes under autoimmune conditions and emphasizes the importance of the time point for distinguishing auto-Ag-specific Tfh clonotypes from potential bystander activated ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Niebuhr
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julia Belde
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anke Fähnrich
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Arnauld Serge
- Laboratoire Adhésion et Inflammation, Inserm U1067 CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Magali Irla
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille Luminy (CIML), INSERM U1104, Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Marseille, France
| | - Christoph T Ellebrecht
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Christoph M Hammers
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Katja Bieber
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Kalies
- Institute for Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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6
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Korn T, Hiltensperger M. Role of IL-6 in the commitment of T cell subsets. Cytokine 2021; 146:155654. [PMID: 34325116 PMCID: PMC8375581 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
IL-6 is a non-redundant differentiation factor for Th17 cells and Tfh cells. The induction of ROR-γt+ Treg cells in the lamina propria depends on IL-6. Generation of distinct T helper cell subsets might depend on different IL-6 signaling modalities. IL-6-directed therapies must consider the disease-relevant IL-6 signaling modality.
IL-6 gained much attention with the discovery that this cytokine is a non-redundant differentiation factor for Th17 cells and T follicular helper cells. Adaptive immune responses to fungi and extracellular bacteria are impaired in the absence of IL-6. IL-6 is also required for the induction of ROR-γt+ Treg cells, which are gatekeepers of homeostasis in the gut lamina propria in the presence of commensal bacteria. Conversely, severe immunopathology in T cell-mediated autoimmunity is mediated by Th17 cells that rely on IL-6 for their generation and maintenance. Recently, it has been discovered that the differentiation of these distinct T helper cell subsets may be linked to distinct signaling modalities of IL-6. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the mode of action of IL-6 in the differentiation and maintenance of T cell subsets and propose that a context-dependent understanding of the impact of IL-6 on T cell subsets might inform rational IL-6-directed interventions in autoimmunity and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Korn
- Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany; Dept. of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Michael Hiltensperger
- Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
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7
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Brown IK, Dyjack N, Miller MM, Krovi H, Rios C, Woolaver R, Harmacek L, Tu TH, O’Connor BP, Danhorn T, Vestal B, Gapin L, Pinilla C, Seibold MA, Scott-Browne J, Santos RG, Reinhardt RL. Single cell analysis of host response to helminth infection reveals the clonal breadth, heterogeneity, and tissue-specific programming of the responding CD4+ T cell repertoire. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009602. [PMID: 34106992 PMCID: PMC8216541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD4+ T cell response is critical to host protection against helminth infection. How this response varies across different hosts and tissues remains an important gap in our understanding. Using IL-4-reporter mice to identify responding CD4+ T cells to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection, T cell receptor sequencing paired with novel clustering algorithms revealed a broadly reactive and clonally diverse CD4+ T cell response. While the most prevalent clones and clonotypes exhibited some tissue selectivity, most were observed to reside in both the lung and lung-draining lymph nodes. Antigen-reactivity of the broader repertoires was predicted to be shared across both tissues and individual mice. Transcriptome, trajectory, and chromatin accessibility analysis of lung and lymph-node repertoires revealed three unique but related populations of responding IL-4+ CD4+ T cells consistent with T follicular helper, T helper 2, and a transitional population sharing similarity with both populations. The shared antigen reactivity of lymph node and lung repertoires combined with the adoption of tissue-specific gene programs allows for the pairing of cellular and humoral responses critical to the orchestration of anti-helminth immunity. Using various “omic” approaches, the CD4+ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire was explored after primary helminth infection. Infection generated a broadly reactive and clonally diverse CD4+ T cell response with the most prevalent clonotypes and predicted antigen specificities residing in both the lung and lung-draining lymph nodes. Tissue-specific programming of responding CD4+ T cells directed the establishment of committed Tfh and Th2 cells, both critical for driving distinct hallmarks of type-2 inflammation. These datasets help to explore the diverse yet tissue-specific nature of anti-helminth immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy K. Brown
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nathan Dyjack
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mindy M. Miller
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Harsha Krovi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Cydney Rios
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rachel Woolaver
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Laura Harmacek
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ting-Hui Tu
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian P. O’Connor
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas Danhorn
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian Vestal
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Florida International University, Port Saint Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Max A. Seibold
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - James Scott-Browne
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Center for Genes, Environment, and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Radleigh G. Santos
- Department of Mathematics, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States of America
| | - R. Lee Reinhardt
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Arroyo EN, Pepper M. B cells are sufficient to prime the dominant CD4+ Tfh response to Plasmodium infection. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20190849. [PMID: 31748243 PMCID: PMC7041722 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arroyo and Pepper demonstrate that interactions with B cells, not dendritic cells, are required for the priming of the CD4+ T cell response during Plasmodium infection. This results in a Tfh-biased response as reported by others in both mice and humans. CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells dominate the acute response to a blood-stage Plasmodium infection and provide signals to direct B cell differentiation and protective antibody expression. We studied antigen-specific CD4+ Tfh cells responding to Plasmodium infection in order to understand the generation and maintenance of the Tfh response. We discovered that a dominant, phenotypically stable, CXCR5+ Tfh population emerges within the first 4 d of infection and results in a CXCR5+ CCR7+ Tfh/central memory T cell response that persists well after parasite clearance. We also found that CD4+ T cell priming by B cells was both necessary and sufficient to generate this Tfh-dominant response, whereas priming by conventional dendritic cells was dispensable. This study provides important insights into the development of CD4+ Tfh cells during Plasmodium infection and highlights the heterogeneity of antigen-presenting cells involved in CD4+ T cell priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nicole Arroyo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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9
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Biswas A, Chakrabarti AK, Dutta S. Current challenges: from the path of “original antigenic sin” towards the development of universal flu vaccines. Int Rev Immunol 2019; 39:21-36. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2019.1685990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Asim Biswas
- Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Alok K. Chakrabarti
- Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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10
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Knowlden ZAG, Richards KA, Moritzky SA, Sant AJ. Peptide Epitope Hot Spots of CD4 T Cell Recognition Within Influenza Hemagglutinin During the Primary Response to Infection. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040220. [PMID: 31694141 PMCID: PMC6963931 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies specific for the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of influenza virus are critical for protective immunity to infection. Our studies show that CD4 T cells specific for epitopes derived from HA are the most effective in providing help for the HA-specific B cell responses to infection and vaccination. In this study, we asked whether HA epitopes recognized by CD4 T cells in the primary response to infection are equally distributed across the HA protein or if certain segments are enriched in CD4 T cell epitopes. Mice that collectively expressed eight alternative MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) class II molecules, that would each have different peptide binding specificities, were infected with an H1N1 influenza virus. CD4 T cell peptide epitope specificities were identified by cytokine EliSpots. These studies revealed that the HA-specific CD4 T cell epitopes cluster in two distinct regions of HA and that some segments of HA are completely devoid of CD4 T cell epitopes. When located on the HA structure, it appears that the regions that most poorly recruit CD4 T cells are sequestered within the interior of the HA trimer, perhaps inaccessible to the proteolytic machinery inside the endosomal compartments of antigen presenting cells.
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11
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Liu WC, Nachbagauer R, Stadlbauer D, Solórzano A, Berlanda-Scorza F, García-Sastre A, Palese P, Krammer F, Albrecht RA. Sequential Immunization With Live-Attenuated Chimeric Hemagglutinin-Based Vaccines Confers Heterosubtypic Immunity Against Influenza A Viruses in a Preclinical Ferret Model. Front Immunol 2019; 10:756. [PMID: 31105689 PMCID: PMC6499175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to continuous antigenic drift and occasional antigenic shift, influenza viruses escape from human adaptive immunity resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in humans. Therefore, to avoid the need for annual reformulation and readministration of seasonal influenza virus vaccines, we are developing a novel chimeric hemagglutinin (cHA)-based universal influenza virus vaccine, which is comprised of sequential immunization with antigens containing a conserved stalk domain derived from a circulating pandemic H1N1 strain in combination with “exotic” head domains. Here, we show that this prime-boost sequential immunization strategy redirects antibody responses toward the conserved stalk region. We compared the vaccine efficacy elicited by distinct vaccination approaches in the preclinical ferret model of influenza. All ferrets immunized with cHA-based vaccines developed stalk-specific and broadly cross-reactive antibody responses. Two consecutive vaccinations with live-attenuated influenza viruses (LAIV-LAIV) conferred superior protection against pH1N1 and H6N1 challenge infection. Sequential immunization with LAIV followed by inactivated influenza vaccine (LAIV-IIV regimen) also induced robust antibody responses. Importantly, the LAIV-LAIV immunization regimen also induced HA stalk-specific CD4+IFN-γ+ and CD8+IFN-γ+ effector T cell responses in peripheral blood that were recalled by pH1N1 viral challenge. The findings from this preclinical study suggest that an LAIV-LAIV vaccination regimen would be more efficient in providing broadly protective immunity against influenza virus infection as compared to other approaches tested here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alicia Solórzano
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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12
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Fazilleau N, Aloulou M. Several Follicular Regulatory T Cell Subsets With Distinct Phenotype and Function Emerge During Germinal Center Reactions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1792. [PMID: 30150980 PMCID: PMC6100207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient B cell immunity requires a dynamic equilibrium between positive and negative signals. In germinal centers (GCs), T follicular helper cells are supposed to be the positive regulator while T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells were assigned to be the negative regulators. Indeed, Tfr cells are considered as a homogenous cell population dedicated to dampen the GC extent. Moreover, Tfr cells prevent autoimmunity since their dysregulation leads to production of self-reactive antibodies (Ab). However, a growing corpus of evidence has revealed additional and unexpected functions for Tfr cells in the regulation of B cell responses. This review provides an overview of the Tfr cell contribution and presents Tfr cell proprieties in the context of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fazilleau
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1043, Toulouse, France.,CNRS UMR5282, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Meryem Aloulou
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1043, Toulouse, France.,CNRS UMR5282, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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13
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Understanding and Manipulating Viral Immunity: Antibody Immunodominance Enters Center Stage. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:549-561. [PMID: 29789196 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive immune responses against antigenically variable viruses and cellular pathogens are efficient in many cases, but largely limited to the infecting or immunizing strain. A major factor that limits immunity is immunodominance (ID), the hierarchical focusing of adaptive immune responses on a subset of antigenic determinants. While CD8+ T cell ID has been extensively studied, studies of basic mechanisms of B cell ID are limited, despite the importance of antibodies (Abs) for durable protection against pathogens. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the basic rules and mechanisms of B cell ID, compare B and CD8+ T cell ID, and outline challenges to overcoming ID to develop Ab-based 'universal' vaccines for influenza A and other highly variable viruses.
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14
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Richards KA, DiPiazza AT, Rattan A, Knowlden ZAG, Yang H, Sant AJ. Diverse Epitope Specificity, Immunodominance Hierarchy, and Functional Avidity of Effector CD4 T Cells Established During Priming Is Maintained in Lung After Influenza A Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:655. [PMID: 29681900 PMCID: PMC5897437 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major contributions to protective immunity to influenza viruses that is provided by virus-specific CD4 T cells is delivery of effector function to the infected lung. However, there is little known about the selection and breadth of viral epitope-specific CD4 T cells that home to the lung after their initial priming. In this study, using a mouse model of influenza A infection and an unbiased method of epitope identification, the viral epitope-specific CD4 T cells elicited after infection were identified and quantified. We found that a very diverse specificity of CD4 T cells is primed by infection, including epitopes from hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, matrix protein, nucleoprotein, and non-structural protein-1. Using peptide-specific cytokine EliSpots, the diversity and immunodominance hierarchies established in the lung-draining lymph node were compared with specificities of CD4 T cells that home to the lung. Our studies revealed that CD4 T cells of all epitope specificities identified in peripheral lymphoid tissue home back to the lung and that most of these lung-homing cells are localized within the tissue rather than the pulmonary vasculature. There is a striking shift of CD4 T cell functionality that enriches for IFN-γ production as cells are primed in the lymph node, enter the lung vasculature, and finally establish residency in the tissue, but with no apparent shifts in their functional avidity. We conclude that CD4 T cells of broad viral epitope specificity are recruited into the lung after influenza infection, where they then have the opportunity to encounter infected or antigen-bearing antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. Richards
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Anthony T. DiPiazza
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center NIAID, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ajitanuj Rattan
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Zackery A. G. Knowlden
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Andrea J. Sant
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
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15
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The impact of aging on CD4 + T cell responses to influenza infection. Biogerontology 2018; 19:437-446. [PMID: 29616390 PMCID: PMC6170716 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-018-9754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are important for generating high quality and robust immune responses to influenza infection. Immunosenescence that occurs with aging, however, compromises the ability of CD4+ T cells to differentiate into functional subsets resulting in a multitude of dysregulated responses namely, delayed viral clearance and prolonged inflammation leading to increased pathology. Current research employing animal models and human subjects has provided new insights into the description and mechanisms of age-related CD4+ T cell changes. In this review, we will discuss the consequences of aging on CD4+ T cell differentiation and function and how this influences the initial CD4+ T cell effector responses to influenza infection. Understanding these age-related alterations will aid in the pharmacological development of therapeutic treatments and improved vaccination strategies for the vulnerable elderly population.
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16
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Vella LA, Herati RS, Wherry EJ. CD4 + T Cell Differentiation in Chronic Viral Infections: The Tfh Perspective. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:1072-1087. [PMID: 29137933 PMCID: PMC5886740 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells play a critical role in the response to chronic viral infections during the acute phase and in the partial containment of infections once chronic infection is established. As infection persists, the virus-specific CD4+ T cell response begins to shift in phenotype. The predominant change described in both mouse and human studies of chronic viral infection is a decrease in detectable T helper type (Th)1 responses. Some Th1 loss is due to decreased proliferative potential and decreased cytokine production in the setting of chronic antigen exposure. However, recent data suggest that Th1 dysfunction is accompanied by a shift in the differentiation pathway of virus-specific CD4+ T cells, with enrichment for cells with a T follicular helper cell (Tfh) phenotype. A Tfh-like program during chronic infection has now been identified in virus-specific CD8+ T cells as well. In this review, we discuss what is known about CD4+ T cell differentiation in chronic viral infections, with a focus on the emergence of the Tfh program and the implications of this shift with respect to Tfh function and the host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Vella
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Ramin S Herati
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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17
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Alsughayyir J, Pettigrew GJ, Motallebzadeh R. Spoiling for a Fight: B Lymphocytes As Initiator and Effector Populations within Tertiary Lymphoid Organs in Autoimmunity and Transplantation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1639. [PMID: 29218052 PMCID: PMC5703719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) develop at ectopic sites within chronically inflamed tissues, such as in autoimmunity and rejecting organ allografts. TLOs differ structurally from canonical secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs), in that they lack a mantle zone and are not encapsulated, suggesting that they may provide unique immune function. A notable feature of TLOs is the frequent presence of structures typical of germinal centers (GCs). However, little is known about the role of such GCs, and in particular, it is not clear if the B cell response within is autonomous, or whether it synergizes with concurrent responses in SLOs. This review will discuss ectopic lymphoneogenesis and the role of the B cell in TLO formation and subsequent effector output in the context of autoimmunity and transplantation, with particular focus on the contribution of ectopic GCs to affinity maturation in humoral immune responses and to the potential breakdown of self-tolerance and development of humoral autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawaher Alsughayyir
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J Pettigrew
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Reza Motallebzadeh
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Nephrology, Urology and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Borrow P, Moody MA. Immunologic characteristics of HIV-infected individuals who make broadly neutralizing antibodies. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:62-78. [PMID: 28133804 PMCID: PMC5299500 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) capable of inhibiting infection with diverse variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) is a key, as‐yet‐unachieved goal of prophylactic HIV‐1 vaccine strategies. However, some HIV‐infected individuals develop bnAbs after approximately 2‐4 years of infection, enabling analysis of features of these antibodies and the immunological environment that enables their induction. Distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells play opposing roles in the regulation of humoral responses: T follicular helper (Tfh) cells support germinal center formation and provide help for affinity maturation and the development of memory B cells and plasma cells, while regulatory CD4+ (Treg) cells including T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells inhibit the germinal center reaction to limit autoantibody production. BnAbs exhibit high somatic mutation frequencies, long third heavy‐chain complementarity determining regions, and/or autoreactivity, suggesting that bnAb generation is likely to be highly dependent on the activity of CD4+ Tfh cells, and may be constrained by host tolerance controls. This review discusses what is known about the immunological environment during HIV‐1 infection, in particular alterations in CD4+ Tfh, Treg, and Tfr populations and autoantibody generation, and how this is related to bnAb development, and considers the implications for HIV‐1 vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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19
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Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a distinct type of CD4+ T cell specialized in providing help to B cells during the germinal centre (GC) reaction. As such, they are critical determinants of the quality of an antibody response following antigen challenge. Excessive production of Tfh cells can result in autoimmunity whereas too few can result in inadequate protection from infection. Hence, their differentiation and maintenance must be tightly regulated to ensure appropriate but limited help to B cells. Unlike the majority of other CD4+ T-cell subsets, Tfh cell differentiation occurs in three phases defined by their anatomical location. During each phase of differentiation the emerging Tfh cells express distinct patterns of co-receptors, which work together with the T-cell receptor (TCR) to drive Tfh differentiation. These signals provided by both TCR and co-receptors during Tfh differentiation alter proliferation, survival, metabolism, cytokine production and transcription factor expression. This review will discuss how engagement of TCR and co-receptors work together to shape the formation and function of Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M C Webb
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Nellore A, Randall TD. Narcolepsy and influenza vaccination-the inappropriate awakening of immunity. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:S29. [PMID: 27867997 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.10.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anoma Nellore
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Troy D Randall
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Division of Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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