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Challis D, Lippis T, Wilson R, Wilkinson E, Dickinson J, Black A, Azimi I, Holloway A, Taberlay P, Brettingham-Moore K. Multiomics analysis of adaptation to repeated DNA damage in prostate cancer cells. Epigenetics 2023; 18:2214047. [PMID: 37196186 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2023.2214047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is frequently utilized as the basis for cancer therapies; however, resistance to DNA damage remains one of the biggest challenges for successful treatment outcomes. Critically, the molecular drivers behind resistance are poorly understood. To address this question, we created an isogenic model of prostate cancer exhibiting more aggressive characteristics to better understand the molecular signatures associated with resistance and metastasis. 22Rv1 cells were repeatedly exposed to DNA damage daily for 6 weeks, similar to patient treatment regimes. Using Illumina Methylation EPIC arrays and RNA-seq, we compared DNA methylation and transcriptional profiles between the parental 22Rv1 cell line and the lineage exposed to prolonged DNA damage. Here we show that repeated DNA damage drives the molecular evolution of cancer cells to a more aggressive phenotype and identify molecular candidates behind this process. Total DNA methylation was increased while RNA-seq demonstrated these cells had dysregulated expression of genes involved in metabolism and the unfolded protein response (UPR) with Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) identified as central to this process. Despite the limited overlap between RNA-seq and DNA methylation, oxoglutarate dehydrogenase-like (OGDHL) was identified as altered in both data sets. Utilising a second approach we profiled the proteome in 22Rv1 cells following a single dose of radiotherapy. This analysis also highlighted the UPR in response to DNA damage. Together, these analyses identified dysregulation of metabolism and the UPR and identified ASNS and OGDHL as candidates for resistance to DNA damage. This work provides critical insight into molecular changes which underpin treatment resistance and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Challis
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - T Lippis
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - R Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - E Wilkinson
- Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - J Dickinson
- Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - A Black
- Medical Oncology, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - I Azimi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - A Holloway
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - P Taberlay
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - K Brettingham-Moore
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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2
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Huang J, Meng Q, Liu R, Li H, Li Y, Yang Z, Wang Y, Wanyan C, Yang X, Wei J. The development of radioresistant oral squamous carcinoma cell lines and identification of radiotherapy-related biomarkers. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:3006-3020. [PMID: 37029240 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), radiation resistance remains an important obstacle to patient outcomes. Progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of radioresistance has been limited by research models that do not fully recapitulate the biological features of solid tumors. In this study, we aimed to develop novel in vitro models to investigate the underlying basis of radioresistance in OSCC and to identify novel biomarkers. METHODS Parental OSCC cells (SCC9 and CAL27) were repeatedly exposed to ionizing radiation to develop isogenic radioresistant cell lines. We characterized the phenotypic differences between the parental and radioresistant cell lines. RNA sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and bioinformatics analysis identified candidate molecules that may be related to OSCC radiotherapy. RESULTS Two isogenic radioresistant cell lines for OSCC were successfully established. The radioresistant cells displayed a radioresistant phenotype when compared to the parental cells. Two hundred and sixty DEGs were co-expressed in SCC9-RR and CAL27-RR, and thirty-eight DEGs were upregulated or downregulated in both cell lines. The associations between the overall survival (OS) of OSCC patients and the identified genes were analyzed using data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. A total of six candidate genes (KCNJ2, CLEC18C, P3H3, PIK3R3, SERPINE1, and TMC8) were closely associated with prognosis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the utility of constructing isogenic cell models to investigate the molecular changes associated with radioresistance. Six genes were identified based on the data from the radioresistant cells that may be potential targets in the treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Huang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qingzhe Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- School of Stomatology, Heilongjiang Key Lab of Oral Biomedicine Materials and Clinical Application & Experimental Center for Stomatology Engineering, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154000, China
| | - Rong Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Huan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yahui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chaojie Wanyan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xinjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Jianhua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Sham NFR, Hasani NAH, Hasan N, Karim MKA, Fuad SBSA, Hasbullah HH, Ibahim MJ. Acquired radioresistance in EMT6 mouse mammary carcinoma cell line is mediated by CTLA-4 and PD-1 through JAK/STAT/PI3K pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3108. [PMID: 36813833 PMCID: PMC9946948 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29925-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer recurrence is often associated with the acquisition of radioresistance by cancer tissues due to failure in radiotherapy. The underlying mechanism leading to the development of acquired radioresistance in the EMT6 mouse mammary carcinoma cell line and the potential pathway involved was investigated by comparing differential gene expressions between parental and acquired radioresistance cells. EMT6 cell line was exposed to 2 Gy/per cycle of gamma-ray and the survival fraction between EMT6-treated and parental cells was compared. EMT6RR_MJI (acquired radioresistance) cells was developed after 8 cycles of fractionated irradiation. The development of EMT6RR_MJI cells was confirmed with further irradiation at different doses of gamma-ray, and both the survival fraction and migration rates were measured. Higher survival fraction and migration rates were obtained in EMT6RR_MJI cells after exposure to 4 Gy and 8 Gy gamma-ray irradiations compared to their parental cells. Gene expression between EMT6RR_MJI and parental cells was compared, and 16 genes identified to possess more than tenfold changes were selected and validated using RT-PCR. Out of these genes, 5 were significantly up-regulated i.e., IL-6, PDL-1, AXL, GAS6 and APCDD1. Based on pathway analysis software, the development of acquired radioresistance in EMT6RR_MJI was hypothesized through JAK/STAT/PI3K pathway. Presently, CTLA-4 and PD-1 were determined to be associated with JAK/STAT/PI3K pathway, where both their expressions were significantly increased in EMT6RR_MJI compared to parental cells in the 1st, 4th and 8th cycle of radiation. As a conclusion, the current findings provided a mechanistic platform for the development of acquired radioresistance in EMT6RR_MJI through overexpression of CTLA-4 and PD-1, and novel knowledge on therapeutic targets for recurrent radioresistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Fatihah Ronny Sham
- Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Hospital, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Narimah Abdul Hamid Hasani
- Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Hospital, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurhaslina Hasan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Jalan Hospital, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Syed Baharom Syed Ahmad Fuad
- Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Hospital, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Harissa Husainy Hasbullah
- Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Hospital, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Johari Ibahim
- Faculty of Medicine, Jalan Hospital, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor Branch, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Feller G, Khammissa RAG, Ballyram R, Beetge MM, Lemmer J, Feller L. Tumour Genetic Heterogeneity in Relation to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Anti-Cancer Treatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2392. [PMID: 36767758 PMCID: PMC9915085 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents more than 90% of all oral cancers and is the most frequent SCC of the head and neck region. It may affect any oral mucosal subsite but most frequently the tongue, followed by the floor of the mouth. The use of tobacco and betel nut, either smoked or chewed, and abuse of alcohol are the main risk factors for oral SCC. Oral SCC is characterized by considerable genetic heterogeneity and diversity, which together have a significant impact on the biological behaviour, clinical course, and response to treatment and on the generally poor prognosis of this carcinoma. Characterization of spatial and temporal tumour-specific molecular profiles and of person-specific resource availability and environmental and biological selective pressures could assist in personalizing anti-cancer treatment for individual patients, with the aim of improving treatment outcomes. In this narrative review, we discuss some of the events in cancer evolution and the functional significance of driver-mutations in carcinoma-related genes in general and elaborate on mechanisms mediating resistance to anti-cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Feller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg and Charlotte Maxeke Academic Hospital, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Razia Abdool Gafaar Khammissa
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa
| | - Raoul Ballyram
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0204, South Africa
| | - Mia-Michaela Beetge
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa
| | - Johan Lemmer
- Retired Professor, Silvela Street, Sandton, Johannesburg 2031, South Africa
| | - Liviu Feller
- Retired Professor, Bantry Bay, Cape Town 8005, South Africa
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5
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Cannon A, Maher SG, Lynam-Lennon N. Generation and Characterization of an Isogenic Cell Line Model of Radioresistant Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2645:139-152. [PMID: 37202615 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3056-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a cornerstone of cancer treatment worldwide. Unfortunately, in many cases, it does not control tumor growth, and many tumors display treatment resistance. The molecular pathways leading to treatment resistance in cancer have been subject to research for many years. Isogenic cell lines with divergent radiosensitivities are an extremely useful tool to study the molecular mechanisms that underpin radioresistance in cancer research, as they reduce the genetic variation that is present in patient samples and cell lines of different origin, thus allowing the elucidation of molecular determinants of radioresponse. Here, we describe the process of generating an in vitro isogenic model of radioresistant esophageal adenocarcinoma by chronic irradiation of esophageal adenocarcinoma cells with clinically relevant doses of X-ray radiation. We also characterize cell cycle, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, DNA damage and repair in this model to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of radioresistance in esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Cannon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen G Maher
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Lynam-Lennon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Dublin, Ireland.
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Pawar JS, Al-Amin MY, Hu CD. JNJ-64619178 radiosensitizes and suppresses fractionated ionizing radiation-induced neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in prostate cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1126482. [PMID: 36959798 PMCID: PMC10028149 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1126482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Radiation therapy (RT) is a standard treatment regimen for locally advanced prostate cancer; however, its failure results in tumor recurrence, metastasis, and cancer-related death. The recurrence of cancer after radiotherapy is one of the major challenges in prostate cancer treatment. Despite overall cure rate of 93.3% initially, prostate cancer relapse in 20-30% patients after radiation therapy. Cancer cells acquire radioresistance upon fractionated ionizing radiation (FIR) treatment, eventually undergo neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) and transform into neuroendocrine-like cells, a mechanism involved in acquiring resistance to radiation therapy. Radiosensitizers are agents that inhibit the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) gets upregulated upon ionizing radiation treatment and epigenetically activates DNA damage repair genes in prostate cancer cells. In this study, we targeted PRMT5 with JNJ-64619178 and assessed its effect on DNA damage repair gene activation, radiosensitization, and FIR-induced NED in prostate cancer. Methods γH2AX foci analysis was performed to evaluate the DNA damage repair after radiation therapy. RT-qPCR and western blot were carried out to analyze the expression of DNA damage repair genes. Clonogenic assay was conducted to find out the surviving fraction after radiation therapy. NED was targeted with JNJ-64619178 in androgen receptor (AR) positive and negative prostate cancer cells undergoing FIR treatment. Results JNJ-64619178 inhibits DNA damage repair in prostate cancer cells independent of their AR status. JNJ-64619178 impairs the repair of ionizing radiation-induced damaged DNA by transcriptionally inhibiting the DNA damage repair gene expression and radiosensitizes prostate, glioblastoma and lung cancer cell line. It targets NED induced by FIR in prostate cancer cells. Conclusion JNJ-64619178 can radiosensitize and suppress NED induced by FIR in prostate cancer cells and can be a potential radiosensitizer for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogendra Singh Pawar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Jogendra Singh Pawar, ;
| | - Md. Yusuf Al-Amin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue University Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Chang-Deng Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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7
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Marignol L. Generation of Radioresistant Prostate Cancer Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2645:129-138. [PMID: 37202614 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3056-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of in vitro isogenic models of radioresistance through exposure to fractionated radiation is an increasingly used approach to investigate the mechanisms of radioresistance in cancer cells. Owing to the complex nature of the biological effect of ionizing radiation, the generation and validation of these models requires the careful consideration of radiation exposure protocols and cellular endpoints. This chapter presents a protocol we used to derive and characterize an isogenic model of radioresistant prostate cancer cells. This protocol may be applicable to other cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Marignol
- Translational Radiobiology and Oncology Group, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity Research Group, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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4-Methylumebelliferone Enhances Radiosensitizing Effects of Radioresistant Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells via Hyaluronan Synthase 3 Suppression. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233780. [PMID: 36497040 PMCID: PMC9741296 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioresistant (RR) cells are poor prognostic factors for tumor recurrence and metastasis after radiotherapy. The hyaluronan (HA) synthesis inhibitor, 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU), shows anti-tumor and anti-metastatic effects through suppressing HA synthase (HAS) expression in various cancer cells. We previously reported that the administration of 4-MU with X-ray irradiation enhanced radiosensitization. However, an effective sensitizer for radioresistant (RR) cells is yet to be established, and it is unknown whether 4-MU exerts radiosensitizing effects on RR cells. We investigated the radiosensitizing effects of 4-MU in RR cell models. This study revealed that 4-MU enhanced intracellular oxidative stress and suppressed the expression of cluster-of-differentiation (CD)-44 and cancer stem cell (CSC)-like phenotypes. Interestingly, eliminating extracellular HA using HA-degrading enzymes did not cause radiosensitization, whereas HAS3 knockdown using siRNA showed similar effects as 4-MU treatment. These results suggest that 4-MU treatment enhances radiosensitization of RR cells through enhancing oxidative stress and suppressing the CSC-like phenotype. Furthermore, the radiosensitizing mechanisms of 4-MU may involve HAS3 or intracellular HA synthesized by HAS3.
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Radioresistance Mechanisms in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines Surviving Ultra-Hypo-Fractionated EBRT: Implications and Possible Clinical Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225504. [PMID: 36428597 PMCID: PMC9688510 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a higher dose per fraction to overcome the high radioresistance of prostate cancer cells has been unsuccessfully proposed. Herein, we present PC3 and DU-145, castration-resistant prostate cancer cell lines that survived a clinically used ultra-higher dose per fraction, namely, radioresistant PC3 and DU-145 cells (PC3RR and DU-145RR). Compared to PC3, PC3RR showed a higher level of aggressive behaviour, with enhanced clonogenic potential, DNA damage repair, migration ability and cancer stem cell features. Furthermore, compared to PC3, PC3RR more efficiently survived further radiation by increasing proliferation and down-regulating pro-apoptotic proteins. No significant changes of the above parameters were described in DU-145RR, suggesting that different prostate cancer cell lines that survive ultra-higher dose per fraction do not display the same grade of aggressive phenotype. Furthermore, both PC3RR and DU-145RR increased antioxidant enzymes and mesenchymal markers. Our data suggest that different molecular mechanisms could be potential targets for future treatments plans based on sequential strategies and synergistic effects of different modalities, possibly in a patient-tailored fashion. Moreover, PC3RR cells displayed an increase in specific markers involved in bone remodeling, indicating that radiotherapy selects a PC3 population capable of migrating to secondary metastatic sites. Finally, PC3RR cells showed a better sensitivity to Docetaxel as compared to native PC3 cells. This suggests that a subset of patients with castration-resistant metastatic disease could benefit from upfront Docetaxel treatment after the failure of radiotherapy.
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Thiruvalluvan M, Billet S, Bhowmick NA. Antagonizing Glutamine Bioavailability Promotes Radiation Sensitivity in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102491. [PMID: 35626095 PMCID: PMC9139225 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Radiation is the standard of care for prostate cancer, but almost half the patients develop resistant disease. It is imperative to understand the reasons behind disease progression to develop more effective strategies of treatment. We determined that glutamine is a crucial nutrient in driving prostate cancer tumors as people with more glutamine have poorer outcomes. We hypothesized that directly depriving cancer cells of this precious resource will further sensitize them to radiation. We sought to repurpose the drug L-asparaginase, which has been used extensively to treat leukemia patients, to complement radiation therapy for prostate cancer patients. This drug depletes glutamine in the blood and hinders an aspect of cell growth that makes cancer cells that are otherwise resistant vulnerable to irradiation. Ultimately, mouse models of prostate cancer given L-asparaginase in combination with irradiation were more effective at reducing tumor size than radiation alone. Abstract Nearly half of localized prostate cancer (PCa) patients given radiation therapy develop recurrence. Here, we identified glutamine as a key player in mediating the radio-sensitivity of PCa. Glutamine transporters and glutaminase are upregulated by radiation therapy of PCa cells, but respective inhibitors were ineffective in radio-sensitization. However, targeting glutamine bioavailability by L-asparaginase (L-ASP) led to a significant reduction in clonogenicity when combined with irradiation. L-ASP reduced extracellular asparagine and glutamine, but the sensitization effects were driven through its depletion of glutamine. L-ASP led to G2/M cell cycle checkpoint blockade. As evidence, there was a respective delay in DNA repair associated with RAD51 downregulation and upregulation of CHOP, contributing to radiation-induced cell death. A radio-resistant PCa cell line was developed, was found to bypass radiation-induced mitotic catastrophe, and was sensitive to L-ASP/radiation combination treatment. Previously, PCa-associated fibroblasts were reported as a glutamine source supporting tumor progression. As such, glutamine-free media were not effective in promoting radiation-induced PCa cell death when co-cultured with associated primary fibroblasts. However, the administration L-ASP catalyzed glutamine depletion with irradiated co-cultures and catalyzed tumor volume reduction in a mouse model. The clinical history of L-ASP for leukemia patients supports the viability for its repurposing as a radio-sensitizer for PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Thiruvalluvan
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.T.); (S.B.)
| | - Sandrine Billet
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.T.); (S.B.)
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Neil A. Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (M.T.); (S.B.)
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-310-871-4697
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Expression of DNA-damage response and repair genes after exposure to DNA-damaging agents in isogenic head and neck cells with altered radiosensitivity. Radiol Oncol 2022; 56:173-184. [PMID: 35390246 PMCID: PMC9122295 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2022-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased radioresistance due to previous irradiation or radiosensitivity due to human papilloma virus (HPV) infection can be observed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The DNA-damage response of cells after exposure to DNA-damaging agents plays a crucial role in determining the fate of exposed cells. Tightly regulated and interconnected signaling networks are activated to detect, signal the presence of and repair the DNA damage. Novel therapies targeting the DNA-damage response are emerging; however, an improved understanding of the complex signaling networks involved in tumor radioresistance and radiosensitivity is needed. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we exposed isogenic human HNSCC cell lines with altered radiosensitivity to DNA-damaging agents: radiation, cisplatin and bleomycin. We investigated transcriptional alterations in the DNA-damage response by using a pathway-focused panel and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR. RESULTS In general, the isogenic cell lines with altered radiosensitivity significantly differed from one another in the expression of genes involved in the DNA-damage response. The radiosensitive (HPV-positive) cells showed overall decreases in the expression levels of the studied genes. In parental cells, upregulation of DNA-damage signaling and repair genes was observed following exposure to DNA-damaging agents, especially radiation. In contrast, radioresistant cells exhibited a distinct pattern of gene downregulation after exposure to cisplatin, whereas the levels in parental cells were unchanged. Exposure of radioresistant cells to bleomycin did not significantly affect the expression of DNA-damage signaling and repair genes. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis identified several possible targets: NBN, XRCC3, ATR, GADD45A and XPA. These putative targets should be studied and potentially exploited for sensibilization to ionizing radiation and/or cisplatin in HNSCC. The use of predesigned panels of DNA-damage signaling and repair genes proved to offer a convenient and quick approach to identify possible therapeutic targets.
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Alamilla-Presuel JC, Burgos-Molina AM, González-Vidal A, Sendra-Portero F, Ruiz-Gómez MJ. Factors and molecular mechanisms of radiation resistance in cancer cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 98:1301-1315. [PMID: 35225732 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2047825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this work is to review the published studies on radiation resistance mechanisms and molecular markers involved in different tumors. The revision has been focused in the last 5 years (2016-2021). CONCLUSIONS Radioresistance is a cause of concern as it causes failure of radiation therapy and subsequent tumor relapse. Combination chemotherapy and radiation therapy are clinically successful in treating many types of tumors. Despite continued improvements in cancer treatment, locoregional recurrence or metastatic spread continues to occur in a high proportion of patients after being treated with radiation therapy or combination treatments. There is strong evidence that cancer stem cells contribute to radiation resistance, contributing to treatment failure. The mechanisms of radiation resistance in different tumors are not fully understood. A better understanding of cancer stem cells and the associated signaling pathways that regulate radiation resistance will open up new strategies for treating cancer by radiation therapy. Radiation can damage malignant cells mainly by the induction of DNA double strand breaks. However, in some tumors appear resistant cells that repopulate the tumor following therapy leading over time to the failure of the treatment. Native mechanisms and induced pathways, are the cause of radiation resistance. It has been described that numerous molecular markers acting through numerous mechanisms of action involved in radiation resistance, such as apoptosis resistance, alterations of cell growth, proliferation and DNA repair, hypoxia, increase in invasiveness and migration capacity, cell cycle alterations and expression of heat shock proteins, among others. Therefore, resistance to radiation is a multifactorial phenomenon that, in different cell types, it occurs through different regulatory mechanisms in which different molecules intervene. Resistance can be acquired by altering different regulatory pathways in different tumors. The knowledge of radiation resistance markers could help in the classification and treatment of patients with more aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Alamilla-Presuel
- Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Antonio M Burgos-Molina
- Departamento de Especialidades Quirúrgicas, Bioquímica e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Alejandro González-Vidal
- Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Francisco Sendra-Portero
- Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - Miguel J Ruiz-Gómez
- Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
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13
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Ghaderi N, Jung J, Brüningk SC, Subramanian A, Nassour L, Peacock J. A Century of Fractionated Radiotherapy: How Mathematical Oncology Can Break the Rules. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031316. [PMID: 35163240 PMCID: PMC8836217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is involved in 50% of all cancer treatments and 40% of cancer cures. Most of these treatments are delivered in fractions of equal doses of radiation (Fractional Equivalent Dosing (FED)) in days to weeks. This treatment paradigm has remained unchanged in the past century and does not account for the development of radioresistance during treatment. Even if under-optimized, deviating from a century of successful therapy delivered in FED can be difficult. One way of exploring the infinite space of fraction size and scheduling to identify optimal fractionation schedules is through mathematical oncology simulations that allow for in silico evaluation. This review article explores the evidence that current fractionation promotes the development of radioresistance, summarizes mathematical solutions to account for radioresistance, both in the curative and non-curative setting, and reviews current clinical data investigating non-FED fractionated radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Ghaderi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Joseph Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (N.G.); (J.J.)
| | - Sarah C. Brüningk
- Machine Learning & Computational Biology Lab, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
- Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ajay Subramanian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Lauren Nassour
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA;
| | - Jeffrey Peacock
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA;
- Correspondence:
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14
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Fortunato A, Fleming A, Aktipis A, Maley CC. Upregulation of DNA repair genes and cell extrusion underpin the remarkable radiation resistance of Trichoplax adhaerens. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001471. [PMID: 34788294 PMCID: PMC8635375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoplax adhaerens is the simplest multicellular animal with tissue differentiation and somatic cell turnover. Like all other multicellular organisms, it should be vulnerable to cancer, yet there have been no reports of cancer in T. adhaerens or any other placozoan. We investigated the cancer resistance of T. adhaerens, discovering that they are able to tolerate high levels of radiation damage (218.6 Gy). To investigate how T. adhaerens survive levels of radiation that are lethal to other animals, we examined gene expression after the X-ray exposure, finding overexpression of genes involved in DNA repair and apoptosis including the MDM2 gene. We also discovered that T. adhaerens extrudes clusters of inviable cells after X-ray exposure. T. adhaerens is a valuable model organism for studying the molecular, genetic, and tissue-level mechanisms underlying cancer suppression. The placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens is able to tolerate high levels of radiation and is resilient to DNA damage; this study reveals that exposure to X-rays triggers the extrusion of cell clusters which subsequently die, and that radiation exposure induces the overexpression of genes involved in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Fortunato
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America.,Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, Arizona, United States of America.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Alexis Fleming
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America.,Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Athena Aktipis
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America.,Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Carlo C Maley
- Arizona Cancer Evolution Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America.,Biodesign Center for Biocomputing, Security and Society, Arizona State University, Arizona, United States of America.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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15
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Macedo-Silva C, Benedetti R, Ciardiello F, Cappabianca S, Jerónimo C, Altucci L. Epigenetic mechanisms underlying prostate cancer radioresistance. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:125. [PMID: 34103085 PMCID: PMC8186094 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is one of the mainstay treatments for prostate cancer (PCa), a highly prevalent neoplasm among males worldwide. About 30% of newly diagnosed PCa patients receive RT with a curative intent. However, biochemical relapse occurs in 20–40% of advanced PCa treated with RT either alone or in combination with adjuvant-hormonal therapy. Epigenetic alterations, frequently associated with molecular variations in PCa, contribute to the acquisition of a radioresistant phenotype. Increased DNA damage repair and cell cycle deregulation decreases radio-response in PCa patients. Moreover, the interplay between epigenome and cell growth pathways is extensively described in published literature. Importantly, as the clinical pattern of PCa ranges from an indolent tumor to an aggressive disease, discovering specific targetable epigenetic molecules able to overcome and predict PCa radioresistance is urgently needed. Currently, histone-deacetylase and DNA-methyltransferase inhibitors are the most studied classes of chromatin-modifying drugs (so-called ‘epidrugs’) within cancer radiosensitization context. Nonetheless, the lack of reliable validation trials is a foremost drawback. This review summarizes the major epigenetically induced changes in radioresistant-like PCa cells and describes recently reported targeted epigenetic therapies in pre-clinical and clinical settings. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Macedo-Silva
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naplei, Italy.,Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center at Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, F Bdg, 1st Floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosaria Benedetti
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naplei, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naplei, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cappabianca
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naplei, Italy
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center at Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, F Bdg, 1st Floor, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology at School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naplei, Italy.
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16
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Marcone S, Buckley A, Ryan CJ, McCabe M, Lynam-Lennon N, Matallanas D, O Sullivan J, Kennedy S. Proteomic signatures of radioresistance: Alteration of inflammation, angiogenesis and metabolism-related factors in radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 27:100376. [PMID: 33882379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The clinical management of locally advanced oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) involves neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT), but as radioresistance remains a major clinical challenge, complete pathological response to CRT only occurs in 20-30% of patients. In this study we used an established isogenic cell line model of radioresistant OAC to detect proteomic signatures of radioresistance to identify novel molecular and cellular targets of radioresistance in OAC. A total of 5785 proteins were identified of which 251 were significantly modulated in OE33R cells, when compared to OE33P. Gene ontology and pathway analysis of these significantly modulated proteins demonstrated altered metabolism in radioresistant cells accompanied by an inhibition of apoptosis. In addition, inflammatory and angiogenic pathways were positively regulated in radioresistant cells compared to the radiosensitive cells. In this study, we demonstrate, for the first time, a comprehensive proteomic profile of the established isogenic cell line model of radioresistant OAC. This analysis provides insights into the molecular and cellular pathways which regulate radioresistance in OAC. Furthermore, it identifies pathway specific signatures of radioresistance that will direct studies on the development of targeted therapies and personalised approaches to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Marcone
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Amy Buckley
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm J Ryan
- School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mark McCabe
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Lynam-Lennon
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Matallanas
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan Kennedy
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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17
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Nguyen L, Dobiasch S, Schneider G, Schmid RM, Azimzadeh O, Kanev K, Buschmann D, Pfaffl MW, Bartzsch S, Schmid TE, Schilling D, Combs SE. Impact of DNA repair and reactive oxygen species levels on radioresistance in pancreatic cancer. Radiother Oncol 2021; 159:265-276. [PMID: 33839203 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2021.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radioresistance in pancreatic cancer patients remains a critical obstacle to overcome. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying radioresistance may achieve better response to radiotherapy and thereby improving the poor treatment outcome. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanisms leading to radioresistance by detailed characterization of isogenic radioresistant and radiosensitive cell lines. METHODS The human pancreatic cancer cell lines, Panc-1 and MIA PaCa-2 were repeatedly exposed to radiation to generate radioresistant (RR) isogenic cell lines. The surviving cells were expanded, and their radiosensitivity was measured using colony formation assay. Tumor growth delay after irradiation was determined in a mouse pancreatic cancer xenograft model. Gene and protein expression were analyzed using RNA sequencing and Western blot, respectively. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis (Caspase 3/7) were measured by FACS analysis. Reactive oxygen species generation and DNA damage were analyzed by detection of CM-H2DCFDA and γH2AX staining, respectively. Transwell chamber assays were used to investigate cell migration and invasion. RESULTS The acquired radioresistance of RR cell lines was demonstrated in vitro and validated in vivo. Ingenuity pathway analysis of RNA sequencing data predicted activation of cell viability in both RR cell lines. RR cancer cell lines demonstrated greater DNA repair efficiency and lower basal and radiation-induced reactive oxygen species levels. Migration and invasion were differentially affected in RR cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that repeated exposure to irradiation increases the expression of genes involved in cell viability and thereby leads to radioresistance. Mechanistically, increased DNA repair capacity and reduced oxidative stress might contribute to the radioresistant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Nguyen
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | - Sophie Dobiasch
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany; Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Department of Medicine II, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | - Omid Azimzadeh
- Institute of Radiation Biology (ISB), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristiyan Kanev
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Dominik Buschmann
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Bartzsch
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | - Thomas E Schmid
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | - Daniela Schilling
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | - Stephanie E Combs
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany; Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
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18
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Sarkar S, Sahoo PK, Mahata S, Pal R, Ghosh D, Mistry T, Ghosh S, Bera T, Nasare VD. Mitotic checkpoint defects: en route to cancer and drug resistance. Chromosome Res 2021; 29:131-144. [PMID: 33409811 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-020-09646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss of mitosis regulation is a common feature of malignant cells that leads to aberrant cell division with inaccurate chromosome segregation. The mitotic checkpoint is responsible for faithful transmission of genetic material to the progeny. Defects in this checkpoint, such as mutations and changes in gene expression, lead to abnormal chromosome content or aneuploidy that may facilitate cancer development. Furthermore, a defective checkpoint response is indicated in the development of drug resistance to microtubule poisons that are used in treatment of various blood and solid cancers for several decades. Mitotic slippage and senescence are important cell fates that occur even with an active mitotic checkpoint and are held responsible for the resistance. However, contradictory findings in both the scenarios of carcinogenesis and drug resistance have aroused questions on whether mitotic checkpoint defects are truly responsible for these dismal outcomes. Here, we discuss the possible contribution of the faulty checkpoint signaling in cancer development and drug resistance, followed by the latest research on this pathway for better outcomes in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinjini Sarkar
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Pranab Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Sutapa Mahata
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Ranita Pal
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Dipanwita Ghosh
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Tanuma Mistry
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Sushmita Ghosh
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Tanmoy Bera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
| | - Vilas D Nasare
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India.
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19
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Peng X, Wei Z, Gerweck LE. Making radiation therapy more effective in the era of precision medicine. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2020; 3:272-283. [PMID: 35692625 PMCID: PMC8982539 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbaa038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer has become a leading cause of death and constitutes an enormous burden worldwide. Radiation is a principle treatment modality used alone or in combination with other forms of therapy, with 50%–70% of cancer patients receiving radiotherapy at some point during their illness. It has been suggested that traditional radiotherapy (daily fractions of approximately 1.8–2 Gy over several weeks) might select for radioresistant tumor cell sub-populations, which, if not sterilized, give rise to local treatment failure and distant metastases. Thus, the challenge is to develop treatment strategies and schedules to eradicate the resistant subpopulation of tumorigenic cells rather than the predominant sensitive tumor cell population. With continued technological advances including enhanced conformal treatment technology, radiation oncologists can increasingly maximize the dose to tumors while sparing adjacent normal tissues, to limit toxicity and damage to the latter. Increased dose conformality also facilitates changes in treatment schedules, such as changes in dose per treatment fraction and number of treatment fractions, to enhance the therapeutic ratio. For example, the recently developed large dose per fraction treatment schedules (hypofractionation) have shown clinical advantage over conventional treatment schedules in some tumor types. Experimental studies suggest that following large acute doses of radiation, recurrent tumors, presumably sustained by the most resistant tumor cell populations, may in fact be equally or more radiation sensitive than the primary tumor. In this review, we summarize the related advances in radiotherapy, including the increasing understanding of the molecular mechanisms of radioresistance, and the targeting of these mechanisms with potent small molecule inhibitors, which may selectively sensitize tumor cells to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Peng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zhigong Wei
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Leo E Gerweck
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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20
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Singh B, Patwardhan RS, Jayakumar S, Sharma D, Sandur SK. Oxidative stress associated metabolic adaptations regulate radioresistance in human lung cancer cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 213:112080. [PMID: 33232882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Differential inherent and acquired radioresistance of human lung cancer cells contribute to poor therapeutic outcome and tumor recurrence after radiotherapy. Inherent radioresistance of lung cancer cells is known to be associated with ROSLow cancer stem cells (CSCs). However, mechanism of acquired radioresistance in lung cancer cells is poorly understood. Here, we exposed human lung cancer cells (A549) to a cumulative dose of 40Gy and allowed the radioresistant (RR) survivors to divide and form macroscopic colonies after each fraction of 5Gy dose. The RR subline exhibited enrichment of cytosolic ROSHigh cells without specific increase in mitochondrial ROS levels. We found a concomitant increase in the expression of redox regulatory transcription factor Nrf2 and its dependent antioxidant genes in RR cells and cell cycle delay as compared to parental cells. The treatment of RR cells with Nrf2 inhibitor resulted in decreased clonogenic survival indicating their addiction to Nrf2 for metabolic adaptations under high levels of cytosolic ROS. A causal role of inherent ROS levels in conferring radioresistance was established by sorting ROSHigh and ROSLow populations from parental and RR cells. It was observed that ROSHigh population from both parental and RR cells exhibited radioresistance as observed by clonogenic assay. Interestingly, ROSHigh population of cells exhibited higher levels of cellular thiols in both parental and RR cells. Thus, our observations highlight presence of a novel subpopulation in lung cancer cells, which exhibits radioresistance by maintaining 'oxidative stress' and Nrf2 dependent metabolic adaptations. We also posit Nrf2 pathway as a druggable target for radiosensitization of RR A549 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Singh
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Raghavendra S Patwardhan
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Sundarraj Jayakumar
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - Santosh K Sandur
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Modular Laboratories, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
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21
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Joseph N, Kirkby NF, Hoskin PJ, West CML, Choudhury A, Dale RG. Radiobiologically derived biphasic fractionation schemes to overcome the effects of tumour hypoxia. Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20190250. [PMID: 32462907 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20190250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As a fractionated course of radiotherapy proceeds tumour shrinkage leads to resolution of hypoxia and the initiation of accelerated proliferation of radioresistant cancer cells with better repair capacity. We hypothesise that, in tumours with significant hypoxia, improved tumour control could be achieved with biphasic fractionation schedules that either use acceleration after 3-4 weeks of conventional radiotherapy or deliver a higher proportional dose towards the end of a course of treatment. We conducted a modelling study based on the concept of biological effective dose (BED) comparing such novel regimens with conventional fractionation. METHODS The comparator conventional fractionation schedule 70 Gy in 35 fractions delivered over 7 weeks was tested against the following novel regimens, both of which were designed to be isoeffective in terms of late normal tissue toxicity.40 Gy in 20 fractions over 4 weeks followed by 22.32 Gy in 6 consecutive daily fractions (delayed acceleration)30.4 Gy in 27 fractions over 4 weeks followed by 40 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks (temporal dose redistribution)The delayed acceleration regimen is exactly identical to that of the comparator schedule over the first 28 days and the BED gains with the novel schedule are achieved during the second phase of treatment when reoxygenation is complete. For the temporal redistribution regimen, it was assumed that the reoxygenation fraction progressively increases during the first 4 weeks of treatment and an iterative approach was used to calculate the final tumour BED for varying hypoxic fractions. RESULTS Novel fractionation with delayed acceleration or temporal fractionation results in tumour BED gains equivalent to 3.5-8 Gy when delivered in 2 Gy fractions. CONCLUSION In hypoxic tumours, novel fractionation strategies result in significantly higher tumour BED in comparison to conventional fractionation. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE We demonstrate that novel biphasic fractionation regimens could overcome the effects of tumour hypoxia resulting in biological dose escalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuradh Joseph
- Ministry of Health, Colombo, Sri Lanka.,Sri Lanka Cancer Research Group, Maharagama, Sri Lanka
| | - Norman F Kirkby
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Peter J Hoskin
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Cancer Centre, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, UK
| | - Catharine M L West
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ananya Choudhury
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Roger G Dale
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
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22
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The p53-53BP1-Related Survival of A549 and H1299 Human Lung Cancer Cells after Multifractionated Radiotherapy Demonstrated Different Response to Additional Acute X-ray Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093342. [PMID: 32397297 PMCID: PMC7246764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the main methods of treating patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the resistance of tumor cells to exposure remains the main factor that limits successful therapeutic outcome. To study the molecular/cellular mechanisms of increased resistance of NSCLC to ionizing radiation (IR) exposure, we compared A549 (p53 wild-type) and H1299 (p53-deficient) cells, the two NSCLC cell lines. Using fractionated X-ray irradiation of these cells at a total dose of 60 Gy, we obtained the survived populations and named them A549IR and H1299IR, respectively. Further characterization of these cells showed multiple alterations compared to parental NSCLC cells. The additional 2 Gy exposure led to significant changes in the kinetics of γH2AX and phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (pATM) foci numbers in A549IR and H1299IR compared to parental NSCLC cells. Whereas A549, A549IR, and H1299 cells demonstrated clear two-component kinetics of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, H1299IR showed slower kinetics of γH2AX foci disappearance with the presence of around 50% of the foci 8 h post-IR. The character of H2AX phosphorylation in these cells was pATM-independent. A decrease of residual γH2AX/53BP1 foci number was observed in both A549IR and H1299IR compared to parental cells post-IR at extra doses of 2, 4, and 6 Gy. This process was accompanied with the changes in the proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and the expression of ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2, also designated as CDw338 and the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)) protein. Our study provides strong evidence that different DNA repair mechanisms are activated by multifraction radiotherapy (MFR), as well as single-dose IR, and that the enhanced cellular survival after MFR is reliant on both p53 and 53BP1 signaling along with non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). Our results are of clinical significance as they can guide the choice of the most effective IR regimen by analyzing the expression status of the p53–53BP1 pathway in tumors and thereby maximize therapeutic benefits for the patients while minimizing collateral damage to normal tissue.
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23
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Alpha Radiation as a Way to Target Heterochromatic and Gamma Radiation-Exposed Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051165. [PMID: 32397212 PMCID: PMC7291130 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Compact chromatin is linked to a poor tumour prognosis and resistance to radiotherapy from photons. We investigated DNA damage induction and repair in the context of chromatin structure for densely ionising alpha radiation as well as its therapeutic potential. Chromatin opening by histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) pretreatment reduced clonogenic survival and increased γH2AX foci in MDA-MB-231 cells, indicative of increased damage induction by free radicals using gamma radiation. In contrast, TSA pretreatment tended to improve survival after alpha radiation while γH2AX foci were similar or lower; therefore, an increased DNA repair is suggested due to increased access of repair proteins. MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to fractionated gamma radiation (2 Gy × 6) expressed high levels of stem cell markers, elevated heterochromatin H3K9me3 marker, and a trend towards reduced clonogenic survival in response to alpha radiation. There was a higher level of H3K9me3 at baseline, and the ratio of DNA damage induced by alpha vs. gamma radiation was higher in the aggressive MDA-MB-231 cells compared to hormone receptor-positive MCF7 cells. We demonstrate that heterochromatin structure and stemness properties are induced by fractionated radiation exposure. Gamma radiation-exposed cells may be targeted using alpha radiation, and we provide a mechanistic basis for the involvement of chromatin in these effects.
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24
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van den Berg J, Castricum KCM, Meel MH, Goedegebuure RSA, Lagerwaard FJ, Slotman BJ, Hulleman E, Thijssen VLJL. Development of transient radioresistance during fractionated irradiation in vitro. Radiother Oncol 2020; 148:107-114. [PMID: 32344261 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Effective combination treatments with fractionated radiotherapy rely on a proper understanding of the dynamic responses that occur during treatment. We explored the effect of clinical fractionated radiotherapy on the development and timing of radioresistance in tumor cells. METHODS AND MATERIALS Different colon (HT29/HCT116/COLO320/SW480/RKO) and high-grade astrocytoma (D384/U-251MG) cancer cell lines were treated for 6 weeks with daily fractions of 2 Gy, 5 days per week. Clonogenic survival was determined throughout the treatment period. In addition, the radiosensitivity of irradiated and non-irradiated was compared. Finally, the effect of different dose fractions on the development of radioresistance was determined. RESULTS All cell lines developed radioresistance within 2-3 weeks during fractionated radiotherapy. This was characterized by the occurrence of a steady state phase of clonogenic survival. In U-251MG cells this was accompanied by increased cell senescence and stemness. After recovering from six weeks of treatment, the radiosensitivity of fractionally irradiated and non-irradiated cells was similar. Including transient radioresistance, described as (α/β)-(d+1), as a factor in the classic LQ model resulted in a perfect fit with the experimental data observed during fractionated radiotherapy. This was confirmed when different dose fractions were applied. CONCLUSIONS Fractionated irradiation of cancer cells in vitro following clinical radiation schedules induces a reversible radioresistance response. This adaptive response can be included in the LQ model as a function of the dose fraction and the alpha/beta-ratio of a given cell line. These findings warrant further investigation of the mechanisms and clinical relevance of adaptive radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap van den Berg
- Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kitty C M Castricum
- Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michaël H Meel
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben S A Goedegebuure
- Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Lagerwaard
- Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben J Slotman
- Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Hulleman
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor L J L Thijssen
- Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Oike T, Ohno T. Molecular mechanisms underlying radioresistance: data compiled from isogenic cell experiments. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:273. [PMID: 32355717 PMCID: PMC7186667 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2020.02.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Oike
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.,Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohno
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.,Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma, Japan
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26
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Todorovic V, Prevc A, Zakelj MN, Savarin M, Brozic A, Groselj B, Strojan P, Cemazar M, Sersa G. Mechanisms of different response to ionizing irradiation in isogenic head and neck cancer cell lines. Radiat Oncol 2019; 14:214. [PMID: 31775835 PMCID: PMC6882348 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-019-1418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment options for recurrent head and neck tumours in the previously irradiated area are limited, including re-irradiation due to radioresistance of the recurrent tumour and previous dose received by surrounding normal tissues. As an in vitro model to study radioresistance mechanisms, isogenic cells with different radiosensitivity can be used. However, they are not readily available. Therefore, our objective was to establish and characterize radioresistant isogenic human pharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells and to evaluate early radiation response in isogenic parental, radioresistant and radiosensitive cells. Methods Radioresistant cells were derived from parental FaDu cells by repeated exposure to ionizing radiation. Radiosensitivity of the established isogenic radioresistant FaDu-RR cells was evaluated by clonogenic assay and compared to isogenic parental FaDu and radiosensitive 2A3 cells. Additional phenotypic characterization of these isogenic cells with different radiosensitivity included evaluation of chemosensitivity, cell proliferation, cell cycle, radiation-induced apoptosis, resolution of DNA double-strand breaks, and DNA damage and repair signalling gene expression before and after irradiation. Results In the newly established radioresistant cells in response to 5 Gy irradiation, we observed no alteration in cell cycle regulation, but delayed induction and enhanced resolution of DNA double-strand breaks, lower induction of apoptosis, and pronounced over-expression of DNA damage signalling genes in comparison to parental cells. On the other hand, radiosensitive 2A3 cells were arrested in G2/M-phase in response to 5 Gy irradiation, had a prominent accumulation of and slower resolution of DNA double-strand breaks, and no change in DNA damage signalling genes expression. Conclusions We concluded that the emergence of the radioresistance in the established radioresistant isogenic cells can be at least partially attributed to the enhanced DNA double-strand break repair, altered expression of DNA damage signalling and repair genes. On the other hand, in radiosensitive isogenic cells the reduced ability to repair a high number of induced DNA double-strand breaks and no transcriptional response in DNA damage signalling genes indicate on a lack of adaptive response to irradiation. Altogether, our results confirmed that these isogenic cells with different radiosensitivity are an appropriate model to study the mechanisms of radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Todorovic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ajda Prevc
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Niksic Zakelj
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika Savarin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Brozic
- Department of Cytopathology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaz Groselj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primoz Strojan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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27
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Inder S, Bates M, Ni Labhrai N, McDermott N, Schneider J, Erdmann G, Jamerson T, Belle VA, Prina-Mello A, Thirion P, Manecksha PR, Cormican D, Finn S, Lynch T, Marignol L. Multiplex profiling identifies clinically relevant signalling proteins in an isogenic prostate cancer model of radioresistance. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17325. [PMID: 31758038 PMCID: PMC6874565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact biological mechanism governing the radioresistant phenotype of prostate tumours at a high risk of recurrence despite the delivery of advanced radiotherapy protocols remains unclear. This study analysed the protein expression profiles of a previously generated isogenic 22Rv1 prostate cancer model of radioresistance using DigiWest multiplex protein profiling for a selection of 90 signalling proteins. Comparative analysis of the profiles identified a substantial change in the expression of 43 proteins. Differential PARP-1, AR, p53, Notch-3 and YB-1 protein levels were independently validated using Western Blotting. Pharmacological targeting of these proteins was associated with a mild but significant radiosensitisation effect at 4Gy. This study supports the clinical relevance of isogenic in vitro models of radioresistance and clarifies the molecular radiation response of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Inder
- Translational Radiobiology and Molecular oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Urology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Bates
- Translational Radiobiology and Molecular oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Ni Labhrai
- Translational Radiobiology and Molecular oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N McDermott
- Translational Radiobiology and Molecular oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - G Erdmann
- NMI TT Pharmaservices, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Jamerson
- Department of International Health, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - V A Belle
- Department of International Health, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - A Prina-Mello
- Laboratory for Biological Characterization of Advanced Materials (LBCAM), Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), AMBER centre at CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Thirion
- St Luke's Radiation Oncology Network, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P R Manecksha
- Department of Urology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Cormican
- Department of Histopathology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Finn
- Department of Histopathology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T Lynch
- Department of Urology, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Marignol
- Translational Radiobiology and Molecular oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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28
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Wu H, Yu J, Kong D, Xu Y, Zhang Z, Shui J, Li Z, Luo H, Wang K. Population and single‑cell transcriptome analyses reveal diverse transcriptional changes associated with radioresistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2019; 55:1237-1248. [PMID: 31638164 PMCID: PMC6831193 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a tumor composed of heterogeneous cells that easily become radioresistant, which leads to tumor recurrence. The most commonly used treatment for ESCC is fractionated irradiation (FIR) therapy that utilizes ionizing radiation to directly induce cytotoxic cell death. However, this treatment may not be able to eliminate all cancer cells due to high adaptive evolution. To determine whether the transcriptome dynamics during ESCC recurrence formation are associated with FIR response, an in vitro cell culture model for ESCC radioresistance that mimics the common radiotherapy process in patients with ESCC was established in the present study. High‑throughput sequencing analysis of in vitro cultured ESCC cells was performed using different cumulative irradiation doses, as well as tumor samples from FIR‑treated patients with ESCC before and after the development of radioresistance. Radioresistance‑associated genes and signaling pathways that were aberrantly expressed in radioresistant ESCC cells were identified, including autophagy‑related 9B (regulation of autophagy), DNA damage‑inducible transcript 4, myoglobin and plasminogen activator tissue type, which are associated with response to hypoxia, Bcl2‑binding component 3, tumor protein P63 and interferon γ‑inducible protein 16, which are associated with DNA damage response. The heterogeneity and dynamic gene expression of ESCC cells during acquired radioresistance were further studied in primary (41 single cells), 12 Gy FIR‑treated (87 single cells) and 30 Gy FIR‑treated (89 single cells) cancer cells using a single‑cell RNA sequencing approach. The results of the present study comprehensively characterized the transcriptome dynamics during acquired radioresistance in an in vitro model of ESCC and patient tumor samples at the population and single cell level. Single‑cell RNA sequencing revealed the heterogeneity of irradiated ESCC cells and an increase in the radioresistant ESCC cell subpopulation during acquired radioresistance. Overall, these results are of potential clinical relevance as they identify a number of signaling molecules associated with radioresistance, as well as opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic options for the treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjin Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Juehua Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Deshengyue Kong
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Zunyue Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Jing Shui
- Shanghai International Travel Healthcare Center, Shanghai 200000, P.R. China
| | - Ziwei Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Huayou Luo
- Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Kunhua Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine (Kunming Medical University), The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
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29
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Park SY, Lee CJ, Choi JH, Kim JH, Kim JW, Kim JY, Nam JS. The JAK2/STAT3/CCND2 Axis promotes colorectal Cancer stem cell persistence and radioresistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:399. [PMID: 31511084 PMCID: PMC6737692 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy (RT) is a highly effective multimodal nonsurgical treatment that is essential for patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). Nevertheless, cell subpopulations displaying intrinsic radioresistance survive after RT. The reactivation of their proliferation and successful colonization at local or distant sites may increase the risk of poor clinical outcomes. Recently, radioresistant cancer cells surviving RT were reported to exhibit a more aggressive phenotype than parental cells, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Methods By investigating public databases containing CRC patient data, we explored potential radioresistance-associated signaling pathways. Then, their mechanistic roles in radioresistance were investigated through multiple validation steps using patient-derived primary CRC cells, human CRC cell lines, and CRC xenografts. Results Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling was activated in radioresistant CRC tissues in correlation with local and distant metastases. JAK2 was preferentially overexpressed in the CRC stem cell subpopulation, which was accompanied by the phosphorylation of STAT proteins, especially STAT3. JAK2/STAT3 signaling played an essential role in promoting tumor initiation and radioresistance by limiting apoptosis and enhancing clonogenic potential. Mechanistically, the direct binding of STAT3 to the cyclin D2 (CCND2) promoter increased CCND2 transcription. CCND2 expression was required for persistent cancer stem cell (CSC) growth via the maintenance of an intact cell cycle and proliferation with low levels of DNA damage accumulation. Conclusion Herein, we first identified JAK2/STAT3/CCND2 signaling as a resistance mechanism for the persistent growth of CSCs after RT, suggesting potential biomarkers and regimens for improving outcomes among CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yeon Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.,Cell Logistics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Jae Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hyun Choi
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee-Heun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Seok Nam
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea. .,Cell Logistics Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Alfonso JCL, Berk L. Modeling the effect of intratumoral heterogeneity of radiosensitivity on tumor response over the course of fractionated radiation therapy. Radiat Oncol 2019; 14:88. [PMID: 31146751 PMCID: PMC6543639 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-019-1288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Standard radiobiology theory of radiation response assumes a uniform innate radiosensitivity of tumors. However, experimental data show that there is significant intratumoral heterogeneity of radiosensitivity. Therefore, a model with heterogeneity was developed and tested using existing experimental data to show the potential effects from the presence of an intratumoral distribution of radiosensitivity on radiation therapy response over a protracted radiation therapy treatment course. Methods The standard radiation response curve was modified to account for a distribution of radiosensitivity, and for variations in the repopulation rates of the tumor cell subpopulations. Experimental data from the literature were incorporated to determine the boundaries of the model. The proposed model was then used to show the changes in radiosensitivity of the tumor during treatment, and the effects of fraction size, α/β ratio and variation of the repopulation rates of tumor cells. Results In the presence of an intratumoral distribution of radiosensitivity, there is rapid selection of radiation-resistant cells over a course of fractionated radiation therapy. Standard treatment fractionation regimes result in the near-complete replacement of the initial population of sensitive cells with a population of more resistant cells. Further, as treatment progresses, the tumor becomes more resistant to further radiation treatment, making each fractional dose less efficacious. A wider initial distribution induces increased radiation resistance. Hypofractionation is more efficient in a heterogeneous tumor, with increased cell kill for biologically equivalent doses, while inducing less resistance. The model also shows that a higher growth rate in resistant cells can account for the accelerated repopulation that is seen during the clinical treatment of patients. Conclusions Modeling of tumor cell survival with radiosensitivity heterogeneity alters the predicted tumor response, and explains the induction of radiation resistance by radiation treatment, the development of accelerated repopulation, and the potential beneficial effects of hypofractionation. Tumor response to treatment may be better predicted by assaying for the distribution of radiosensitivity, or the extreme of the radiosensitivity, rather than measuring the initial, general radiation sensitivity of the untreated tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C L Alfonso
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - L Berk
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, Morsani School of Medicine at the University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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31
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Tahmasebi-Birgani MJ, Teimoori A, Ghadiri A, Mansoury-Asl H, Danyaei A, Khanbabaei H. Fractionated radiotherapy might induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition and radioresistance in a cellular context manner. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:8601-8610. [PMID: 30485518 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that radiotherapy is a main therapeutic modality in cancer treatment, recent evidence suggests that fractionated radiotherapy (FR) might confer radioresistance through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Nevertheless, the effects of FR on EMT phenotype and the potential link between EMT induction and radioresistance development yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to assess whether FR could promote EMT, and to elucidate if induction of EMT contributes to the acquisition of radioresistance. To this end, two human cancer cell lines (A549 and HT-29) were irradiated (2 Gy/day) and analyzed using wound healing, transwell migration and invasion assays, real-time polymerase chain reaction (for E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, CD44, CD133, Snail, and Twist), clonogenic assay, Annexin V/PI, and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Irradiation of A549 (for 5 or 10 consecutive days) resulted in morphological changes including elongation of cytoplasm and nuclei and pleomorphic nuclei. Also, irradiation-enhanced migratory and invasive potential of A549. These phenotypic changes were in agreement with decreased expression of the epithelial marker (E-cadherin), enhanced expression of mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail, and Twist) and increased stemness factors (CD44 and CD133). Moreover, induction of EMT phenotype was accompanied with enhanced radioresistance and proliferation of irradiated A549. However, FR (for 5 consecutive days) did not increase HT-29 motility. Furthermore, molecular alterations did not resemble EMT phenotype (downregulation of E-cadherin, Vimentin, ALDH, CD44, CD133, and Snail). Eventually, FR led to enhanced radiosensitivity and decreased proliferation of HT-29. Altogether, our findings suggest that FR might induce EMT and confer radioresistance in a cell context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Ata Ghadiri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Halime Mansoury-Asl
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amir Danyaei
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hashem Khanbabaei
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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32
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Fernando W, Rupasinghe HPV, Hoskin DW. Dietary phytochemicals with anti-oxidant and pro-oxidant activities: A double-edged sword in relation to adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy? Cancer Lett 2019; 452:168-177. [PMID: 30910593 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many advances have been made in the development and introduction of new anti-cancer drugs to the clinic. However, limited attention has been paid to improving the efficacy of currently available treatments through complementary phytochemical interventions that affect cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, which are important for the etiology of certain cancers and the effectiveness of radiotherapy and some chemotherapy. In this regard, the maintenance of redox homeostasis may be influenced by the intake of anti-oxidant and pro-oxidant compounds from dietary sources. Interestingly, certain dietary phytochemicals exhibit both anti-oxidant and pro-oxidant activities, depending on their concentration and cellular microenvironment. There is evidence that concurrent administration of some dietary phytochemicals enhances the efficacy of certain cancer treatments by increasing intracellular ROS accumulation. Paradoxically, consumption of the same dietary phytochemicals under conditions that result in the scavenging of ROS might also negatively affect the outcome of ROS-dependent cancer treatments. This review discusses the potential impact of consuming dietary phytochemicals with anti-oxidant and/or pro-oxidant activities on the effectiveness of concurrent chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasundara Fernando
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada.
| | - David W Hoskin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Luo Y, Li M, Zuo X, Basourakos SP, Zhang J, Zhao J, Han Y, Lin Y, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Lan L. β‑catenin nuclear translocation induced by HIF‑1α overexpression leads to the radioresistance of prostate cancer. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1827-1840. [PMID: 29658569 PMCID: PMC5919719 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is known to play crucial roles in tumor radioresistance; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the promotion of tumor radioresistance by HIF-1α remain unclear. β-catenin is known to be involved in the metastatic potential of prostate cancer (PCa). In this study, to investigate the role of HIF-1α and β-catenin in the radioresistance of PCa, two PCa cell lines, LNCaP and C4-2B, were grouped as follows: Negative control (no treatment), HIF-1α overexpression group (transfected with HIF-1α overexpression plasmid) and β-catenin silenced group (transfected with HIF-1α plasmids and β-catenin-shRNA). Cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell invasion and radiosensitivity were examined under normal or hypoxic conditions. In addition, radiosensitivity was examined in two mouse PCa models (the LNCaP orthotopic BALB/c-nu mice model and the C4-2B subcutaneous SCID mice model). Our results revealed that in both the LNCaP and C4-2B cells, transfection with HIF-1α overexpression plasmid led to an enhanced β-catenin nuclear translocation, while β-catenin silencing inhibited β-catenin nuclear translocation. The enhanced β-catenin nuclear translocation induced by HIF-1α overexpression resulted in an enhanced cell proliferation and cell invasion, an altered cell cycle distribution, decreased apoptosis, and improved non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair under normal and irradiation conditions. Similar results were observed in the animal models. HIF-1α overexpression enhanced β-catenin nuclear translocation, which led to the activation of the β-catenin/NHEJ signaling pathway and increased cell proliferation, cell invasion and DNA repair. These results thus suggest that HIF-1α overexpression promotes the radioresistance of PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Mingchuan Li
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Zuo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tong Ren Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Spyridon P Basourakos
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Cancer Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Jiahui Zhao
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yili Han
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yunhua Lin
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yongxing Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yongguang Jiang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Ling Lan
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The 4th Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100035, P.R. China
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Chaiswing L, Weiss HL, Jayswal RD, St. Clair DK, Kyprianou N. Profiles of Radioresistance Mechanisms in Prostate Cancer. Crit Rev Oncog 2018; 23:39-67. [PMID: 29953367 PMCID: PMC6231577 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2018025946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is commonly used for the treatment of localized prostate cancer (PCa). However, cancer cells often develop resistance to radiation through unknown mechanisms and pose an intractable challenge. Radiation resistance is highly unpredictable, rendering the treatment less effective in many patients and frequently causing metastasis and cancer recurrence. Understanding the molecular events that cause radioresistance in PCa will enable us to develop adjuvant treatments for enhancing the efficacy of RT. Radioresistant PCa depends on the elevated DNA repair system and the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to proliferate, self-renew, and scavenge anti-cancer regimens, whereas the elevated heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enable radioresistant PCa cells to metastasize after exposure to radiation. The up-regulation of the DNA repairing system, ROS, HSP90, and EMT effectors has been studied extensively, but not targeted by adjuvant therapy of radioresistant PCa. Here, we emphasize the effects of ionizing radiation and the mechanisms driving the emergence of radioresistant PCa. We also address the markers of radioresistance, the gene signatures for the predictive response to radiotherapy, and novel therapeutic platforms for targeting radioresistant PCa. This review provides significant insights into enhancing the current knowledge and the understanding toward optimization of these markers for the treatment of radioresistant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heidi L. Weiss
- The Markey Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility
| | - Rani D. Jayswal
- The Markey Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility
| | | | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology
- Department of Urology
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Blyth BJ, Cole AJ, MacManus MP, Martin OA. Radiation therapy-induced metastasis: radiobiology and clinical implications. Clin Exp Metastasis 2017; 35:223-236. [PMID: 29159430 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is an effective means of achieving local control in a wide range of primary tumours, with the reduction in the size of the tumour(s) thought to mediate the observed reductions in metastatic spread in clinical trials. However, there is evidence to suggest that the complex changes induced by radiation in the tumour environment can also present metastatic risks that may counteract the long-term efficacy of the treatment. More than 25 years ago, several largely theoretical mechanisms by which radiation exposure might increase metastatic risk were postulated. These include the direct release of tumour cells into the circulation, systemic effects of tumour and normal tissue irradiation and radiation-induced changes in tumour cell phenotype. Here, we review the data that has since emerged to either support or refute these putative mechanisms focusing on how the unique radiobiology underlying modern radiotherapy modalities might alter these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Blyth
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia. .,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
| | - Aidan J Cole
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Wang P, Yuan D, Guo F, Chen X, Zhu L, Zhang H, Wang C, Shao C. Chromatin remodeling modulates radiosensitivity of the daughter cells derived from cell population exposed to low- and high-LET irradiation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:52823-52836. [PMID: 28881774 PMCID: PMC5581073 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation effects are dependent of linear energy transfer (LET), but it is still obscure whether the daughter cells (DCs) derived from irradiated population are radioresistance and much less the underlying mechanism. With the measurements of survival, proliferation and γH2AX foci, this study shows that the DCs from γ-ray irradiated cells (DCs-γ) became more radioresistant than its parent control without irradiation, but the radiosensitivity of DCs from α-particle irradiated cells (DCs-α) was not altered. After irradiation with equivalent doses of γ-rays and α-particles, the foci number of histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me3) and the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC) in DCs-γ was extensively higher than these in DCs-α and its parent control, indicating that a higher level of heterochromatin was formed in DCs-γ but not in DCs-α. Treatment of cells with SAHA (an inhibitor of HDAC) decreased the level of heterochromatin domains by inhibiting the expressions of H3K9m3 and HP-1a proteins and triggering the expression of acetylated core histone H3 (Ac-H3). When cells were treated with SAHA, the radioresistance phenotype of DCs-γ was eliminated so that the radiosensitivities of DCs-γ, DCs-α and their parent cells approached to same levels. Our current results reveal that γ-rays but not α-particles could induce chromatin remodeling and heterochromatinization which results in the occurrence of radioresistance of DCs, indicating that the combination treatment of irradiation and HDAC inhibitor could serve as a potential cancer therapy strategy, especially for the fraction radiotherapy of low-LET irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dexiao Yuan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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McDermott N, Meunier A, Wong S, Buchete V, Marignol L. Profiling of a panel of radioresistant prostate cancer cells identifies deregulation of key miRNAs. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2017; 2:63-68. [PMID: 29658003 PMCID: PMC5893531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background miRNAs are increasingly associated with the aggressive phenotype of prostate tumours. Their ability to control radiobiologically-relevant cellular processes strengthens their potential as novel markers of response to radiation therapy. Purpose To identify miRNAs associated with increased clonogenic survival following radiation exposure. Material and methods The miRNA expression profiles of a panel of 22RV1 cells with varying levels of radiosensitivities (hypoxic H-22Rv1 cells, RR-22Rv1 cells derived from WT-22Rv1 cells through 2-Gy fractionated repeated exposure, the associated aged matched cells (AMC-22Rv1) and the WT-22Rv1 cell lines) were generated and cross-analysed to identify common miRNAs associated with a radioresistant phenotype. Results Increased clonogenic survival following irradiation was associated with significant modifications in miRNA expression pattern. miR-221 (up) and miR-4284 (down) in RR-22Rv1 and MiR-31 and miR-200c in AMC-22Rv1 were the most uniquely significantly deregulated miRNAs when compared to WT-22Rv1 cells. miR-200c ranked as the most downregulated miRNAs in hypoxic, when compared to RR-22Rv1 cells. miR-200a was the only differentially expressed miRNA between RR-22Rv1 and AMC-22Rv1 cells. miR-210 yielded the highest fold change in expression in H-22Rv1, when compared to WT-22RV1 cells. Conclusion This study identifies candidate miRNAs for the development of novel prognostic biomarkers for radiotherapy prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh McDermott
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Translational Radiobiology and Molecular Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Discipline of Radiation Therapy, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Armelle Meunier
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Translational Radiobiology and Molecular Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Discipline of Radiation Therapy, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon Wong
- Irish Centre for High-End Computing, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Vio Buchete
- School of Physics & Complex and Adaptive Systems Laboratory, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Laure Marignol
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Translational Radiobiology and Molecular Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity, Discipline of Radiation Therapy, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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