1
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Xie Q, Halpern ER, Zhang J, Shrivastava M, Zelenyuk A, Zaveri RA, Laskin A. Volatility Basis Set Distributions and Viscosity of Organic Aerosol Mixtures: Insights from Chemical Characterization Using Temperature-Programmed Desorption-Direct Analysis in Real-Time High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9524-9534. [PMID: 38815054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of gas-particle partitioning of individual components within complex atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) mixtures is critical for predicting and comprehending the formation and evolution of OA particles in the atmosphere. This investigation leverages previously documented data obtained through a temperature-programmed desorption-direct analysis in real-time, high-resolution mass spectrometry (TPD-DART-HRMS) platform. This methodology facilitates the bottom-up construction of volatility basis set (VBS) distributions for constituents found in three biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mixtures produced through the ozonolysis of α-pinene, limonene, and ocimene. The apparent enthalpies (ΔH*, kJ mol-1) and saturation mass concentrations (CT*, μg·m-3) of individual SOA components, determined as a function of temperature (T, K), facilitated an assessment of changes in VBS distributions and gas-particle partitioning with respect to T and atmospheric total organic mass loadings (tOM, μg·m-3). The VBS distributions reveal distinct differences in volatilities among monomers, dimers, and trimers, categorized into separate volatility bins. At the ambient temperature of T = 298 K, only monomers efficiently partition between gas and particle phases across a broad range of atmospherically relevant tOM values of 1-100 μg·m-3. Partitioning of dimers and trimers becomes notable only at T > 360 K and T > 420 K, respectively. The viscosity of SOA mixtures is assessed using a bottom-up calculation approach, incorporating the input of elemental formulas, ΔH*, CT*, and particle-phase mass fractions of the SOA components. Through this approach, we are able to accurately estimate the variations in SOA viscosity that result from the evaporation of its components. These variations are, in turn, influenced by atmospherically relevant changes in tOM and T. Comparison of the calculated SOA viscosity and diffusivity values with literature reported experimental results shows close agreement, thereby validating the employed calculation approach. These findings underscore the significant potential for TPD-DART-HRMS measurements in enabling the untargeted analysis of organic molecules within OA mixtures. This approach facilitates quantitative assessment of their gas-particle partitioning and allows for the estimation of their viscosity and condensed-phase diffusion, thereby contributing valuable insights to atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaorong Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Emily R Halpern
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jie Zhang
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Manish Shrivastava
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric, Climate, and Earth Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Kenseth CM, Hafeman NJ, Rezgui SP, Chen J, Huang Y, Dalleska NF, Kjaergaard HG, Stoltz BM, Seinfeld JH, Wennberg PO. Particle-phase accretion forms dimer esters in pinene secondary organic aerosol. Science 2023; 382:787-792. [PMID: 37972156 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi0857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and plays a pivotal role in climate, air quality, and health. The production of low-volatility dimeric compounds through accretion reactions is a key aspect of SOA formation. However, despite extensive study, the structures and thus the formation mechanisms of dimers in SOA remain largely uncharacterized. In this work, we elucidate the structures of several major dimer esters in SOA from ozonolysis of α-pinene and β-pinene-substantial global SOA sources-through independent synthesis of authentic standards. We show that these dimer esters are formed in the particle phase and propose a mechanism of nucleophilic addition of alcohols to a cyclic acylperoxyhemiacetal. This chemistry likely represents a general pathway to dimeric compounds in ambient SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Kenseth
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Nicholas J Hafeman
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Samir P Rezgui
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yuanlong Huang
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Nathan F Dalleska
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Henrik G Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Paul O Wennberg
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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3
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Sun L, Ai X, Yao X, An Q, Liu X, Yakovleva E, Zhang L, Sun H, Zhang K, Zang S. Relationship between atmospheric pollution and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fresh snow during heavy pollution episodes in a cold city, northeast China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 260:115091. [PMID: 37267779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Air quality index (AQI) and air pollutants during two typical pollution episodes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fresh snow after each episode in the winter 2019 across Harbin City in northeast China were investigated to explore the co-environmental behaviors. Significantly greater values of AQI and PAHs were found in the more serious atmospheric pollution episode (episode Ⅱ), demonstrating that PAHs in fresh snow is a robust indicator. PM2.5 was the primary air pollutant in both episodes based on PM2.5/PM10 ratios, which might be attributed to fine particulate converted from gas-to-particle process. PM2.5 and 4-ring PAHs significantly positive correlated, indicating that airborne particulate PAHs were co-emitted and co-transported with atmospheric fine particles released from coal combustion and vehicular emission under low temperature and high relative humidity. 3- and 4- rings PAHs were dominant in episode Ⅱ, while 5- and 6- rings PAHs were found the lowest in both episodes. These characteristics reflected that long-range transportation of coal and biomass burning were from the surrounding areas, while vehicle exhausts were mainly from local emissions. Except for the impact of local pollution source emissions, the regional transport could make a greater contribution in a more serious pollution event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China; Heilongjiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Cold Region Ecological Safety, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Xin Ai
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Qi An
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Xinmiao Liu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Evgenia Yakovleva
- Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., Syktyvkar, Komi Republic 167982, the Russian Federation
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Huajie Sun
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Xingnuo Atmospheric Environment Technology (Nanjing) Co., LTD, Nanjing 211100, China.
| | - Shuying Zang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China; Heilongjiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Cold Region Ecological Safety, Harbin 150025, China.
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4
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Zhao Y, Yao M, Wang Y, Li Z, Wang S, Li C, Xiao H. Acylperoxy Radicals as Key Intermediates in the Formation of Dimeric Compounds in α-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14249-14261. [PMID: 36178682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High molecular weight dimeric compounds constitute a significant fraction of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and have profound impacts on the properties and lifecycle of particles in the atmosphere. Although different formation mechanisms involving reactive intermediates and/or closed-shell monomeric species have been proposed for the particle-phase dimers, their relative importance remains in debate. Here, we report unambiguous experimental evidence of the important role of acyl organic peroxy radicals (RO2) and a small but non-negligible contribution from stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCIs) in the formation of particle-phase dimers during ozonolysis of α-pinene, one of the most important precursors for biogenic SOA. Specifically, we find that acyl RO2-involved reactions explain 50-80% of total oxygenated dimer signals (C15-C20, O/C ≥ 0.4) and 20-30% of the total less oxygenated (O/C < 0.4) dimer signals. In particular, they contribute to 70% of C15-C19 dimer ester formation, likely mainly via the decarboxylation of diacyl peroxides arising from acyl RO2 cross-reactions. In comparison, SCIs play a minor role in the formation of C15-C19 dimer esters but react noticeably with the most abundant C9 and C10 carboxylic acids and/or carbonyl products to form C19 and C20 dimeric peroxides, which are prone to particle-phase transformation to form more stable dimers without the peroxide functionality. This work provides a clearer view of the formation pathways of particle-phase dimers from α-pinene oxidation and would help reduce the uncertainties in future atmospheric modeling of the budget, properties, and health and climate impacts of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Min Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yingqi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ziyue Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huayun Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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5
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Day DA, Fry JL, Kang HG, Krechmer JE, Ayres BR, Keehan NI, Thompson SL, Hu W, Campuzano-Jost P, Schroder JC, Stark H, DeVault MP, Ziemann PJ, Zarzana KJ, Wild RJ, Dubè WP, Brown SS, Jimenez JL. Secondary Organic Aerosol Mass Yields from NO 3 Oxidation of α-Pinene and Δ-Carene: Effect of RO 2 Radical Fate. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7309-7330. [PMID: 36170568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dark chamber experiments were conducted to study the SOA formed from the oxidation of α-pinene and Δ-carene under different peroxy radical (RO2) fate regimes: RO2 + NO3, RO2 + RO2, and RO2 + HO2. SOA mass yields from α-pinene oxidation were <1 to ∼25% and strongly dependent on available OA mass up to ∼100 μg m-3. The strong yield dependence of α-pinene oxidation is driven by absorptive partitioning to OA and not by available surface area for condensation. Yields from Δ-carene + NO3 were consistently higher, ranging from ∼10-50% with some dependence on OA for <25 μg m-3. Explicit kinetic modeling including vapor wall losses was conducted to enable comparisons across VOC precursors and RO2 fate regimes and to determine atmospherically relevant yields. Furthermore, SOA yields were similar for each monoterpene across the nominal RO2 + NO3, RO2 + RO2, or RO2 + HO2 regimes; thus, the volatility basis sets (VBS) constructed were independent of the chemical regime. Elemental O/C ratios of ∼0.4-0.6 and nitrate/organic mass ratios of ∼0.15 were observed in the particle phase for both monoterpenes in all regimes, using aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements. An empirical relationship for estimating particle density using AMS-derived elemental ratios, previously reported in the literature for non-nitrate containing OA, was successfully adapted to organic nitrate-rich SOA. Observations from an NO3- chemical ionization mass spectrometer (NO3-CIMS) suggest that Δ-carene more readily forms low-volatility gas-phase highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) than α-pinene, which primarily forms volatile and semivolatile species, when reacted with NO3, regardless of RO2 regime. The similar Δ-carene SOA yields across regimes, high O/C ratios, and presence of HOMs, suggest that unimolecular and multistep processes such as alkoxy radical isomerization and decomposition may play a role in the formation of SOA from Δ-carene + NO3. The scarcity of peroxide functional groups (on average, 14% of C10 groups carried a peroxide functional group in one test experiment in the RO2 + RO2 regime) appears to rule out a major role for autoxidation and organic peroxide (ROOH, ROOR) formation. The consistently substantially lower SOA yields observed for α-pinene + NO3 suggest such pathways are less available for this precursor. The marked and robust regime-independent difference in SOA yield from two different precursor monoterpenes suggests that in order to accurately model SOA production in forested regions the chemical mechanism must feature some distinction among different monoterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Day
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Juliane L Fry
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, United States
| | - Hyun Gu Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, United States
| | - Jordan E Krechmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Benjamin R Ayres
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, United States
| | - Natalie I Keehan
- Department of Chemistry, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, United States
| | - Samantha L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Pedro Campuzano-Jost
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jason C Schroder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Harald Stark
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Marla P DeVault
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Paul J Ziemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kyle J Zarzana
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Robert J Wild
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - William P Dubè
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Chemical Sciences Laboratory, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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6
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Kourtchev I, Hellebust S, Heffernan E, Wenger J, Towers S, Diapouli E, Eleftheriadis K. A new on-line SPE LC-HRMS method for the analysis of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in PM 2.5 and its application for screening atmospheric particulates from Dublin and Enniscorthy, Ireland. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155496. [PMID: 35483471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive analytical method has been developed and validated for the determination of 16 polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in fine airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) using on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) - negative electrospray ionisation high resolution mass spectrometry (-) ESI-HRMS. On-line SPE allows simultaneous sample clean-up from interfering matrices and lower limits of detection (LODs) by injecting a large volume of sample into the LC system without compromising chromatographic efficiency and resolution. The method provides LODs in the range 0.08-0.5 pg/mL of sample extract allowing detection of selected PFAS in aerosol particles at low fg/m3 level and showed good tolerance to the considered PM matrix. The validated method was applied for analysis of PFAS in ambient PM2.5 samples collected at two urban locations in Ireland, i.e., Enniscorthy and Dublin. Several PFAS were observed above the detection limit, including perfluorobutyrate (PFBA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (L-PFBS) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), as well as fluorotelomer sulfonates: 4:2 FTS, 6:2 FTS and 8:2 FTS. The results indicate that some toxic PFAS, such as PFOS and PFOA, are still detected in the environment despite being phased out from production and subject to restricted use in the EU and USA for more than two decades. Observation of fluorotelomer sulfonates (4:2 FTS, 6:2 FTS and 8:2 FTS, which are used as alternatives for legacy PFOA and PFOS) in ambient PM2.5 samples raises a concern about their persistence in the atmosphere and impact on human health considering emerging evidence that they could have similar health endpoints as PFOA and PFOS. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify PFAS in ambient PM2.5 at urban locations in Ireland and also the first study to detect 4:2 and 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonates in atmospheric aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kourtchev
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore CV8 3LG, UK.
| | - Stig Hellebust
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Eimear Heffernan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John Wenger
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sam Towers
- Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience (CAWR), Coventry University, Wolston Lane, Ryton on Dunsmore CV8 3LG, UK
| | - Evangelia Diapouli
- ERL, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- ERL, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Athens, Greece
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7
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Wang J, Ye J, Zhang Q, Zhao J, Wu Y, Li J, Liu D, Li W, Zhang Y, Wu C, Xie C, Qin Y, Lei Y, Huang X, Guo J, Liu P, Fu P, Li Y, Lee HC, Choi H, Zhang J, Liao H, Chen M, Sun Y, Ge X, Martin ST, Jacob DJ. Aqueous production of secondary organic aerosol from fossil-fuel emissions in winter Beijing haze. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2022179118. [PMID: 33593919 PMCID: PMC7923588 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2022179118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced by atmospheric oxidation of primary emitted precursors is a major contributor to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution worldwide. Observations during winter haze pollution episodes in urban China show that most of this SOA originates from fossil-fuel combustion but the chemical mechanisms involved are unclear. Here we report field observations in a Beijing winter haze event that reveal fast aqueous-phase conversion of fossil-fuel primary organic aerosol (POA) to SOA at high relative humidity. Analyses of aerosol mass spectra and elemental ratios indicate that ring-breaking oxidation of POA aromatic species, leading to functionalization as carbonyls and carboxylic acids, may serve as the dominant mechanism for this SOA formation. A POA origin for SOA could explain why SOA has been decreasing over the 2013-2018 period in response to POA emission controls even as emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have remained flat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jian Zhao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yangzhou Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yange Zhang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Conghui Xie
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yiming Qin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Yali Lei
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Xiangpeng Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Hyun Chul Lee
- Samsung Advance Institute of Technology, Gyeonggi-do, Suwon-si 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungwoo Choi
- Samsung Advance Institute of Technology, Gyeonggi-do, Suwon-si 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yele Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;
| | - Scot T Martin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Daniel J Jacob
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
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8
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Sbai SE, Mejjad N, Norelyaqine A, Bentayeb F. Air quality change during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown over the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, France. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2021; 14:617-628. [PMID: 33488840 PMCID: PMC7813977 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-020-00965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Under the rapid spread of coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) worldwide, a complete lockdown was imposed in France from March 17th to May 11th, 2020 to limit the virus spread. This lockdown affected significantly the atmospheric pollution levels due to the restrictions of human activities. In the present study, we investigate the evolution of air quality in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, focusing on nine atmospheric pollutants (NO2, NO, PM10, PM2.5, O3, VOC, CO, SO2, and isoprene). In Lyon, center of the region, the results indicated that NO2, NO, and CO levels were reduced by 67%, 78%, and 62%, respectively, resulting in a decrease in road traffic by 80%. However, O3, PM10, and PM2.5 were increased by 105%, 23%, and 53%, respectively, during the lockdown. The increase in ozone is explained by the dropping in NO and other gases linked to human activity, which consume ozone. Thus, the increase of solar radiation, sunshine, temperature, and humidity promoted the O3 formation during the lockdown. Besides, rising temperature enhances the BVOC emissions such as isoprene. In addition, volatile organic component (VOC) and SO2 remain almost stable and oxidation of these species leads to the formation of ozone and organic aerosol, which also explains the increase in PM during the lockdown. This study shows the contribution of atmospheric photochemistry to air pollution. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11869-020-00965-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Eddine Sbai
- Department of physics, Laboratoires de physique des hauts Energies Modélisation et Simulation, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nezha Mejjad
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Ben M’Sik Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Farida Bentayeb
- Department of physics, Laboratoires de physique des hauts Energies Modélisation et Simulation, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
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9
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Yang S, Duan F, Ma Y, Li H, Wang J, Du Z, Xu Y, Zhang T, Zhu L, Huang T, Kimoto T, Zhang L, He K. Characteristics and seasonal variations of high-molecular-weight oligomers in urban haze aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:141209. [PMID: 32763608 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols (OA) undergo sophisticated physiochemical processes in the atmosphere, playing a crucial role in extreme haze formations over the Northern China Plain. However, current understandings of the detailed composition and formation pathways are limited. In this study, high-molecular weight (HMW) species were observed in samples collected year-round in urban Beijing, especially in autumn and winter, during 2016-2017. The positive-ion-mode mass spectra of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) showed that higher signal intensities were obtained in the mass-to-charge (m/z) ranges of 200-500 and 800-900, with repetitive mass difference patterns of m/z 12, 14, 16, and 18. This provided sound evidence that high-molecular-weight oligomers were generated as haze episodes became exacerbated. These oligomer signal intensities were enhanced in the presence of high relative humidity, aerosol water content, and PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) mass, proving that the multiphase reaction processes play a fundamental role in haze formation in Beijing. Our study can form a basis for improved air pollution mitigation measures aimed at OA to improve health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Zhenyu Du
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yunzhi Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lidan Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimoto
- Kimoto Electric Co. Ltd, Funahashi-Cho, Tennouji-Ku, Osaka 543-0024, Japan
| | - Lifei Zhang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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10
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Kruza M, McFiggans G, Waring M, Wells J, Carslaw N. Indoor secondary organic aerosols: Towards an improved representation of their formation and composition in models. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT: X 2020; 240:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117784. [PMID: 33594348 PMCID: PMC7884095 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) indoors is one of the many consequences of the rich and complex chemistry that occurs therein. Given particulate matter has well documented health effects, we need to understand the mechanism for SOA formation indoors and its resulting composition. This study evaluates some uncertainties that exist in quantifying gas-to-particle partitioning of SOA-forming compounds using an indoor detailed chemical model. In particular, we investigate the impacts of using different methods to estimate compound vapour pressures as well as simulating the formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOM) via auto-oxidation on SOA formation indoors. Estimation of vapour pressures for 136 α-pinene oxidation species by six investigated methods led to standard deviations of 28-216%. Inclusion of HOM formation improved model performance across three of the six assessed vapour pressure estimation methods when comparing against experimental data, particularly when the NO2 concentration was relatively high. We also explored the predicted SOA composition using two product classification methods, the first assuming the molecule is dominated by one functionality according to its name, and the second accounting for the fractional weighting of each functional group within a molecule. The SOA composition was dominated by the HOM species when the NO2-to-α-terpineol ratio was high for both product classification methods, as these conditions promoted formation of the nitrate radical and hence formation of HOM monomers. As the NO2-to-α-terpineol ratio decreased, peroxides and acids dominated the simple classification, whereas for the fractional classification, carbonyl and alcohol groups became more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kruza
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - G. McFiggans
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M.S. Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J.R. Wells
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - N. Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5NG, UK
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11
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12
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Kenseth CM, Hafeman NJ, Huang Y, Dalleska NF, Stoltz BM, Seinfeld JH. Synthesis of Carboxylic Acid and Dimer Ester Surrogates to Constrain the Abundance and Distribution of Molecular Products in α-Pinene and β-Pinene Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12829-12839. [PMID: 32813970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry [LC/(-)ESI-MS] is routinely employed to characterize the identity and abundance of molecular products in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) derived from monoterpene oxidation. Due to a lack of authentic standards, however, commercial terpenoic acids (e.g., cis-pinonic acid) are typically used as surrogates to quantify both monomeric and dimeric SOA constituents. Here, we synthesize a series of enantiopure, pinene-derived carboxylic acid and dimer ester homologues. We find that the (-)ESI efficiencies of the dimer esters are 19-36 times higher than that of cis-pinonic acid, demonstrating that the mass contribution of dimers to monoterpene SOA has been significantly overestimated in past studies. Using the measured (-)ESI efficiencies of the carboxylic acids and dimer esters as more representative surrogates, we determine that molecular products measureable by LC/(-)ESI-MS account for only 21.8 ± 2.6% and 18.9 ± 3.2% of the mass of SOA formed from ozonolysis of α-pinene and β-pinene, respectively. The 28-36 identified monomers (C7-10H10-18O3-6) constitute 15.6-20.5% of total SOA mass, whereas only 1.3-3.3% of the SOA mass is attributable to the 46-62 identified dimers (C15-19H24-32O4-11). The distribution of identified α-pinene and β-pinene SOA molecular products is examined as a function of carbon number (nC), average carbon oxidation state (OS¯C), and volatility (C*). The observed order-of-magnitude difference in (-)ESI efficiency between monomers and dimers is expected to be broadly applicable to other biogenic and anthropogenic SOA systems analyzed via (-) or (+) LC/ESI-MS under various LC conditions, and demonstrates that the use of unrepresentative surrogates can lead to substantial systematic errors in quantitative LC/ESI-MS analyses of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Kenseth
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nicholas J Hafeman
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yuanlong Huang
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nathan F Dalleska
- Environmental Analysis Center, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John H Seinfeld
- Divisions of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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13
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Zawadowicz MA, Lee BH, Shrivastava M, Zelenyuk A, Zaveri RA, Flynn C, Thornton JA, Shilling JE. Photolysis Controls Atmospheric Budgets of Biogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3861-3870. [PMID: 32154714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) accounts for a large fraction of the tropospheric particulate matter. Although SOA production rates and mechanisms have been extensively investigated, loss pathways remain uncertain. Most large-scale chemistry and transport models account for mechanical deposition of SOA but not chemical losses such as photolysis. There is also a paucity of laboratory measurements of SOA photolysis, which limits how well photolytic losses can be modeled. Here, we show, through a combined experimental and modeling approach, that photolytic loss of SOA mass significantly alters SOA budget predictions. Using environmental chamber experiments at variable relative humidity between 0 and 60%, we find that SOA produced from several biogenic volatile organic compounds undergoes photolysis-induced mass loss at rates between 0 and 2.2 ± 0.4% of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) photolysis, equivalent to average atmospheric lifetimes as short as 10 h. We incorporate our photolysis rates into a regional chemical transport model to test the sensitivity of predicted SOA mass concentrations to photolytic losses. The addition of photolysis causes a ∼50% reduction in biogenic SOA loadings over the Amazon, indicating that photolysis exerts a substantial control over the atmospheric SOA lifetime, with a likely dependence upon the SOA molecular composition and thus production mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Zawadowicz
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Ben H Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Manish Shrivastava
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Alla Zelenyuk
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Connor Flynn
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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14
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Majchrzak T, Wojnowski W, Rutkowska M, Wasik A. Real-Time Volatilomics: A Novel Approach for Analyzing Biological Samples. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:302-312. [PMID: 31948793 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of the 'omics techniques in environmental research has become common-place. The most widely implemented of these include metabolomics, proteomics, genomics, and transcriptomics. In recent years, a similar approach has also been taken with the analysis of volatiles from biological samples, giving rise to the so-called 'volatilomics' in plant analysis. Developments in direct infusion mass spectrometry (DI-MS) techniques have made it possible to monitor the changes in the composition of volatile flux from parts of plants, single specimens, and entire ecosystems in real-time. The application of these techniques enables a unique insight into the dynamic metabolic processes that occur in plants. Here, we provide an overview of the use of DI-MS in real-time volatilomics research involving plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Majchrzak
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wojnowski
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Rutkowska
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wasik
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
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15
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Pospisilova V, Lopez-Hilfiker FD, Bell DM, El Haddad I, Mohr C, Huang W, Heikkinen L, Xiao M, Dommen J, Prevot ASH, Baltensperger U, Slowik JG. On the fate of oxygenated organic molecules in atmospheric aerosol particles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax8922. [PMID: 32201715 PMCID: PMC7069715 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax8922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) are formed from the oxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic gases and affect Earth's climate and air quality by their key role in particle formation and growth. While the formation of these molecules in the gas phase has been extensively studied, the complexity of organic aerosol (OA) and lack of suitable measurement techniques have hindered the investigation of their fate post-condensation, although further reactions have been proposed. We report here novel real-time measurements of these species in the particle phase, achieved using our recently developed extractive electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (EESI-TOF). Our results reveal that condensed-phase reactions rapidly alter OA composition and the contribution of HOMs to the particle mass. In consequence, the atmospheric fate of HOMs cannot be described solely in terms of volatility, but particle-phase reactions must be considered to describe HOM effects on the overall particle life cycle and global carbon budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Pospisilova
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - F. D. Lopez-Hilfiker
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Tofwerk AG, 3600 Thun, Switzerland
| | - D. M. Bell
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - I. El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - C. Mohr
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 11418, Sweden
| | - W. Huang
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - L. Heikkinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - M. Xiao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - J. Dommen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - A. S. H. Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - U. Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - J. G. Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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16
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Song YC, Ingram S, Arbon RE, Topping DO, Glowacki DR, Reid JP. Transient cavity dynamics and divergence from the Stokes-Einstein equation in organic aerosol. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2999-3006. [PMID: 34122802 PMCID: PMC8157714 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06228a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The diffusion of small molecules through viscous matrices formed by large organic molecules is important across a range of domains, including pharmaceutical science, materials chemistry, and atmospheric science, impacting on, for example, the formation of amorphous and crystalline phases. Here we report significant breakdowns in the Stokes-Einstein (SE) equation from measurements of the diffusion of water (spanning 5 decades) and viscosity (spanning 12 decades) in saccharide aerosol droplets. Molecular dynamics simulations show water diffusion is not continuous, but proceeds by discrete hops between transient cavities that arise and dissipate as a result of dynamical fluctuations within the saccharide lattice. The ratio of transient cavity volume to solvent volume increases with size of molecules making up the lattice, increasing divergence from SE predictions. This improved mechanistic understanding of diffusion in viscous matrices explains, for example, why organic compounds equilibrate according to SE predictions and water equilibrates more rapidly in aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chul Song
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Stephen Ingram
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
| | - Robert E Arbon
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
| | - David O Topping
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - David R Glowacki
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bristol UK
| | - Jonathan P Reid
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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17
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Chang D, Wang Z, Guo J, Li T, Liang Y, Kang L, Xia M, Wang Y, Yu C, Yun H, Yue D, Wang T. Characterization of organic aerosols and their precursors in southern China during a severe haze episode in January 2017. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 691:101-111. [PMID: 31319248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The rapid industrialization and economic development in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of southern China have led to a substantial increase in anthropogenic emissions and hence frequent haze pollution over the past two decades. In early January 2017, a severe regional haze pollution episode was captured in the PRD region, with a peak PM2.5 concentration of around 400μgm-3, the highest value ever reported at this site. During the haze episode, elevated concentrations of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs, 33±16 ppbv) and organic matter (41±15μg m-3) were observed, indicating the enhanced roles of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) in the formation of haze pollution. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC, 12.8±5.5μg C m-3) dominated the organic aerosols, with a WSOC/OC ratio of 0.63±0.12 and high correlation (R=0.85) with estimated secondary organic carbon (SOC), suggesting the predominance of a secondary origin of the measured organic aerosols during the haze episode. Four carboxylic acids (oxalic, acetic, formic, and pyruvic acids) were characterized in the aerosols (1.30±0.38μgm-3) and accounted for 3.6±1.2% of WSOC in carbon mass, with oxalic acid as the most abundant species. The simultaneous measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), OVOCs, and organic acids in aerosols at this site provided an opportunity to investigate the relationship between the precursors and the products, as well as the potential formation pathways. Water-soluble aldehydes and ketones, predominantly produced via the oxidation of anthropogenic VOCs (mainly propane, toluene, n-butane, and m, p-xylene), were the main contributors of the organic acids. The formation of OVOCs is largely attributed to gas-phase photochemical oxidation, whereas the WSOC and dicarboxylic acids were produced from both photochemistry and nocturnal heterogeneous reactions. These findings provided further insights into the oxidation and evolution of organic compounds during the haze pollution episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jia Guo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yiheng Liang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lingyan Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chuan Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hui Yun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dingli Yue
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Tong H, Zhang Y, Filippi A, Wang T, Li C, Liu F, Leppla D, Kourtchev I, Wang K, Keskinen HM, Levula JT, Arangio AM, Shen F, Ditas F, Martin ST, Artaxo P, Godoi RHM, Yamamoto CI, de Souza RAF, Huang RJ, Berkemeier T, Wang Y, Su H, Cheng Y, Pope FD, Fu P, Yao M, Pöhlker C, Petäjä T, Kulmala M, Andreae MO, Shiraiwa M, Pöschl U, Hoffmann T, Kalberer M. Radical Formation by Fine Particulate Matter Associated with Highly Oxygenated Molecules. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12506-12518. [PMID: 31536707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) play an important role in the formation and evolution of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). However, the abundance of HOMs in different environments and their relation to the oxidative potential of fine particulate matter (PM) are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the relative HOM abundance and radical yield of laboratory-generated SOA and fine PM in ambient air ranging from remote forest areas to highly polluted megacities. By electron paramagnetic resonance and mass spectrometric investigations, we found that the relative abundance of HOMs, especially the dimeric and low-volatility types, in ambient fine PM was positively correlated with the formation of radicals in aqueous PM extracts. SOA from photooxidation of isoprene, ozonolysis of α- and β-pinene, and fine PM from tropical (central Amazon) and boreal (Hyytiälä, Finland) forests exhibited a higher HOM abundance and radical yield than SOA from photooxidation of naphthalene and fine PM from urban sites (Beijing, Guangzhou, Mainz, Shanghai, and Xi'an), confirming that HOMs are important constituents of biogenic SOA to generate radicals. Our study provides new insights into the chemical relationship of HOM abundance, composition, and sources with the yield of radicals by laboratory and ambient aerosols, enabling better quantification of the component-specific contribution of source- or site-specific fine PM to its climate and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Tong
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Yun Zhang
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Alexander Filippi
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Ting Wang
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Chenpei Li
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Fobang Liu
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Denis Leppla
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Ivan Kourtchev
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Helmi-Marja Keskinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Janne T Levula
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Andrea M Arangio
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1015 , Switzerland
| | - Fangxia Shen
- School of Space and Environment , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , China
| | - Florian Ditas
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | | | - Paulo Artaxo
- Physics Institute , University of São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-900 , Brazil
| | - Ricardo H M Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , Paraná 81531-980 , Brazil
| | - Carlos I Yamamoto
- Chemical Engineering Department , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , Paraná 81531-970 , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A F de Souza
- School of Technology , Amazonas State University , Manaus , Amazonas 69065-020 , Brazil
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology , Institute of Earth and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi'an , 710061 , China
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Yueshe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Hang Su
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Francis D Pope
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , China
| | - Maosheng Yao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Christopher Pöhlker
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography , University of California San Diego , San Diego , California 92093 , United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , Johannes Gutenberg University , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 27 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
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19
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Highly effective asphaltene-derived adsorbents for gas phase removal of volatile organic compounds. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Johnston MV, Kerecman DE. Molecular Characterization of Atmospheric Organic Aerosol by Mass Spectrometry. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2019; 12:247-274. [PMID: 30901261 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol, particulate matter suspended in the air we breathe, exerts a strong impact on our health and the environment. Controlling the amount of particulate matter in air is difficult, as there are many ways particles can form by both natural and anthropogenic processes. We gain insight into the sources of particulate matter through chemical composition measurements. A substantial portion of atmospheric aerosol is organic, and this organic matter is exceedingly complex on a molecular scale, encompassing hundreds to thousands of individual compounds that distribute between the gas and particle phases. Because of this complexity, no single analytical technique is sufficient. However, mass spectrometry plays a crucial role owing to its combination of high sensitivity and molecular specificity. This review surveys the various ways mass spectrometry is used to characterize atmospheric organic aerosol at a molecular level, tracing these methods from inception to current practice, with emphasis on current and emerging areas of research. Both offline and online approaches are covered, and molecular measurements with them are discussed in the context of identifying sources and elucidating the underlying chemical mechanisms of particle formation. There is an ongoing need to improve existing techniques and develop new ones if we are to further advance our knowledge of how to mitigate the unwanted health and environmental impacts of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray V Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
| | - Devan E Kerecman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA;
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21
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Giorio C, Bortolini C, Kourtchev I, Tapparo A, Bogialli S, Kalberer M. Direct target and non-target analysis of urban aerosol sample extracts using atmospheric pressure photoionisation high-resolution mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 224:786-795. [PMID: 30851530 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants of high concern for public health. In the atmosphere they undergo oxidation, mainly through reactions with ·OH and NOx to produce nitro- and oxygenated (oxy-) derivatives. In this study, we developed a new method for the detection of particle-bound PAHs, nitro-PAHs and oxy-PAHs using direct infusion into an atmospheric pressure photoionisation high-resolution mass spectrometer (APPI-HRMS). Method optimisation was done by testing different source temperatures, gas flow rates, mobile phases and dopants. Samples were extracted with methanol, concentrated by evaporation and directly infused in the APPI source after adding toluene as dopant. Acquisition was performed in both polarity modes. The method was applied to target analysis of seasonal PM2.5 samples from an urban background site in Padua (Italy), in the Po Valley, in which a series of PAHs, nitro- and oxy-PAHs were detected. APPI-HRMS was then used for non-target analysis of seasonal PM2.5 samples and results compared with nano-electrospray ionisation (nanoESI) HRMS. The results showed that, when samples were characterised by highly oxidised organic compounds, including S-containing compounds, like in summer samples, APPI did not bring any additional information with respect to nanoESI in negative polarity (nanoESI(-)). Conversely, for winter samples, APPI(-) could detect a series of aromatic and poly-aromatic compounds, mainly oxidised and nitrogenated aromatics, that were not otherwise detected with nanoESI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giorio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy.
| | - Claudio Bortolini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Ivan Kourtchev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Tapparo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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22
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Mäki M, Aalto J, Hellén H, Pihlatie M, Bäck J. Interannual and Seasonal Dynamics of Volatile Organic Compound Fluxes From the Boreal Forest Floor. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:191. [PMID: 30853968 PMCID: PMC6395408 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the northern hemisphere, boreal forests are a major source of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which drive atmospheric processes and lead to cloud formation and changes in the Earth's radiation budget. Although forest vegetation is known to be a significant source of BVOCs, the role of soil and the forest floor, and especially interannual variations in fluxes, remains largely unknown due to a lack of long-term measurements. Our aim was to determine the interannual, seasonal and diurnal dynamics of boreal forest floor volatile organic compound (VOC) fluxes and to estimate how much they contribute to ecosystem VOC fluxes. We present here an 8-year data set of forest floor VOC fluxes, measured with three automated chambers connected to the quadrupole proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (quadrupole PTR-MS). The exceptionally long data set shows that forest floor fluxes were dominated by monoterpenes and methanol, with relatively comparable emission rates between the years. Weekly mean monoterpene fluxes from the forest floor were highest in spring and in autumn (maximum 59 and 86 μg m-2 h-1, respectively), whereas the oxygenated VOC fluxes such as methanol had highest weekly mean fluxes in spring and summer (maximum 24 and 79 μg m-2 h-1, respectively). Although the chamber locations differed from each other in emission rates, the inter-annual dynamics were very similar and systematic. Accounting for this chamber location dependent variability, temperature and relative humidity, a mixed effects linear model was able to explain 79-88% of monoterpene, methanol, acetone, and acetaldehyde fluxes from the boreal forest floor. The boreal forest floor was a significant contributor in the forest stand fluxes, but its importance varies between seasons, being most important in autumn. The forest floor emitted 2-93% of monoterpene fluxes in spring and autumn and 1-72% of methanol fluxes in spring and early summer. The forest floor covered only a few percent of the forest stand fluxes in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Mäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Aalto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Hellén
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Pihlatie
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Bäck
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Quantitative constraints on autoxidation and dimer formation from direct probing of monoterpene-derived peroxy radical chemistry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12142-12147. [PMID: 30413618 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812147115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic peroxy radicals (RO2) are key intermediates in the atmospheric degradation of organic matter and fuel combustion, but to date, few direct studies of specific RO2 in complex reaction systems exist, leading to large gaps in our understanding of their fate. We show, using direct, speciated measurements of a suite of RO2 and gas-phase dimers from O3-initiated oxidation of α-pinene, that ∼150 gaseous dimers (C16-20H24-34O4-13) are primarily formed through RO2 cross-reactions, with a typical rate constant of 0.75-2 × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 and a lower-limit dimer formation branching ratio of 4%. These findings imply a gaseous dimer yield that varies strongly with nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, of at least 0.2-2.5% by mole (0.5-6.6% by mass) for conditions typical of forested regions with low to moderate anthropogenic influence (i.e., ≤50-parts per trillion NO). Given their very low volatility, the gaseous C16-20 dimers provide a potentially important organic medium for initial particle formation, and alone can explain 5-60% of α-pinene secondary organic aerosol mass yields measured at atmospherically relevant particle mass loadings. The responses of RO2, dimers, and highly oxygenated multifunctional compounds (HOM) to reacted α-pinene concentration and NO imply that an average ∼20% of primary α-pinene RO2 from OH reaction and 10% from ozonolysis autoxidize at 3-10 s-1 and ≥1 s-1, respectively, confirming both oxidation pathways produce HOM efficiently, even at higher NO concentrations typical of urban areas. Thus, gas-phase dimer formation and RO2 autoxidation are ubiquitous sources of low-volatility organic compounds capable of driving atmospheric particle formation and growth.
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24
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Bianco A, Deguillaume L, Vaïtilingom M, Nicol E, Baray JL, Chaumerliac N, Bridoux M. Molecular Characterization of Cloud Water Samples Collected at the Puy de Dôme (France) by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10275-10285. [PMID: 30052429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cloud droplets contain dynamic and complex pools of highly heterogeneous organic matter, resulting from the dissolution of both water-soluble organic carbon in atmospheric aerosol particles and gas-phase soluble species, and are constantly impacted by chemical, photochemical, and biological transformations. Cloud samples from two summer events, characterized by different air masses and physicochemical properties, were collected at the Puy de Dôme station in France, concentrated on a strata-X solid-phase extraction cartridge and directly infused using electrospray ionization in the negative mode coupled with ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. A significantly higher number (n = 5258) of monoisotopic molecular formulas, assigned to CHO, CHNO, CHSO, and CHNSO, were identified in the cloud sample whose air mass had passed over the highly urbanized Paris region (J1) compared to the cloud sample whose air mass had passed over remote areas (n = 2896; J2). Van Krevelen diagrams revealed that lignins/CRAM-like, aliphatics/proteins-like, and lipids-like compounds were the most abundant classes in both samples. Comparison of our results with previously published data sets on atmospheric aqueous media indicated that the average O/C ratios reported in this work (0.37) are similar to those reported for fog water and for biogenic aerosols but are lower than the values measured for aerosols sampled in the atmosphere and for aerosols produced artificially in environmental chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Bianco
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP) , Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA) , 63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
- CEA, DAM, DIF , F-91297 Arpajon , France
| | - Laurent Deguillaume
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP) , Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA) , 63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Mickaël Vaïtilingom
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP) , Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA) , 63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Edith Nicol
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique , Université Paris-Saclay , 91128 Palaiseau , France
| | - Jean-Luc Baray
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP) , Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA) , 63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Nadine Chaumerliac
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP) , Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA) , 63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France
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25
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Synergistic O 3 + OH oxidation pathway to extremely low-volatility dimers revealed in β-pinene secondary organic aerosol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:8301-8306. [PMID: 30076229 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804671115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimeric compounds contribute significantly to the formation and growth of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) derived from monoterpene oxidation. However, the mechanisms of dimer production, in particular the relevance of gas- vs. particle-phase chemistry, remain unclear. Here, through a combination of mass spectrometric, chromatographic, and synthetic techniques, we identify a suite of dimeric compounds (C15-19H24-32O5-11) formed from concerted O3 and OH oxidation of β-pinene (i.e., accretion of O3- and OH-derived products/intermediates). These dimers account for an appreciable fraction (5.9-25.4%) of the β-pinene SOA mass and are designated as extremely low-volatility organic compounds. Certain dimers, characterized as covalent dimer esters, are conclusively shown to form through heterogeneous chemistry, while evidence of dimer production via gas-phase reactions is also presented. The formation of dimers through synergistic O3 + OH oxidation represents a potentially significant, heretofore-unidentified source of low-volatility monoterpene SOA. This reactivity also suggests that the current treatment of SOA formation as a sum of products originating from the isolated oxidation of individual precursors fails to accurately reflect the complexity of oxidation pathways at play in the real atmosphere. Accounting for the role of synergistic oxidation in ambient SOA formation could help to resolve the discrepancy between the measured atmospheric burden of SOA and that predicted by regional air quality and global climate models.
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26
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Waller SE, Yang Y, Castracane E, Racow EE, Kreinbihl JJ, Nickson KA, Johnson CJ. The Interplay Between Hydrogen Bonding and Coulombic Forces in Determining the Structure of Sulfuric Acid-Amine Clusters. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1216-1222. [PMID: 29464955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acid-base cluster chemistry drives atmospheric new particle formation (NPF), but the details of the growth mechanisms are difficult to experimentally probe. Clusters of ammonia, alkylamines, and sulfuric acid, species fundamental to NPF, are probed by infrared spectroscopy. These spectra show that substitution of amines for ammonia, which is linked to accelerated growth, induces profound structural rearrangement in clusters with initial compositions (NH4+) n+1(HSO4-) n (1 ≤ n ≤ 3). This rearrangement is driven by the loss of N-H hydrogen bond donors, yielding direct bisulfate-bisulfate hydrogen bonds, and its onset with respect to cluster composition indicates that more substituted amines induce rearrangement at smaller sizes. A simple model counting hydrogen bond donors and acceptors explains these observations. The presence of direct hydrogen bonds between formal anions shows that hydrogen bonding can compete with Coulombic forces in determining cluster structure. These results suggest that NPF mechanisms may be highly dependent on amine identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Waller
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Eleanor Castracane
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Emily E Racow
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - John J Kreinbihl
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Kathleen A Nickson
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Christopher J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
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27
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Hirvonen V, Myllys N, Kurtén T, Elm J. Closed-Shell Organic Compounds Might Form Dimers at the Surface of Molecular Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1771-1780. [PMID: 29364673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of covalently bound dimer formation is studied using high-level quantum chemical methods. Reaction free energy profiles for dimer formation between common oxygen-containing functional groups are calculated, and based on the Gibbs free energy differences between transition states and reactants, we show that none of the studied two-component gas-phase reactions are kinetically feasible at 298.15 K and 1 atm. Therefore, the catalyzing effect of water, base, or acid molecules is calculated, and sulfuric acid is identified to lower the activation free energies significantly. We find that the reactions yielding hemiacetal, peroxyhemiacetal, α-hydroxyester, and geminal diol products occur with activation free energies of less than 10 kcal/mol with sulfuric acid as a catalyst, indicating that these reactions could potentially take place on the surface of sulfuric acid clusters. Additionally, the formed dimer products bind stronger onto the pre-existing cluster than the corresponding reagent monomers do. This implies that covalent dimerization reactions stabilize the existing cluster thermodynamically and make it less likely to evaporate. However, the studied small organic compounds, which contain only one functional group, are not able to form dimer products that are stable against evaporation at atmospheric conditions. Calculations of dimer formation onto a cluster surface and the clustering ability of dimer products should be extended to large terpene oxidation products in order to estimate the real atmospheric significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viivi Hirvonen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nanna Myllys
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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29
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Giorio C, Marton D, Formenton G, Tapparo A. Formation of Metal-Cyanide Complexes in Deliquescent Airborne Particles: A New Possible Sink for HCN in Urban Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:14107-14113. [PMID: 29148736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen cyanide is a ubiquitous gas in the atmosphere and a biomass burning tracer. Reactive gases can be adsorbed onto aerosol particles where they can promote heterogeneous chemistry. In the present study, we report for the first time on the measurement and speciation of cyanides in atmospheric aerosol. Filter samples were collected at an urban background site in the city center of Padua (Italy), extracted and analyzed with headspace gas chromatography and nitrogen-phosphorus detection. The results showed that strongly bound cyanides were present in all aerosol samples at a concentration ranging between 0.3 and 6.5 ng/m3 in the PM2.5 fraction. The concentration of cyanides strongly correlates with concentration of total carbon and metals associated with combustion sources. The results obtained bring evidence that hydrogen cyanide can be adsorbed onto aerosol liquid water and can react with metal ions to form stable metal-cyanide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE , Marseille, 13331, France
| | - Daniele Marton
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Gianni Formenton
- ARPAV Environmental Regional Agency , Laboratory Department, via Lissa 6, 30171 Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Tapparo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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30
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Kristensen K, Jensen LN, Glasius M, Bilde M. The effect of sub-zero temperature on the formation and composition of secondary organic aerosol from ozonolysis of alpha-pinene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1220-1234. [PMID: 28805852 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00231a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a newly constructed temperature controlled cold-room smog chamber at Aarhus University, Denmark. The chamber is herein utilized to study the effect of sub-zero temperature on the formation and chemical composition of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from ozone initiated oxidation of α-pinene. The chemical composition of α-pinene SOA formed from dark ozonolysis of α-pinene at 293 K and 258 K was investigated using High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS) and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI-qToF-MS). For comparison, an OH-initiated oxidation experiment was performed at 293 K. In ozonolysis experiments it was found that oxygen-to-carbon (O : C) ratios were higher in the particles formed at 293 K compared to 258 K. A total of 16 different organic acids and 30 dimers esters were quantified in the collected particles composing up to 34% of the total α-pinene SOA mass with increased mass fraction of carboxylic acids in particles from α-pinene ozonolysis at 258 K compared to 293 K. In contrast, dimer esters showed suppressed formation at the sub-zero reaction temperature, thus contributing 3% to SOA mass at 258 K while contributing 9% at 293 K. SOA formed in the OH-initiated oxidation of α-pinene at 293 K resulted in low concentrations of dimer esters supporting Criegee intermediates as a possible pathway to dimer ester formation. Vapour pressure estimates of the identified carboxylic acids and dimer esters are presented and show how otherwise semi-volatile carboxylic acids at sufficiently low temperatures may classify as low or even extremely low volatile organic compounds (ELVOC), thus may add to an enhanced particle formation observed at the sub-zero temperature through gas-to-particle conversion. The change in chemical composition of the SOA particles with temperature is ascribed to a combination of effects: the decreased vapour pressures and hence increased condensation of carboxylic acids from the gas phase to the particle phase along with suppressed formation of the high molecular weight dimer esters and different gas and particle phase chemistry results in particles of different chemical composition as a consequence of low reaction temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C., Denmark.
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31
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Giorio C, Monod A, Brégonzio-Rozier L, DeWitt HL, Cazaunau M, Temime-Roussel B, Gratien A, Michoud V, Pangui E, Ravier S, Zielinski AT, Tapparo A, Vermeylen R, Claeys M, Voisin D, Kalberer M, Doussin JF. Cloud Processing of Secondary Organic Aerosol from Isoprene and Methacrolein Photooxidation. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:7641-7654. [PMID: 28902512 PMCID: PMC5642272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol-cloud interaction contributes to the largest uncertainties in the estimation and interpretation of the Earth's changing energy budget. The present study explores experimentally the impacts of water condensation-evaporation events, mimicking processes occurring in atmospheric clouds, on the molecular composition of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the photooxidation of methacrolein. A range of on- and off-line mass spectrometry techniques were used to obtain a detailed chemical characterization of SOA formed in control experiments in dry conditions, in triphasic experiments simulating gas-particle-cloud droplet interactions (starting from dry conditions and from 60% relative humidity (RH)), and in bulk aqueous-phase experiments. We observed that cloud events trigger fast SOA formation accompanied by evaporative losses. These evaporative losses decreased SOA concentration in the simulation chamber by 25-32% upon RH increase, while aqueous SOA was found to be metastable and slowly evaporated after cloud dissipation. In the simulation chamber, SOA composition measured with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, did not change during cloud events compared with high RH conditions (RH > 80%). In all experiments, off-line mass spectrometry techniques emphasize the critical role of 2-methylglyceric acid as a major product of isoprene chemistry, as an important contributor to the total SOA mass (15-20%) and as a key building block of oligomers found in the particulate phase. Interestingly, the comparison between the series of oligomers obtained from experiments performed under different conditions show a markedly different reactivity. In particular, long reaction times at high RH seem to create the conditions for aqueous-phase processing to occur in a more efficient manner than during two relatively short cloud events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giorio
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Monod
- Aix
Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
| | - Lola Brégonzio-Rozier
- Laboratoire
Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, CNRS, Université Paris-Est-Créteil
et Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Créteil, France
| | | | - Mathieu Cazaunau
- Laboratoire
Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, CNRS, Université Paris-Est-Créteil
et Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Créteil, France
| | | | - Aline Gratien
- Laboratoire
Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, CNRS, Université Paris-Est-Créteil
et Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Créteil, France
| | - Vincent Michoud
- Laboratoire
Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, CNRS, Université Paris-Est-Créteil
et Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Créteil, France
| | - Edouard Pangui
- Laboratoire
Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, CNRS, Université Paris-Est-Créteil
et Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Créteil, France
| | | | | | - Andrea Tapparo
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli
Studi di Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Reinhilde Vermeylen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Antwerp (Campus Drie Eiken), Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Magda Claeys
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Antwerp (Campus Drie Eiken), Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Didier Voisin
- Universités
Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, CNRS, UMR5183,
Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique de l’Environnement, 38402 Saint Martin
d’Hères, France
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Jean-François Doussin
- Laboratoire
Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques, UMR7583, CNRS, Université Paris-Est-Créteil
et Université Paris Diderot, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Créteil, France
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Holopainen JK, Kivimäenpää M, Nizkorodov SA. Plant-derived Secondary Organic Material in the Air and Ecosystems. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:744-753. [PMID: 28789922 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and deposited secondary organic material (SOM) are formed by oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants. Many SOA compounds have much longer chemical lifetimes than the original VOC, and may accumulate on plant surfaces and in soil as SOM because of their low volatility. This suggests that they may have important and presently unrecognized roles in plant adaptation. Using reactive plant terpenoids as a model we propose a three-tier (atmosphere-vegetation-soil) framework to better understand the ecological and evolutionary functions of SOM. In this framework, SOA in the atmosphere is known to affect solar radiation, SOM on the plant surfaces influences the interactive organisms, and wet and dry deposition of SOM on soil affects soil organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Holopainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - M Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - S A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, 1102 Natural Sciences II, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA; Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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33
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Myllys N, Olenius T, Kurtén T, Vehkamäki H, Riipinen I, Elm J. Effect of Bisulfate, Ammonia, and Ammonium on the Clustering of Organic Acids and Sulfuric Acid. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:4812-4824. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Myllys
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Tinja Olenius
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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34
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Barsanti KC, Kroll JH, Thornton JA. Formation of Low-Volatility Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere: Recent Advancements and Insights. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:1503-1511. [PMID: 28281761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation proceeds by bimolecular gas-phase oxidation reactions generating species that are sufficiently low in volatility to partition into the condensed phase. Advances in instrumentation have revealed that atmospheric SOA is less volatile and more oxidized than can be explained solely by these well-studied gas-phase oxidation pathways, supporting the role of additional chemical processes. These processes-autoxidation, accretion, and organic salt formation-can lead to exceedingly low-volatility species that recently have been identified in laboratory and field studies. Despite these new insights, the identities of the condensing species at the molecular level and the relative importance of the various formation processes remain poorly constrained. The thermodynamics of autoxidation, accretion, and organic salt formation can be described by equilibrium partitioning theory; a framework for which is presented here. This framework will facilitate the inclusion of such processes in model representations of SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley C Barsanti
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California-Riverside , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jesse H Kroll
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joel A Thornton
- Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Giorio C, Campbell SJ, Bruschi M, Tampieri F, Barbon A, Toffoletti A, Tapparo A, Paijens C, Wedlake AJ, Grice P, Howe DJ, Kalberer M. Online Quantification of Criegee Intermediates of α-Pinene Ozonolysis by Stabilization with Spin Traps and Proton-Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry Detection. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3999-4008. [PMID: 28201872 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic alkenes, which are among the most abundant volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, are readily oxidized by ozone. Characterizing the reactivity and kinetics of the first-generation products of these reactions, carbonyl oxides (often named Criegee intermediates), is essential in defining the oxidation pathways of organic compounds in the atmosphere but is highly challenging due to the short lifetime of these zwitterions. Here, we report the development of a novel online method to quantify atmospherically relevant Criegee intermediates (CIs) in the gas phase by stabilization with spin traps and analysis with proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry. Ozonolysis of α-pinene has been chosen as a proof-of-principle model system. To determine unambiguously the structure of the spin trap adducts with α-pinene CIs, the reaction was tested in solution, and reaction products were characterized with high-resolution mass spectrometry, electron paramagnetic resonance, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. DFT calculations show that addition of the Criegee intermediate to the DMPO spin trap, leading to the formation of a six-membered ring adduct, occurs through a very favorable pathway and that the product is significantly more stable than the reactants, supporting the experimental characterization. A flow tube set up has been used to generate spin trap adducts with α-pinene CIs in the gas phase. We demonstrate that spin trap adducts with α-pinene CIs also form in the gas phase and that they are stable enough to be detected with online mass spectrometry. This new technique offers for the first time a method to characterize highly reactive and atmospherically relevant radical intermediates in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giorio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Steven J Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Bruschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio e di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 1, Milano 20126, Italy
| | - Francesco Tampieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Antonio Toffoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Andrea Tapparo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova , via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Claudia Paijens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Wedlake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Grice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan J Howe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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36
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Zhao DF, Buchholz A, Tillmann R, Kleist E, Wu C, Rubach F, Kiendler-Scharr A, Rudich Y, Wildt J, Mentel TF. Environmental conditions regulate the impact of plants on cloud formation. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14067. [PMID: 28218253 PMCID: PMC5321720 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The terrestrial vegetation emits large amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOC) into the atmosphere, which on oxidation produce secondary organic aerosol (SOA). By acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), SOA influences cloud formation and climate. In a warming climate, changes in environmental factors can cause stresses to plants, inducing changes of the emitted VOC. These can modify particle size and composition. Here we report how induced emissions eventually affect CCN activity of SOA, a key parameter in cloud formation. For boreal forest tree species, insect infestation by aphids causes additional VOC emissions which modifies SOA composition thus hygroscopicity and CCN activity. Moderate heat increases the total amount of constitutive VOC, which has a minor effect on hygroscopicity, but affects CCN activity by increasing the particles' size. The coupling of plant stresses, VOC composition and CCN activity points to an important impact of induced plant emissions on cloud formation and climate. Volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by vegetation influence cloud formation, yet the impact of environmental stresses remains little known. Here, manipulation experiments reveal insect infestation and heat stress are linked to induced VOC and constitutive VOC emissions shifts, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Zhao
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - A Buchholz
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - R Tillmann
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - E Kleist
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - C Wu
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - F Rubach
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - A Kiendler-Scharr
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Y Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - J Wildt
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany.,Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Th F Mentel
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8: Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
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37
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Romonosky DE, Li Y, Shiraiwa M, Laskin A, Laskin J, Nizkorodov SA. Aqueous Photochemistry of Secondary Organic Aerosol of α-Pinene and α-Humulene Oxidized with Ozone, Hydroxyl Radical, and Nitrate Radical. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1298-1309. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dian E. Romonosky
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ying Li
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | | | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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