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Zhao FY, Yang L, Zou QX, Ali A, Li SQ, Yao ZY. Diversity of Pholcus Spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae) in China's Lüliang Mountains: An Integrated Morphological and Molecular Approach. INSECTS 2023; 14:364. [PMID: 37103180 PMCID: PMC10141095 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Spiders of the genus Pholcus were collected for the first time during an expedition to the Lüliang Mountains in Shanxi Province, North China. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data from COI, H3, wnt, and 28S genes allowed us to group them into nine well-supported clades. We used morphology and four methods of molecular species delimitation, namely Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC), Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes (bPTP), and Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography (BPP), to investigate species boundaries. These integrative taxonomic analyses identified the nine clades as nine distinct species, comprising Pholcus luya Peng & Zhang, 2013 and eight other species new to science: Pholcus jiaocheng sp. nov., Pholcus linfen sp. nov., Pholcus lishi sp. nov., Pholcus luliang sp. nov., Pholcus wenshui sp. nov., Pholcus xiangfen sp. nov., Pholcus xuanzhong sp. nov., and Pholcus zhongyang sp. nov. The species occur in geographic proximity and show many morphological similarities. All of them belong to the P. phungiformes species group. The records from the Lüliang Mountains represent the westernmost distribution limit of this species group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Yu Zhao
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Lan Yang
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Quan-Xuan Zou
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
| | - Abid Ali
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shu-Qiang Li
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Yao
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Evolution and Biodiversity, Shenyang 110034, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Evolution and Agricultural Ecology, Shenyang 110034, China
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Chu C, Lu Y, Li S, Yao Z. Taxonomic notes on eleven species of the subfamily Cteninae (Araneae, Ctenidae) from Asia. Biodivers Data J 2022; 10:e96003. [PMID: 36761640 PMCID: PMC9836443 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.10.e96003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The spider family Ctenidae Keyserling, 1877 has a worldwide distribution with 584 species belonging to 49 genera. Amongst these, 141 species are from Asia, including 130 species assigned to Cteninae Keyserling, 1877. New information Nine new species belonging to three genera of Cteninae are reported from Asia: Amauropelmakrabi sp. n. (female; Krabi, Thailand), Am.phangnga sp. n. (male; Phang Nga, Thailand), Am.saraburi sp. n. (male and female; Saraburi, Thailand); Anahitamedog sp. n. (male and female; Tibet, China); Bowieninhbinh sp. n. (male; Ninh Binh, Vietnam) and B.vinhphuc sp. n. (male and female; Vinh Phuc, Vietnam) from the robustus-species group; B.borneo sp. n. (male; Sabah, Malaysia) from the chinagirl-species group; B.engkilili sp. n. (female; Engkilili, Malaysia); B.sabah sp. n. (male and female; Sabah, Malaysia) from the scarymonsters-species group. The male of An.popa Jäger & Minn, 2015 and the female of B.fascination Jäger, 2022 (robustus-species group) are described for the first time. B.fascination Jäger, 2022 is reported from China for the first time. In addition, the DNA barcodes of all the species in this study were obtained, except for B.vinhphuc sp. n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Chu
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, ChinaCollege of Life Science, Shenyang Normal UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Ying Lu
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, ChinaCollege of Life Science, Shenyang Normal UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, ChinaCollege of Life Science, Shenyang Normal UniversityShenyangChina
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Yao ZY, Wang X, Li SQ. Tip of the iceberg: species diversity of Pholcus spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae) in the Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. Zool Res 2021; 42:267-271. [PMID: 33797209 PMCID: PMC8175958 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite 250 years of taxonomic classification and over 1.2 million species already catalogued, known species diversity is only a small part of true species diversity on Earth, and thus, the known species are only the tip of iceberg. Here, we investigated the genus Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 of the family Pholcidae C. L. Koch, 1850 in the Changbai Mountains, Northeast China, which provides an excellent case of high species diversity. Previously, only 14 endemic Pholcus spiders, all belonging to the P. phungiformes species group, and two introduced species P. manueli Gertsch, 1937 and P. zichyi Kulczyński, 1901 from the P. crypticolens species group, have been recorded from this area. Our study confirmed 11 new species of the P. phungiformes species group based on morphology and three methods of molecular species delimitation: P. gaizhou Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. guanshui Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. jiguanshan Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. longxigu Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. luoquanbei Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. shenshi Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. tianmenshan Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. wangjiang Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. xingqi Yao & Li, sp. nov., P. yaoshan Yao & Li, sp. nov., and P. yuhuangshan Yao & Li, sp. nov. This study brings the fauna of the P. phungiformes species group from the Changbai Mountains to 25 species, approximately two times more than previously known, which could indicate that species diversity in the area is underestimated for all arthropod fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Yao
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Evolution and Biodiversity, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Evolution and Agricultural Ecology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, China. E-mail:
| | - Xiang Wang
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, China
| | - Shu-Qiang Li
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. E-mail:
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Wang X, Shaheen S, He Q, Yao Z. Notes on two closely related spider species of the Pholcus phungiformes species group (Araneae, Pholcidae) from Beijing, China. Zookeys 2020; 965:1-16. [PMID: 32973378 PMCID: PMC7486310 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.965.56199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pholcus phungiformes species group is highly diverse and currently contains 53 species. In this study, Pholcus tongyaoi Wang & Yao, sp. nov. (male, female) from Huairou District, Beijing, China is described while similar congener Pholcus lexuancanhi Yao, Pham & Li, 2012 from neighboring Haidian District (type locality) is redescribed; the female of P. lexuancanhi is described for the first time. In addition, the DNA barcode COI for the two species was obtained to estimate p-distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, ChinaShenyang Normal UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Shumaila Shaheen
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, ChinaShenyang Normal UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Qiaoqiao He
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, ChinaShenyang Normal UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, ChinaShenyang Normal UniversityShenyangChina
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Evolution and Biodiversity, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, ChinaLiaoning Key Laboratory of Evolution and BiodiversityShenyangChina
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Evolution and Agricultural Ecology, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning, ChinaLiaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Evolution and Agricultural EcologyShenyangChina
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Mammola S, Cardoso P, Angyal D, Balázs G, Blick T, Brustel H, Carter J, Ćurčić S, Danflous S, Dányi L, Déjean S, Deltshev C, Elverici M, Fernández J, Gasparo F, Komnenov M, Komposch C, Kováč L, Kunt KB, Mock A, Moldovan O, Naumova M, Pavlek M, Prieto CE, Ribera C, Rozwałka R, Růžička V, Vargovitsh RS, Zaenker S, Isaia M. Continental data on cave-dwelling spider communities across Europe (Arachnida: Araneae). Biodivers Data J 2019; 7:e38492. [PMID: 31636503 PMCID: PMC6794329 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.7.e38492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) are widespread in subterranean ecosystems worldwide and represent an important component of subterranean trophic webs. Yet, global-scale diversity patterns of subterranean spiders are still mostly unknown. In the frame of the CAWEB project, a European joint network of cave arachnologists, we collected data on cave-dwelling spider communities across Europe in order to explore their continental diversity patterns. Two main datasets were compiled: one listing all subterranean spider species recorded in numerous subterranean localities across Europe and another with high resolution data about the subterranean habitat in which they were collected. From these two datasets, we further generated a third dataset with individual geo-referenced occurrence records for all these species. NEW INFORMATION Data from 475 geo-referenced subterranean localities (caves, mines and other artificial subterranean sites, interstitial habitats) are herein made available. For each subterranean locality, information about the composition of the spider community is provided, along with local geomorphological and habitat features. Altogether, these communities account for > 300 unique taxonomic entities and 2,091 unique geo-referenced occurrence records, that are made available via the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) (Mammola and Cardoso 2019). This dataset is unique in that it covers both a large geographic extent (from 35° south to 67° north) and contains high-resolution local data on geomorphological and habitat features. Given that this kind of high-resolution data are rarely associated with broad-scale datasets used in macroecology, this dataset has high potential for helping researchers in tackling a range of biogeographical and macroecological questions, not necessarily uniquely related to arachnology or subterranean biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mammola
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, ItalyDepartment of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TurinTurinItaly
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandLaboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandLaboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research (LIBRe), Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Dorottya Angyal
- Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, HungaryDepartment of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History MuseumBudapestHungary
- UMDI, Faculty of Sciences, UNAM National Autonomous University of Mexico, Sisal, MexicoUMDI, Faculty of Sciences, UNAM National Autonomous University of MexicoSisalMexico
| | - Gergely Balázs
- Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, HungaryDepartment of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Theo Blick
- Independent Researcher, Hummeltal, GermanyIndependent ResearcherHummeltalGermany
| | - Hervé Brustel
- Ecole d'Ingénieur de Purpan, Toulouse, FranceEcole d'Ingénieur de PurpanToulouseFrance
| | - Julian Carter
- Amgueddfa Cymru National Museum Wales, Cardiff, United KingdomAmgueddfa Cymru National Museum WalesCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Srećko Ćurčić
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, SerbiaFaculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | - Samuel Danflous
- Conservatoire d'Espaces Naturels de Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, FranceConservatoire d'Espaces Naturels de Midi-PyrénéesToulouseFrance
| | - László Dányi
- Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, HungaryDepartment of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History MuseumBudapestHungary
| | - Sylvain Déjean
- Conservatoire d'Espaces Naturels de Midi-Pyrénées, Tolouse, FranceConservatoire d'Espaces Naturels de Midi-PyrénéesTolouseFrance
| | - Christo Deltshev
- National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, BulgariaNational Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of SciencesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Mert Elverici
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, TurkeyDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım UniversityErzincanTurkey
| | - Jon Fernández
- Independent researcher, Basque Country, SpainIndependent researcherBasque CountrySpain
| | - Fulvio Gasparo
- Commissione Grotte “E. Boegan”, Società Alpina delle Giulie, C.A.I., Trieste, ItalyCommissione Grotte “E. Boegan”, Società Alpina delle Giulie, C.A.I.TriesteItaly
| | - Marjan Komnenov
- Independent Researcher, Blwd Kuzman Josifovski Pitu, Skopje, MacedoniaIndependent Researcher, Blwd Kuzman Josifovski PituSkopjeMacedonia
| | - Christian Komposch
- OEKOTEAM - Institute for Animal Ecology and Landscape Planning, Graz, AustriaOEKOTEAM - Institute for Animal Ecology and Landscape PlanningGrazAustria
| | - L’ubomír Kováč
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, SlovakiaInstitute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik UniversityKošiceSlovakia
| | - Kadir Boğaç Kunt
- Zoological Collection of Cyprus Wildlife Research Institute, Kyrenia, CyprusZoological Collection of Cyprus Wildlife Research InstituteKyreniaCyprus
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, TurkeyDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Science, Eskişehir Technical UniversityEskişehirTurkey
| | - Andrej Mock
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, SlovakiaInstitute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik UniversityKošiceSlovakia
| | - Oana Moldovan
- Emil Racovitza Institute of Speleology, Cluj-Napoca, RomaniaEmil Racovitza Institute of SpeleologyCluj-NapocaRomania
| | - Maria Naumova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, BulgariaInstitute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of SciencesSofiaBulgaria
| | - Martina Pavlek
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, CroatiaRuđer Bošković InstituteZagrebCroatia
- Croatian Biospeleological Society, Zagreb, CroatiaCroatian Biospeleological SocietyZagrebCroatia
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Biodiversity Research Institute, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Carlos E. Prieto
- Department of Zoology & Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, SpainDepartment of Zoology & Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque CountryBilbaoSpain
| | - Carles Ribera
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, SpainDepartment of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Biodiversity Research Institute, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Robert Rozwałka
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, PolandFaculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński UniversityWarsawPoland
| | - Vlastimil Růžička
- Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech RepublicBiology Centre, Institute of EntomologyČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Robert S. Vargovitsh
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, UkraineSchmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKievUkraine
| | - Stefan Zaenker
- Verband der deutschen Höhlen- und Karstforscher e.V., Fulda, GermanyVerband der deutschen Höhlen- und Karstforscher e.V.FuldaGermany
| | - Marco Isaia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, ItalyDepartment of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TurinTurinItaly
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Huber BA, Caspar KR, Eberle J. New species reveal unexpected interspecific microhabitat diversity in the genus Uthina Simon, 1893 (Araneae : Pholcidae). INVERTEBR SYST 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/is18002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Representatives of the Southeast Asian pholcid spider genus Uthina Simon, 1893 have been thought to be very homogeneous in their ecology and morphology. The 14 previously known species all inhabit near-ground microhabitats and cave entrances, and range from pale to dark brown in colour. Even their genitalia are partly very similar, with some species pairs being barely distinguishable based on morphological characters. Here we describe three new species from Bali, Java and Sulawesi that represent three further microhabitats and demonstrate considerable ecological and morphological diversity within the genus: U. maya, sp. nov. from Bali is a large dark species on tree trunks; U. hylobatea, sp. nov. from Bali and eastern Java is a pale leaf-dwelling species that exhibits colour dimorphism; and U. mimpi, sp. nov. is a pale troglomorphic species collected in the aphotic zones of two South Sulawesi caves. In addition, we present new data for five previously described species, including ultrastructure, natural history, new records, taxonomic notes and a description of the previously unknown female of Uthina khaosokensis Yao, Li & Jäger, 2014. Molecular data suggest that all previously described species are very closely related to each other (constituting the monophyletic luzonica-group), and that the three new species represent separate clades within the genus. However, the basal trichotomy could not be resolved: U. maya + (U. hylobatea + U. mimpi) + luzonica-group.
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Mammola S, Isaia M. Day–night and seasonal variations of a subterranean invertebrate community in the twilight zone. SUBTERRANEAN BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/subtbiol.27.28909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Being characterized by the absence of light and a reduced environmental cyclicity, the subterranean domain is generally regarded as temporally stable. Yet, in the proximity of cave entrances (twilight zones), patterns of sunlight and darkness can be detected within the 24-hour day–night cycle. In parallel, changes in the abiotic and biotic conditions are expected; however, these patterns have been rarely explored in animal communities dwelling in the twilight zone. We performed a biological investigation in a small abandoned mine in the Western Alps, monitoring it once per season, both during the day and at night. At each survey, we collected data on the spatial distribution of the resident species, their activity patterns, and the main microclimatic parameters. We observed significant daily variations in the environmental conditions during winter and spring, namely higher temperature, relative humidity and availability of trophic resources at night. In conjunction with these disparate nocturnal conditions, the abundance of troglophile species was also higher, as well as the activity patterns of one of the most frequent species inhabiting the entrance area – the orb-weaver spiderMetamenardi. We further documented temporal changes in the composition of the parietal community, due to species using the mine as a diurnal, nocturnal or overwintering shelter. Overall, our results suggest that the communities of the twilight zone are not temporally stable and we highlight the importance of taking into account not only their seasonal, but also their daily variations.
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Mammola S, Cardoso P, Ribera C, Pavlek M, Isaia M. A synthesis on cave-dwelling spiders in Europe. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mammola
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Torino; Turin Italy
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Finnish Museum of Natural History; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Carles Ribera
- Biodiversity Research Institute and Department of Animal Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Martina Pavlek
- Biodiversity Research Institute and Department of Animal Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Ruđer Bošković Institute; Zagreb Croatia
- Croatian Biospeleological Society; Zagreb Croatia
| | - Marco Isaia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology; University of Torino; Turin Italy
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Gonzalez BC, Worsaae K, Fontaneto D, Martínez A. Anophthalmia and elongation of body appendages in cave scale worms (Annelida: Aphroditiformia). ZOOL SCR 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett C. Gonzalez
- Marine Biological Section Department of Biology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Katrine Worsaae
- Marine Biological Section Department of Biology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Diego Fontaneto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi CNR‐ISE Verbania Pallanza Italy
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi CNR‐ISE Verbania Pallanza Italy
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Abstract
World experts of different disciplines, from molecular biology to macro-ecology, recognize the value of cave ecosystems as ideal ecological and evolutionary laboratories. Among other subterranean taxa, spiders stand out as intriguing model organisms for their ecological role of top predators, their unique adaptations to the hypogean medium and their sensitivity to anthropogenic disturbance. As the description of the first eyeless spider (Stalita taenaria), an array of papers on subterranean spider biology, ecology and evolution has been published, but a comprehensive review on these topics is still lacking. We provide a general overview of the spider families recorded in hypogean habitats worldwide, we review the different adaptations of hypogean spiders to subterranean life, and we summarize the information gathered so far about their origin, population structure, ecology and conservation status. Finally, we point out the limits of the knowledge we currently have regarding hypogean spiders, aiming to stimulate future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mammola
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Isaia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- IUCN SSC Spider & Scorpion Specialist Group, Torino, Italy
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