1
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Windmüller A, Schaps K, Zantis F, Domgans A, Taklu BW, Yang T, Tsai CL, Schierholz R, Yu S, Kungl H, Tempel H, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Hüning F, Hwang BJ, Eichel RA. Electrochemical Activation of LiGaO 2: Implications for Ga-Doped Garnet Solid Electrolytes in Li-Metal Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:39181-39194. [PMID: 39012897 PMCID: PMC11299138 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Ga-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 garnet solid electrolytes exhibit the highest Li-ion conductivities among the oxide-type garnet-structured solid electrolytes, but instabilities toward Li metal hamper their practical application. The instabilities have been assigned to direct chemical reactions between LiGaO2 coexisting phases and Li metal by several groups previously. Yet, the understanding of the role of LiGaO2 in the electrochemical cell and its electrochemical properties is still lacking. Here, we are investigating the electrochemical properties of LiGaO2 through electrochemical tests in galvanostatic cells versus Li metal and complementary ex situ studies via confocal Raman microscopy, quantitative phase analysis based on powder X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The results demonstrate considerable and surprising electrochemical activity, with high reversibility. A three-stage reaction mechanism is derived, including reversible electrochemical reactions that lead to the formation of highly electronically conducting products. The results have considerable implications for the use of Ga-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 electrolytes in all-solid-state Li-metal battery applications and raise the need for advanced materials engineering to realize Ga-doped Li7La3Zr2O12for practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Windmüller
- Institute
of Energy Technologies (IET-1: Fundamental Electrochemistry), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
- Sustainable
Electrochemical Energy Development Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Kristian Schaps
- Institute
of Energy Technologies (IET-1: Fundamental Electrochemistry), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, FH Aachen − University of Applied Sciences, Aachen 52066, Germany
| | - Frederik Zantis
- Institute
of Energy Technologies (IET-1: Fundamental Electrochemistry), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry (IPC), RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen 52066, Germany
| | - Anna Domgans
- Institute
of Energy Technologies (IET-1: Fundamental Electrochemistry), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry (IPC), RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen 52066, Germany
| | - Bereket Woldegbreal Taklu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
- Sustainable
Electrochemical Energy Development Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Tingting Yang
- Ernst
Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C
1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Chih-Long Tsai
- Institute
of Energy Technologies (IET-1: Fundamental Electrochemistry), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Roland Schierholz
- Institute
of Energy Technologies (IET-1: Fundamental Electrochemistry), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Shicheng Yu
- Institute
of Energy Technologies (IET-1: Fundamental Electrochemistry), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Hans Kungl
- Institute
of Energy Technologies (IET-1: Fundamental Electrochemistry), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Hermann Tempel
- Institute
of Energy Technologies (IET-1: Fundamental Electrochemistry), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski
- Ernst
Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C
1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Felix Hüning
- Institute
of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, FH Aachen − University of Applied Sciences, Aachen 52066, Germany
| | - Bing Joe Hwang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
- Sustainable
Electrochemical Energy Development Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Rüdiger-A. Eichel
- Institute
of Energy Technologies (IET-1: Fundamental Electrochemistry), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry (IPC), RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen 52066, Germany
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2
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Ho YC, Ye G, Nnokwe C, Kuryatkov V, Warzywoda J, Grave de Peralta L, He R, Bernussi A. Deep Ultraviolet Optical Anisotropy of β-Gallium Oxide Thin Films. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:27963-27968. [PMID: 38973841 PMCID: PMC11223259 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
β-Crystalline phase gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) is an ultrawide bandgap material with prospective applications in electronics and deep ultraviolet (DUV) optoelectronics and optics. The monoclinic crystal structure of β-Ga2O3 results in optical anisotropy to incident light with different polarization states. This attribute can lead to different optical applications in the DUV. In this article, we investigated the optical properties of β-Ga2O3 thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition technique on sapphire substrates with different crystallographic orientations. Marked in-plane polarization anisotropy, determined by reflectance and Raman spectroscopy, was observed for β-Ga2O3 films deposited on an r-cut sapphire substrate. In contrast, isotropic optical properties were observed in β-Ga2O3 films deposited on a c-cut sapphire substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Che Ho
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
- Nano
Tech Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Gaihua Ye
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Cynthia Nnokwe
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Vladimir Kuryatkov
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
- Nano
Tech Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Juliusz Warzywoda
- Materials
Characterization Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Luis Grave de Peralta
- Nano
Tech Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Rui He
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Ayrton Bernussi
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
- Nano
Tech Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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3
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Zhang Y, He Q, Yang H, Li Z, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Luo X, Zheng Y. Liquid-Metal-Based Spin-Coating Exfoliation for Atomically Thin Metal Oxide Synthesis. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6247-6254. [PMID: 38709758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors possess exceptional electronic, optical, and magnetic properties, making them highly desirable for widespread applications. However, conventional mechanical exfoliation and epitaxial growth methods are insufficient in meeting the demand for atomically thin films covering large areas while maintaining high quality. Herein, leveraging liquid metal oxidation reaction, we propose a motorized spin-coating exfoliation strategy to efficiently produce large-area 2D metal oxide (2DMO) semiconductors with high crystallinity, atomically thin thickness, and flat surfaces on diverse substrates. Moreover, we realized a 2D gallium oxide-based deep ultraviolet solar-blind photodetector featuring a metal-semiconductor-metal structure, showcasing high responsivity (8.24 A W-1) at 254 nm and excellent sensitivity (4.3 × 1012 cm Hz1/2 W-1). This novel liquid-metal-based spin-coating exfoliation strategy offers great potential for synthesizing atomically thin 2D semiconductors, opening new avenues for future functional electronic and optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qinming He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhishen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - He Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Physics and Devices, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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4
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Li M, Li Z, Chen H, Wang W. Phonon Pseudoangular Momentum in α-MoO 3. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:607. [PMID: 38607141 PMCID: PMC11013176 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
In recent studies, it has been discovered that phonons can carry angular momentum, leading to a series of investigations into systems with three-fold rotation symmetry. However, for systems with two-fold screw rotational symmetry, such as α-MoO3, there has been no relevant discussion. In this paper, we investigated the pseudoangular momentum of phonons in crystals with two-fold screw rotational symmetry. Taking α-MoO3 as an example, we explain the selection rules in circularly polarized Raman experiments resulting from pseudoangular momentum conservation, providing important guidance for experiments. This study of pseudoangular momentum in α-MoO3 opens up a new degree of freedom for its potential applications, expanding into new application domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Li
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Zhibing Li
- School of Science, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weiliang Wang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Center for Neutron Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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5
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Usseinov AB, Karipbayev ZT, Purans J, Kakimov AB, Bakytkyzy A, Zhunusbekov AM, Koketai TA, Kozlovskyi AL, Suchikova Y, Popov AI. Study of β-Ga 2O 3 Ceramics Synthesized under Powerful Electron Beam. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6997. [PMID: 37959594 PMCID: PMC10650939 DOI: 10.3390/ma16216997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of β-Ga2O3 ceramic was achieved using high-energy electron beams for the first time. The irradiation of gallium oxide powder in a copper crucible using a 1.4 MeV electron beam resulted in a monolithic ceramic structure, eliminating powder particles and imperfections. The synthesized β-Ga2O3 ceramic exhibited a close-to-ideal composition of O/Ga in a 3:2 ratio. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed a monoclinic structure (space group C2/m) that matched the reference diagram before and after annealing. Photoluminescence spectra revealed multiple luminescence peaks at blue (~2.7 eV) and UV (3.3, 3.4, 3.8 eV) wavelengths for the synthesized ceramic and commercial crystals. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the bonding modes in the synthesized ceramic. The electron beam-assisted method offers a rapid and cost-effective approach for β-Ga2O3 ceramic production without requiring additional equipment or complex manipulations. This method holds promise for fabricating refractory ceramics with high melting points, both doped and undoped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abay B. Usseinov
- Faculty of Physics and Technical Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan; (A.B.U.); (A.B.K.); (A.B.); (A.M.Z.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Zhakyp T. Karipbayev
- Faculty of Physics and Technical Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan; (A.B.U.); (A.B.K.); (A.B.); (A.M.Z.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Juris Purans
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Str., Lv-1063 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Askhat B. Kakimov
- Faculty of Physics and Technical Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan; (A.B.U.); (A.B.K.); (A.B.); (A.M.Z.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Aizat Bakytkyzy
- Faculty of Physics and Technical Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan; (A.B.U.); (A.B.K.); (A.B.); (A.M.Z.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Amangeldy M. Zhunusbekov
- Faculty of Physics and Technical Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan; (A.B.U.); (A.B.K.); (A.B.); (A.M.Z.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Temirgali A. Koketai
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, Karaganda Buketov University, Karaganda 100028, Kazakhstan;
| | - Artem L. Kozlovskyi
- Faculty of Physics and Technical Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan; (A.B.U.); (A.B.K.); (A.B.); (A.M.Z.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Yana Suchikova
- The Department of Physics and Methods of Teaching Physics, Berdyansk State Pedagogical University, 71100 Berdyansk, Ukraine;
| | - Anatoli I. Popov
- Faculty of Physics and Technical Sciences, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan; (A.B.U.); (A.B.K.); (A.B.); (A.M.Z.); (A.L.K.)
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Str., Lv-1063 Riga, Latvia;
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6
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Moon S, Lee D, Park J, Kim J. 2D Amorphous GaO X Gate Dielectric for β-Ga 2O 3 Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:37687-37695. [PMID: 37498125 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate gate dielectrics must be identified to fabricate metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MISFETs); however, this has been challenging for compound semiconductors owing to the absence of high-quality native oxides. This study uses the liquid-gallium squeezing technique to fabricate 2D amorphous gallium oxide (GaOX) with a high dielectric constant, where its thickness is precisely controlled at the atomic scale (monolayer, ∼4.5 nm; bilayer, ∼8.5 nm). Beta-phase gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) with an ultrawide energy bandgap (4.5-4.9 eV) has emerged as a next-generation power semiconductor material and is presented here as the channel material. The 2D amorphous GaOX dielectric is combined with a β-Ga2O3 conducting nanolayer, and the resulting β-Ga2O3 MISFET is stable up to 250 °C. The 2D amorphous GaOX is oxygen-deficient, and a high-quality interface with excellent uniformity and scalability forms between the 2D amorphous GaOX and β-Ga2O3. The fabricated MISFET exhibits a wide gate-voltage swing of approximately +5 V, a high current on/off ratio, moderate field-effect carrier mobility, and a decent three-terminal breakdown voltage (∼138 V). The carrier transport of the Ni/GaOX/β-Ga2O3 metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structure displays a combination of Schottky emission and Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) tunneling in the high-gate-bias region at 25 °C, whereas at elevated temperatures it shows Schottky emission and F-N tunneling in the low- and high-gate-bias regions, respectively. This study demonstrates that a 2D GaOX gate dielectric layer can be produced and incorporated into an active channel layer to form an MIS structure at room temperature (∼25 °C), which enables the facile fabrication of MISFET devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun Moon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Donggyu Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehwan Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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7
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Karbalaei Akbari M, Siraj Lopa N, Zhuiykov S. Sonochemistry of Liquid-Metal Galinstan toward the Synthesis of Two-Dimensional and Multilayered Gallium-Based Metal-Oxide Photonic Semiconductors. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1214. [PMID: 37374799 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The scientific field of two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures has witnessed tremendous development during the last decade. To date, different synthesis approaches have been developed; therefore, various exceptional properties of this family of advanced materials have been discovered. It has recently been found that the natural surface oxide films of room-temperature liquid metals is an emerging platform for the synthesis of novel types of 2D nanostructures with numerous functional applications. However, most of the developed synthesis techniques for these materials are based on the direct mechanical exfoliation of 2D materials as research targets. This paper reports a facile and functional sonochemical-assisted approach for the synthesis of 2D hybrid and complex multilayered nanostructures with tunable characteristics. In this method, the intense interaction of acoustic waves with microfluidic gallium-based room-temperature liquid galinstan alloy provides the activation energy for synthesis of hybrid 2D nanostructures. The microstructural characterizations reveal the impact of sonochemical synthesis parameters, including the processing time and composition of the ionic synthesis environment, on the growth of GaxOy/Se 2D hybrid structures and InGaxOy/Se multilayered crystalline structures with tunable photonic characteristics. This technique shows promising potential for synthesis of various types of 2D and layered semiconductor nanostructures with tunable photonic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Karbalaei Akbari
- Department of Solid-State Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Environmental and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Nasrin Siraj Lopa
- Department of Solid-State Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Environmental and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Serge Zhuiykov
- Department of Solid-State Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Environmental and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
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8
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Karbalaei Akbari M, Siraj Lopa N, Park J, Zhuiykov S. Plasmonic Nanodomains Decorated on Two-Dimensional Oxide Semiconductors for Photonic-Assisted CO 2 Conversion. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103675. [PMID: 37241301 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanostructures ensure the reception and harvesting of visible lights for novel photonic applications. In this area, plasmonic crystalline nanodomains decorated on the surface of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor materials represent a new class of hybrid nanostructures. These plasmonic nanodomains activate supplementary mechanisms at material heterointerfaces, enabling the transfer of photogenerated charge carriers from plasmonic antennae into adjacent 2D semiconductors and therefore activate a wide range of visible-light assisted applications. Here, the controlled growth of crystalline plasmonic nanodomains on 2D Ga2O3 nanosheets was achieved by sonochemical-assisted synthesis. In this technique, Ag and Se nanodomains grew on 2D surface oxide films of gallium-based alloy. The multiple contribution of plasmonic nanodomains enabled the visible-light-assisted hot-electron generation at 2D plasmonic hybrid interfaces, and therefore considerably altered the photonic properties of the 2D Ga2O3 nanosheets. Specifically, the multiple contribution of semiconductor-plasmonic hybrid 2D heterointerfaces enabled efficient CO2 conversion through combined photocatalysis and triboelectric-activated catalysis. The solar-powered acoustic-activated conversion approach of the present study enabled us to achieve the CO2 conversion efficiency of more than 94% in the reaction chambers containing 2D Ga2O3-Ag nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Karbalaei Akbari
- Department of Solid-State Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Environmental and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Nasrin Siraj Lopa
- Department of Solid-State Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Environmental and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihae Park
- Center for Environmental and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Wetenschapspark 1, Bluebridge, 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Serge Zhuiykov
- Department of Solid-State Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Environmental and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, 119-5 Songdomunhwa-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
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9
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Zou B, Wang X, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Xing T, He Y, Yang J, Chen Y, Ren P, Sun H. Optical Effect Modulation in Polarized Raman Spectroscopy of Transparent Layered α-MoO 3. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206932. [PMID: 36807515 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Optical anisotropy, which is quantified by birefringence (Δn) and linear dichroism (Δk), can significantly modulate the angle-resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy (ARPRS) response of anisotropic layered materials (ALMs) by external interference. This work studies the separate modulation of birefringence on the ARPRS response and the intrinsic response by selecting transparent birefringent crystal α-MoO3 as an excellent platform. It is found that there are several anomalous ARPRS responses in α-MoO3 that cannot be reproduced by the real Raman tensor widely used in non-absorbing materials; however, they can be well explained by considering the birefringence-induced Raman selection rules. Moreover, the systematic thickness-dependent study indicates that birefringence modulates the ARPRS response to render an interference pattern; however, the amplitude of modulation is considerably lower than that by linear dichroism as occurred in black phosphorous. This weak modulation brings convenience to the crystal orientation determination of transparent ALMs. Combining the atomic vibrational pattern and bond polarizability model, the intrinsic ARPRS response of α-MoO3 is analyzed, giving the physical origins of the Raman anisotropy. This study employs α-MoO3 as an example, although it is generally applicable to all transparent birefringent ALMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zou
- School of Science and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- School of Science and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhou
- School of Science and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Wu
- School of Science and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Tiantian Xing
- School of Science and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yang He
- School of Science and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Yang
- School of Science and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- School of Science and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Peng Ren
- School of Science and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Huarui Sun
- School of Science and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, P. R. China
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10
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Meng X, Du Y, Wu W, Joseph NB, Deng X, Wang J, Ma J, Shi Z, Liu B, Ma Y, Yue F, Zhong N, Xiang PH, Zhang C, Duan CG, Narayan A, Sun Z, Chu J, Yuan X. Giant Superlinear Power Dependence of Photocurrent Based on Layered Ta 2 NiS 5 Photodetector. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2300413. [PMID: 37116118 PMCID: PMC10369293 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Photodetector based on two-dimensional (2D) materials is an ongoing quest in optoelectronics. 2D photodetectors are generally efficient at low illuminating power but suffer severe recombination processes at high power, which results in the sublinear power-dependent photoresponse and lower optoelectronic efficiency. The desirable superlinear photocurrent is mostly achieved by sophisticated 2D heterostructures or device arrays, while 2D materials rarely show intrinsic superlinear photoresponse. This work reports the giant superlinear power dependence of photocurrent based on multilayer Ta2 NiS5 . While the fabricated photodetector exhibits good sensitivity (3.1 mS W-1 per □) and fast photoresponse (31 µs), the bias-, polarization-, and spatial-resolved measurements point to an intrinsic photoconductive mechanism. By increasing the incident power density from 1.5 to 200 µW µm-2 , the photocurrent power dependence varies from sublinear to superlinear. At higher illuminating conditions, prominent superlinearity is observed with a giant power exponent of γ = 1.5. The unusual photoresponse can be explained by a two-recombination-center model where density of states of the recombination centers (RC) effectively closes all recombination channels. The photodetector is integrated into camera for taking photos with enhanced contrast due to superlinearity. This work provides an effective route to enable higher optoelectronic efficiency at extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yuhan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Wenbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Nesta Benno Joseph
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Xing Deng
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jianwen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zeping Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Binglin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yuanji Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Fangyu Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ni Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ping-Hua Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Institute for Nanoelectronic Devices and Quantum Computing, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Chun-Gang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Awadhesh Narayan
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Zhenrong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Junhao Chu
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Institute of Optoelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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11
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Schmidt C, Fechner A, Selyshchev O, Zahn DRT. The Influence of Process Parameters on the Microstructural Properties of Spray-Pyrolyzed β-Ga 2O 3. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091455. [PMID: 37177000 PMCID: PMC10179802 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the deposition of β-Ga2O3 microstructures and thin films was performed with Ga(NO3)3 solutions by ultrasonic nebulization and spray coating as low-cost techniques. By changing the deposition parameters, the shape of β-Ga2O3 microstructures was controlled. Micro-spheres were obtained by ultrasonic nebulization. Micro-flakes and vortices were fabricated by spray coating aqueous concentrated and diluted precursor solutions, respectively. Roundish flakes were achieved from water-ethanol mixtures, which were rolled up into tubes by increasing the number of deposition cycles. Increasing the ethanol-to-water ratio allows continuous thin films at an optimal Ga(NO3)3 concentration of 0.15 M and a substrate temperature of 190 °C to be formed. The monoclinic β-Ga2O3 phase was achieved by thermal annealing at 1000 °C in an ambient atmosphere. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-Raman spectroscopy were employed to characterize these microstructures. In the XRD study, in addition to the phase information, the residual stress values were determined using the sin2(ψ) method. Raman spectroscopy confirms that the β-Ga2O3 phase and relative shifts of the Raman modes of the different microstructures can partially be assigned to residual stress. The high-frequency Raman modes proved to be more sensitive to shifting and broadening than the low-frequency Raman modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Schmidt
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Axel Fechner
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Selyshchev
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Dietrich R T Zahn
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany
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12
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Dimitrocenko L, Strikis G, Polyakov B, Bikse L, Oras S, Butanovs E. The Effect of a Nucleation Layer on Morphology and Grain Size in MOCVD-Grown β-Ga 2O 3 Thin Films on C-Plane Sapphire. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8362. [PMID: 36499857 PMCID: PMC9739698 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
β-Ga2O3 thin films grown on widely available c-plane sapphire substrates typically exhibit structural defects due to significant lattice and thermal expansion mismatch, which hinder the use of such films in electronic devices. In this work, we studied the impact of a nucleation layer on MOCVD-grown β-Ga2O3 thin film structure and morphology on a c-plane sapphire substrate. The structure and morphology of the films were investigated by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, while the composition was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. It was observed that the use of a nucleation layer significantly increases the grain size in the films in comparison to the films without, particularly in the samples in which H2O was used alongside O2 as the oxygen source for the nucleation layer growth. Our study demonstrates that a nucleation layer can play a critical role in obtaining high quality β-Ga2O3 thin films on c-plane sapphire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauris Dimitrocenko
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Street 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia
| | - Gundars Strikis
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Street 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia
| | - Boris Polyakov
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Street 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia
| | - Liga Bikse
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Street 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia
| | - Sven Oras
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, W. Ostwaldi Str. 1, 50412 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Edgars Butanovs
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, Kengaraga Street 8, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia
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13
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Sheoran H, Fang S, Liang F, Huang Z, Kaushik S, Manikanthababu N, Zhao X, Sun H, Singh R, Long S. High Performance of Zero-Power-Consumption MOCVD-Grown β-Ga 2O 3-Based Solar-Blind Photodetectors with Ultralow Dark Current and High-Temperature Functionalities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:52096-52107. [PMID: 36346904 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we report on high-performance deep ultraviolet photodetectors (DUV PDs) fabricated on metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)-grown β-Ga2O3 heteroepitaxy that exhibit stable operation up to 125 °C. The fabricated DUV PDs exhibit self-powered behavior with an ultralow dark current of 1.75 fA and a very high photo-to-dark-current ratio (PDCR) of the order of 105 at zero bias and >105 at higher biases of 5 and 10 V, which remains almost constant up to 125 °C. The high responsivity of 6.62 A/W is obtained at 10 V at room temperature (RT) under the weak illumination of 42.86 μW/cm2 of 260 nm wavelength. The detector shows very low noise equivalent power (NEP) of 5.74 × 10-14 and 1.03 × 10-16 W/Hz1/2 and ultrahigh detectivity of 5.51 × 1011 and 3.10 × 1014 Jones at 0 and 5 V, respectively, which shows its high detection sensitivity. The RT UV-visible (260:500 nm) rejection ratios of the order of 103 at zero bias and 105 at 5 V are obtained. These results demonstrate the potential of Ga2O3-based DUV PDs for solar-blind detection applications that require high-temperature robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardhyan Sheoran
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Shi Fang
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangzhou Liang
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Huang
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuchi Kaushik
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Nethala Manikanthababu
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Xiaolong Zhao
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiding Sun
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi110016, India
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi110016, India
| | - Shibing Long
- School of Microelectronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230026, People's Republic of China
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14
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Nair AN, Sanad MF, Jayan R, Gutierrez G, Ge Y, Islam MM, Hernandez-Viezcas JA, Zade V, Tripathi S, Shutthanandan V, Ramana CV, T Sreenivasan S. Lewis Acid Site Assisted Bifunctional Activity of Tin Doped Gallium Oxide and Its Application in Rechargeable Zn-Air Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202648. [PMID: 35900063 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced safety, superior energy, and power density of rechargeable metal-air batteries make them ideal energy storage systems for application in energy grids and electric vehicles. However, the absence of a cost-effective and stable bifunctional catalyst that can replace expensive platinum (Pt)-based catalyst to promote oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the air cathode hinders their broader adaptation. Here, it is demonstrated that Tin (Sn) doped β-gallium oxide (β-Ga2 O3 ) in the bulk form can efficiently catalyze ORR and OER and, hence, be applied as the cathode in Zn-air batteries. The Sn-doped β-Ga2 O3 sample with 15% Sn (Snx =0.15 -Ga2 O3 ) displayed exceptional catalytic activity for a bulk, non-noble metal-based catalyst. When used as a cathode, the excellent electrocatalytic bifunctional activity of Snx =0.15 -Ga2 O3 leads to a prototype Zn-air battery with a high-power density of 138 mW cm-2 and improved cycling stability compared to devices with benchmark Pt-based cathode. The combined experimental and theoretical exploration revealed that the Lewis acid sites in β-Ga2 O3 aid in regulating the electron density distribution on the Sn-doped sites, optimize the adsorption energies of reaction intermediates, and facilitate the formation of critical reaction intermediate (O*), leading to enhanced electrocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Narayanan Nair
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Mohamed F Sanad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Rahul Jayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Guillermo Gutierrez
- Center for Advanced Materials Research (CMR), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Yulu Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Md Mahbubul Islam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Jose A Hernandez-Viezcas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Vishal Zade
- Center for Advanced Materials Research (CMR), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Shalini Tripathi
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Vaithiyalingam Shutthanandan
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Chintalapalle V Ramana
- Center for Advanced Materials Research (CMR), The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Sreeprasad T Sreenivasan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
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15
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Large-Sized Nanocrystalline Ultrathin β-Ga2O3 Membranes Fabricated by Surface Charge Lithography. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12040689. [PMID: 35215016 PMCID: PMC8880476 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Large-sized 2D semiconductor materials have gained significant attention for their fascinating properties in various applications. In this work, we demonstrate the fabrication of nanoperforated ultrathin β-Ga2O3 membranes of a nanoscale thickness. The technological route includes the fabrication of GaN membranes using the Surface Charge Lithography (SCL) approach and subsequent thermal treatment in air at 900 °C in order to obtain β-Ga2O3 membranes. The as-grown GaN membranes were discovered to be completely transformed into β-Ga2O3, with the morphology evolving from a smooth topography to a nanoperforated surface consisting of nanograin structures. The oxidation mechanism of the membrane was investigated under different annealing conditions followed by XPS, AFM, Raman and TEM analyses.
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16
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Alonso-Orts M, Carrasco D, San Juan JM, Nó ML, de Andrés A, Nogales E, Méndez B. Wide Dynamic Range Thermometer Based on Luminescent Optical Cavities in Ga 2 O 3 :Cr Nanowires. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105355. [PMID: 34767304 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Remote temperature sensing at the micro- and nanoscale is key in fields such as photonics, electronics, energy, or biomedicine, with optical properties being one of the most used transducing mechanisms for such sensors. Ga2 O3 presents very high chemical and thermal stability, as well as high radiation resistance, becoming of great interest to be used under extreme conditions, for example, electrical and/or optical high-power devices and harsh environments. In this work, a luminescent and interferometric thermometer is proposed based on Fabry-Perot (FP) optical microcavities built on Cr-doped Ga2 O3 nanowires. It combines the optical features of the Cr3+ -related luminescence, greatly sensitive to temperature, and spatial confinement of light, which results in strong FP resonances within the Cr3+ broad band. While the chromium-related R lines energy shifts are adequate for low-temperature sensing, FP resonances extend the sensing range to high temperatures with excellent sensitivity. This thermometry system achieves micron-range spatial resolution, temperature precision of around 1 K, and a wide operational range, demonstrating to work at least in the 150-550 K temperature range. Besides, the temperature-dependent anisotropic refractive index and thermo-optic coefficient of this oxide have been further characterized by comparison to experimental, analytical, and finite-difference time-domain simulation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alonso-Orts
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Fac. CC Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Daniel Carrasco
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Fac. CC Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - José M San Juan
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo. 644, Bilbao, 48080, Spain
| | - María Luisa Nó
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, Apdo. 644, Bilbao, 48080, Spain
| | - Alicia de Andrés
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Emilio Nogales
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Fac. CC Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Bianchi Méndez
- Departamento Física de Materiales, Fac. CC Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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17
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Karbalaei Akbari M, Zhuiykov S. Dynamic Self-Rectifying Liquid Metal-Semiconductor Heterointerfaces: A Platform for Development of Bioinspired Afferent Systems. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:60636-60647. [PMID: 34878244 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of geometrically complex and dynamically active liquid metal/semiconductor heterointerfaces has drawn extensive attention in multidimensional electronic systems. In this study the chemovoltaic driven reactions have enabled the microfluidity of hydrophobic galinstan into a three-dimensional (3D) semiconductor matrix. A dynamic heterointerface is developed between the atomically thin surface oxide of galinstan and the TiO2-Ni interface. Upon the growth of Ga2O3 film at the Ga2O3-TiO2 heterointerface, the partial reduction of the TiO2 film was confirmed by material characterization techniques. The conductance imaging spectroscopy and electrical measurements are used to investigate the charge transfer at heterointerfaces. Concurrently, the dynamic conductance in artificial synaptic junctions is modulated to mimic the biofunctional communication characteristics of multipolar neurons, including slow and fast inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic responses. The self-rectifying characteristics, femtojoule energy processing, tunable synaptic events, and notably the coordinated signal recognition are the main characteristics of this multisynaptic device. This novel 3D design of liquid metal-semiconductor structure opens up new opportunities for the development of bioinspired afferent systems. It further facilitates the realization of physical phenomena at liquid metal-semiconductor heterointerfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Karbalaei Akbari
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental & Energy Research, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, South Korea
| | - Serge Zhuiykov
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental & Energy Research, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, South Korea
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18
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Song Y, Ranga P, Zhang Y, Feng Z, Huang HL, Santia MD, Badescu SC, Gonzalez-Valle CU, Perez C, Ferri K, Lavelle RM, Snyder DW, Klein BA, Deitz J, Baca AG, Maria JP, Ramos-Alvarado B, Hwang J, Zhao H, Wang X, Krishnamoorthy S, Foley BM, Choi S. Thermal Conductivity of β-Phase Ga 2O 3 and (Al xGa 1-x) 2O 3 Heteroepitaxial Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38477-38490. [PMID: 34370459 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heteroepitaxy of β-phase gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) thin films on foreign substrates shows promise for the development of next-generation deep ultraviolet solar blind photodetectors and power electronic devices. In this work, the influences of the film thickness and crystallinity on the thermal conductivity of (2̅01)-oriented β-Ga2O3 heteroepitaxial thin films were investigated. Unintentionally doped β-Ga2O3 thin films were grown on c-plane sapphire substrates with off-axis angles of 0° and 6° toward ⟨112̅0⟩ via metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) and low-pressure chemical vapor deposition. The surface morphology and crystal quality of the β-Ga2O3 thin films were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. The thermal conductivities of the β-Ga2O3 films were measured via time-domain thermoreflectance. The interface quality was studied using scanning transmission electron microscopy. The measured thermal conductivities of the submicron-thick β-Ga2O3 thin films were relatively low as compared to the intrinsic bulk value. The measured thin film thermal conductivities were compared with the Debye-Callaway model incorporating phononic parameters derived from first-principles calculations. The comparison suggests that the reduction in the thin film thermal conductivity can be partially attributed to the enhanced phonon-boundary scattering when the film thickness decreases. They were found to be a strong function of not only the layer thickness but also the film quality, resulting from growth on substrates with different offcut angles. Growth of β-Ga2O3 films on 6° offcut sapphire substrates was found to result in higher crystallinity and thermal conductivity than films grown on on-axis c-plane sapphire. However, the β-Ga2O3 films grown on 6° offcut sapphire exhibit a lower thermal boundary conductance at the β-Ga2O3/sapphire heterointerface. In addition, the thermal conductivity of MOVPE-grown (2̅01)-oriented β-(AlxGa1-x)2O3 thin films with Al compositions ranging from 2% to 43% was characterized. Because of phonon-alloy disorder scattering, the β-(AlxGa1-x)2O3 films exhibit lower thermal conductivities (2.8-4.7 W/m·K) than the β-Ga2O3 thin films. The dominance of the alloy disorder scattering in β-(AlxGa1-x)2O3 is further evidenced by the weak temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity. This work provides fundamental insight into the physical interactions that govern phonon transport within heteroepitaxially grown β-phase Ga2O3 and (AlxGa1-x)2O3 thin films and lays the groundwork for the thermal modeling and design of β-Ga2O3 electronic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Praneeth Ranga
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Zixuan Feng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Hsien-Lien Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Marco D Santia
- Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Stefan C Badescu
- Sensors Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - C Ulises Gonzalez-Valle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Carlos Perez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kevin Ferri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Robert M Lavelle
- Electronic Materials and Devices Department, Applied Research Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - David W Snyder
- Electronic Materials and Devices Department, Applied Research Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Brianna A Klein
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Julia Deitz
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Albert G Baca
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Jon-Paul Maria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bladimir Ramos-Alvarado
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jinwoo Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Hongping Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sriram Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Brian M Foley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sukwon Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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19
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Menahem M, Dai Z, Aharon S, Sharma R, Asher M, Diskin-Posner Y, Korobko R, Rappe AM, Yaffe O. Strongly Anharmonic Octahedral Tilting in Two-Dimensional Hybrid Halide Perovskites. ACS NANO 2021; 15:10153-10162. [PMID: 34003630 PMCID: PMC8223479 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations of two-dimensional (2D) hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskites (HHPs) indicate that their optical and electronic properties are dominated by strong coupling to thermal fluctuations. While the optical properties of 2D-HHPs have been extensively studied, a comprehensive understanding of electron-phonon interactions is limited because little is known about their structural dynamics. This is partially because the unit cells of 2D-HHPs contain many atoms. Therefore, the thermal fluctuations are complex and difficult to elucidate in detail. To overcome this challenge, we use polarization-orientation Raman spectroscopy and ab initio calculations to compare the structural dynamics of the prototypical 2D-HHPs [(BA)2PbI4 and (PhE)2PbI4] to their three-dimensional (3D) counterpart, MAPbI3. Comparison to the simpler, 3D MAPbI3 crystal shows clear similarities with the structural dynamics of (BA)2PbI4 and (PhE)2PbI4 across a wide temperature range. The analogy between the 3D and 2D crystals allows us to isolate the effect of the organic cation on the structural dynamics of the inorganic scaffold of the 2D-HHPs. Furthermore, using this approach, we uncover the mechanism of the order-disorder phase transition of (BA)2PbI4 (274 K) and show that it involves relaxation of octahedral tilting coupled to anharmonic thermal fluctuations. These anharmonic fluctuations are important because they induce charge carrier localization and affect the optoelectronic performance of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matan Menahem
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Zhenbang Dai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Sigalit Aharon
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Rituraj Sharma
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Maor Asher
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Chemical
Research Support, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Roman Korobko
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Andrew M. Rappe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Omer Yaffe
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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20
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Plesco I, Ciobanu V, Braniste T, Ursaki V, Rasch F, Sarua A, Raevschi S, Adelung R, Dutta J, Tiginyanu I. Highly Porous and Ultra-Lightweight Aero-Ga 2O 3: Enhancement of Photocatalytic Activity by Noble Metals. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1985. [PMID: 33921020 PMCID: PMC8071440 DOI: 10.3390/ma14081985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A new type of photocatalyst is proposed on the basis of aero-β-Ga2O3, which is a material constructed from a network of interconnected tetrapods with arms in the form of microtubes with nanometric walls. The aero-Ga2O3 material is obtained by annealing of aero-GaN fabricated by epitaxial growth on ZnO microtetrapods. The hybrid structures composed of aero-Ga2O3 functionalized with Au or Pt nanodots were tested for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye under UV or visible light illumination. The functionalization of aero-Ga2O3 with noble metals results in the enhancement of the photocatalytic performances of bare material, reaching the performances inherent to ZnO while gaining the advantage of the increased chemical stability. The mechanisms of enhancement of the photocatalytic properties by activating aero-Ga2O3 with noble metals are discussed to elucidate their potential for environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Plesco
- National Center for Materials Study and Testing, Technical University of Moldova, Stefan cel Mare Av. 168, MD-2004 Chisinau, Moldova; (V.C.); (T.B.); (V.U.)
| | - Vladimir Ciobanu
- National Center for Materials Study and Testing, Technical University of Moldova, Stefan cel Mare Av. 168, MD-2004 Chisinau, Moldova; (V.C.); (T.B.); (V.U.)
| | - Tudor Braniste
- National Center for Materials Study and Testing, Technical University of Moldova, Stefan cel Mare Av. 168, MD-2004 Chisinau, Moldova; (V.C.); (T.B.); (V.U.)
| | - Veaceslav Ursaki
- National Center for Materials Study and Testing, Technical University of Moldova, Stefan cel Mare Av. 168, MD-2004 Chisinau, Moldova; (V.C.); (T.B.); (V.U.)
| | - Florian Rasch
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiser Str. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany; (F.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Andrei Sarua
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, School of Physics, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK;
| | - Simion Raevschi
- Department of Physics and Engineering, State University of Moldova, Alexei Mateevici Str. 60, MD-2009 Chisinau, Moldova;
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Kiel University, Kaiser Str. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany; (F.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Joydeep Dutta
- Functional Materials Group, Applied Physics Department, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfvéns väg 12, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Ion Tiginyanu
- National Center for Materials Study and Testing, Technical University of Moldova, Stefan cel Mare Av. 168, MD-2004 Chisinau, Moldova; (V.C.); (T.B.); (V.U.)
- Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Stefan cel Mare Av. 1, MD-2001 Chisinau, Moldova
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21
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Growth and thermal stability studies of layered GaTe single crystals in inert atmospheres. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.121996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Min JH, Li KH, Kim YH, Min JW, Kang CH, Kim KH, Lee JS, Lee KJ, Jeong SM, Lee DS, Bae SY, Ng TK, Ooi BS. Toward Large-Scale Ga 2O 3 Membranes via Quasi-Van Der Waals Epitaxy on Epitaxial Graphene Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:13410-13418. [PMID: 33709688 PMCID: PMC8041250 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Epitaxial growth using graphene (GR), weakly bonded by van der Waals force, is a subject of interest for fabricating technologically important semiconductor membranes. Such membranes can potentially offer effective cooling and dimensional scale-down for high voltage power devices and deep ultraviolet optoelectronics at a fraction of the bulk-device cost. Here, we report on a large-area β-Ga2O3 nanomembrane spontaneous-exfoliation (1 cm × 1 cm) from layers of compressive-strained epitaxial graphene (EG) grown on SiC, and demonstrated high-responsivity flexible solar-blind photodetectors. The EG was favorably influenced by lattice arrangement of SiC, and thus enabled β-Ga2O3 direct-epitaxy on the EG. The β-Ga2O3 layer was spontaneously exfoliated at the interface of GR owing to its low interfacial toughness by controlling the energy release rate through electroplated Ni layers. The use of GR templates contributes to the seamless exfoliation of the nanomembranes, and the technique is relevant to eventual nanomembrane-based integrated device technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hong Min
- Photonics
Laboratory, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering
Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuang-Hui Li
- Photonics
Laboratory, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering
Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yong-Hyeon Kim
- Energy
and Environmental Division, Korea Institute
of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju 52851, Korea
| | - Jung-Wook Min
- Photonics
Laboratory, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering
Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chun Hong Kang
- Photonics
Laboratory, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering
Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Energy
and Environmental Division, Korea Institute
of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju 52851, Korea
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan
National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- School
of
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Kwang Jae Lee
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering, KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seong-Min Jeong
- Energy
and Environmental Division, Korea Institute
of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju 52851, Korea
| | - Dong-Seon Lee
- School
of
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Si-Young Bae
- Energy
and Environmental Division, Korea Institute
of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju 52851, Korea
| | - Tien Khee Ng
- Photonics
Laboratory, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering
Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Boon S. Ooi
- Photonics
Laboratory, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering
Division (CEMSE), King Abdullah University
of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Liu H, Zhang N, Yin J, Xia C, Feng ZC, He K, Wan L, Mohamed HF. Characterization of defect levels in β-Ga 2O 3 single crystals doped with tantalum. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01639j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Optical properties and defect characterization of Ta-doped β-Ga2O3 single crystals grown by the optical floating zone method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyue Liu
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials & Detection Technology
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics
- School of Physical Science & Technology
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
| | - Naiji Zhang
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials & Detection Technology
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics
- School of Physical Science & Technology
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
| | - Junhua Yin
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials & Detection Technology
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics
- School of Physical Science & Technology
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
| | - Changtai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power Laser
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201800
- China
| | - Zhe Chuan Feng
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials & Detection Technology
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics
- School of Physical Science & Technology
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
| | - Kaiyan He
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials & Detection Technology
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics
- School of Physical Science & Technology
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
| | - Lingyu Wan
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials & Detection Technology
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for the Relativistic Astrophysics
- School of Physical Science & Technology
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
| | - H. F. Mohamed
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power Laser
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201800
- China
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24
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Zheng Y, Seo JH. A simplified method of measuring thermal conductivity of β-Ga2O3 nanomembrane. NANO EXPRESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/abc1c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work, we report a simplified method to measure thermal conductivity from the typical Raman thermometry method by employing a much simpler dispersion relationship equation and the Debye function, instead of solving the heat equation. Unlike the typical Raman thermometry method, our new method only requires monitoring of the temperature-dependent Raman mode shifting without considering laser power-dependent Raman mode shifting. Thus, this new calculation method offers a simpler way to calculate the thermal conductivity of materials with great precision. As a model system, the β-Ga2O3 nanomembrane (NM) on a diamond substrate was prepared to measure thermal conductivity of β-Ga2O3 NMs at different thicknesses (100 nm, 1000 nm, and 4000 nm). Furthermore, the phonon penetration depth was investigated to understand how deep phonons can be dispersed in the sample so as to guide the dimensional design parameter of the device from the thermal management perspective.
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25
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Lin ML, Leng YC, Cong X, Meng D, Wang J, Li XL, Yu B, Liu XL, Yu XF, Tan PH. Understanding angle-resolved polarized Raman scattering from black phosphorus at normal and oblique laser incidences. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2020; 65:1894-1900. [PMID: 36738054 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The selection rule for angle-resolved polarized Raman (ARPR) intensity of phonons from standard group-theoretical method in isotropic materials would break down in anisotropic layered materials (ALMs) due to birefringence and linear dichroism effects. The two effects result in depth-dependent polarization and intensity of incident laser and scattered signal inside ALMs and thus make a challenge to predict ARPR intensity at any laser incidence direction. Herein, taking in-plane anisotropic black phosphorus as a prototype, we developed a so-called birefringence-linear-dichroism (BLD) model to quantitatively understand its ARPR intensity at both normal and oblique laser incidences by the same set of real Raman tensors for certain laser excitation. No fitting parameter is needed, once the birefringence and linear dichroism effects are considered with the complex refractive indexes. An approach was proposed to experimentally determine real Raman tensor and complex refractive indexes, respectively, from the relative Raman intensity along its principle axes and incident-angle resolved reflectivity by Fresnel's law. The results suggest that the previously reported ARPR intensity of ultrathin ALM flakes deposited on a multilayered substrate at normal laser incidence can be also understood based on the BLD model by considering the depth-dependent polarization and intensity of incident laser and scattered Raman signal induced by both birefringence and linear dichroism effects within ALM flakes and the interference effects in the multilayered structures, which are dependent on the excitation wavelength, thickness of ALM flakes and dielectric layers of the substrate. This work can be generally applicable to any opaque anisotropic crystals, offering a promising route to predict and manipulate the polarized behaviors of related phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Ling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu-Chen Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Da Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiahong Wang
- Shenzhen Engineering Center for the Fabrication of Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystals, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Binlu Yu
- Shenzhen Engineering Center for the Fabrication of Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystals, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xue-Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xue-Feng Yu
- Shenzhen Engineering Center for the Fabrication of Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystals, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ping-Heng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Science, Beijing 100193, China.
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26
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2D Octagon-Structure Carbon and Its Polarization Resolved Raman Spectra. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112252. [PMID: 33203041 PMCID: PMC7697882 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We predict a new phase of two-dimensional carbon with density functional theory (DFT). It was found to be semimetal with two Dirac points. The vibrational properties and the polarization resolved Raman spectra of the carbon monolayer are predicted. There are five Raman active modes: 574 cm−1 (Eg), 1112 cm−1 (B1g), 1186 cm−1 (B2g), 1605 cm−1 (B2g) and 1734 cm−1 (A1g). We consider the incident light wave vector to be perpendicular and parallel to the plane of the carbon monolayer. By calculating Raman tensor of each Raman active mode, we obtained polarization angle dependent Raman intensities. Our results will help materials scientists to identify the existence and orientation of octagon-structure carbon monolayer when they are growing it.
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27
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Xu H, Karbalaei Akbari M, Verpoort F, Zhuiykov S. Nano-engineering and functionalization of hybrid Au-Me xO y-TiO 2 (Me = W, Ga) hetero-interfaces for optoelectronic receptors and nociceptors. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:20177-20188. [PMID: 32697233 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bio-inspired nano-electronic devices are key instruments for the development of advanced artificial intelligence systems, which will shape the future of humanoid nano-robotics. An emerging demand is realized for an accurate reception of environmental stimuli via visual perception, processing and realization of optical signals. The present study demonstrates the capability of functionalized all-oxide heterostructured two-dimensional (2D) plasmonic devices for the self-adaptive recognition of visual optical pulses. Specifically, the nano-engineering of the metal/semiconductor interface and co-modulation of heterostructured 2D semiconductor hetero-interfaces of Au/WO3 : TiO2 and Au/Ga2O3 : TiO2 facilitated the receptive and nociceptive detection of visible light pulses. A decrease in the dark current of the Au/WO3 : TiO2 unit resulted in the development of sensitive visible light photoreceptors. Furthermore, the modulation of charge transfers at the Au/Ga2O3 : TiO2 hetero-interfaces were the key parameter to determine the optical reception characteristics and nociceptive performance of all-oxide optoelectronic devices. Specifically, the rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of 2D Ga2O3 in N2 atmosphere ensured the modulation of charge transfer at Au/Ga2O3 : TiO2 hetero-interfaces in plasmonic devices. Thus, hetero-interface engineering enabled the effective control of charge transfer at 2D hetero-interfaces for an adaptive perception of visible optical pulses. Consequently, the fabricated sensitive Au/Ga2O3 (N2) : TiO2 bio-inspired unit emulated the optical functionalities of corneal nociceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 Shanxi, PR China
| | - Mohammad Karbalaei Akbari
- Centre for Environmental & Energy Research, Ghent University, Global Campus, 21985, Incheon, South Korea. and Department of Solid State Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Francis Verpoort
- Centre for Environmental & Energy Research, Ghent University, Global Campus, 21985, Incheon, South Korea. and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis & Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 630070, PR China
| | - Serge Zhuiykov
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051 Shanxi, PR China and Centre for Environmental & Energy Research, Ghent University, Global Campus, 21985, Incheon, South Korea. and Department of Solid State Sciences, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Chen Q, Zhang Y, Zheng T, Liu Z, Wu L, Wang Z, Li J. Polarization detection in deep-ultraviolet light with monoclinic gallium oxide nanobelts. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:2705-2712. [PMID: 36132414 PMCID: PMC9419289 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00364f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Detection of polarization in deep-ultraviolet (DUV) wavelength is of great importance, especially in secure UV communication. In this paper, we report DUV polarization detectors based on ultra-wide bandgap β-Ga2O3 nanobelts, which belong to a monoclinic system with a strong anisotropic lattice structure. Single-crystalline β-Ga2O3 nanobelts are synthesized at high-temperature via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Crystallographic investigation is performed to determine the crystal orientation of the nanobelts, by the combination of selected area electron diffraction (SAED), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), crystal modeling and diffraction simulation. The photoresponse to unpolarized DUV light shows a high responsivity of 335 A W-1 and high sensitivity even to a low illumination power of pW. Strong anisotropy in responsivity and response speed, depending on incident light polarization, is observed. The underlying mechanism is attributed to the combination of internal dichroism and 1D morphology, as indicated by the DFT calculation and FDTD simulation. This work shows a way of DUV polarization detection using CVD grown Ga2O3 nanobelts, which could broaden the investigation of the Ga2O3 material and DUV photodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Chen
- Institute of Semiconductors, South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Institute of Semiconductors, South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Tao Zheng
- Institute of Semiconductors, South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Zhun Liu
- Institute of Semiconductors, South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Liangwei Wu
- Institute of Semiconductors, South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Zhaoxiong Wang
- Institute of Semiconductors, South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Jingbo Li
- Institute of Semiconductors, South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China
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29
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Han J, Tang J, Idrus-Saidi SA, Christoe MJ, O'Mullane AP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Exploring Electrochemical Extrusion of Wires from Liquid Metals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:31010-31020. [PMID: 32545950 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal melt extrusion in gaseous or vacuum environments is a classical approach for forming wires. However, such extrusions have not been investigated in ionic solutions. Here, we use liquid metal (LM) gallium (Ga) and its eutectic alloy with indium (EGaIn) to explore the possibility of electrochemical extrusion of wires and study the tuning of the self-liming oxide layers as the coating for these wires formed during the process. By controlling the surface tension of the LM immersed in an electrolyte, and through the electrocapillary effect, we enable the extrusion of LM wires. The surface morphologies of LM wires and the thickness of the oxide layers are investigated when Ga and EGaIn are processed in neutral and basic electrolytes using various voltages. Taking advantage of the LM oxides, we show that LM wires offer tunable surface oxide thickness and composition using the electrochemical system and investigate the related working mechanisms. The wires are formed into patterns using an automated stage and show a self-healing capability. This work presents an unconventional method for electrochemical fabrication of LM wires, offering prospects for further research and industrial scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialuo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shuhada A Idrus-Saidi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Michael J Christoe
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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30
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Karbalaei Akbari M, Hu J, Verpoort F, Lu H, Zhuiykov S. Nanoscale All-Oxide-Heterostructured Bio-inspired Optoresponsive Nociceptor. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2020; 12:83. [PMID: 34138106 PMCID: PMC7770938 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-020-00419-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Retina nociceptor, as a key sensory receptor, not only enables the transport of warning signals to the human central nervous system upon its exposure to noxious stimuli, but also triggers the motor response that minimizes potential sensitization. In this study, the capability of two-dimensional all-oxide-heterostructured artificial nociceptor as a single device with tunable properties was confirmed. Newly designed nociceptors utilize ultra-thin sub-stoichiometric TiO2-Ga2O3 heterostructures, where the thermally annealed Ga2O3 films play the role of charge transfer controlling component. It is discovered that the phase transformation in Ga2O3 is accompanied by substantial jump in conductivity, induced by thermally assisted internal redox reaction of Ga2O3 nanostructure during annealing. It is also experimentally confirmed that the charge transfer in all-oxide heterostructures can be tuned and controlled by the heterointerfaces manipulation. Results demonstrate that the engineering of heterointerfaces of two-dimensional (2D) films enables the fabrication of either high-sensitive TiO2-Ga2O3 (Ar) or high-threshold TiO2-Ga2O3 (N2) nociceptors. The hypersensitive nociceptor mimics the functionalities of corneal nociceptors of human eye, whereas the delayed reaction of nociceptor is similar to high-threshold nociceptive characteristics of human sensory system. The long-term stability of 2D nociceptors demonstrates the capability of heterointerfaces engineering for effective control of charge transfer at 2D heterostructured devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Karbalaei Akbari
- Centre for Environmental and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jie Hu
- College of Information Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Francis Verpoort
- Laboratory of Organometallics, Catalysis and Ordered Materials, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Lu
- School of Microelectronic, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Serge Zhuiykov
- Centre for Environmental and Energy Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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31
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Fast and quantitative 2D and 3D orientation mapping using Raman microscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5555. [PMID: 31804493 PMCID: PMC6895231 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-destructive orientation mapping is an important characterization tool in materials science and geoscience for understanding and/or improving material properties based on their grain structure. Confocal Raman microscopy is a powerful non-destructive technique for chemical mapping of organic and inorganic materials. Here we demonstrate orientation mapping by means of Polarized Raman Microscopy (PRM). While the concept that PRM is sensitive to orientation changes is known, to our knowledge, an actual quantitative orientation mapping has never been presented before. Using a concept of ambiguity-free orientation determination analysis, we present fast and quantitative single-acquisition Raman-based orientation mapping by simultaneous registration of multiple Raman scattering spectra obtained at different polarizations. We demonstrate applications of this approach for two- and three-dimensional orientation mapping of a multigrain semiconductor, a pharmaceutical tablet formulation and a polycrystalline sapphire sample. This technique can potentially move traditional X-ray and electron diffraction type experiments into conventional optical laboratories. Although polarized Raman microscopy is sensitive to orientation changes, quantitative information has been missing. Here, the authors use simultaneous registration of multiple Raman scattering spectra obtained at different polarizations and show quantitative orientation mapping
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32
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Gaffuri P, Appert E, Chaix-Pluchery O, Rapenne L, Salaün M, Consonni V. The Path of Gallium from Chemical Bath into ZnO Nanowires: Mechanisms of Formation and Incorporation. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10269-10279. [PMID: 31310521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ZnO nanowires grown by chemical bath deposition (CBD) are of high interest, but their doping with extrinsic elements including gallium in aqueous solution is still challenging despite its primary importance for transparent electrodes and electronics, and for mid-infrared plasmonics. We elucidate the formation mechanisms of ZnO nanowires by CBD using zinc nitrate and hexamethylenetetramine as standard chemical precursors, as well as gallium nitrate and ammonia as chemical additives. A complete growth diagram, revealing the effects of both the relative concentration of gallium nitrate and pH, is gained by combining a thorough experimental approach with thermodynamic computations yielding theoretical solubility plots as well as Zn(II) and Ga(III) speciation diagrams. The role of Ga(OH)4- complexes is specifically shown as capping agents on the m-plane sidewalls of ZnO nanowires, enhancing their development and hence decreasing their aspect ratio. Additionally, the gallium incorporation into ZnO nanowires is investigated in detail by chemical analyses and Raman scattering. They show the predominant formation of gallium substituting for zinc atoms (GaZn) in as-grown ZnO nanowires and their partial conversion into GaZn-VZn complexes after postdeposition annealing under oxygen atmosphere. The conversion is further related to a significant relaxation of the strain level in ZnO nanowires. These findings reporting the physicochemical processes at work during the formation of ZnO nanowires and the related gallium incorporation mechanisms offer a general strategy for their extrinsic doping and open the way for carefully controlling their physical properties as required for nanoscale device engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gaffuri
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP , 38000 Grenoble , France.,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Estelle Appert
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | | | - Laetitia Rapenne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Mathieu Salaün
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Institut Néel , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Vincent Consonni
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP , 38000 Grenoble , France
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33
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Li Y, Zhang D, Lin R, Zhang Z, Zheng W, Huang F. Graphene Interdigital Electrodes for Improving Sensitivity in a Ga 2O 3:Zn Deep-Ultraviolet Photoconductive Detector. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1013-1020. [PMID: 30520294 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Graphene (Gr) has been widely used as a transparent electrode material for photodetectors because of its high conductivity and high transmittance in recent years. However, the current low-efficiency manipulation of Gr has hindered the arraying and practical use of such detectors. We invented a multistep method of accurately tailoring graphene into interdigital electrodes for fabricating a sensitive, stable deep-ultraviolet photodetector based on Zn-doped Ga2O3 films. The fabricated photodetector exhibits a series of excellent performance, including extremely low dark current (∼10-11 A), an ultrahigh photo-to-dark ratio (>105), satisfactory responsivity (1.05 A/W), and excellent selectivity for the deep-ultraviolet band, compared to those with ordinary metal electrodes. The raise of photocurrent and responsivity is attributed to the increase of incident photons through Gr and separated carriers caused by the built-in electric field formed at the interface of Gr and Ga2O3:Zn films. The proposed ideas and methods of tailoring Gr can not only improve the performance of devices but more importantly contribute to the practical development of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Richeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Zhaojun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
| | - Feng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , P. R. China
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34
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Pimenta ACS, Limborço H, González JC, Cifuentes N, Ramos SLLM, Matinaga FM. Photodegradation of Si-doped GaAs nanowire. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39488-39494. [PMID: 35540654 PMCID: PMC9076065 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06365j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Researching optical effects in nanowires may require a high pump intensity which under ambient conditions can degrade nanowires due to thermal oxidation. In this work we investigated the photodegradation of a single Si-doped GaAs nanowire by laser heating in air. To understand the changes that occurred on the nanowire we carried out Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy in laser damaged regions as well as in non-affected ones. From Raman Stokes and anti-Stokes measurements we estimated the local temperature that the oxidation process of the nanowire (NW) surface starts at as 661 K, resulting in two new Raman modes at 200 cm−1 and 259 cm−1. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements showed a significant loss of arsenic in the oxidized regions, but no erosion of the nanowire. Micro-photoluminescence measurements showed the near-band-edge emission of GaAs along the nanowire, as well as a new emission band at 755 nm corresponding to polycrystalline β-Ga2O3 formation. Our results also indicate that neither amorphous As nor crystalline As were deposited on the surface of the nanowire. Combining different experimental techniques, this study showed the formation of polycrystalline β-Ga2O3 by oxidation of the nanowire surface and the limits for performing spectroscopic investigations on individual GaAs NWs under ambient air conditions. In order to comprehend the photodegradation of GaAs NWs, we investigated their thermal oxidation process in air induced by laser heating in a broad local temperature range.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H. Limborço
- Microscopy Centre of UFMG
- UFMG
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - J. C. González
- Nanodevices and Sensors Laboratory
- UFMG
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - N. Cifuentes
- Nanodevices and Sensors Laboratory
- UFMG
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
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35
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Bae J, Kim HW, Kang IH, Kim J. Field-plate engineering for high breakdown voltage β-Ga2O3 nanolayer field-effect transistors. RSC Adv 2019; 9:9678-9683. [PMID: 35520692 PMCID: PMC9062201 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01163c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The narrow voltage swing of a nanoelectronic device limits its implementations in electronic circuits. Nanolayer β-Ga2O3 has a superior breakdown field of approximately 8 MV cm−1, making it an ideal candidate for a next-generation power device nanomaterial. In this study, a field modulating plate was introduced into a β-Ga2O3 nano-field-effect transistor (nanoFET) to engineer the distribution of electric fields, wherein the off-state three-terminal breakdown voltage was reported to be 314 V. β-Ga2O3 flakes were separated from a single-crystal bulk substrate using a mechanical exfoliation method. The layout of the field modulating plate was optimized through a device simulation to effectively distribute the peak electric fields. The field-plated β-Ga2O3 nanoFETs exhibited n-type behaviors with a high output current saturation, exhibiting excellent switching characteristics with a threshold voltage of −3.8 V, a subthreshold swing of 101.3 mV dec−1, and an on/off ratio greater than 107. The β-Ga2O3 nanoFETs with a high breakdown voltage of over 300 V could pave a way for downsizing power electronic devices, enabling the economization of power systems. Field-plated β-Ga2O3 nanoFETs with a breakdown voltage of over 300 V pave a way for downsizing power electronic devices.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinho Bae
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul 02841
- South Korea
| | - Hyoung Woo Kim
- Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI)
- Changwon-si
- South Korea
| | - In Ho Kang
- Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI)
- Changwon-si
- South Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Korea University
- Seoul 02841
- South Korea
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36
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Chatterjee B, Jayawardena A, Heller E, Snyder DW, Dhar S, Choi S. Thermal characterization of gallium oxide Schottky barrier diodes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:114903. [PMID: 30501276 DOI: 10.1063/1.5053621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The higher critical electric field of β-gallium oxide (Ga2O3) gives promise to the development of next generation power electronic devices with improved size, weight, power, and efficiency over current state-of-the-art wide bandgap devices based on 4H-silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN). However, it is expected that Ga2O3 devices will encounter serious thermal issues due to the poor thermal conductivity of the material. In this work, self-heating in Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes under different regimes of the diode operation was investigated using diverse optical thermography techniques including thermoreflectance thermal imaging, micro-Raman thermography, and infrared thermal microscopy. 3D coupled electro-thermal modeling was used to validate experimental results and to understand the mechanism of heat generation for the diode structures. Measured top-side and cross-sectional temperature fields suggest that device and circuit engineers should account for the concentrated heat generation that occurs near the anode/Ga2O3 interface and/or the lightly doped drift layer under both forward and high voltage reverse bias conditions. Results of this study suggest that electro-thermal co-design techniques and top-side thermal management solutions are necessary to exploit the full potential of the Ga2O3 material system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikramjit Chatterjee
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | | | - Eric Heller
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - David W Snyder
- Electronic Materials and Devices Department, Applied Research Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Sarit Dhar
- Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
| | - Sukwon Choi
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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37
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Petretto G, Dwaraknath S, P C Miranda H, Winston D, Giantomassi M, van Setten MJ, Gonze X, Persson KA, Hautier G, Rignanese GM. High-throughput density-functional perturbation theory phonons for inorganic materials. Sci Data 2018; 5:180065. [PMID: 29714723 PMCID: PMC5928854 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of the vibrational properties of a material is of key importance to understand physical phenomena such as thermal conductivity, superconductivity, and ferroelectricity among others. However, detailed experimental phonon spectra are available only for a limited number of materials, which hinders the large-scale analysis of vibrational properties and their derived quantities. In this work, we perform ab initio calculations of the full phonon dispersion and vibrational density of states for 1521 semiconductor compounds in the harmonic approximation based on density functional perturbation theory. The data is collected along with derived dielectric and thermodynamic properties. We present the procedure used to obtain the results, the details of the provided database and a validation based on the comparison with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Petretto
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-neuve, Belgium
| | - Shyam Dwaraknath
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Henrique P C Miranda
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-neuve, Belgium
| | - Donald Winston
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Matteo Giantomassi
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-neuve, Belgium
| | - Michiel J van Setten
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-neuve, Belgium
| | - Xavier Gonze
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-neuve, Belgium
| | - Kristin A Persson
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Geoffroy Hautier
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-neuve, Belgium
| | - Gian-Marco Rignanese
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-neuve, Belgium
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38
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Zheng XQ, Lee J, Rafique S, Han L, Zorman CA, Zhao H, Feng PXL. Ultrawide Band Gap β-Ga 2O 3 Nanomechanical Resonators with Spatially Visualized Multimode Motion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:43090-43097. [PMID: 29115818 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Beta gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) is an emerging ultrawide band gap (4.5 eV-4.9 eV) semiconductor with attractive properties for future power electronics, optoelectronics, and sensors for detecting gases and ultraviolet radiation. β-Ga2O3 thin films made by various methods are being actively studied toward such devices. Here, we report on the experimental demonstration of single-crystal β-Ga2O3 nanomechanical resonators using β-Ga2O3 nanoflakes grown via low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). By investigating β-Ga2O3 circular drumhead structures, we demonstrate multimode nanoresonators up to the sixth mode in high and very high frequency (HF/VHF) bands, and also realize spatial mapping and visualization of the multimode motion. These measurements reveal a Young's modulus of EY = 261 GPa and anisotropic biaxial built-in tension of 37.5 MPa and 107.5 MPa. We find that thermal annealing can considerably improve the resonance characteristics, including ∼40% upshift in frequency and ∼90% enhancement in quality (Q) factor. This study lays a foundation for future exploration and development of mechanically coupled and tunable β-Ga2O3 electronic, optoelectronic, and physical sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Qian Zheng
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jaesung Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Subrina Rafique
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Christian A Zorman
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Hongping Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Philip X-L Feng
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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39
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Kumar M, Kumar V, Singh R. Diameter Tuning of β-Ga 2O 3 Nanowires Using Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:184. [PMID: 28282976 PMCID: PMC5344885 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-1915-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Diameter tuning of [Formula: see text]-Ga2O3 nanowires using chemical vapor deposition technique have been investigated under various experimental conditions. Diameter of root grown [Formula: see text]-Ga2O3 nanowires having monoclinic crystal structure is tuned by varying separation distance between metal source and substrate. Effect of gas flow rate and mixer ratio on the morphology and diameter of nanowires has been studied. Nanowire diameter depends on growth temperature, and it is independent of catalyst nanoparticle size at higher growth temperature (850-900 °C) as compared to lower growth temperature (800 °C). These nanowires show changes in structural strain value with change in diameter. Band-gap of nanowires increases with decrease in the diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016 India
- Nanoscale Research Facilities, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016 India
| | - Vikram Kumar
- Nanoscale Research Facilities, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016 India
- Centre for Applied Research in Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016 India
| | - R. Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016 India
- Nanoscale Research Facilities, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016 India
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40
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Zavabeti A, Ou JZ, Carey BJ, Syed N, Orrell-Trigg R, Mayes ELH, Xu C, Kavehei O, O’Mullane AP, Kaner RB, Kalantar-zadeh K, Daeneke T. A liquid metal reaction environment for the room-temperature synthesis of atomically thin metal oxides. Science 2017; 358:332-335. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aao4249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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