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Zohouri D, Taverna M, Morani M, Obeid S, Mougin J, Krupova Z, Defrenaix P, Mai TD. Investigation of on-line electrokinetic enrichment strategies for capillary electrophoresis of extracellular vesicles. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465116. [PMID: 38936163 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
This work explores strategies for electrokinetic preconcentration of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are potential source of biomarkers for different diseases. The first approach that led to successful preconcentration of EVs is based on large volume sample stacking (LVSS), allowing an enrichment factor of 7 for CE of EVs with long-end injection (using a capillary with an effective length of 50 cm). Attempts were also made to perform multiple cycles of LVSS, field amplified sample stacking (FASS) and field amplified sample injection (FASI), to improve EVs preconcentration performance. The focus was then put on development of capillary isotachophoresis under high ionic strengths (IS) for electrokinetic enrichment of slow migrating EVs having heterogeneous mobilities. This approach relies on the use of extremely high concentrations of the terminating electrolyte (TE) to slow down the mobility of TE co-ions, rendering them slower than those of EVs. The limit of detection for intact EVs using the developed ITP-UV method reached 8.3 × 108 EVs/mL, allowing an enrichment of 25 folds and a linear calibration up to 4 × 1010 EVs/mL. The ITP-UV and ITP-LIF approaches were applied to provide the electrokinetic signature of EVs of bovine milk and human plasma as well as to visualize more specifically intravesicular fluorescently labelled EVs. The investigation of these strategies shredded light into the challenges still encountered with electrokinetic preconcentration and separation of heterogeneous EVs sub-populations which are discussed herein based on our results and other attempts reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaram Zohouri
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Myriam Taverna
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Marco Morani
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Sameh Obeid
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Julie Mougin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Zuzana Krupova
- Excilone - 6, Rue Blaise Pascal - Parc Euclide 78990, Elancourt, France
| | - Pierre Defrenaix
- Excilone - 6, Rue Blaise Pascal - Parc Euclide 78990, Elancourt, France
| | - Thanh Duc Mai
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay 91400, Orsay, France.
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Iriawati I, Vitasasti S, Rahmadian FNA, Barlian A. Isolation and characterization of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles from Carica papaya L. fruit and their potential as anti-inflammatory agent. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304335. [PMID: 38959219 PMCID: PMC11221653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an immune system response that identifies and eliminates foreign material. However, excessive and persistent inflammation could disrupt the healing process. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PDENs) are a promising candidate for therapeutic application because they are safe, biodegradable and biocompatible. In this study, papaya PDENs were isolated by a PEG6000-based method and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay method, GC-MS analysis, total phenolic content (TPC) analysis, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. For the in vitro test, we conducted internalization analysis, toxicity assessment, determination of nitrite concentration, and assessed the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes using qRT-PCR in RAW 264.7 cells. For the in vivo test, inflammation was induced by caudal fin amputation followed by analysis of macrophage and neutrophil migration in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. The result showed that papaya PDENs can be well isolated using the optimized differential centrifugation method with the addition of 30 ppm pectolyase, 15% PEG, and 0.2 M NaCl, which exhibited cup-shaped and spherical morphological structure with an average diameter of 168.8±9.62 nm. The papaya PDENs storage is stable in aquabidest and 25 mM trehalose solution at -20˚C until the fourth week. TPC estimation of all papaya PDENs ages did not show a significant change, while the DPPH test exhibited a significant change in the second week. The major compounds contained in Papaya PDENs is 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP). Papaya PDENs can be internalized and is non-cytotoxic to RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells treated with papaya PDENs showed a decrease in NO production and downregulation mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1B and IL-6) and an upregulation in mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine gene (IL-10). In addition, in vivo tests conducted on zebrafish treated with PDENs papaya showed inhibition of macrophage and neutrophil cell migration. These findings suggest that PDENs papaya possesses anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iriawati Iriawati
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Safira Vitasasti
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | | | - Anggraini Barlian
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
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3
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Kaur M, Fusco S, Van den Broek B, Aseervatham J, Rostami A, Iacovitti L, Grassi C, Lukomska B, Srivastava AK. Most recent advances and applications of extracellular vesicles in tackling neurological challenges. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1923-1966. [PMID: 38500405 DOI: 10.1002/med.22035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, there has been a notable increase in the global burden of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Despite advances in technology and therapeutic options, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders persist as significant challenges in treatment and cure. Recently, there has been a remarkable surge of interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) as pivotal mediators of intercellular communication. As carriers of molecular cargo, EVs demonstrate the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier, enabling bidirectional communication. As a result, they have garnered attention as potential biomarkers and therapeutic agents, whether in their natural form or after being engineered for use in the CNS. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to EVs, encompassing various aspects such as their diverse isolation methods, characterization, handling, storage, and different routes for EV administration. Additionally, it underscores the recent advances in their potential applications in neurodegenerative disorder therapeutics. By exploring their unique capabilities, this study sheds light on the promising future of EVs in clinical research. It considers the inherent challenges and limitations of these emerging applications while incorporating the most recent updates in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Salvatore Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Bram Van den Broek
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lorraine Iacovitti
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Jefferson Stem Cell and Regenerative Neuroscience Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Lukomska
- NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- Department of Medicine, Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Xia Y, Zhang J, Liu G, Wolfram J. Immunogenicity of Extracellular Vesicles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403199. [PMID: 38932653 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising next-generation therapeutics and drug delivery systems due to demonstrated safety and efficacy in preclinical models and early-stage clinical trials. There is an urgent need to address the immunogenicity of EVs (beyond the apparent lack of immunotoxicity) to advance clinical development. To date, few studies have assessed unintended immunological recognition of EVs. An in-depth understanding of EV-induced immunogenicity and clearance is necessary to develop effective therapeutic strategies, including approaches to mitigate immunological recognition when undesired. This article summarizes various factors involved in the potential immunogenicity of EVs and strategies to reduce immunological recognition for improved therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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5
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Pogoda W, Koczur J, Stachowicz A, Madej J, Olszanecki R, Suski M. Multi-layered metabolic effects of trehalose on the liver proteome in apoE-knockout mice model of liver steatosis. Pharmacol Rep 2024:10.1007/s43440-024-00615-3. [PMID: 38913153 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease has been well documented as a key independent risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. A growing body of evidence suggests that due to its numerous favorable molecular effects, trehalose may exert beneficial effects in counteracting liver steatosis. In our previous study, we described the antiatherosclerotic and antisteatotic properties of trehalose, which we attributed to the induction of autophagy. Considering the pleiotropic activities of trehalose, our present study aimed to extend our preliminary results with the comprehensive examination of proteome-wide changes in the livers of high-fat-fed apoE-/- mice. METHODS Thus, we applied modern, next-generation proteomic methodology to comprehensively analyze the effects of trehalose on the alterations of liver proteins in apoE-/- mice. RESULTS Our proteomic analysis showed that the administration of trehalose elicited profound changes in the liver proteome of apoE-/- mice. The collected data allowed the identification and quantitation of 3 681 protein groups of which 129 were significantly regulated in the livers of trehalose-treated apoE-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS The presented results are the first to highlight the effects of disaccharide on the induction of proteins mainly related to the metabolism and elimination of lipids, especially by peroxisomal β-oxidation. Our study provides evidence for the pleiotropic activity of trehalose, extending our initial observations of its potential mechanisms responsible for mitigating of liver steatosis, which paves the way for new pharmacological strategies in fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Pogoda
- Proteomics Laboratory, Centre for the Development of Therapies for Civilization and Age-Related Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Koczur
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Stachowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Józef Madej
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Rafał Olszanecki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Suski
- Proteomics Laboratory, Centre for the Development of Therapies for Civilization and Age-Related Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
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6
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Rai A, Claridge B, Lozano J, Greening DW. The Discovery of Extracellular Vesicles and Their Emergence as a Next-Generation Therapy. Circ Res 2024; 135:198-221. [PMID: 38900854 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
From their humble discovery as cellular debris to cementing their natural capacity to transfer functional molecules between cells, the long-winded journey of extracellular vesicles (EVs) now stands at the precipice as a next-generation cell-free therapeutic tool to revolutionize modern-day medicine. This perspective provides a snapshot of the discovery of EVs to their emergence as a vibrant field of biology and the renaissance they usher in the field of biomedical sciences as therapeutic agents for cardiovascular pathologies. Rapid development of bioengineered EVs is providing innovative opportunities to overcome biological challenges of natural EVs such as potency, cargo loading and enhanced secretion, targeting and circulation half-life, localized and sustained delivery strategies, approaches to enhance systemic circulation, uptake and lysosomal escape, and logistical hurdles encompassing scalability, cost, and time. A multidisciplinary collaboration beyond the field of biology now extends to chemistry, physics, biomaterials, and nanotechnology, allowing rapid development of designer therapeutic EVs that are now entering late-stage human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Rai
- Molecular Proteomics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R., B.C., J.L., D.W.G.)
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R., J.L., D.W.G.)
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R., D.W.G.)
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R., D.W.G.)
| | - Bethany Claridge
- Molecular Proteomics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R., B.C., J.L., D.W.G.)
| | - Jonathan Lozano
- Molecular Proteomics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R., B.C., J.L., D.W.G.)
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R., J.L., D.W.G.)
| | - David W Greening
- Molecular Proteomics, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R., B.C., J.L., D.W.G.)
- Baker Department of Cardiovascular Research Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R., J.L., D.W.G.)
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R., D.W.G.)
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.R., D.W.G.)
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7
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Wang Y, Shi X. The potential mechanisms and treatment effects of stem cell-derived exosomes in cardiac reengineering. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:362005. [PMID: 38834043 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad53d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of diverse compositions that are secreted by numerous cell types. Exosomes contain significant bioactive components, including lipids, proteins, mRNA, and miRNA. Exosomes play an important role in regulating cellular signaling and trafficking under both normal physiological and pathological circumstances. A multitude of factors, including thermal stress, ribosomal stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress influence the concentrations of exosomal mRNA, miRNA, proteins, and lipids. It has been stated that exosomes derived from stem cells (SCs) modulate a range of stresses by preventing or fostering cell balance. Exosomes derived from SCs facilitate recovery by facilitating cross-cellular communication via the transmission of information in the form of proteins, lipids, and other components. For this reason, exosomes are used as biomarkers to diagnose a wide variety of diseases. The focus of this review is the bioengineering of artificial exosomal cargoes. This process encompasses the control and transportation of particular exosomal cargoes, including but not limited to small molecules, recombinant proteins, immune modulators, and therapeutic medications. Therapeutic approaches of this nature have the potential to deliver therapeutic medications precisely to the intended site for the cure of a variety of disorders. Notably, our attention has been directed towards the therapeutic implementations of exosomes derived from SCs in the cure of cardiovascular ailments, including but not limited to ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, sepsis, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac fibrosis. In general, researchers employ two methodologies when it comes to exosomal bioengineering. This review aims to explain the function of exosomes derived from SCs in the regulation of stress and present a novel therapeutic approach for cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Hangzhou Ninth People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311225, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulian Shi
- Emergency Department, Chun'an First People's Hospital, Hangzhou 311700, People's Republic of China
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8
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Aghayan AH, Mirazimi Y, Fateh K, Keshtkar A, Rafiee M, Atashi A. Therapeutic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in sepsis: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024:10.1007/s12015-024-10741-3. [PMID: 38814410 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a life-threatening disorder with no definitive cure. Preclinical studies suggest that extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (EV-MSCs) can mitigate inflammatory conditions, potentially leading to increased survival and reduced organ dysfunction during sepsis. Our aim to conduct this systematic review and meta-analysis is assessing the EV-MSCs therapeutic efficacy in sepsis. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Scopus, WOS and ProQuest databases and also Google Scholar search engine were searched for published articles. We used hazard ratio (HR) and standardized mean difference (SMD) as effect sizes to evaluate the therapeutic effect of EV-MSCs on survival rate and determine their effect on reducing organ dysfunction, respectively. Finally, we employed GRADE tool for preclinical animal studies to evaluate certainty of the evidence. RESULTS 30 studies met the inclusion criteria for our article. Our meta-analysis results demonstrate that animals treated with MSC-EVs have better survival rate than untreated animals (HR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.27-0.41). Our meta-analysis suggests that EV-MSCs can reduce organ dysfunctions in sepsis, such as the lung, kidney, and liver. Additionally, EV-MSCs decrease pro-inflammatory mediators like TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that EV-MSCs can be as promising therapy for sepsis management in animal models and leading to increased survival rate and reduced organ dysfunction. Furthermore, our study introduces a novel tool for risk of bias assessment and provides recommendations based on various analysis. Future studies with aiming to guide clinical translation can utilize the results of this article to establish stronger evidence for EV-MSC effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Aghayan
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Yasin Mirazimi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Kosar Fateh
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Keshtkar
- Department of Health Sciences Education Development, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Amir Atashi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
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Abdul-Rahman T, Roy P, Herrera-Calderón RE, Khidri FF, Omotesho QA, Rumide TS, Fatima M, Roy S, Wireko AA, Atallah O, Roy S, Amekpor F, Ghosh S, Agyigra IA, Horbas V, Teslyk T, Bumeister V, Papadakis M, Alexiou A. Extracellular vesicle-mediated drug delivery in breast cancer theranostics. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:181. [PMID: 38780753 PMCID: PMC11116322 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) continues to be a significant global challenge due to drug resistance and severe side effects. The increasing prevalence is alarming, requiring new therapeutic approaches to address these challenges. At this point, Extracellular vesicles (EVs), specifically small endosome-released nanometer-sized EVs (SEVs) or exosomes, have been explored by literature as potential theranostics. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the therapeutic potential of exosomes in BC, focusing on their advantages in drug delivery and their ability to mitigate metastasis. Following the review, we identified exosomes' potential in combination therapies, serving as miRNA carriers and contributing to improved anti-tumor effects. This is evident in clinical trials investigating exosomes in BC, which have shown their ability to boost chemotherapy efficacy by delivering drugs like paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin (DOX). However, the translation of EVs into BC therapy is hindered by various challenges. These challenges include the heterogeneity of EVs, the selection of the appropriate parent cell, the loading procedures, and determining the optimal administration routes. Despite the promising therapeutic potential of EVs, these obstacles must be addressed to realize their benefits in BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poulami Roy
- Department of Medicine, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Siliguri, India
| | - Ranferi Eduardo Herrera-Calderón
- Center for Research in Health Sciences (CICSA), Faculty of Medicine, Anahuac University North Campus, 52786, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Sakshi Roy
- School of Medicine, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Oday Atallah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Subham Roy
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Felix Amekpor
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Shankhaneel Ghosh
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, University of Witten-Herdecke, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India.
- Department of Research and Development, Funogen, 11741, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Research and Development, AFNP Med, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia.
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10
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Weber B, Ritter A, Han J, Schaible I, Sturm R, Relja B, Huber-Lang M, Hildebrand F, Pallas C, Widera M, Henrich D, Marzi I, Leppik L. Development of a Sampling and Storage Protocol of Extracellular Vesicles (EVs)-Establishment of the First EV Biobank for Polytraumatized Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5645. [PMID: 38891833 PMCID: PMC11172154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, several studies have emphasized the existence of injury-specific EV "barcodes" that could have significant importance for the precise diagnosis of different organ injuries in polytrauma patients. To expand the research potential of the NTF (network trauma research) biobank of polytraumatized patients, the NTF research group decided to further establish a biobank for EVs. However, until now, the protocols for the isolation, characterization, and storage of EVs for biobank purposes have not been conceptualized. Plasma and serum samples from healthy volunteers (n = 10) were used. Three EV isolation methods of high relevance for the work with patients' samples (ultracentrifugation, size exclusion chromatography, and immune magnetic bead-based isolation) were compared. EVs were quantified using nanoparticle tracking analysis, EV proteins, and miRNAs. The effects of different isolation solutions; the long storage of samples (up to 3 years); and the sensibility of EVs to serial freezing-thawing cycles and different storage conditions (RT, 4/-20/-80 °C, dry ice) were evaluated. The SEC isolation method was considered the most suitable for EV biobanking. We did not find any difference in the quantity of EVs between serum and plasma-EVs. The importance of particle-free PBS as an isolation solution was confirmed. Plasma that has been frozen for a long time can also be used as a source of EVs. Serial freezing-thawing cycles were found to affect the mean size of EVs but not their amount. The storage of EV samples for 5 days on dry ice significantly reduced the EV protein concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Weber
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.L.)
| | - Aileen Ritter
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.L.)
| | - Jiaoyan Han
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.L.)
| | - Inna Schaible
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.L.)
| | - Ramona Sturm
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.L.)
| | - Borna Relja
- Translational and Experimental Trauma Research, Department of Trauma, Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christiane Pallas
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute for Medical Virology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Henrich
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.L.)
| | - Ingo Marzi
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.L.)
| | - Liudmila Leppik
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (L.L.)
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Sintakova K, Romanyuk N. The role of small extracellular vesicles and microRNA as their cargo in the spinal cord injury pathophysiology and therapy. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1400413. [PMID: 38774785 PMCID: PMC11106386 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1400413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with a complex pathology that affects a significant portion of the population and causes long-term consequences. After primary injury, an inflammatory cascade of secondary injury occurs, followed by neuronal cell death and glial scar formation. Together with the limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system, these are the main reasons for the poor prognosis after SCI. Despite recent advances, there is still no effective treatment. Promising therapeutic approaches include stem cells transplantation, which has demonstrated neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects in SCI. This positive effect is thought to be mediated by small extracellular vesicles (sEVs); membrane-bound nanovesicles involved in intercellular communication through transport of functional proteins and RNA molecules. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about sEVs and microRNA as their cargo as one of the most promising therapeutic approaches for the treatment of SCI. We provide a comprehensive overview of their role in SCI pathophysiology, neuroprotective potential and therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Sintakova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Neuroscience, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Nataliya Romanyuk
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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12
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Klymiuk MC, Balz N, Elashry MI, Wenisch S, Arnhold S. Effect of storage conditions on the quality of equine and canine mesenchymal stem cell derived nanoparticles including extracellular vesicles for research and therapy. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:80. [PMID: 38700790 PMCID: PMC11068712 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-04026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles including extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells are of increasing interest for research and clinical use in regenerative medicine. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including also previously named exosomes, provide a promising cell-free tool for therapeutic applications, which is probably a safer approach to achieve sufficient healing. Storage of EVs may be necessary for clinical applications as well as for further experiments, as the preparation is sometimes laborious and larger quantities tend to be gained. For this purpose, nanoparticles were obtained from mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue (AdMSC) of horses and dogs. The EVs were then stored for 7 days under different conditions (- 20 °C, 4 °C, 37 °C) and with the addition of various additives (5 mM EDTA, 25-250 µM trehalose). Afterwards, the size and number of EVs was determined using the nano tracking analyzing method. With our investigations, we were able to show that storage of EVs for up to 7 days at 4 °C does not require the addition of supplements. For the other storage conditions, in particular freezing and storage at room temperature, the addition of EDTA was found to be suitable for preventing aggregation of the particles. Contrary to previous publications, trehalose seems not to be a suitable cryoprotectant for AdMSC-derived EVs. The data are useful for processing and storage of isolated EVs for further experiments or clinical approaches in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Christian Klymiuk
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 98, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Natalie Balz
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 98, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mohamed I Elashry
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 98, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Wenisch
- Clinic of Small Animals, c/o Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 98, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Arnhold
- Institute of Veterinary-Anatomy, -Histology and -Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 98, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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13
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Tang J, Wang X, Lin X, Wu C. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: a regulator and carrier for targeting bone-related diseases. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:212. [PMID: 38697996 PMCID: PMC11066013 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01973-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The escalating threat of bone-related diseases poses a significant challenge to human health. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs), as inherent cell-secreted natural products, have emerged as promising treatments for bone-related diseases. Leveraging outstanding features such as high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, superior biological barrier penetration, and extended circulating half-life, MSC-EVs serve as potent carriers for microRNAs (miRNAs), long no-code RNAs (lncRNAs), and other biomolecules. These cargo molecules play pivotal roles in orchestrating bone metabolism and vascularity through diverse mechanisms, thereby contributing to the amelioration of bone diseases. Additionally, engineering modifications enhance the bone-targeting ability of MSC-EVs, mitigating systemic side effects and bolstering their clinical translational potential. This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms through which MSC-EVs regulate bone-related disease progression. It delves into the therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs as adept drug carriers, augmented by engineered modification strategies tailored for osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoporosis, and osteosarcoma. In conclusion, the exceptional promise exhibited by MSC-EVs positions them as an excellent solution with considerable translational applications in clinical orthopedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Tang
- Orthopaedics Center, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Tan mu lin Street 19#, Zigong, 643099, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Orthopaedics Center, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Tan mu lin Street 19#, Zigong, 643099, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Orthopaedics Center, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Tan mu lin Street 19#, Zigong, 643099, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Orthopaedics Center, Zigong Fourth People's Hospital, Tan mu lin Street 19#, Zigong, 643099, Sichuan Province, China.
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14
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Sun T, Li M, Liu Q, Yu A, Cheng K, Ma J, Murphy S, McNutt PM, Zhang Y. Insights into optimizing exosome therapies for acute skin wound healing and other tissue repair. Front Med 2024; 18:258-284. [PMID: 38216854 PMCID: PMC11283324 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Exosome therapy holds great promise as a novel approach to improve acute skin wound healing. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of exosome biology and its potential applications in acute skin wound healing and beyond. Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles secreted by various stem cells, have emerged as potent mediators of intercellular communication and tissue repair. One advantage of exosome therapy is its ability to avoid potential risks associated with stem cell therapy, such as immune rejection or stem cells differentiating into unwanted cell types. However, further research is necessary to optimize exosome therapy, not only in the areas of exosome isolation, characterization, and engineering, but also in determining the optimal dose, timing, administration, and frequency of exosome therapy. Thus, optimization of exosome therapy is critical for the development of more effective and safer exosome-based therapies for acute skin wound healing and other diseases induced by cancer, ischemia, or inflammation. This review provides valuable insights into the potential of exosome therapy and highlights the need for further research to optimize exosome therapy for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjing Sun
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Mo Li
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China.
| | - Anyong Yu
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563003, China.
| | - Kun Cheng
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Jianxing Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Sean Murphy
- Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Patrick Michael McNutt
- Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA.
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15
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Hsia T, Chen Y. RNA-encapsulating lipid nanoparticles in cancer immunotherapy: From pre-clinical studies to clinical trials. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 197:114234. [PMID: 38401743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based delivery systems such as RNA-encapsulating lipid nanoparticles (RNA LNPs) have dramatically advanced in function and capacity over the last few decades. RNA LNPs boast of a diverse array of external and core configurations that enhance targeted delivery and prolong circulatory retention, advancing therapeutic outcomes. Particularly within the realm of cancer immunotherapies, RNA LNPs are increasingly gaining prominence. Pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo studies have laid a robust foundation for new and ongoing clinical trials that are actively enrolling patients for RNA LNP cancer immunotherapy. This review explores RNA LNPs, starting from their core composition to their external membrane formulation, set against a backdrop of recent clinical breakthroughs. We further elucidate the LNP delivery avenues, broach the prevailing challenges, and contemplate the future perspectives of RNA LNP-mediated immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffaney Hsia
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yunching Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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16
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Waeterschoot J, Gosselé W, Lemež Š, Casadevall I Solvas X. Artificial cells for in vivo biomedical applications through red blood cell biomimicry. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2504. [PMID: 38509073 PMCID: PMC10954685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research in artificial cell production holds promise for the development of delivery agents with therapeutic effects akin to real cells. To succeed in these applications, these systems need to survive the circulatory conditions. In this review we present strategies that, inspired by the endurance of red blood cells, have enhanced the viability of large, cell-like vehicles for in vivo therapeutic use, particularly focusing on giant unilamellar vesicles. Insights from red blood cells can guide modifications that could transform these platforms into advanced drug delivery vehicles, showcasing biomimicry's potential in shaping the future of therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorik Waeterschoot
- Department of Biosystems - MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Willemien Gosselé
- Department of Biosystems - MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Špela Lemež
- Department of Biosystems - MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Kumar MN, Kalarikkal SP, Jayaram Y, Narayanan J, Sundaram GM. Protocol to produce plant-based hybrid nanovesicles from fresh turmeric and pepper using polyethylene glycol. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102924. [PMID: 38430518 PMCID: PMC10918324 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2024.102924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to proteins, microRNAs, and lipids, plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (ENVs) are also enriched with host plant bioactives. Both curcumin and piperine are water insoluble, lack bioavailability, and are extracted by non-ecofriendly solvents. Herein, we present an eco-friendly protocol for co-isolating both curcumin and piperine in the form of hybrid ENVs. We describe steps for sample pre-processing, combined homogenization of plant materials, filtration, and differential centrifugation. We then detail procedures for polyethylene glycol-based fusion and precipitation of hybrid ENVs. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Kumar et al.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana N Kumar
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI Campus, Mysuru, Karnataka 570020, India.
| | - Sreeram Peringattu Kalarikkal
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI Campus, Mysuru, Karnataka 570020, India
| | - Yashaswini Jayaram
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI Campus, Mysuru, Karnataka 570020, India
| | - Janakiraman Narayanan
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600006, India
| | - Gopinath M Sundaram
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, Karnataka 570020, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CFTRI Campus, Mysuru, Karnataka 570020, India.
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18
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Ni F, Zhu Q, Li H, Liu F, Chen H. Efficient preparation of high-purity and intact mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1797-1808. [PMID: 38355844 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have shown great promise for regeneration and immunomodulation. However, efficient and scalable methods for their preparation are still lacking. In this study, we present the adoption of a label-free technique known as "EXODUS" to isolate and purify MSC-EVs from the conditioned medium. Our findings indicate that EXODUS can rapidly isolate EVs from 10 mL of conditioned medium with a 5-fold higher yield compared to conventional approaches, including ultracentrifugation (UC) and polyethylene glycol precipitation (PEG) methods. Additionally, pre-storing the conditioned medium at 4°C for 1 week resulted in a ~2-fold higher yield of MSC-EVs compared to the freshly prepared medium. However, storing the purified EV particles at 4°C for 1 month led to a 2-fold reduction in particle concentration. Furthermore, we found that MSC-EVs isolated using EXODUS exhibit higher expression levels of EV markers such as Alix, Flotillin1, CD81, and TSG101 in comparison to PEG and UC methods. We also discovered that MSC-EVs isolated using EXODUS are enriched in response to cytokine, collagen-containing extracellular matrix, and calcium ion binding compared to PEG method and enriched in extracellular structure organization, extracellular matrix, and extracellular matrix structure constituents compared to UC. Finally, we demonstrated that MSC-EVs isolated using EXODUS exhibit greater potential in animal organ development, tissue development, and anatomical structure morphogenesis compared to the UC. These findings suggest that EXODUS is a suitable method for the large-scale preparation of high-quality MSC-EVs for various clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ni
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Qingfu Zhu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Hengrui Li
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Fei Liu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Hao Chen
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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19
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Zheng X, Ai H, Qian K, Li G, Zhang S, Zou Y, Lei C, Fu W, Hu S. Small extracellular vesicles purification and scale-up. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1344681. [PMID: 38469310 PMCID: PMC10925713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1344681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) secreted by cells. With advances in the study of sEVs, they have shown great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. However, sEV therapy usually requires a certain dose and purity of sEVs to achieve the therapeutic effect, but the existing sEV purification technology exists in the form of low yield, low purity, time-consuming, complex operation and many other problems, which greatly limits the application of sEVs. Therefore, how to obtain high-purity and high-quality sEVs quickly and efficiently, and make them realize large-scale production is a major problem in current sEV research. This paper discusses how to improve the purity and yield of sEVs from the whole production process of sEVs, including the upstream cell line selection and cell culture process, to the downstream isolation and purification, quality testing and the final storage technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinya Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Gongli Hospital Medical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongru Ai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Gongli Hospital Medical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Kewen Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyi Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yitan Zou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhai Lei
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Fu
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Fahe Life Science and Technology Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- School of Gongli Hospital Medical Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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20
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AboulFotouh K, Almanza G, Yu YS, Joyce R, Davenport GJ, Cano C, Williams Iii RO, Zanetti M, Cui Z. Inhalable dry powders of microRNA-laden extracellular vesicles prepared by thin-film freeze-drying. Int J Pharm 2024; 651:123757. [PMID: 38160992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are endogenous vesicles that comprise a variety of submicron vesicular structures. Among these, exosomes have been widely investigated as delivery systems for small and large molecules. Herein, the thin-film freeze-drying technology was utilized to engineer aerosolizable dry powders of miR-335-laden induced EVs (iEV-335) generated in B cells for potential delivery into the lung to treat primary lung cancer and/or pulmonary metastases. The size distribution, structure, and morphology of iEV-335 were preserved after they were subjected to thin-film freeze-drying with the proper excipients. Importantly, iEV-335, in liquid or reconstituted from thin-film freeze-dried powders, were equally effective in downregulating SOX4 gene expression in LM2 human triple-negative mammary cancer cells. The iEV-335 dry powder compositions showed mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) of around 1.2 µm with > 60 % of the emitted doses had an MMAD of ≤ 3 µm, indicating that the powders can potentially achieve efficient deposition within the alveolar region following oral inhalation, which is desirable for treatment of primary lung cancer and pulmonary metastases. Overall, it is concluded that it is feasible to apply thin-film freeze-drying to prepare aerosolizable dry powders of iEVs for pulmonary delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled AboulFotouh
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Gonzalo Almanza
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; FutuRNA Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu-Sheng Yu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Robert Joyce
- FutuRNA Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gregory J Davenport
- TFF Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1751 River Run, Suite 400, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Chris Cano
- TFF Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1751 River Run, Suite 400, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Robert O Williams Iii
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Maurizio Zanetti
- The Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Medicine and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; FutuRNA Pharmaceuticals, Inc., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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21
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Lo KJ, Wang MH, Ho CT, Pan MH. Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A New Revolutionization of Modern Healthy Diets and Biomedical Applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2853-2878. [PMID: 38300835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) have recently emerged as a promising area of research due to their potential health benefits and biomedical applications. Produced by various plant species, these EVs contain diverse bioactive molecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Increasing in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that PDEVs have inherent pharmacological activities that affect cellular processes, exerting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, which can potentially contribute to disease therapy and improve human health. Additionally, PDEVs have shown potential as efficient and biocompatible drug delivery vehicles in treating various diseases. However, while PDEVs serve as a potential rising star in modern healthy diets and biomedical applications, further research is needed to address their underlying knowledge gaps, especially the lack of standardized protocols for their isolation, identification, and large-scale production. Furthermore, the safety and efficacy of PDEVs in clinical applications must be thoroughly evaluated. In this review, we concisely discuss current knowledge in the PDEV field, including their characteristics, biomedical applications, and isolation methods, to provide an overview of the current state of PDEV research. Finally, we discuss the challenges regarding the current and prospective issues for PDEVs. This review is expected to provide new insights into healthy diets and biomedical applications of vegetables and fruits, inspiring new advances in natural food-based science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jiun Lo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hui Wang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, United States
| | - Min-Hsiung Pan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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22
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Greenberg ZF, Ali S, Schmittgen TD, Han S, Hughes SJ, Graim KS, He M. Peptide-based capture-and-release purification of extracellular vesicles and statistical algorithm enabled quality assessment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.578050. [PMID: 38370748 PMCID: PMC10871196 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.578050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained significant attention for discovering tumor biomarkers. However, isolating EVs with well-defined homogeneous populations from complex biological samples is challenging. Different isolation methods have been found to derive different EV populations carrying different molecular contents, which confounds current investigations and hinders subsequent clinical translation. Therefore, standardizing and building a rigorous assessment of isolated EV quality associated with downstream molecular analysis is essential. To address this need, we introduce a statistical algorithm (ExoQuality Index, EQI) by integrating multiple EV characterizations (size, particle concentration, zeta potential, total protein, and RNA), enabling direct EV quality assessment and comparisons between different isolation methods. We also introduced a novel capture-release isolation approach using a pH-responsive peptide conjugated with NanoPom magnetic beads (ExCy) for simple, fast, and homogeneous EV isolation from various biological fluids. Bioinformatic analysis of next-generation sequencing (NGS) data of EV total RNAs from pancreatic cancer patient plasma samples using our novel EV isolation approach and quality index strategy illuminates how this approach improves the identification of tumor associated molecular markers. Results showed higher human mRNA coverage compared to existing isolation approaches in terms of both pancreatic cancer pathways and EV cellular component pathways using gProfiler pathway analysis. This study provides a valuable resource for researchers, establishing a workflow to prepare and analyze EV samples carefully and contributing to the advancement of reliable and rigorous EV quality assessment and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary F. Greenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Samantha Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Thomas D. Schmittgen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Song Han
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Steven J. Hughes
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Kiley S. Graim
- Department of Computer & Information Science & Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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23
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Kang WY, Shin EK, Kim EH, Kang MH, Bang CY, Bang OY, Cha JM. Lyoprotectant Constituents Suited for Lyophilization and Reconstitution of Stem-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Biomater Res 2024; 28:0005. [PMID: 38327614 PMCID: PMC10845601 DOI: 10.34133/bmr.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem-cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as an alternative approach to stem cell therapy. Successful lyophilization of EVs could enable convenient storage and distribution of EV medicinal products at room temperature for long periods, thus considerably increasing the accessibility of EV therapeutics to patients. In this study, we aimed to identify an appropriate lyoprotectant composition for the lyophilization and reconstitution of stem-cell-derived EVs. MSC-derived EVs were lyophilized using different lyoprotectants, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, mannitol, trehalose, and sucrose, at varying concentrations. Our results revealed that a mixture of trehalose and sucrose at high concentrations could support the formation of amorphous ice by enriching the amorphous phase of the solution, which successfully inhibited the acceleration of buffer component crystallization during lyophilization. Lyophilized and reconstituted EVs were thoroughly evaluated for concentration and size, morphology, and protein and RNA content. The therapeutic effects of the reconstituted EVs were examined using a tube formation assay with human umbilical vein endothelial cells. After rehydration of the lyophilized EVs, most of their generic characteristics were well-maintained, and their therapeutic capacity recovered to levels similar to those of freshly collected EVs. The concentrations and morphologies of the lyophilized EVs were similar to the initial features of the fresh EV group until day 30 at room temperature, although their therapeutic capacity appeared to decrease after 7 days. Our study suggests an appropriate composition of lyoprotectants, particularly for EV lyophilization, which could encourage the applications of stem-cell-derived EV therapeutics in the health industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Young Kang
- Department of Biomedical & Robotics Engineering, College of Engineering,
Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- 3D Stem Cell Bioengineering Laboratory, Research Institute for Engineering and Technology,
Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Eun Hee Kim
- S&E bio Co., Ltd., Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Kang
- Department of BioMedical-Chemical Engineering (BMCE),
The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology,
The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Young Bang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery,
Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Young Bang
- S&E bio Co., Ltd., Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center,
Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Cha
- Department of Biomedical & Robotics Engineering, College of Engineering,
Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- 3D Stem Cell Bioengineering Laboratory, Research Institute for Engineering and Technology,
Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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24
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Paresishvili T, Kakabadze Z. Freeze-Dried Mesenchymal Stem Cells: From Bench to Bedside. Review. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300155. [PMID: 37990389 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the freeze-dried mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their ability to restore damaged tissues and organs. An analysis of the literature shows that after the lyophilization MSCs retain >80% of paracrine factors and that the mechanism of their action on the restoration of damaged tissues and organs is similar to the mechanism of action of paracrine factors in fresh and cryopreserved mesenchymal stem cells. Based on the own materials, the use of paracrine factors of freeze-dried MSCs in vivo and in vitro for the treatment of various diseases of organs and tissues has shown to be effective. The study also discusses about the advantages and disadvantages of freeze-dried MSCs versus cryopreserved MSCs. However, for the effective use of freeze-dried MSCs in clinical practice, a more detailed study of the mechanism of interaction of paracrine factors of freeze-dried MSCs with target cells and tissues is required. It is also necessary to identify possible other specific paracrine factors of freeze-dried MSCs. In addition, develop new therapeutic strategies for the use of freeze-dried MSCs in regenerative medicine and tissue bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teona Paresishvili
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, 0186, Georgia
| | - Zurab Kakabadze
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, 0186, Georgia
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25
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Miron RJ, Zhang Y. Understanding exosomes: Part 1-Characterization, quantification and isolation techniques. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:231-256. [PMID: 37740431 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with a diameter in the range of 30-150 nm. Their use has gained great momentum recently due to their ability to be utilized as diagnostic tools with a vast array of therapeutic applications. Over 5000 publications are currently being published yearly on this topic, and this number is only expected to dramatically increase as novel therapeutic strategies continue to be investigated. This review article first focuses on understanding exosomes, including their cellular origin, biogenesis, function, and characterization. Thereafter, overviews of the quantification methods and isolation techniques are given with discussion over their potential use as novel therapeutics in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
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26
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Basak M, Narisepalli S, Salunkhe SA, Tiwari S, Chitkara D, Mittal A. Macrophage derived Exosomal Docetaxel (Exo-DTX) for pro-metastasis suppression: QbD driven formulation development, validation, in-vitro and pharmacokinetic investigation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 195:114175. [PMID: 38185191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, biogenic nano-vesicles, are renowned for their ability to encapsulate diverse payloads, however the systematic development and validation of exosomal formulation with significant biological implications have been overlooked. Herein, we developed and validated Exo-DTX, a QbD-driven optimized RAW 264.7 cell derived exosomal anti-cancer formulation of docetaxel (DTX) and evaluate its anti-metastatic and apoptotic efficacy in TNBC 4T1 cells. RAW264.7-derived exosomes were having particle size (112.5 ± 21.48 nm) and zeta-potential (-10.268 ± 3.66 mV) with polydispersity (PDI:0.256 ± 0.03). The statistical optimization of exosomes (200 μg) with Exo: DTX ratio 4:1 confirmed encapsulation of 23.60 ± 1.54 ng DTX/ µg exosomes. Exo-DTX (∼189 nm, -11.03 mV) with 100 ng/ml DTX as payload exhibited ∼5 folds' improvement in IC50 of DTX and distinct cytoskeletal deformation in TNBC 4T1 cells. It also has shown enormous Filamentous actin (F-actin) degradation and triggered apoptosis explained Exo-DTX's effective anti-migratory impact with just 2.6 ± 6.33 % wound closure and 4.56 ± 1.38 % invasion. The western blot confirmed that Exo-DTX downregulated migratory protein EGFR and β1-integrin but raised cleaved caspase 3/caspase 3 (CC3/C3) ratio and BAX/BCL-2 ratio by about 2.70 and 4.04 folds respectively. The naive RAW 264.7 exosomes also contributed positively towards the effect of Exo-DTX formulation by suppressing β1-integrin expression and increasing the CC3/C3 ratio in TNBC 4T1 cells as well. Additionally, significant improvement in PK parameters of Exo-DTX was observed in comparison to Taxotere, 6-folds and 3.04-folds improved t1/2 and Vd, proving the translational value of Exo-DTX formulation. Thus, the Exo-DTX so formulated proved beneficial in controlling the aggressiveness of TNBC wherein, naive exosomes also demonstrated beneficial synergistic anti-proliferative effect in 4T1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Basak
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Saibhargav Narisepalli
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Shubham A Salunkhe
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology Division, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Anupama Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS PILANI), Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.
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27
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Yu L, Zeng X, Hu X, Wen Q, Chen P. Advances and challenges in clinical applications of tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 234:113704. [PMID: 38113751 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a class of substances that feature vesicle-like structures. Initially deemed to be "biological waste", recent studies have highlighted the crucial role of EVs in mediating information communication between cells by transporting bioactive components. Specifically, tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) contain components that can be utilized for disease diagnosis and as vaccines to activate the immune system. Moreover, since TEVs have a phospholipid bilayer shell and can transport exogenous substances, they are being increasingly explored as drug delivery vehicles in anti-tumor therapy. TEVs have proven highly compatible with their corresponding tumor cells, allowing for efficient drug delivery and exerting killing effects on tumor cells through various mechanisms such as domino effects, lysosomal pathways, and inhibition of drug efflux from tumor tissues. Despite these promising developments, challenges remain in the clinical applications of EVs derived from tumor cells. This paper outlines the current advances and limitations in this field, highlighting the potential of TEVs as a powerful tool for combating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Department of Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Xiaonan Zeng
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Qinglian Wen
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
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28
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Tan F, Li X, Wang Z, Li J, Shahzad K, Zheng J. Clinical applications of stem cell-derived exosomes. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:17. [PMID: 38212307 PMCID: PMC10784577 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Although stem cell-based therapy has demonstrated considerable potential to manage certain diseases more successfully than conventional surgery, it nevertheless comes with inescapable drawbacks that might limit its clinical translation. Compared to stem cells, stem cell-derived exosomes possess numerous advantages, such as non-immunogenicity, non-infusion toxicity, easy access, effortless preservation, and freedom from tumorigenic potential and ethical issues. Exosomes can inherit similar therapeutic effects from their parental cells such as embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells through vertical delivery of their pluripotency or multipotency. After a thorough search and meticulous dissection of relevant literature from the last five years, we present this comprehensive, up-to-date, specialty-specific and disease-oriented review to highlight the surgical application and potential of stem cell-derived exosomes. Exosomes derived from stem cells (e.g., embryonic, induced pluripotent, hematopoietic, mesenchymal, neural, and endothelial stem cells) are capable of treating numerous diseases encountered in orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, general surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, urology, head and neck surgery, ophthalmology, and obstetrics and gynecology. The diverse therapeutic effects of stem cells-derived exosomes are a hierarchical translation through tissue-specific responses, and cell-specific molecular signaling pathways. In this review, we highlight stem cell-derived exosomes as a viable and potent alternative to stem cell-based therapy in managing various surgical conditions. We recommend that future research combines wisdoms from surgeons, nanomedicine practitioners, and stem cell researchers in this relevant and intriguing research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tan
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, and School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
- The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK.
| | - Xuran Li
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, and School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, and School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, and School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Khawar Shahzad
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, and School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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29
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Yang C, Xue Y, Duan Y, Mao C, Wan M. Extracellular vesicles and their engineering strategies, delivery systems, and biomedical applications. J Control Release 2024; 365:1089-1123. [PMID: 38065416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are nanoscale vesicles that can be secreted by all cell types, are intracellular in origin and have the same composition as their parent cells, play a key role in intercellular communication in organismal health and disease, and are now often used as biomarkers of disease and therapeutic agents in biomedical research. When injected locally or systemically, they have the ability to provide a variety of therapeutic effects, for example, regeneration of skin damage or restoration of cardiac function. However, direct injection of extracellular vesicles may result in their rapid clearance from the injection site.In order to maintain the biological activity of extracellular vesicles and to control the release of effective concentrations for better therapeutic efficacy during long-term disease treatment, the design of an optimized drug delivery system is necessary and different systems for the continuous delivery of extracellular vesicles have been developed. This paper first provides an overview of the biogenesis, composition and physiological function of extracellular vesicles, followed by a review of different strategies for extracellular vesicle isolation and methods for engineering extracellular vesicles. In addition, this paper reviews the latest extracellular vesicle delivery platforms such as micro-nanoparticles, injectable hydrogels, microneedles and scaffold patches. At the same time, the research progress and key cases of extracellular vesicle delivery systems in the field of biomedical therapeutics are described. Finally, the challenges and future trends of extracellular vesicle delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Yang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunxin Xue
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Duan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chun Mao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Mimi Wan
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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30
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Ma C, Ding R, Hao K, Du W, Xu L, Gao Q, Yu C. Storage Stability of Blood Samples for miRNAs in Glycosylated Extracellular Vesicles. Molecules 2023; 29:103. [PMID: 38202686 PMCID: PMC10780163 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) miRNAs are promising biomarkers for clinical diagnosis. However, their stability is a crucial concern affecting reliability and accuracy. Factors such as sample collection, processing, storage conditions, and experimental procedures impact EV miRNA stability. Studying EV miRNA stability aims to find optimal handling and storage methods, ensuring integrity and functionality throughout research. In this study, we used RT-qPCR and GlyExo-Capture technology, which can specifically capture glycosylated EVs by lectin, to assess the stability of glycosylated EV miRNAs. We found that slow acceleration centrifugation and two-step centrifugation methods were suitable for subsequent experiments. To ensure uniformity, we recommend using the two-step centrifugation method. We also studied blood storage before serum separation and recommend separation within 2 h at 4 °C or 25 °C. For separated serum samples, higher temperatures accelerated miRNA degradation, and the storage duration should be adjusted based on laboratory conditions. Short-term storage at -20 °C is acceptable for up to 3 months while avoiding repeated freeze-thaw cycles. We developed protective agents to extend the storage time at 25 °C, meeting clinical requirements. Additionally, Lakebio's cfRNA storage tubes effectively preserved the stability of miRNAs in plasma glycosylated EVs. Understanding EV miRNA stability provides insights into optimizing sample handling, storage strategies, and enhancing reliability in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuidie Ma
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China;
| | - Kun Hao
- Beijing Hotgen Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China; (K.H.); (W.D.); (L.X.)
| | - Wenqian Du
- Beijing Hotgen Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China; (K.H.); (W.D.); (L.X.)
| | - Lida Xu
- Beijing Hotgen Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China; (K.H.); (W.D.); (L.X.)
| | - Qi Gao
- Beijing Hotgen Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China; (K.H.); (W.D.); (L.X.)
| | - Changyuan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
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31
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Pan X, Huang P, Ali SS, Renslo B, Hutchinson TE, Erwin N, Greenberg Z, Ding Z, Li Y, Warnecke A, Fernandez NE, Staecker H, He M. CRISPR-Cas9 Engineered Extracellular Vesicles for the Treatment of Dominant Progressive Hearing Loss. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.14.557853. [PMID: 38168224 PMCID: PMC10760051 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.14.557853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Clinical translation of gene therapy has been challenging, due to limitations in current delivery vehicles such as traditional viral vectors. Herein, we report the use of gRNA:Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes engineered extracellular vesicles (EVs) for in vivo gene therapy. By leveraging a novel high-throughput microfluidic droplet-based electroporation system (μDES), we achieved 10-fold enhancement of loading efficiency and more than 1000-fold increase in processing throughput on loading RNP complexes into EVs (RNP-EVs), compared with conventional bulk electroporation. The flow-through droplets serve as enormous bioreactors for offering millisecond pulsed, low-voltage electroporation in a continuous-flow and scalable manner, which minimizes the Joule heating influence and surface alteration to retain natural EV stability and integrity. In the Shaker-1 mouse model of dominant progressive hearing loss, we demonstrated the effective delivery of RNP-EVs into inner ear hair cells, with a clear reduction of Myo7ash1 mRNA expression compared to RNP-loaded lipid-like nanoparticles (RNP-LNPs), leading to significant hearing recovery measured by auditory brainstem responses (ABR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Peixin Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States
| | - Samantha S. Ali
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Bryan Renslo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States
| | - Tarun E Hutchinson
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Nina Erwin
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Zachary Greenberg
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Zuo Ding
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yanjun Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, United States
| | - Athanasia Warnecke
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalia E. Fernandez
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Hinrich Staecker
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, United States
| | - Mei He
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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32
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Pitchaimani A, Ferreira M, Palange A, Pannuzzo M, De Mei C, Spano R, Marotta R, Pelacho B, Prosper F, Decuzzi P. Compartmentalized drug localization studies in extracellular vesicles for anticancer therapy. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:6830-6836. [PMID: 38059035 PMCID: PMC10696952 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00207a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
In the development of therapeutic extracellular vesicles (EVs), drug encapsulation efficiencies are significantly lower when compared with synthetic nanomedicines. This is due to the hierarchical structure of the EV membrane and the physicochemical properties of the candidate drug (molecular weight, hydrophilicity, lipophilicity, and so on). As a proof of concept, here we demonstrated the importance of drug compartmentalization in EVs as an additional parameter affecting the therapeutic potential of drug-loaded EVs. In human adipose mesenchymal stem cell (hADSC) derived EVs, we performed a comparative drug loading analysis using two formulations of the same chemotherapeutic molecule - free doxorubicin (DOX) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE) lipid-conjugated doxorubicin (L-DOX) - to enhance the intracellular uptake and therapeutic efficacy. By nano surface energy transfer (NSET) and molecular simulation techniques, along with cryo-TEM analysis, we confirmed the differential compartmentalization of these two molecules in hADSC EVs. L-DOX was preferentially adsorbed onto the surface of the EV, due to its higher lipophilicity, whereas free DOX was mostly encapsulated within the EV core. Also, the L-DOX loaded EV (LDOX@EV) returned an almost three-fold higher DOX content as compared to the free DOX loaded EV (DOX@EV), for a given input mass of drug. Based on the cellular investigations, L-DOX@EV showed higher cell internalization than DOX@EV. Also, in comparison with free L-DOX, the magnitude of therapeutic potential enhancement displayed by the surface compartmentalized L-DOX@EV is highly promising and can be exploited to overcome the sensitivity of many potential drugs, which are impermeable in nature. Overall, this study illustrates the significance of drug compartmentalization in EVs and how this could affect intracellular delivery, loading efficiency, and therapeutic effect. This will further lay the foundation for the future systematic investigation of EV-based biotherapeutic delivery platforms for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkumar Pitchaimani
- Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genova GE Italy
| | - Miguel Ferreira
- Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genova GE Italy
| | - Annalisa Palange
- Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genova GE Italy
| | - Martina Pannuzzo
- Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genova GE Italy
| | - Claudia De Mei
- Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genova GE Italy
| | - Raffaele Spano
- Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genova GE Italy
| | - Roberto Marotta
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genova GE Italy
| | - Beatriz Pelacho
- Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra Navarra Spain
| | - Felipe Prosper
- Centre for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra Navarra Spain
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, CCUN, IDISNA and CIBERONC Navarra Spain
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genova GE Italy
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33
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Simon L, Lapinte V, Morille M. Exploring the role of polymers to overcome ongoing challenges in the field of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12386. [PMID: 38050832 PMCID: PMC10696644 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally occurring nanoparticles released from all eucaryotic and procaryotic cells. While their role was formerly largely underestimated, EVs are now clearly established as key mediators of intercellular communication. Therefore, these vesicles constitute an attractive topic of study for both basic and applied research with great potential, for example, as a new class of biomarkers, as cell-free therapeutics or as drug delivery systems. However, the complexity and biological origin of EVs sometimes complicate their identification and therapeutic use. Thus, this rapidly expanding research field requires new methods and tools for the production, enrichment, detection, and therapeutic application of EVs. In this review, we have sought to explain how polymer materials actively contributed to overcome some of the limitations associated to EVs. Indeed, thanks to their infinite diversity of composition and properties, polymers can act through a variety of strategies and at different stages of EVs development. Overall, we would like to emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary research involving polymers to address persistent limitations in the field of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie Morille
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCMMontpellierFrance
- Institut universitaire de France (IUF)ParisFrance
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Huang L, Wu E, Liao J, Wei Z, Wang J, Chen Z. Research Advances of Engineered Exosomes as Drug Delivery Carrier. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43374-43387. [PMID: 38027310 PMCID: PMC10666244 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles secreted by living cells that have similar membrane composition to parental cells and carry a variety of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Therefore, exosomes have certain biological activities and play an important role in intercellular communication. On the basis of its potential as a carrier for drug delivery systems, exosomes have been engineered to compensate for the shortage of natural exosomes through various engineering strategies for improving drug delivery efficiency, enhancing targeting to tissues and organs, and extending the circulating half-life of exosomes. This review focuses on the engineered exosomes loading drugs through different strategies, discussions on exosome surface modification strategies, and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of different strategies. In addition, this review provides an overview of the recent applications of engineered exosomes in a number of refractory and relapsable diseases. This review has the potential to provide a reference for further research and development of engineered exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghui Huang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Enguang Wu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Liao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Zongyi Wei
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
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35
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Zhang M, Wan L, Li R, Li X, Zhu T, Lu H. Engineered exosomes for tissue regeneration: from biouptake, functionalization and biosafety to applications. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7247-7267. [PMID: 37794789 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01169k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are increasingly recognized as important effector molecules that regulate intercellular signaling pathways. Notably, certain types of exosomes can induce therapeutic responses, including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue repair. The use of exosomes in therapy is a hot spot in current research, especially in regenerative medicine. Despite the therapeutic potential, problems have hindered their success in clinical applications. These shortcomings include low concentration, poor targeting and limited loading capability. To fully realize their therapeutic potential, certain modifications are needed in native exosomes. In the present review, we summarize the exosome modification and functionalization strategies. In addition, we provide an overview of potential clinical applications and highlight the issues associated with the biosafety and biocompatibility of engineered exosomes in applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Lei Wan
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Ruiqi Li
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Taifu Zhu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Haibin Lu
- Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510900, China
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Moreno-Figueroa LD, Quiroz-Guzmán E, Tovar-Ramírez D, Palestino G, Cisneros-Covarrubias CA, Hernández-Adame L. Use of Trehalose as an Additive to Bacteriophage Vb_Pd_PDCC-1: Long-Term Preservation Analysis and Its Biocontrol Against Vibrio diabolicus Infection. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:372. [PMID: 37843653 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Phage therapy is a promising alternative to control bacterial diseases and the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance. In this sense, this research evaluates the viability of lyophilized vibrio phage vB_Pd_PDCC-1 using trehalose as a preservative excipient at different concentrations (4, 2, 1, and 0.5% w/v) and its potential for phage therapy application against a pathogenic bacteria Vibrio diabolicus in brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia franciscana). The lyophilized phages were stored at 4 and 23 °C and rehydrated using biological sterile saline solution to test their viability at days 1, 15, and 60 post-lyophilization. The results showed that trehalose is beneficial in maintaining the viability of post-lyophilization phages (without titer losses) at 4 °C and even at room temperature (23 °C). When lyophilized phages with 4% w/v trehalose concentration were stored at 23 °C, they had not titer losses among the trials; viability and titer concentration were maintained up to 60 days at log 7. The use of lyophilized phage PDCC-1 increased brine shrimp survival and reduced Vibrio concentrations. The present study has identified trehalose as a promising lyophilization excipient to effectively preserve lyophilized bacteriophages for biotechnological applications and long-term storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Daniel Moreno-Figueroa
- Nanotechnology and Microbial Biocontrol Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Quiroz-Guzmán
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C. (CIBNOR), Av. IPN 195, Col Playa Palo de Sta. Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico
| | - Dariel Tovar-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C. (CIBNOR), Av. IPN 195, Col Playa Palo de Sta. Rita Sur, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Palestino
- Laboratorio de Biopolímeros y Nanoestructuras, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Cándida A Cisneros-Covarrubias
- Laboratorio de Biopolímeros y Nanoestructuras, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Luis Hernández-Adame
- Nanotechnology and Microbial Biocontrol Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
- Cátedras CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
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Susa F, Limongi T, Borgione F, Peiretti S, Vallino M, Cauda V, Pisano R. Comparative Studies of Different Preservation Methods and Relative Freeze-Drying Formulations for Extracellular Vesicle Pharmaceutical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5871-5885. [PMID: 37671648 PMCID: PMC10565719 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been studied for years for their role as effectors and mediators of cell-to-cell communication and their potential application to develop new and increasingly performing nanotechnological systems for the diagnosis and/or treatment of many diseases. Given all the EVs applications as just isolated, functionalized, or even engineered cellular-derived pharmaceuticals, the standardization of reliable and reproducible methods for their preservation is urgently needed. In this study, we isolated EVs from a healthy blood cell line, B lymphocytes, and compared the effectiveness of different storage methods and relative freeze-drying formulations to preserve some of the most important EVs' key features, i.e., concentration, mean size, protein content, and surface antigen's expression. To develop a preservation method that minimally affects the EVs' integrity and functionality, we applied the freeze-drying process in combination with different excipients. Since EVs are isolated not only from body fluids but also from culture media conditioned by the cells growing there, we decided to test both the effects of the traditional pharmaceutical excipient and of biological media to develop EVs solidified products with desirable appearance and performance properties. Results showed that some of the tested excipients, i.e., sugars in combination with dextran and glycine, successfully maintained the stability and integrity of EVs upon lyophilization. In addition, to evaluate the preservation of the EVs' biological activity, we assessed the cytotoxicity and internalization ability of the reconstituted EVs in healthy (B lymphocytes) and tumoral (Burkitt's lymphoma) cells. Reconstituted EVs demonstrated toxicity only toward the cancerous cells, opening new therapeutic opportunities for the oncological field. Furthermore, our study showed how some biological or cellular-conditioned fluids, commonly used in the field of cell cultures, can act not only as cryoprotectants but also as active pharmaceutical ingredients, significantly tuning the therapeutic effect of EVs, even increasing their cellular internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Susa
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Tania Limongi
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Borgione
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Peiretti
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Vallino
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche di Torino, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Cauda
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Pisano
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
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Zhang J, Wu J, Wang G, He L, Zheng Z, Wu M, Zhang Y. Extracellular Vesicles: Techniques and Biomedical Applications Related to Single Vesicle Analysis. ACS NANO 2023; 17:17668-17698. [PMID: 37695614 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are extensively dispersed lipid bilayer membrane vesicles involved in the delivery and transportation of molecular payloads to certain cell types to facilitate intercellular interactions. Their significant roles in physiological and pathological processes make EVs outstanding biomarkers for disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring as well as ideal candidates for drug delivery. Nevertheless, differences in the biogenesis processes among EV subpopulations have led to a diversity of biophysical characteristics and molecular cargos. Additionally, the prevalent heterogeneity of EVs has been found to substantially hamper the sensitivity and accuracy of disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, thus impeding the advancement of clinical applications. In recent years, the evolution of single EV (SEV) analysis has enabled an in-depth comprehension of the physical properties, molecular composition, and biological roles of EVs at the individual vesicle level. This review examines the sample acquisition tactics prior to SEV analysis, i.e., EV isolation techniques, and outlines the current state-of-the-art label-free and label-based technologies for SEV identification. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of biomedical applications based on SEV analysis are systematically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiacheng Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Guanzhao Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Luxuan He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Zheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Minhao Wu
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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García-Posadas L, Romero-Castillo I, Brennan K, Mc Gee MM, Blanco-Fernández A, Diebold Y. Isolation and Characterization of Human Conjunctival Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:38. [PMID: 37747402 PMCID: PMC10528583 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.12.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to isolate and culture human conjunctival mesenchymal stromal cells (Conj-MSCs) from cadaveric donor tissue, and to obtain and characterize their extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their effect on conjunctival epithelium. Methods Stromal cells isolated from cadaveric donor conjunctival tissues were cultured and analyzed to determine whether they could be defined as MSCs. Expression of MSC markers was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cells were cultured in adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrocyte differentiation media, and stained with Oil Red, Von Kossa, and Toluidine Blue, respectively, to determine multipotent capacity. EVs were isolated from cultured Conj-MSCs by differential ultracentrifugation. EV morphology was evaluated by atomic force microscopy, size distribution analyzed by dynamic light scattering, and EVs were individually characterized by nanoflow cytometry. The effect of EVs on oxidative stress and viability was analyzed in in vitro models using the conjunctival epithelial cell line IM-HConEpiC. Results Cultured stromal cells fulfilled the criteria of MSCs: adherence to plastic; expression of CD90 (99.95 ± 0.03% positive cells), CD105 (99.04 ± 1.43%), CD73 (99.99 ± 0.19%), CD44 (99.93 ± 0.05%), and absence of CD34, CD11b, CD19, CD45 and HLA-DR (0.82 ± 0.91%); and in vitro differentiation into different lineages. Main Conj-MSC EV subpopulations were round, small EVs that expressed CD9, CD63, CD81, and CD147. Conj-MSC EVs significantly decreased the production of reactive oxygen species in IM-HConEpiCs exposed to H2O2 in similar levels than adipose tissue-MSC-derived EVs and ascorbic acid, used as controls. Conclusions It is possible to isolate human Conj-MSCs from cadaveric tissue, and to use these cells as a source of small EVs with antioxidant activity on conjunctival epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Posadas
- Ocular Surface Group, Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ismael Romero-Castillo
- Ocular Surface Group, Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Kieran Brennan
- School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Margaret M. Mc Gee
- School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Alfonso Blanco-Fernández
- Flow Cytometry Core Technology, Conway Institute, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- Ocular Surface Group, Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Kawai-Harada Y, El Itawi H, Komuro H, Harada M. Evaluation of EV Storage Buffer for Efficient Preservation of Engineered Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12841. [PMID: 37629020 PMCID: PMC10454675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), detectable in all bodily fluids, mediate intercellular communication by transporting molecules between cells. The capacity of EVs to transport molecules between distant organs has drawn interest for clinical applications in diagnostics and therapeutics. Although EVs hold potential for nucleic-acid-based and other molecular therapeutics, the lack of standardized technologies, including isolation, characterization, and storage, leaves many challenges for clinical applications, potentially resulting in misinterpretation of crucial findings. Previously, several groups demonstrated the problems of commonly used storage methods that distort EV integrity. This work aims to evaluate the process to optimize the storage conditions of EVs and then characterize them according to the experimental conditions and the models used previously. Our study reports a highly efficient EV storage condition, focusing on EV capacity to protect their molecular cargo from biological, chemical, and mechanical damage. Compared with commonly used EV storage conditions, our EV storage buffer leads to less size and particle number variation at both 4 °C and -80 °C, enhancing the ability to protect EVs while maintaining targeting functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kawai-Harada
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.K.-H.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hanine El Itawi
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.K.-H.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hiroaki Komuro
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.K.-H.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Masako Harada
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering (IQ), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.K.-H.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Li A, Li D, Gu Y, Liu R, Tang X, Zhao Y, Qi F, Wei J, Liu J. Plant-derived nanovesicles: Further exploration of biomedical function and application potential. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3300-3320. [PMID: 37655320 PMCID: PMC10465964 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipid bilayer vesicles actively secreted by cells, that contain a variety of functional nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and are important mediums of intercellular communication. Based on their natural properties, EVs can not only retain the pharmacological effects of their source cells but also serve as natural delivery carriers. Among them, plant-derived nanovesicles (PNVs) are characterized as natural disease therapeutics with many advantages such as simplicity, safety, eco-friendliness, low cost, and low toxicity due to their abundant resources, large yield, and low risk of immunogenicity in vivo. This review systematically introduces the biogenesis, isolation methods, physical characterization, and components of PNVs, and describes their administration and cellular uptake as therapeutic agents. We highlight the therapeutic potential of PNVs as therapeutic agents and drug delivery carriers, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, wound healing, regeneration, and antiaging properties as well as their potential use in the treatment of liver disease and COVID-19. Finally, the toxicity and immunogenicity, the current clinical application, and the possible challenges in the future development of PNVs were analyzed. We expect the functions of PNVs to be further explored to promote clinical translation, thereby facilitating the development of a new framework for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixue Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongwei Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rongmei Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaomeng Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fu Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jifu Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing 210009, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing 210009, China
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai 201315, China
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Du S, Guan Y, Xie A, Yan Z, Gao S, Li W, Rao L, Chen X, Chen T. Extracellular vesicles: a rising star for therapeutics and drug delivery. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:231. [PMID: 37475025 PMCID: PMC10360328 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, natural, cell-derived vesicles that contain the same nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids as their source cells. Thus, they can serve as natural carriers for therapeutic agents and drugs, and have many advantages over conventional nanocarriers, including their low immunogenicity, good biocompatibility, natural blood-brain barrier penetration, and capacity for gene delivery. This review first introduces the classification of EVs and then discusses several currently popular methods for isolating and purifying EVs, EVs-mediated drug delivery, and the functionalization of EVs as carriers. Thereby, it provides new avenues for the development of EVs-based therapeutic strategies in different fields of medicine. Finally, it highlights some challenges and future perspectives with regard to the clinical application of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Du
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Yucheng Guan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Aihua Xie
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Zhao Yan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Sijia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Room 6007, N22, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China
| | - Weirong Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Lang Rao
- Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China.
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Room 6007, N22, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Tongkai Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
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Bhujel B, Oh SH, Kim CM, Yoon YJ, Kim YJ, Chung HS, Ye EA, Lee H, Kim JY. Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Exosomes: A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Corneal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10917. [PMID: 37446091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea, with its delicate structure, is vulnerable to damage from physical, chemical, and genetic factors. Corneal transplantation, including penetrating and lamellar keratoplasties, can restore the functions of the cornea in cases of severe damage. However, the process of corneal transplantation presents considerable obstacles, including a shortage of available donors, the risk of severe graft rejection, and potentially life-threatening complications. Over the past few decades, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has become a novel alternative approach to corneal regeneration. Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential of MSCs to differentiate into different corneal cell types, such as keratocytes, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. MSCs are considered a suitable candidate for corneal regeneration because of their promising therapeutic perspective and beneficial properties. MSCs compromise unique immunomodulation, anti-angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory properties and secrete various growth factors, thus promoting corneal reconstruction. These effects in corneal engineering are mediated by MSCs differentiating into different lineages and paracrine action via exosomes. Early studies have proven the roles of MSC-derived exosomes in corneal regeneration by reducing inflammation, inhibiting neovascularization, and angiogenesis, and by promoting cell proliferation. This review highlights the contribution of MSCs and MSC-derived exosomes, their current usage status to overcome corneal disease, and their potential to restore different corneal layers as novel therapeutic agents. It also discusses feasible future possibilities, applications, challenges, and opportunities for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta Bhujel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Heon Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Min Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seok Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ah Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88, Olympic-Ro, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
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Greenberg ZF, Graim KS, He M. Towards artificial intelligence-enabled extracellular vesicle precision drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023:114974. [PMID: 37356623 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), particularly exosomes, recently exploded into nanomedicine as an emerging drug delivery approach due to their superior biocompatibility, circulating stability, and bioavailability in vivo. However, EV heterogeneity makes molecular targeting precision a critical challenge. Deciphering key molecular drivers for controlling EV tissue targeting specificity is in great need. Artificial intelligence (AI) brings powerful prediction ability for guiding the rational design of engineered EVs in precision control for drug delivery. This review focuses on cutting-edge nano-delivery via integrating large-scale EV data with AI to develop AI-directed EV therapies and illuminate the clinical translation potential. We briefly review the current status of EVs in drug delivery, including the current frontier, limitations, and considerations to advance the field. Subsequently, we detail the future of AI in drug delivery and its impact on precision EV delivery. Our review discusses the current universal challenge of standardization and critical considerations when using AI combined with EVs for precision drug delivery. Finally, we will conclude this review with a perspective on future clinical translation led by a combined effort of AI and EV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary F Greenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Kiley S Graim
- Department of Computer & Information Science & Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - Mei He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA.
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Kowalczyk A, Gajda-Walczak A, Ruzycka-Ayoush M, Targonska A, Mosieniak G, Glogowski M, Szumera-Cieckiewicz A, Prochorec-Sobieszek M, Bamburowicz-Klimkowska M, Nowicka AM, Grudzinski IP. Parallel SPR and QCM-D Quantitative Analysis of CD9, CD63, and CD81 Tetraspanins: A Simple and Sensitive Way to Determine the Concentration of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Human Lung Cancer Cells. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37307147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tetraspanins, including CD9, CD63, and CD81, are transmembrane biomarkers that play a crucial role in regulating cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, as well as plasma membrane dynamics and protein trafficking. In this study, we developed simple, fast, and sensitive immunosensors to determine the concentration of extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from human lung cancer cells using tetraspanins as biomarkers. We employed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) as detectors. The monoclonal antibodies targeting CD9, CD63, and CD81 were oriented vertically in the receptor layer using either a protein A sensor chip (SPR) or a cysteamine layer that modified the gold crystal (QCM-D) without the use of amplifiers. The SPR studies demonstrated that the interaction of EVs with antibodies could be described by the two-state reaction model. Furthermore, the EVs' affinity to monoclonal antibodies against tetraspanins decreased in the following order: CD9, CD63, and CD81, as confirmed by the QCM-D studies. The results indicated that the developed immunosensors were characterized by high stability, a wide analytical range from 6.1 × 104 particles·mL-1 to 6.1 × 107 particles·mL-1, and a low detection limit (0.6-1.8) × 104 particles·mL-1. A very good agreement between the results obtained using the SPR and QCM-D detectors and nanoparticle tracking analysis demonstrated that the developed immunosensors could be successfully applied to clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kowalczyk
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Street 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gajda-Walczak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Street 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Ruzycka-Ayoush
- Department of Toxicology and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Streer 1, PL-02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Targonska
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura Street 3, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Mosieniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Bases of Ageing, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura Street 3, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Glogowski
- Department of Lung Cancer and Chest Tumors, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Roentgena Street 5, PL-02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szumera-Cieckiewicz
- Department of Cancer Pathomorphology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Roentgena Street 5, PL-02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Prochorec-Sobieszek
- Department of Cancer Pathomorphology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Roentgena Street 5, PL-02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bamburowicz-Klimkowska
- Department of Toxicology and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Streer 1, PL-02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Nowicka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Street 1, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ireneusz P Grudzinski
- Department of Toxicology and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Streer 1, PL-02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Feng J, Xiu Q, Huang Y, Troyer Z, Li B, Zheng L. Plant-Derived Vesicle-Like Nanoparticles as Promising Biotherapeutic Tools: Present and Future. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207826. [PMID: 36592157 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous, phospholipid bilayer-enclosed biological particles that regulate cell communication by molecular cargo delivery and surface signaling. EVs are secreted by almost all living cells, including plant cells. Plant-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles (PDVLNs) is a generic term referring to vesicle-like nanostructure particles isolated from plants. Their low immunogenicity and wide availability make PDVLNs safer and more economical to be developed as therapeutic agents and drug carriers. Accumulating evidence indicates the key roles of PDVLNs in regulating interkingdom crosstalk between humans and plants. PDVLNs are capable of entering the human-body systemand delivering effector molecules to cells that modulate cell-signaling pathways. PDVLNs released by or obtained from plants thus have great influenceon human health and diseases. In this review, the biogenesis, detailed preparation methods, various physical and biochemical characteristics, biosafety, and preservation of PDVLNs are introduced, along with how these characteristics pertain to their biosafety and preservability. The potential applications of PDVLNs on different plant and mammalian diseases and PDVLN research standardization are then systematically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Qi Xiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yiyao Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Zach Troyer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, P. R. China
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An S, Anwar K, Ashraf M, Lee H, Jung R, Koganti R, Ghassemi M, Djalilian AR. Wound-Healing Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretome in the Cornea and the Role of Exosomes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1486. [PMID: 37242728 PMCID: PMC10221647 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) and their secreted factors have been shown to have immunomodulatory and regenerative effects. In this study, we investigated human bone-marrow-derived MSC secretome (MSC-S) for the treatment of corneal epithelial wounds. Specifically, we evaluated the role of MSC extracellular vesicles (EV)/exosomes in mediating the wound-healing effects of the MSC-S. In vitro studies using human corneal epithelial cells showed that MSC-CM increased cell proliferation in HCEC and HCLE cells, while EV-depleted MSC-CM showed lower cell proliferation in both cell lines compared to the MSC-CM group. In vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that 1X MSC-S consistently promoted wound healing more effectively than 0.5X MSC-S, and MSC-CM promoted wound healing in a dose-dependent manner, while exosome deprivation delayed wound healing. We further evaluated the incubation period of MSC-CM on corneal wound healing and showed that MSC-S collected for 72 h is more effective than MSC-S collected for 48 h. Finally, we evaluated the stability of MSC-S under different storage conditions and found that after one cycle of freeze-thawing, MSC-S is stable at 4 °C for up to 4 weeks. Collectively, we identified the following: (i) MSC-EV/Exo as the active ingredient in MSC-S that mediates the wound-healing effects in the corneal epithelium, providing a measure to optimize its dosing for a potential clinical product; (ii) Treatment with EV/Exo-containing MSC-S resulted in an improved corneal barrier and decreased corneal haze/edema relative to EV/Exo-depleted MSC-S; (iii) The stability of MSC-CM for up to 4 weeks showed that the regular storage condition did not significantly impact its stability and therapeutic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwon An
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.A.); (M.A.); (H.L.); (R.J.); (R.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Khandaker Anwar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.A.); (M.A.); (H.L.); (R.J.); (R.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Mohammadjavad Ashraf
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.A.); (M.A.); (H.L.); (R.J.); (R.K.); (M.G.)
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Hyungjo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.A.); (M.A.); (H.L.); (R.J.); (R.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Rebecca Jung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.A.); (M.A.); (H.L.); (R.J.); (R.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.A.); (M.A.); (H.L.); (R.J.); (R.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Mahmood Ghassemi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.A.); (M.A.); (H.L.); (R.J.); (R.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Ali R. Djalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (K.A.); (M.A.); (H.L.); (R.J.); (R.K.); (M.G.)
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Levy D, Jeyaram A, Born LJ, Chang KH, Abadchi SN, Hsu ATW, Solomon T, Aranda A, Stewart S, He X, Harmon JW, Jay SM. Impact of storage conditions and duration on function of native and cargo-loaded mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:502-509. [PMID: 36513574 PMCID: PMC10079553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS As evidenced by ongoing clinical trials and increased activity in the commercial sector, extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapies have begun the transition from bench to bedside. As this progression continues, one critical aspect of EV clinical translation is understanding the effects of storage and transport conditions. Several studies have assessed the impact of storage on EV characteristics such as morphology, uptake and component content, but effects of storage duration and temperature on EV functional bioactivity and, especially, loaded cargo are rarely reported. METHODS The authors assessed EV outcomes following storage at different temperatures (room temperature, 4°C, -20°C, -80°C) for various durations as well as after lyophilization. RESULTS Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) EVs were observed to retain key aspects of their bioactivity (pro-vascularization, anti-inflammation) for up to 4-6 weeks at -20°C and -80°C and after lyophilization. Furthermore, via in vitro assays and an in vivo wound healing model, these same storage conditions were also demonstrated to enable preservation of the functionality of loaded microRNA and long non-coding RNA cargo in MSC EVs. CONCLUSIONS These findings extend the current understanding of how EV therapeutic potential is impacted by storage conditions and may inform best practices for handling and storing MSC EVs for both basic research and translational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Levy
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Anjana Jeyaram
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Louis J Born
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kai-Hua Chang
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Angela Ting Wei Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Talia Solomon
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Amaya Aranda
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Samantha Stewart
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaoming He
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - John W Harmon
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
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49
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Bettin B, van der Pol E, Nieuwland R. Plasma extracellular vesicle test sample to standardize flow cytometry measurements. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2023; 7:100181. [PMID: 37538497 PMCID: PMC10394550 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2023.100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in body fluids are explored as disease biomarkers, but EV concentrations measured by flow cytometers (FCMs) are incomparable. Objectives To improve data comparability, new reference materials with physical properties resembling EVs and reference procedures are being developed. The validation of new reference materials and procedures requires biological test samples. We developed a human plasma EV test sample (PEVTES) that i) resembles subcellular particles in plasma, ii) is ready-to-use, iii) is flow cytometry-compatible, and iv) is stable. Methods The PEVTES was prepared from human plasma of 3 fasting donors. EVs were immunofluorescently stained with antibodies against platelet-specific (CD61) and erythrocyte-specific (CD235a) antigens or lactadherin. To reduce the concentration of soluble proteins, lipoproteins, and unbound reagents, stained EVs were isolated from plasma by size-exclusion chromatography. After isolation, the PEVTES was filtered to remove remnant platelets. PEVTESs were diluted in cryopreservation agents, dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerol, or trehalose and stored at -80 °C for 12 months. After thawing, stained EV concentrations were measured with a calibrated FCM (Apogee A60-Micro). Results We demonstrate that the developed PEVTES resembles subcellular particles in human plasma when measured using FCM and that the concentrations of prestained platelet-derived, erythrocyte-derived, and lactadherin+ EVs in the PEVTES are stable during storage at -80 °C for 12 months when stored in trehalose. Conclusion The PEVTES i) resembles subcellular particles in plasma, ii) is ready-to-use, iii) is flow cytometry-compatible, and iv) is stable. Therefore, the developed PEVTES is an ideal candidate to validate newly developed reference materials and procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Bettin
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Vesicle Center, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Oshchepkova A, Zenkova M, Vlassov V. Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Nucleic Acid Delivery: Loading Strategies and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087287. [PMID: 37108446 PMCID: PMC10139028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released into the extracellular milieu by cells of various origins. They contain different biological cargoes, protecting them from degradation by environmental factors. There is an opinion that EVs have a number of advantages over synthetic carriers, creating new opportunities for drug delivery. In this review, we discuss the ability of EVs to function as carriers for therapeutic nucleic acids (tNAs), challenges associated with the use of such carriers in vivo, and various strategies for tNA loading into EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Oshchepkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marina Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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