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Matsuo H, Kawakami H, Anjiki N, Kawano N, Fuchino H, Kawahara N, Yoshimatsu K. Screening of growth inhibitors for epithelial-mesenchymal transition-induced cells by TGF-β from plant-based sources identified the active compound hydroxychavicol from Piper bitle. J Nat Med 2024; 78:774-783. [PMID: 38418720 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-024-01785-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has recently been associated with cancer invasion, metastasis, and resistance. In our previous study, we discovered nanaomycin K, a natural growth inhibitor for EMT-induced Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, from the cultured broth of actinomycetes. However, the screening method was undeveloped, because the activity of nanaomycin K was discovered accidentally. In this study, we established a screening method by analyzing the characteristics of nanaomycin K in MDCK cells. Nanaomycin K showed the characteristic growth inhibitory activity on MDCK cells cultured under four conditions: medium containing dimethyl sulfoxide, SB431542, TGF-β, and a mixture of SB431542 and TGF-β. The activity was stronger in TGF-β-treated cells than in DMSO-treated cells. In the mixture of SB431542 and TGF-β-treated cells, the activity of nanaomycin K was suppressed. The anti-cancer agents, mitomycin C, cisplatin, and staurosporine, lacked the characteristics as that of nanaomycin K for these four treatment conditions. Since these four conditions distinguish between the effects of nanaomycin K and other anti-cancer agents in EMT-induced cells, the screening method was established. Among the 13,427 plant extracts tested, Piper betle leaf extract displayed growth inhibitory activity against EMT-induced cells. Through the purification of the extract via bio-guided fractionation, hydroxychavicol was isolated as an active compound. The cytotoxic activity of hydroxychavicol was stronger in EMT-induced MDCK cells than in control cells. However, its cytotoxic activity was suppressed in EMT-inhibited cells. Furthermore, hydroxychavicol exhibited same activity against SAS cells (human squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue). Thus, we have successfully established a screening method for growth inhibitors of EMT-induced cells and have discovered an inhibitor from plant-based sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Matsuo
- Tsukuba Division of Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, 305-8043, Japan.
| | - Hitomi Kawakami
- Tsukuba Division of Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, 305-8043, Japan
| | - Naoko Anjiki
- Tanegasima Division of Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 17007-2 Noma, Nakatane-cho, Kumage-gun, Kagoshima, 891-3604, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kawano
- Tsukuba Division of Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, 305-8043, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fuchino
- Tsukuba Division of Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, 305-8043, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kawahara
- Tsukuba Division of Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, 305-8043, Japan
- The Kochi Prefectural Makino Botanical Garden, 4200-6 Godaisan, Kochi, 781-8125, Japan
| | - Kayo Yoshimatsu
- Tsukuba Division of Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-2 Hachimandai, Tsukuba, 305-8043, Japan
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Rocha MAND, Silva EP, Silva RNM, Sousa GRD, Barbosa-Filho JM, Maia MDS, Lima AS, de Souza-Ferrari J, Pereira FDO. Riparin II-type benzamides as novel antibiofilm agents against dermatophytes: chemical synthesis, in vitro, ex vivo and in silico evaluation. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:617-631. [PMID: 38297992 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of dermatophytes to develop biofilms in host tissues confers physical and biochemical resistance to antifungal drugs. Therefore, research to find new compounds against dermatophyte biofilm is crucial. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the antifungal activity of riparin II (RIP2), nor-riparin II (NOR2) and dinor-riparin II (DINOR2) against Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis and Nannizzia gypsea strains. METHODS Initially, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of benzamides. We evaluated the inhibitory effects on the development of dermatophyte biofilms using in vitro and ex vivo models. Finally, we built three-dimensional models of the sulphite pump Ssu1 to investigate the interactions with the benzamides by molecular docking. RESULTS RIP2 showed a broad spectrum of activity against T. rubrum, M. canis and N. gypsea, whereas NOR2 and DINOR2 were more selective. Furthermore, the shortening of the carbon chain from RIP2 benzamide to NOR2 and DINOR2 homologs caused a decrease in the MIC values. The benzamides reduced biofilm production and viability in vitro (P < 0.05) at MIC. This result was similar ex vivo in human nail fragments tests, but NOR2 and DINOR2 showed significant results at 2xMIC (P < 0.05). We constructed a model of the Ssu1 protein for each dermatophyte with high similarity. Molecular docking showed that the benzamides obtained higher binding energy values than ciclopirox. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows the antibiofilm potential for riparin II-type benzamides as new drugs targeting dermatophytes by inhibiting the Ssu1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Antônio Nóbrega da Rocha
- Fungi Research Group, Academic Unit of Health in the Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Pereira Silva
- Fungi Research Group, Academic Unit of Health in the Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Risley Nikael Medeiros Silva
- Fungi Research Group, Academic Unit of Health in the Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Ribeiro de Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - José Maria Barbosa-Filho
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Alberto Shellygton Lima
- Fungi Research Group, Academic Unit of Health in the Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | | | - Fillipe de Oliveira Pereira
- Fungi Research Group, Academic Unit of Health in the Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
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Alves-Silva J, Zuzarte M, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L. Antibiofilm Effect of Lavandula multifida Essential Oil: A New Approach for Chronic Infections. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2142. [PMID: 37631356 PMCID: PMC10458520 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, being highly prevalent in patients with underlying health complications such as chronic lung disease, HIV, cancer, and diabetes mellitus. To mitigate these infections, the development of effective antifungals is imperative, with plants standing out as promising sources of bioactive compounds. In the present study, we focus on the antibiofilm potential of Lavandula multifida essential oil (EO) against dermatophyte strains and Candida albicans. The EO was characterized using GC and GC-MS, and its antifungal effect was assessed on both biofilm formation and disruption. Biofilm mass, extracellular matrix, and viability were quantified using crystal violet, safranin, and XTT assays, respectively, and morphological alterations were confirmed using optical and scanning electron microscopy. L. multifida EO showed very high amounts of carvacrol and was very effective in inhibiting and disrupting fungal biofilms. The EO significantly decreased biofilm mass and viability in all tested fungi. In addition, a reduction in dermatophytes' extracellular matrix was observed, particularly during biofilm formation. Morphological alterations were evident in mature biofilms, with a clear decrease in hypha diameter. These promising results support the use of L. multifida EO in the development of effective plant-based antifungal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alves-Silva
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.A.-S.); (C.C.)
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Zuzarte
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.A.-S.); (C.C.)
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.A.-S.); (C.C.)
- Univ Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.A.-S.); (C.C.)
- Univ Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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Ali A, Zafar MM, Farooq Z, Ahmed SR, Ijaz A, Anwar Z, Abbas H, Tariq MS, Tariq H, Mustafa M, Bajwa MH, Shaukat F, Razzaq A, Maozhi R. Breakthrough in CRISPR/Cas system: Current and future directions and challenges. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200642. [PMID: 37166088 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Targeted genome editing (GE) technology has brought a significant revolution in fictional genomic research and given hope to plant scientists to develop desirable varieties. This technology involves inducing site-specific DNA perturbations that can be repaired through DNA repair pathways. GE products currently include CRISPR-associated nuclease DNA breaks, prime editors generated DNA flaps, single nucleotide-modifications, transposases, and recombinases. The discovery of double-strand breaks, site-specific nucleases (SSNs), and repair mechanisms paved the way for targeted GE, and the first-generation GE tools, ZFNs and TALENs, were successfully utilized in plant GE. However, CRISPR-Cas has now become the preferred tool for GE due to its speed, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. Plant functional genomics has benefited significantly from the widespread use of CRISPR technology for advancements and developments. This review highlights the progress made in CRISPR technology, including multiplex editing, base editing (BE), and prime editing (PE), as well as the challenges and potential delivery mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Ali
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Zunaira Farooq
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Syed Riaz Ahmed
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Science (PIEAS), Nilore, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Ijaz
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Science (PIEAS), Nilore, Pakistan
| | - Zunaira Anwar
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Science (PIEAS), Nilore, Pakistan
| | - Huma Abbas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sayyam Tariq
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College (NIAB-C), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Science (PIEAS), Nilore, Pakistan
| | - Hala Tariq
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahwish Mustafa
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Fiza Shaukat
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Razzaq
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ren Maozhi
- Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Institute of, Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Chengdu, China
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Medeiros Silva RN, Nóbrega da Rocha MA, Silva EP, Moura-Mendes J, Ribeiro-Filho J, de Sousa GR, de Souza-Ferrari J, Barbosa-Filho JM, de Oliveira Pereira F. In vitro and ex vivo antibiofilm activity of riparin 1, and its nor and dinor homologs, against dermatophytes. Mycologia 2023; 115:206-215. [PMID: 36848618 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2170209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is one of the most frequent superficial mycoses in the world. They are mainly caused by the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis. Biofilm production is an essential factor in the pathogenesis of dermatophytes; it confers drug resistance and significantly impairs antifungal effectiveness. Therefore, we evaluated the antibiofilm activity of an alkamide-type alkaloid called riparin 1 (RIP1) against clinically relevant dermatophytes. We also produced synthetic nor (NOR1) and dinor (DINOR1) homologs for pharmacological evaluation, with a 61-70% yield. We used in vitro (96-well polystyrene plates) and ex vivo (hair fragments) models to verify the effects of these compounds on the formation and viability of biofilms. RIP1 and NOR1 showed antifungal activity against strains of T. rubrum and M. canis, but DINOR1 showed no significant antifungal activity against the dermatophytes. Furthermore, RIP1 and NOR1 significantly reduced the viability of biofilms in vitro and ex vivo (P < 0.05). RIP1 was more potent than NOR1, possibly due to the distance between the p-methoxyphenyl and the phenylamide moieties in these compounds. Due to the significant antifungal and antibiofilm activities observed for RIP1 and NOR1, we suggest that they could be useful in the treatment of dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risley Nikael Medeiros Silva
- Fungi Research Group, Biochemistry Laboratory, Academic Unit of Health, Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Antônio Nóbrega da Rocha
- Fungi Research Group, Biochemistry Laboratory, Academic Unit of Health, Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Pereira Silva
- Fungi Research Group, Biochemistry Laboratory, Academic Unit of Health, Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
| | - Juliana Moura-Mendes
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | | | - Gabriela Ribeiro de Sousa
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - José Maria Barbosa-Filho
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Fillipe de Oliveira Pereira
- Fungi Research Group, Biochemistry Laboratory, Academic Unit of Health, Education and Health Center, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Brazil
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Harun WH, Zulaila CO, Fahim A, Allah NU. The synergistic effects of hydroxychavicol and amphotericin B towards yeast-hyphae transition and the germination of Candida albicans. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2023; 18:967-975. [PMID: 36866244 PMCID: PMC9972399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Dimorphic transformation from yeast cells to hyphae is considered one of the major virulence factors of candidal species. The development of antifungal resistance against several candida diseases has led researchers to find plant derived alternatives. We aimed to determine the effect of hydroxychavicol (HC), Amphotericin B (AMB), and their combination (HC + AMB) on the transition and germination of oral Candida species. Methods The antifungal susceptibility of hydroxychavicol (HC) and Amphotericin B (AMB) separately and in a mixture (HC + AMB) against Candida albicans ATCC 14053, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019, Candida tropicalis ATCC 13803, and Candida dubliniensis ATCC MYA-2975 was determined by broth microdilution technique. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration was calculated based on the CLSI protocols. The MIC50, fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index, and IC50 were also determined. The IC50 values were used as the treatment concentration of HC, AMB, and HC + AMB to study the effect of antifungal inhibition on yeast hypha transition (gemination). The germ tube formation percentage of candida species was calculated at several intervals using a colorimetric assay. Results The MIC50 range of HC alone against Candida species was between 120-240 µg per mL while that of AMB was between 2-8 µg per mL, respectively. The combination of HC + AMB at 1:1 and 2:1 demonstrated the strongest synergistic activity against C. albicans with an FIC index of 0.07. Moreover, within the first hour of treatment, the total percentage of germinating cells was significantly reduced by 79% (p < 0.05). Conclusion The combination of HC + AMB displayed synergism and inhibited C. albicans hyphal growth. HC + AMB combination slowed the germination process and exhibited consistent prolonged effect up to 3 h post-treatment. The results of this study will pave the way for potential in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan H.A.W. Harun
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,Corresponding address: Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Che O.N. Zulaila
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ayesha Fahim
- Department of Oral Biology, University College of Dentistry, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nasar U.M. Allah
- Department of Periodontics, Foundation University College of Dentistry and Hospital, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Dermatophytic Biofilms: Characteristics, Significance and Treatment Approaches. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020228. [PMID: 36836342 PMCID: PMC9960790 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes are found in the environment, possibly more often as biofilms than in planktonic forms. Biofilm formation has been described for several important fungal species. The presence of a dermatophytoma in a dermatophytic nail infection was the basis for the proposal that dermatophytes form biofilms as well. This could explain treatment failure and recurrent dermatophytic infections. Several investigators have performed in vitro and ex vivo experiments to study the formation of biofilms by dermatophytes and their properties. The nature of the biofilm structure itself contributes to fungal protection mechanisms against many harmful external agents, including antifungals. Thus, a different approach should be carried out regarding susceptibility testing and treatment. Concerning susceptibility testing, methods to evaluate either the inhibition of biofilm formation, or the ability to eradicate it, have been introduced. As for treatment, in addition to classical antifungal agents, some natural formulations, such as plant extracts or biosurfactants, and alternative approaches, such as photodynamic therapy, have been proposed. Studies that connect the results of the in vitro and ex vivo experimentation with clinical outcomes are required in order to verify the efficacy of these approaches in clinical practice.
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Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activity of Riparin III against Dermatophytes. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020231. [PMID: 36836345 PMCID: PMC9966229 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of dermatophytes to develop biofilms is possibly involved in therapeutic failure because biofilms impair drug effectiveness in the infected tissues. Research to find new drugs with antibiofilm activity against dermatophytes is crucial. In this way, riparins, a class of alkaloids that contain an amide group, are promising antifungal compounds. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of riparin III (RIP3) against Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis, and Nannizzia gypsea strains. We used ciclopirox (CPX) as a positive control. The effects of RIP3 on fungal growth were evaluated by the microdilution technique. The quantification of the biofilm biomass in vitro was assessed by crystal violet, and the biofilm viability was assessed by quantifying the CFU number. The ex vivo model was performed on human nail fragments, which were evaluated by visualization under light microscopy and by quantifying the CFU number (viability). Finally, we evaluated whether RIP3 inhibits sulfite production in T. rubrum. RIP3 inhibited the growth of T. rubrum and M. canis from 128 mg/L and N. gypsea from 256 mg/L. The results showed that RIP3 is a fungicide. Regarding antibiofilm activity, RIP3 inhibited biofilm formation and viability in vitro and ex vivo. Moreover, RIP3 inhibited the secretion of sulfite significantly and was more potent than CPX. In conclusion, the results indicate that RIP3 is a promising antifungal agent against biofilms of dermatophytes and might inhibit sulfite secretion, one relevant virulence factor.
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Al-Madboly LA, Abd El-Salam MA, Bastos JK, El-Shorbagy SH, El-Morsi RM. Novel Preclinical Study of Galloylquinic Acid Compounds from Copaifera lucens with Potent Antifungal Activity against Vaginal Candidiasis Induced in a Murine Model via Multitarget Modes of Action. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0272421. [PMID: 35972130 PMCID: PMC9603814 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02724-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaginal candidiasis is a medical condition characterized by the overgrowth of Candida spp. in the vaginal cavity with complex recurrent pathogenicity as well as tolerance to antifungal therapy and hence is awaiting more safe and effective treatments. This work aimed to assess the potential antifungal activity of galloylquinic acid compounds (GQAs) from Copaifera lucens leaves against vaginal Candida albicans. The antifungal susceptibility test was performed against 20 isolates of multidrug-resistant (MDR) C. albicans using agar diffusion and broth microdilution assays. The results showed that GQAs exhibited strong antagonistic activity against the test isolates, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 26 to 38 mm and low MICs (1 to 16 μg/mL) as well as minimum fungicidal concentrations (2 to 32 μg/mL). The MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] assay confirmed the safety of GQAs against the Vero cell line, showing a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 168.17 mg/mL. A marked difference in the growth pattern of the treated and untreated pathogens was also observed, where a concentration-dependent reduction in the growth rate occurred. Moreover, a pronounced fungicidal effect was demonstrated 6 h after treatment with 1× the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), as evidenced by time-kill assays, where the number of survivors was decreased a 6-fold. GQAs effectively inhibited and eradicated about 80% of C. albicans biofilm at 6 μg/mL and 32 μg/mL, respectively. Interestingly, GQAs disturbed the fungal membrane integrity, induced cell lysis, and reduced the virulence factors (proteinase and phospholipase) as well as the catalase activity. Moreover, the ergosterol content in the plasma membrane decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, the altered mitochondrial membrane potential was associated with an increased release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol, suggesting the initiation of early apoptosis in GQA-treated cells. Transcriptional analysis revealed that all test genes encoding virulence traits, including SAP1, PLB1, LIP1, HWP1, and ALS1, were markedly downregulated in GQA-treated cells compared to the control. The in vivo murine model of vaginal candidiasis further confirmed the therapeutic activity of GQAs (4 mg/kg of body weight) against C. albicans. This work comprehensively evaluated the antifungal, antivirulence, and antibiofilm activities of GQAs against C. albicans isolates using in vitro and in vivo models, providing molecular-level insights into the antifungal mechanism of action and experimental evidence that supports the potential use of GQAs for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. IMPORTANCE Our work presents a new perspective on the potential use of GQAs as safe and highly effective phytochemicals against MDR C. albicans. This microorganism colonizes the human vaginal epithelium, causing vaginal candidiasis, a condition characterized by recurrent pathogenicity and tolerance to traditional antifungal therapy. Based on the results of in vitro tests, our study reports GQAs antifungal modes of action. These compounds exhibited an anticandidal effect by deactivating the fungal hydrolytic enzymes, reducing ergosterol content in the plasma membrane, altering the potential of the mitochondrial membrane, and inducing apoptosis. Additionally, GQAs showed high activity in eradicating the biofilm formed by the fungus via the downregulation of HWP1, ALS, SAP, PLB, and LIP genes, which are constitutively expressed in the biofilm. In an in vivo murine model of vaginal candidiasis, GQAs further demonstrated strong evidence of their effectiveness as an antifungal therapy. In this regard, our findings provide novel insights into the potential therapeutic use of these phytoactive molecules for vaginal candidiasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa A. Al-Madboly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Abd El-Salam
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine Barcelona, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Program in Research at VA West Roxbury, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jairo K. Bastos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rasha M. El-Morsi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
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Punia Bangar S, Suri S, Nayi P, Phimolsiripol Y. Cold plasma for microbial safety: Principle, mechanism, and factors responsible. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Punia Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences Clemson University Clemson 29634 U.S.A
| | - Shweta Suri
- Department of Food Engineering National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management Sonipat Haryana 131028 India
| | - Pratik Nayi
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation National Pingtung University of Science and Technology 1 Shuefu Road Neipu Pingtung 91201 Taiwan
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Sekar V, Ramasamy G, Ravikumar C. In silico Molecular Docking for assessing Anti-fungal Competency of Hydroxychavicol, a Phenolic Compound of Betel Leaf ( Piper betle L.) against COVID-19 Associated Maiming Mycotic Infections. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:169-188. [PMID: 35311433 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2048665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the inhibitory nature of hydroxychavicol against the Covid-19 associated mycotic infections, the present in silico study was performed in hydroxychavicol with the target Lanosterol 14 alpha demethylase and its competency was compared with four approved anti-fungal drugs. Significance: The corona virus pandemic has drawn stark lines between rich nations and poor, and the occurrence of COVID-19 associated mycotic infections, mucormycosis epidemic stands as the latest manifestation. The increase in resistance in known fungal pathogens to the available anti-fungal drugs and side effects are the important demands that forced to search anti-fungal compounds from medicinal plants as therapeutic alternatives. During the fishing expedition, Piper betle L., gets tremendous attention for its rich source of medicinally important compounds. Among them, hydroxychavicol has the enormous supportive records against microbial growth. Methods: Hydroxychavicol and the chosen drugs were retrieved from the Pubchem database and subjected to ADME analysis. The structure of the target of the chosen COVID-19 associated fungal pathogens was retrieved from PDB and unavailable protein structures were modeled using Swiss Model and validated. Virtual screening (PyRx version 0.8) was performed and the interactions were visualized using BIOVIA Discovery Studio. Results: ADME screening of hydroxychavicol was found to have clear reciprocity with the drug-likeliness nature and the subsequent molecular docking study revealed its good binding affinity towards the target protein suggesting its inhibitory nature. Conclusion: This study offers the possibility of making use of the suppressive nature of hydroxychavicol in the treatment of mycotic infections either exclusively/in synergistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinusri Sekar
- Research Scholar, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Gnanam Ramasamy
- Professor and Head, Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Caroline Ravikumar
- Teaching Assistant, Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
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12
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Pereira FDO. A review of recent research on antifungal agents against dermatophyte biofilms. Med Mycol 2021; 59:313-326. [PMID: 33418566 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myaa114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytoses are inflammatory cutaneous mycoses caused by dermatophyte fungi of the genera Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton that affect both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. With therapeutic failure, dermatophytoses can become chronic and recurrent. This is partly due to their ability to develop biofilms, microbial communities involved in a polymeric matrix attached to biotic or abiotic surfaces, contributing to fungal resistance. This review presents evidence accumulated in recent years on antidermatophyte biofilm activity. The following databases were used: Web of Science, Medline/PubMed (via the National Library of Medicine), Embase, and Scopus. Original articles published between 2011 and 2020, emphasizing the antifungal activity of conventional and new drugs against dermatophyte biofilms were eligible. A total of 11 articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed - the studies used in vitro and ex vivo (fragments of nails and hair) experimental models. The articles focused on reports of antibiofilm activity for conventional antifungals, natural drugs, and new therapeutic tools. The strains reported on were T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans, M. canis, and M. gypseum. Between the studies, the wide variability of experimental conditions in vitro and ex vivo was observed. The data suggest the need for methodological standardization (at some minimum). This review systematically presents current studies involving agents that present antibiofilm activity against dermatophytes; and an overview of the ideal in vitro and ex vivo experimental conditions to guarantee biofilm formation that may assist future research. LAY ABSTRACT This review presents the current studies on the antibiofilm activities of drugs against dermatophytes and ideal experimental conditions, which might guarantee in vitro and ex vivo biofilm formation. It can be useful to examine the efficacy of new antimicrobial drugs against dermatophytes.
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13
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Raut P, Kumar S, Iqbal B, Ali J, Baboota S. Development of nanoemulsion gel based formulation of terbinafine for the synergistic antifungal activity: Dermatokinetic experiment for investigation of epidermal terbinafine deposition enhancement. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2020.1862209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhu Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Shobhit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology (MIET) NH-58, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Babar Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
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14
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Wu X, Yu Q, Wu J, Li T, Ding N, Wu W, Lu Y, Zhu Q, Chen Z, Qi J. Ionic liquids containing ketoconazole improving topical treatment of T. Interdigitale infection by synergistic action. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119842. [PMID: 32890655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to exert the synergistic action of ketoconazole (KCZ) and ionic liquids (ILs) for improving antifungal effect. Various ILs were engineered and demonstrated different solubilization capacity for KCZ. Among them, the IL formed by choline and geranic acid ([Ch][Ger]) was the optimal one and able to imporve the solubility of KCZ by around 100-fold. The in vitro antifungal test revealed the [Ch][Ger] significantly inhibited the activity of T. Interdigitale and exerted the synergistic action with KCZ. Compared to Daktarin®, the [Ch][Ger] not only promoted KCZ to penetrate into deep skin layer but also improved in vivo anti-T. Interdigitale activity significantly. Besides, the [Ch][Ger] was able to strip the skin of the lesion site in a flaky manner to remove fungi more thoroughly. However, the skin can recover to be normal state after treatment and there was no evident skin irritation found in [Ch][Ger] group. The ILs may offer promising opportunities to deliver anti-fungal drugs to treat inner skin fungal infections by synergistic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China; Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China; Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China; Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Jianping Qi
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China; Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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15
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Singh D, Majumdar AG, Gamre S, Subramanian M. Membrane damage precedes DNA damage in hydroxychavicol treated E. coli cells and facilitates cooperativity with hydrophobic antibiotics. Biochimie 2020; 180:158-168. [PMID: 33181225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxychavicol (HC), found abundantly in Piper betle leaves is credited with antimicrobial property. Previously we had shown HC induces reactive oxygen species mediated DNA damage in bacterial cells. HC also resulted in membrane compromise revealing its pleiotropic effects on cellular targets. The kinetics and exact sequence of events leading to inhibition of growth and cell death in E. coli after HC treatment remains poorly understood. We show that sub-lethal concentration (125 μg/mL) of HC causes cellular filamentation within 1 h of treatment, while a higher concentration (750 μg/mL) induces cell breakage. HC-treated cells were found to experience oxidative stress as early as 10 min, while evidence of membrane damage was apparent at 30 min. DNA damage repair genes were found to be activated at 60 min. Interestingly, HC-induced cell permeabilization was inhibited and enhanced by external Mg2+ and EDTA, respectively, suggesting that HC damages the outer membrane. Kinetic experiments revealed that HC-treated cells underwent oxidative stress, membrane damage and DNA damage in that order. Because gram negative bacteria such as E. coli are refractory to several antibiotics due to the presence of the outer membrane, we hypothesized that HC pretreatment would sensitize E. coli to hydrophobic antibiotics. Our study reveals for the first time that HC could sensitize bacteria to clinically used antibiotics due to its outer membrane damaging property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Singh
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India
| | - Ananda Guha Majumdar
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India
| | - Sunita Gamre
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India
| | - Mahesh Subramanian
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400 094, India.
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16
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Sen S, Borah SN, Bora A, Deka S. Rhamnolipid exhibits anti-biofilm activity against the dermatophytic fungi Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:e00516. [PMID: 32884912 PMCID: PMC7451867 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytes are responsible for a majority of fungal infections in humans and other vertebrates, causing dermatophytosis. Treatment failures are often associated with biofilm formation, making dermatophytes resistant to antifungals. In this study, effects of a rhamnolipid (RL-SS14) produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa SS14 on planktonic cells of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, their biofilm formation, and disruption of mature biofilms were assessed. The composition of RL-SS14 was analysed using FTIR, HPLC-ESI-MS, and GC-MS. Minimum inhibitory concentrations against the planktonic forms of T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes were 0.5 mg/mL and 0.125 mg/mL, respectively. Crystal-violet (biofilm biomass) and safranin (extracellular matrix) staining revealed that RL-SS14 significantly inhibited biofilm formation and also reduced preformed biofilms in a dose-dependent manner. Microscopic visualization of treated biofilms via SEM, AFM, and CLSM revealed marked morphological damage, cell death, and reduced extracellular matrix. The results indicate the potential of RL-SS14 as an anti-biofilm agent against dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Sen
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Resource Management and Environment Section, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
| | - Siddhartha Narayan Borah
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Resource Management and Environment Section, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India.,Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Arijit Bora
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Guwahati, 781014, Assam, India
| | - Suresh Deka
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Resource Management and Environment Section, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Vigyan Path, Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
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17
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Sen S, Borah SN, Kandimalla R, Bora A, Deka S. Sophorolipid Biosurfactant Can Control Cutaneous Dermatophytosis Caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:329. [PMID: 32226417 PMCID: PMC7080852 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichophyton mentagrophytes, a zoophilic species, is one of the most frequently isolated dermatophytes in many parts of the world. This study investigated the efficacy of a sophorolipid (SL-YS3) produced by Rhodotorula babjevae YS3 against dermatophytosis caused by T. mentagrophytes. SL-YS3 was characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). SL-YS3 comprised of six different fatty acids as the hydrophobic components of constituent congeners and sophorose as the hydrophilic component. Inhibitory effects of purified SL-YS3 against hyphal growth was found to be 85% at a 2 mg ml–1 concentration, and MIC was 1 mg ml–1. Microscopic examination with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that SL-YS3 exerts its effect by disrupting cell membrane integrity causing cell death. SL-YS3 was also effective in reducing the biofilms formed by T. mentagrophytes, which was observed spectrophotometrically with crystal-violet staining and further validated with SEM and CLSM studies of treated biofilms. In vivo studies in a mouse model of cutaneous dermatophytosis involving macroscopic observations, percent culture recovery from skin samples, and histopathological studies showed that SL-YS3 could effectively cure the infected mice after 21 days of topical treatment. Terbinafine (TRB) was used as a standard drug in the experiments. We demonstrate, for the first time, the antidermatophytic activity of a sophorolipid biosurfactant. The findings are suggestive that SL-YS3 can be formulated as a novel antifungal compound to treat cutaneous mycoses caused by T. mentagrophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Sen
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Resource Management and Environment Section, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Siddhartha Narayan Borah
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Resource Management and Environment Section, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Raghuram Kandimalla
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Arijit Bora
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Suresh Deka
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Resource Management and Environment Section, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati, India
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18
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Chen B, Sun Y, Zhang J, Chen R, Zhong X, Wu X, Zheng L, Zhao J. In vitro Evaluation of Photodynamic Effects Against Biofilms of Dermatophytes Involved in Onychomycosis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1228. [PMID: 31231330 PMCID: PMC6568038 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes are the most common cause of onychomycosis, counting for 90% fungal nail infection. Although dermatophyte pathogens are normally susceptible to antifungal agents, onychomycosis often results in refractory chronic disease, and the formation of biofilms frequently underlines the inadequate responses and resistance to standard antifungal treatment. Numerous in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) studies have shown biofilm eradication or substantial reduction, however, such investigation has not yet been expanded to the biofilms of dermatophytes involved in onychomycosis. To shed a light on the potential application of aPDT in the clinic management of onychomycosis, in particular with the manifestation of dermatophytoma, we investigated photodynamic effects on the viabilities and the drug susceptibilities of the biofilm of dermatophytes in vitro. Here, methylene blue at the concentration of 8, 16, and 32 μg/ml applied as photosensitizing agent and LED (635 ± 10 nm, 60 J/cm2) as light source were employed against six strains of Trichophyton rubrum, ten strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and three strains of Microsporum gypseum isolated from clinical specimens. Our results indicated highly efficient photodynamic inhibition, exhibiting CFU (colony forming unit) reduction up to 4.6 log10, 4.3 log10, and 4.7 log10 against the biofilms formed by T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and M. gypseum, respectively. Subjected biofilms displayed considerable decreases in SMICs (sessile minimum inhibitory concentrations) to multiple antifungal agents when compared with untreated groups, indicating the biofilms of dermatophytes became more susceptible to conventional antifungal drugs after aPDT. Additionally, the obliteration of biofilm after aPDT could be observed as shattered and ruptured structures being evident in SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) images. These findings suggest that aPDT is an attractive alternative treatment holding great promise for combating recalcitrant onychomycosis associated with the biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borui Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Dermatology Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | | | - Ruijun Chen
- Dermatology Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiurong Zhong
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaomo Wu
- Dermatology Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, China
| | - Libao Zheng
- Dermatology Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingjun Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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19
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Tsutsumi-Arai C, Takakusaki K, Arai Y, Terada-Ito C, Takebe Y, Imamura T, Ide S, Tatehara S, Tokuyama-Toda R, Wakabayashi N, Satomura K. Grapefruit seed extract effectively inhibits the Candida albicans biofilms development on polymethyl methacrylate denture-base resin. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217496. [PMID: 31136636 PMCID: PMC6538181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the cleansing effects of grapefruit seed extract (GSE) on biofilms of Candida albicans (C. albicans) formed on denture-base resin and the influence of GSE on the mechanical and surface characteristics of the resin. GSE solution diluted with distilled water to 0.1% (0.1% GSE) and 1% (1% GSE) and solutions with Polident® denture cleansing tablet dissolved in distilled water (Polident) or in 0.1% GSE solution (0.1% G+P) were prepared as cleansing solutions. Discs of acrylic resin were prepared, and the biofilm of C. albicans was formed on the discs. The discs with the biofilm were treated with each solution for 5 min at 25°C. After the treatment, the biofilm on the discs was analyzed using a colony forming unit (CFU) assay, fluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In order to assess the persistent cleansing effect, the discs treated with each solution for 5 min were aerobically incubated in Yeast Nitrogen Base medium for another 24 h. After incubation, the persistent effect was assessed by CFU assay. Some specimens of acrylic resin were immersed in each solution for 7 days, and changes in surface roughness (Ra), Vickers hardness (VH), flexural strength (FS), and flexural modulus (FM) were evaluated. As a result, the treatment with 1% GSE for 5 min almost completely eliminated the biofilm formed on the resin; whereas, the treatment with 0.1% GSE, Polident, and 0.1% G+P for 5 min showed a statistically significant inhibitory effect on biofilms. In addition, 0.1% GSE and 0.1% G+P exerted a persistent inhibitory effect on biofilms. Fluorescence microscopy indicated that Polident mainly induced the death of yeast, while the cleansing solutions containing at least 0.1% GSE induced the death of hyphae as well as yeast. SEM also revealed that Polident caused wrinkles, shrinkage, and some deep craters predominantly on the cell surfaces of yeast, while the solutions containing at least 0.1% GSE induced wrinkles, shrinkage, and some damage on cell surfaces of not only yeasts but also hyphae. No significant changes in Ra, VH, FS, or FM were observed after immersion in any of the solutions. Taken together, GSE solution is capable of cleansing C. albicans biofilms on denture-base resin and has a persistent inhibitory effect on biofilm development, without any deteriorations of resin surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Tsutsumi-Arai
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kensuke Takakusaki
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Arai
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chika Terada-Ito
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takebe
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Imamura
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shinji Ide
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Seiko Tatehara
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Reiko Tokuyama-Toda
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Wakabayashi
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Satomura
- Department of Oral Medicine and Stomatology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Sen S, Borah SN, Kandimalla R, Bora A, Deka S. Efficacy of a rhamnolipid biosurfactant to inhibit
Trichophyton rubrum
in vitro and in a mice model of dermatophytosis. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:601-608. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Sen
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Resource Management and Environment Section Life Sciences Division Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Guwahati Assam India
| | - Siddhartha Narayan Borah
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Resource Management and Environment Section Life Sciences Division Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Guwahati Assam India
| | - Raghuram Kandimalla
- Drug Discovery Laboratory Life Sciences Division Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Guwahati Assam India
| | - Arijit Bora
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology Institute of Science and Technology Gauhati University Guwahati Assam India
| | - Suresh Deka
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Resource Management and Environment Section Life Sciences Division Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Guwahati Assam India
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21
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Hemamalini V, Velayutham DPM, Lakshmanan L, Muthusamy K, Sivaramakrishnan S, Premkumar K. Inhibitory potential of Hydroxychavicol on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model and in silico interaction on cancer targets. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:1591-1596. [PMID: 30470141 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1519819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxychavicol (HC), a major phenolic derivative isolated from the leaves of Piper betle L. is well known for its antibacterial, antifungal and antimutagenic properties. The present study evaluated the in vivo antitumor activity of HC against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cells in Swiss albino mice and in silico interaction of HC with the receptors involved in the cancer. Hydroxychavicol (200 and 400 mg/kg bw) was orally administered for 21 consecutive days and was effective in inhibiting the tumor growth in ascitic mouse model. HC consistently reduced the tumor volume, viable cell count, lipid peroxidation and elevated the life span of HC treated mice. Besides the hematological profiles, SGOT and SGPT levels reverted back to normal and oxidative stress markers GSH, SOD and CAT also increased in HC treated groups. In silico docking analysis revealed that HC possessed potent antagonist activity against all the cancer targets demonstrating its inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedagiri Hemamalini
- Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Kumpati Premkumar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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22
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Bagheri Z, Ehtesabi H, Hallaji Z, Latifi H, Behroodi E. Investigation the cytotoxicity and photo-induced toxicity of carbon dot on yeast cell. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 161:245-250. [PMID: 29886311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) as a new fluorescent material with excellent water solubility, chemical inertness, and easy surface modification are a good candidate for bioimaging and biosensing due to their low toxicity and good biocompatibility. Although carbon is not an intrinsically toxic substance, carbon nanomaterials such as CDs may cause risks to human health and the potentially hazardous effects of CDs on various living systems must be completely determined. So far, cytotoxicity studies of CDs have focused on human cells and are mainly conducted on limited cell lines. In the present study, toxicity assessment of CDs was evaluated on yeast cells Pichia pastoris as a unicellular eukaryotic model. Results revealed dose-dependent toxicity of CDs on yeast cells and less relative cell growth in 25 mg/ml of CDs as compared to the control group. CDs binding curve confirmed the interaction between CDs and surface of yeast cells. SEM images showed that the CDs caused cell shrinkage and hole formation on the surface of yeast cells and also induced slightly cell deformation. It was demonstrated that CDs could generate the ROS dose-dependently. Finally, results showed the growth inhibition and ROS generation effects of CDs were enhanced at light exposure, as an important environmental factor. These findings could have important implications for applications of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Bagheri
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Velenjak, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamide Ehtesabi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hallaji
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Latifi
- Laser & Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Behroodi
- Laser & Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University G.C., Velenjak, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Singh D, Narayanamoorthy S, Gamre S, Majumdar AG, Goswami M, Gami U, Cherian S, Subramanian M. Hydroxychavicol, a key ingredient of Piper betle induces bacterial cell death by DNA damage and inhibition of cell division. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 120:62-71. [PMID: 29550331 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global problem and there is an urgent need to augment the arsenal against pathogenic bacteria. The emergence of different drug resistant bacteria is threatening human lives to be pushed towards the pre-antibiotic era. Botanical sources remain a vital source of diverse organic molecules that possess antibacterial property as well as augment existing antibacterial molecules. Piper betle, a climber, is widely used in south and south-east Asia whose leaves and nuts are consumed regularly. Hydroxychavicol (HC) isolated from Piper betle has been reported to possess antibacterial activity. It is currently not clear how the antibacterial activity of HC is manifested. In this investigation we show HC generates superoxide in E. coli cells. Antioxidants protected E. coli against HC induced cell death while gshA mutant was more sensitive to HC than wild type. DNA damage repair deficient mutants are hypersensitive to HC and HC induces the expression of DNA damage repair genes that repair oxidative DNA damage. HC treated E. coli cells are inhibited from growth and undergo DNA condensation. In vitro HC binds to DNA and cleaves it in presence of copper. Our data strongly indicates HC mediates bacterial cell death by ROS generation and DNA damage. Damage to iron sulfur proteins in the cells contribute to amplification of oxidative stress initiated by HC. Further HC is active against a number of Gram negative bacteria isolated from patients with a wide range of clinical symptoms and varied antibiotic resistance profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Singh
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | | | - Sunita Gamre
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Ananda Guha Majumdar
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Manish Goswami
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Umesh Gami
- Department of Pathology, BARC Hospital, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Susan Cherian
- Department of Pathology, BARC Hospital, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Mahesh Subramanian
- Bio-Organic Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India.
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24
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Li ZJ, Liu M, Dawuti G, Dou Q, Ma Y, Liu HG, Aibai S. Antifungal Activity of Gallic Acid In Vitro
and In Vivo. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1039-1045. [PMID: 28524381 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Traditional Uighur Medicine; Xinjiang Laboratory of Uighur Medical Prescription; Urumqi Xinjiang 830049 China
| | - Meng Liu
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi 830011 Xinjiang China
| | - Gulina Dawuti
- Xinjiang Hospital of Traditional Uighur Medicine; Urumqi Xinjiang 830049 China
| | - Qin Dou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Traditional Uighur Medicine; Xinjiang Laboratory of Uighur Medical Prescription; Urumqi Xinjiang 830049 China
| | - Yu Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory; The Fourth People's Hospital of Urumqi; Urumqi 830002 Xinjiang China
| | - Heng-Ge Liu
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi 830011 Xinjiang China
| | - Silafu Aibai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Traditional Uighur Medicine; Xinjiang Laboratory of Uighur Medical Prescription; Urumqi Xinjiang 830049 China
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