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Li J, Wen T, Zhang R, Hu X, Guo F, Zhao H, Wang P, Wang Y, Ni D, Wang M. Metabolome profiling and transcriptome analysis unveiling the crucial role of magnesium transport system for magnesium homeostasis in tea plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae152. [PMID: 38994447 PMCID: PMC11237192 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) is a crucial nutrient for the growth and development of Camellia sinensis and is closely related to the quality of tea. However, the underlying mechanisms responding to low-Mg 2+ stress in tea plants remain largely unknown. In this study, photosynthetic parameters, metabolomics, and transcriptomics were utilized to explore the potential effects of low Mg2+ on the growth and metabolism of C. sinensis. Low-Mg2+ treatment increased the ratio of shoot dry weight to root dry weight but decreased the photosynthesis of C. sinensis. Forty and thirty metabolites were impacted by Mg2+ shortage in C. sinensis shoots and roots, respectively. Integrated transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed the possible reasons for the decreased contents of chlorophyll and catechins and the increased theanine content in C. sinensis roots. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis indicated that the Mg2+ transport system was essential in the regulation of Mg2+ homeostasis in C. sinensis, in which CsMGT5 was identified to be the key regulator according to CsMGT5-overexpressing and complementary assays in Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, silencing of CsMGT5 in vivo reduced the content of chlorophyll in C. sinensis shoots. In addition, CsMGT5 might collaborate with ammonium transporters to keep the amino acid content steady, suggesting its potential application for tea quality improvement. All these findings demonstrate the key roles of CsMGTs for Mg2+ homeostasis in C. sinensis, providing a theoretical basis for Mg2+ efficient utilization in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ting Wen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruiming Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinlong Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Guo
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hua Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pu Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingle Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Guo Z, Li C, Li X, Shao S, Rogers KM, Li Q, Li D, Guo H, Huang T, Yuan Y. Fertilizer Effects on the Nitrogen Isotope Composition of Soil and Different Leaf Locations of Potted Camellia sinensis over a Growing Season. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1628. [PMID: 38931060 PMCID: PMC11207308 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The nitrogen-stable isotopes of plants can be used to verify the source of fertilizers, but the fertilizer uptake patterns in tea (Camellia sinensis) plants are unclear. In this study, potted tea plants were treated with three types of organic fertilizers (OFs), urea, and a control. The tea leaves were sampled over seven months from the top, middle, and base of the plants and analyzed for the δ15N and nitrogen content, along with the corresponding soil samples. The top tea leaves treated with the rapeseed cake OF had the highest δ15N values (up to 6.6‱), followed by the chicken manure, the cow manure, the control, and the urea fertilizer (6.5‱, 4.1‱, 2.2‱, and 0.6‱, respectively). The soil treated with cow manure had the highest δ15N values (6.0‱), followed by the chicken manure, rapeseed cake, control, and urea fertilizer (4.8‱, 4.0‱, 2.5‱, and 1.9‱, respectively). The tea leaves fertilized with rapeseed cake showed only slight δ15N value changes in autumn but increased significantly in early spring and then decreased in late spring, consistent with the delivery of a slow-release fertilizer. Meanwhile, the δ15N values of the top, middle, and basal leaves from the tea plants treated with the rapeseed cake treatment were consistently higher in early spring and lower in autumn and late spring, respectively. The urea and control samples had lower tea leaf δ15N values than the rapeseed cake-treated tea and showed a generalized decrease in the tea leaf δ15N values over time. The results clarify the temporal nitrogen patterns and isotope compositions of tea leaves treated with different fertilizer types and ensure that the δ15N tea leaf values can be used to authenticate the organic fertilizer methods across different harvest periods and leaf locations. The present results based on a pot experiment require further exploration in open agricultural soils in terms of the various potential fertilizer effects on the different variations of nitrogen isotope ratios in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuchuang Guo
- College of Food Sciences and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (C.L.); (K.M.R.)
| | - Chunlin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (C.L.); (K.M.R.)
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China;
| | - Shengzhi Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (C.L.); (K.M.R.)
| | - Karyne M. Rogers
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (C.L.); (K.M.R.)
- National Isotope Centre, GNS Science, 30 Gracefield Road, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Q.L.)
| | - Da Li
- Institute of Sericulture and Tea, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (Q.L.)
| | - Haowei Guo
- Tea Research Institute, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tao Huang
- College of Food Sciences and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Yuwei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (C.L.); (K.M.R.)
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Duan Y, Wang G, Liang L, Wang M, Jiang J, Ma Y, Zhu X, Wu J, Fang W. Intercropping fruit trees in tea plantation improves soil properties and the formation of tea quality components. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108574. [PMID: 38564979 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Intercropping has been recommended as a beneficial cropping practice for improving soil characteristic and tea quality. However, there is limited research on the effects of intercropping fruit trees on soil chemical properties, soil aggregate structure, and tea quality components. In this study, intercropping fruit trees, specifically loquats and citrus, had a significant impact on the total available nutrients, AMN, and AP in soil. During spring and autumn seasons, the soil large-macroaggregates (>2 mm) proportion increased by 5.93% and 19.03%, as well as 29.23% and 19.14%, respectively, when intercropping loquats and citrus. Similarly, intercropping waxberry resulted in a highest small-macroaggregates (0.25 mm-2 mm) proportion at 54.89% and 77.32%. Soil aggregate stability parameters of the R0.25, MWD, and GMD were generally considered better soil aggregate stability indicators, and significantly improved in intercropping systems. Intercropping waxberry with higher values for those aggregate stability parameters and lower D values, showed a better soil aggregate distribution, while intercropping loquats and citrus at higher levels of AMN and AP in different soil aggregate sizes. As the soil aggregate sizes increased, the AMN and AP contents gradually decreased. Furthermore, the enhanced levels of amino acids were observed under loquat, waxberry, and citrus intercropping in spring, which increased by 27.98%, 27.35%, and 26.21%, respectively. The contents of tea polyphenol and caffeine were lower under loquat and citrus intercropping in spring. These findings indicated that intercropping fruit trees, specifically loquat and citrus, have immense potential in promoting the green and sustainable development of tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Duan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Horticultural Station, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Luyao Liang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Menghe Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchun Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Jiangsu vocational college of agriculture and forestry, Zhenjiang, 212400, China.
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Zhang X, Li X, Chen F, Cao X, Wang C, Jiao L, Yue L, Wang Z. Selenium Nanomaterials Enhance the Nutrients and Functional Components of Fuding Dabai Tea. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:681. [PMID: 38668175 PMCID: PMC11053761 DOI: 10.3390/nano14080681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Theanine, polyphenols, and caffeine not only affect the flavor of tea, but also play an important role in human health benefits. However, the specific regulatory mechanism of Se NMs on fat-reducing components is still unclear. In this study, the synthesis of fat-reducing components in Fuding Dabai (FDDB) tea was investigated. The results indicated that the 100-bud weight, theanine, EGCG, total catechin, and caffeine contents of tea buds were optimally promoted by 10 mg·L-1 Se NMs in the range of 24.3%, 36.2%, 53.9%, 67.1%, and 30.9%, respectively. Mechanically, Se NMs promoted photosynthesis in tea plants, increased the soluble sugar content in tea leaves (30.3%), and provided energy for the metabolic processes, including the TCA cycle, pyruvate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and the glutamine/glutamic acid cycle, ultimately increasing the content of amino acids and antioxidant substances (catechins) in tea buds; the relative expressions of key genes for catechin synthesis, CsPAL, CsC4H, CsCHI, CsDFR, CsANS, CsANR, CsLAR, and UGGT, were significantly upregulated by 45.1-619.1%. The expressions of theanine synthesis genes CsTs, CsGs, and CsGOGAT were upregulated by 138.8-693.7%. Moreover, Se NMs promoted more sucrose transfer to the roots, with the upregulations of CsSUT1, CsSUT2, CsSUT3, and CsSWEET1a by 125.8-560.5%. Correspondingly, Se NMs enriched the beneficial rhizosphere microbiota (Roseiarcus, Acidothermus, Acidibacter, Conexicter, and Pedosphaeraceae), enhancing the absorption and utilization of ammonium nitrogen by tea plants, contributing to the accumulation of theanine. This study provides compelling evidence supporting the application of Se NMs in promoting the lipid-reducing components of tea by enhancing its nitrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Feiran Chen
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xuesong Cao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chuanxi Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liya Jiao
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Le Yue
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
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Duan Y, Wang T, Zhang P, Zhao X, Jiang J, Ma Y, Zhu X, Fang W. The effect of intercropping leguminous green manure on theanine accumulation in the tea plant: A metagenomic analysis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1141-1159. [PMID: 38098148 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Intercropping is a widely recognised technique that contributes to agricultural sustainability. While intercropping leguminous green manure offers advantages for soil health and tea plants growth, the impact on the accumulation of theanine and soil nitrogen cycle are largely unknown. The levels of theanine, epigallocatechin gallate and soluble sugar in tea leaves increased by 52.87% and 40.98%, 22.80% and 6.17%, 22.22% and 29.04% in intercropping with soybean-Chinese milk vetch rotation and soybean alone, respectively. Additionally, intercropping significantly increased soil amino acidnitrogen content, enhanced extracellular enzyme activities, particularly β-glucosidase and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, as well as soil multifunctionality. Metagenomics analysis revealed that intercropping positively influenced the relative abundances of several potentially beneficial microorganisms, including Burkholderia, Mycolicibacterium and Paraburkholderia. Intercropping resulted in lower expression levels of nitrification genes, reducing soil mineral nitrogen loss and N2 O emissions. The expression of nrfA/H significantly increased in intercropping with soybean-Chinese milk vetch rotation. Structural equation model analysis demonstrated that the accumulation of theanine in tea leaves was directly influenced by the number of intercropping leguminous green manure species, soil ammonium nitrogen and amino acid nitrogen. In summary, the intercropping strategy, particularly intercropping with soybean-Chinese milk vetch rotation, could be a novel way for theanine accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Duan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peixi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinjie Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanchun Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Wang Y, Wang T, Qi S, Zhao J, Kong J, Xue Z, Sun W, Zeng W. Genome-wide identification, expression profiling, and protein interaction analysis of the CCoAOMT gene family in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). BMC Genomics 2024; 25:238. [PMID: 38438984 PMCID: PMC10913456 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-09972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The caffeoyl-CoA-O methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) family plays a crucial role in the oxidative methylation of phenolic substances and is involved in various plant processes, including growth, development, and stress response. However, there is a limited understanding of the interactions among CCoAOMT protein members in tea plants. RESULTS In this study, we identified 10 members of the CsCCoAOMT family in the genome of Camellia sinensis (cultivar 'HuangDan'), characterized by conserved gene structures and motifs. These CsCCoAOMT members were located on six different chromosomes (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 14). Based on phylogenetic analysis, CsCCoAOMT can be divided into two groups: I and II. Notably, the CsCCoAOMT members of group Ia are likely to be candidate genes involved in lignin biosynthesis. Moreover, through the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay, we established protein interaction networks for the CsCCoAOMT family, revealing 9 pairs of members with interaction relationships. CONCLUSIONS We identified the CCoAOMT gene family in Camellia sinensis and conducted a comprehensive analysis of their classifications, phylogenetic and synteny relationships, gene structures, protein interactions, tissue-specific expression patterns, and responses to various stresses. Our findings shed light on the evolution and composition of CsCCoAOMT. Notably, the observed interaction among CCoAOMT proteins suggests the potential formation of the O-methyltransferase (OMT) complex during the methylation modification process, expanding our understanding of the functional roles of this gene family in diverse biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Siyu Qi
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiumei Kong
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Xue
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350028, Quanzhou, China
| | - Weijiang Sun
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Wen Zeng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China.
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Zhang W, Ni K, Long L, Ruan J. Nitrogen transport and assimilation in tea plant ( Camellia sinensis): a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1249202. [PMID: 37810380 PMCID: PMC10556680 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1249202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for tea plants, as it contributes significantly to tea yield and serves as the component of amino acids, which in turn affects the quality of tea produced. To achieve higher yields, excessive amounts of N fertilizers mainly in the form of urea have been applied in tea plantations where N fertilizer is prone to convert to nitrate and be lost by leaching in the acid soils. This usually results in elevated costs and environmental pollution. A comprehensive understanding of N metabolism in tea plants and the underlying mechanisms is necessary to identify the key regulators, characterize the functional phenotypes, and finally improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Tea plants absorb and utilize ammonium as the preferred N source, thus a large amount of nitrate remains activated in soils. The improvement of nitrate utilization by tea plants is going to be an alternative aspect for NUE with great potentiality. In the process of N assimilation, nitrate is reduced to ammonium and subsequently derived to the GS-GOGAT pathway, involving the participation of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Additionally, theanine, a unique amino acid responsible for umami taste, is biosynthesized by the catalysis of theanine synthetase (TS). In this review, we summarize what is known about the regulation and functioning of the enzymes and transporters implicated in N acquisition and metabolism in tea plants and the current methods for assessing NUE in this species. The challenges and prospects to expand our knowledge on N metabolism and related molecular mechanisms in tea plants which could be a model for woody perennial plant used for vegetative harvest are also discussed to provide the theoretical basis for future research to assess NUE traits more precisely among the vast germplasm resources, thus achieving NUE improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Xihu National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lizhi Long
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Xihu National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Hangzhou, China
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Chen M, Zhu K, Xie J, Liu J, Qiao Z, Tan P, Peng F. Ammonium-nitrate mixtures dominated by NH 4+-N promote the growth of pecan ( Carya illinoinensis) through enhanced N uptake and assimilation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1186818. [PMID: 37313261 PMCID: PMC10258329 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1186818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) limits plant productivity, and its uptake and assimilation may be regulated by N sources, N assimilating enzymes, and N assimilation genes. Mastering the regulatory mechanisms of N uptake and assimilation is a key way to improve plant nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). However, it is poorly known how these factors interact to influence the growth process of pecans. In this study, the growth, nutrient uptake and N assimilation characteristics of pecan were analyzed by aeroponic cultivation at varying NH4 +/NO3 - ratios (0/0, 0/100,25/75, 50/50, 75/25,100/0 as CK, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). The results showed that T4 and T5 treatments optimally promoted the growth, nutrient uptake and N assimilating enzyme activities of pecan, which significantly increased aboveground biomass, average relative growth rate (RGR), root area, root activity, free amino acid (FAA) and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations, nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT and NADH-GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activities. According to the qRT-PCR results, most of the N assimilation genes were expressed at higher levels in leaves and were mainly significantly up-regulated under T1 and T4 treatments. Correlation analysis showed that a correlation between N assimilating enzymes and N assimilating genes did not necessarily exist. The results of partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) analysis indicated that N assimilation genes could affect the growth of pecan by regulating N assimilation enzymes and nutrients. In summary, we suggested that the NH4 +/NO3 - ratio of 75:25 was more beneficial to improve the growth and NUE of pecan. Meanwhile, we believe that the determination of plant N assimilation capacity should be the result of a comprehensive analysis of N concentration, N assimilation enzymes and related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Chen
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaikai Zhu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyi Xie
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Ecology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junping Liu
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenbing Qiao
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengpeng Tan
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangren Peng
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Wang G, Zhang L, Guo Z, Shi D, Zhai H, Yao Y, Yang T, Xin S, Cui H, Li J, Ma J, Sun W. Benefits of biological nitrification inhibition of Leymus chinensis under alkaline stress: the regulatory function of ammonium-N exceeds its nutritional function. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1145830. [PMID: 37255563 PMCID: PMC10225694 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1145830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The production of root exudates with biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) effects is a strategy adopted by ammonium-N (NH4+-N) tolerant plant species that occur in N-limited environments. Most knowledge on BNI comes from plant species that occur in acidic soils. Methods Here, combining field sampling and laboratory culture, we assessed the BNI-capacity of Leymus chinensis, a dominant grass species in alkaline grasslands in eastern Asia, and explored why L. chinensis has BNI ability. Results and discussion The results showed that L. chinensis has strong BNI-capacity. At a concentration of 1 mg mL-1, L. chinensis' root exudates inhibited nitrification in soils influenced by Puccinellia tenuiflora by 72.44%, while DCD only inhibited it by 68.29%. The nitrification potential of the soil of L. chinensis community was only 53% of the P. tenuiflora or 41% of the Suaeda salsa community. We also showed that the supply of NH4+-N driven by L. chinensis' BNI can meet its requirements . In addition, NH4+-N can enhance plant adaptation to alkaline stress by regulating pH, and in turn, the uptake of nitrate-N (NO3--N). We further demonstrated that the regulatory function of NH4+-N is greater than its nutritional function in alkaline environment. The results offer novel insights into how L. chinensis adapts to high pH and nutrient deficiency stress by secreting BNIs, and reveal, for the first time, differences in the functional roles of NH4+-N and NO3--N in growth and adaptation under alkaline conditions in a grass species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Wang
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zihan Guo
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongfang Shi
- Analysis and Testing Center, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Huiliang Zhai
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianxue Yang
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuquan Xin
- School of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haiying Cui
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Junqin Li
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Grassland Science, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Songnen Grassland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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10
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Deng N, Zhu H, Xiong J, Gong S, Xie K, Shang Q, Yang X. Magnesium deficiency stress in rice can be alleviated by partial nitrate nutrition supply. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:463-471. [PMID: 36758293 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The problem of nitrogen (N) excess and magnesium (Mg) deficiency in farmland is becoming more common, severe, and widespread in southern China. Magnesium is known to be an essential nutrient for higher plants; however, the physiological responses of field crops to Mg deficiency, particularly to its interaction with N forms, remain largely unknown. In this study, a hydroponic experiment was conducted using three Mg levels (0.01, 1.00, and 5.00 mM) and three nitrate/ammonium ratios (NO3-/NH4+ of 0/100, 25/75, and 50/50) under greenhouse conditions. The results show that Mg deficiency (0.01 mM) could result in yellow leaves, dwarf plants, and fewer tillers during rice growth. Furthermore, Mg deficiency induced a major reduction in root morphology and activity, photosynthetic properties, and nutrient accumulation, while it resulted in a clear increase in malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities in rice. However, under Mg-deficiency stress, the supply of partial NO3- led to a significant drop in these antioxidant enzyme activities. Moreover, partial NO3- supply significantly improved the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentrations under Mg-deficiency conditions. In particular, the supply of partial NO3- dramatically promoted the growth of the root system, boosted the occurrence of lateral roots, and enhanced root vitality under Mg-deficiency stress. Additionally, the supply of partial NO3- led to significant increases in dry weight and N and Mg contents under Mg deficiency. The results of this study suggest that the symptoms of Mg-deficiency stress in rice can be alleviated by partial NO3- supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Deng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Jiangbo Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Shidao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Kailiu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Qingyin Shang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Xiuxia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
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11
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Ortigosa F, Lobato-Fernández C, Pérez-Claros JA, Cantón FR, Ávila C, Cánovas FM, Cañas RA. Epitranscriptome changes triggered by ammonium nutrition regulate the proteome response of maritime pine roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1102044. [PMID: 36618661 PMCID: PMC9815506 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1102044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Epitranscriptome constitutes a gene expression checkpoint in all living organisms. Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth and development that influences gene expression at different levels such as epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. Therefore, our hypothesis is that changes in the epitranscriptome may regulate nitrogen metabolism. In this study, epitranscriptomic modifications caused by ammonium nutrition were monitored in maritime pine roots using Oxford Nanopore Technology. Transcriptomic responses mainly affected transcripts involved in nitrogen and carbon metabolism, defense, hormone synthesis/signaling, and translation. Global detection of epitranscriptomic marks was performed to evaluate this posttranscriptional mechanism in un/treated seedlings. Increased N6-methyladenosine (m6A) deposition in the 3'-UTR was observed in response to ammonium, which seems to be correlated with poly(A) lengths and changes in the relative abundance of the corresponding proteins. The results showed that m6A deposition and its dynamics seem to be important regulators of translation under ammonium nutrition. These findings suggest that protein translation is finely regulated through epitranscriptomic marks likely by changes in mRNA poly(A) length, transcript abundance and ribosome protein composition. An integration of multiomics data suggests that the epitranscriptome modulates responses to nutritional, developmental and environmental changes through buffering, filtering, and focusing the final products of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ortigosa
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología de Plantas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - César Lobato-Fernández
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología de Plantas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | | | - Concepción Ávila
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología de Plantas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco M. Cánovas
- Grupo de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología de Plantas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael A. Cañas
- Integrative Molecular Biology Lab, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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12
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Genome-Wide Identification of AMT2-Type Ammonium Transporters Reveal That CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 Potentially Regulate NH 4+ Absorption among Three Different Cultivars of Camellia sinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415661. [PMID: 36555302 PMCID: PMC9779401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonium (NH4+), as a major inorganic source of nitrogen (N) for tea plant growth, is transported and distributed across membranes by the proteins of ammonium transporters (AMTs). However, the AMT2-type AMTs from tea plants remain poorly understood. In this study, five CsAMT2 subfamily genes were identified in tea plant genomes, and their full-length coding sequences (CDS) were isolated from roots. Then, a NH4+ uptake kinetic comparison of Fudingdabaicha (FD), Huangdan (HD), and Maoxie (MX) showed that FD was a high N efficiency (HNE) cultivar that had a wide range of adaptability to NH4+, HD was a high N efficiency under high N conditions (HNEH) cultivar, in which it was easy to obtain higher yield in a high N environment, and MX was a high N efficiency under low N conditions (HNEL) cultivar, which had a higher affinity for NH4+ than the other two. Tissue-specific expression analysis suggested that CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 were highly expressed in the roots, indicating that these two members may be unique in the CsAMT2 subfamily. This is further supported by our findings from the temporal expression profiles in the roots among these three different N adaptation cultivars. Expression levels of CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 in FD and HD were upregulated by a short time (2 h) under high NH4+ treatment, while under low NH4+ treatment, CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 were highly expressed at 0 h and 2 h in the HNEL-type cultivar-MX. Furthermore, the functional analysis illustrated that CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 could make a functional complementation of NH4+-defective mutant yeast cells at low NH4+ levels, and the transport efficiency of CsAMT2.3 was higher than that of CsAMT2.2. Thus, we concluded that CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 might play roles in controlling the NH4+ uptake from the soil to the roots. These results will further the understanding of the NH4+ signal networks of AMT2-type proteins in tea plants.
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13
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Chen M, Zhu K, Xie J, Liu J, Tan P, Peng F. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of AMT and NRT Gene Family in Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) Seedlings Revealed a Preference for NH4+-N. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113314. [PMID: 36362101 PMCID: PMC9655437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a major limiting factor for plant growth and crop production. The use of N fertilizer in forestry production is increasing each year, but the loss is substantial. Mastering the regulatory mechanisms of N uptake and transport is a key way to improve plant nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). However, this has rarely been studied in pecans. In this study, 10 AMT and 69 NRT gene family members were identified and systematically analyzed from the whole pecan genome using a bioinformatics approach, and the expression patterns of AMT and NRT genes and the uptake characteristics of NH4+ and NO3− in pecan were analyzed by aeroponic cultivation at varying NH4+/NO3− ratios (0/0, 0/100,25/75, 50/50, 75/25,100/0 as CK, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). The results showed that gene duplication was the main reason for the amplification of the AMT and NRT gene families in pecan, both of which experienced purifying selection. Based on qRT-PCR results, CiAMTs were primarily expressed in roots, and CiNRTs were majorly expressed in leaves, which were consistent with the distribution of pecan NH4+ and NO3− concentrations in the organs. The expression levels of CiAMTs and CiNRTs were mainly significantly upregulated under N deficiency and T4 treatment. Meanwhile, T4 treatment significantly increased the NH4+, NO3−, and NO2− concentrations as well as the Vmax and Km values of NH4+ and NO3− in pecans, and Vmax/Km indicated that pecan seedlings preferred to absorb NH4+. In summary, considering the single N source of T5, we suggested that the NH4+/NO3− ratio of 75:25 was more beneficial to improve the NUE of pecan, thus increasing pecan yield, which provides a theoretical basis for promoting the scale development of pecan and provides a basis for further identification of the functions of AMT and NRT genes in the N uptake and transport process of pecan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Kaikai Zhu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junyi Xie
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Department of Ecology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junping Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Pengpeng Tan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Fangren Peng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8542-7995
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14
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Lin S, Liu Z, Wang Y, Li J, Wang G, Ye J, Wang H, He H. Soil metagenomic analysis on changes of functional genes and microorganisms involved in nitrogen-cycle processes of acidified tea soils. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:998178. [PMID: 36311106 PMCID: PMC9614370 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.998178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is the first essential nutrient for tea growth. However, the effect of soil acidification on soil N cycle and N forms in tea plantation are unclear. In this study, the nitrogen contents, soil enzyme activity and N mineralization rate in acidified soil of tea plantation were measured. Moreover, the effects of soil acidification on N cycling functional genes and functional microorganisms were explored by soil metagenomics. The results showed that the NH4 +-N, available N and net N mineralization rate in the acidified tea soil decreased significantly, while the NO3 --N content increased significantly. The activities of sucrase, protease, catalase and polyphenol oxidase in the acidified tea soil decreased significantly. The abundance of genes related to ammonification, dissimilatory N reduction, nitrification and denitrification pathway in the acidified tea soil increased significantly, but the abundance of functional genes related to glutamate synthesis and assimilatory N reduction pathway were opposite. In addition, the abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Nitrospirae, Actinomadura, Nitrospira etc. microorganisms related to nitrification, denitrification and pathogenic effect increased significantly in the acidified tea soil. The correlation results showed that soil pH and N forms were correlated with soil enzyme activity, N cycling function genes and microbial changes. In conclusion, soil acidification results in significant changes in enzyme activity, gene abundance and microorganism involved in various N cycle processes in acidified tea soil, which leads to imbalance of soil N form ratio and is not conducive to N transformation and absorption of tea trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunxian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gege Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianghua Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Tea and Food Science, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
| | - Haibin He
- Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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15
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Lin S, Chen Z, Chen T, Deng W, Wan X, Zhang Z. Theanine metabolism and transport in tea plants ( Camellia sinensis L.): advances and perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022; 43:327-341. [PMID: 35430936 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2036692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Theanine, a tea plant-specific non-proteinogenic amino acid, is the most abundant free amino acid in tea leaves. It is also one of the most important quality components of tea because it endows the "umami" taste, relaxation-promoting, and many other health benefits of tea infusion. Its content in tea leaves is directly correlated with the quality and price of green tea. Theanine biosynthesis primarily occurs in roots and is transported to new shoots in tea plants. Recently, great advances have been made in theanine metabolism and transport in tea plants. Along with the deciphering of the genomic sequences of tea plants, new genes in theanine metabolic pathway were discovered and functionally characterized. Theanine transporters were identified and were characterized on the affinity for: theanine, substrate specificity, spatiotemporal expression, and the role in theanine root-to-shoot transport. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of theanine accumulation by: cultivars, seasons, nutrients, and environmental factors are also being rapidly uncovered. Transcription factors were identified to be critical regulators of theanine biosynthesis. In this review, we summarize the progresses in theanine: biosynthesis, catabolism, and transport processes. We also discuss the future studies on theanine in tea plants, and application of the knowledge to crops to synthesize theanine to improve the health-promoting quality of non-tea crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Ziping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Weiwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, PR China
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16
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Characteristics of NH4+ and NO3− Fluxes in Taxodium Roots under Different Nitrogen Treatments. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11070894. [PMID: 35406875 PMCID: PMC9003431 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To understand the characteristics of net NH4+ and NO3− fluxes and their relation with net H+ fluxes in Taxodium, net fluxes of NH4+, NO3− and H+ were detected by a scanning ion-selective electrode technique under different forms of fixed nitrogen (N) and experimental conditions. The results showed that higher net NH4+ and NO3− fluxes occurred at 2.1–3.0 mm from the root apex in T.ascendens and T. distichum. Compared to NH4+ or NO3− alone, more stable net NH4+ and NO3− fluxes were found under NH4NO3 supply conditions, of which net NH4+ flux was promoted at least 1.71 times by NO3−, whereas net NO3− flux was reduced more than 81.66% by NH4+ in all plants, which indicated that NH4+ is preferred by Taxodium plants. T. ascendens and T. mucronatum had the largest net NH4+ and total N influxes when NH4+:NO3− was 3:1. 15N Atom% and activities of N assimilation enzymes were improved by single N fertilization in the roots of T. distichum. In most cases, net H+ fluxes were tightly correlated with net NH4+ and NO3− fluxes. Thus, both N forms and proportions could affect N uptake of Taxodium. These findings could provide useful guidance for N management for better productivity of Taxodium plants.
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17
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Bai YC, Li BX, Xu CY, Raza M, Wang Q, Wang QZ, Fu YN, Hu JY, Imoulan A, Hussain M, Xu YJ. Intercropping Walnut and Tea: Effects on Soil Nutrients, Enzyme Activity, and Microbial Communities. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:852342. [PMID: 35369467 PMCID: PMC8971985 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.852342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The practice of intercropping, which involves growing more than one crop simultaneously during the same growing season, is becoming more important for increasing soil quality, land-use efficiency, and subsequently crop productivity. The present study examined changes in soil physicochemical properties, enzymatic activity, and microbial community composition when walnut (Juglans spp.) was intercropped with tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants in a forest and compared with a walnut and tea monocropping system. The results showed that walnut–tea intercropping improved the soil nutrient profile and enzymatic activity. The soil available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), organic matter (OM) content, and sucrase activity were significantly boosted in intercropped walnut and tea than in monocropping forests. The interaction between crops further increased bacterial and fungal diversity when compared to monoculture tea forests. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Chlamydiae, Rozellomycota, and Zoopagomycota were found in greater abundance in an intercropping pattern than in monoculture walnut and tea forest plantations. The walnut–tea intercropping system also markedly impacted the abundance of several bacterial and fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which were previously shown to support nutrient cycling, prevent diseases, and ameliorate abiotic stress. The results of this study suggest that intercropping walnut with tea increased host fitness and growth by positively influencing soil microbial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chao Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | | | - Mubashar Raza
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Zhu Wang
- Center for Walnut Technology of Baokang County, Xiangyang, China
| | - Ya-Nan Fu
- Center for Walnut Technology of Baokang County, Xiangyang, China
| | - Jian-Yang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of the Discovery and Development of Novel Pesticides, Shenyang Sinochem Agrochemicals R&D Co., Ltd., Shenyang, China
| | - Abdessamad Imoulan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics of Errachidia, Mouly Ismail University, Meknes, Morocco
| | - Muzammil Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Jie Xu
- Hubei Academy of Forestry, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-Jie Xu,
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18
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Ruan L, Wei K, Li J, He M, Wu L, Aktar S, Wang L, Cheng H. Responses of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) with different low-nitrogen tolerances during recovery from nitrogen deficiency. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:1405-1414. [PMID: 34374435 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea plants have high nitrogen (N) consumptions, whereas molecular and physiological responses of tea plants to N recovery are still unclear. RESULTS By using non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT), 15 N tracer technique, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), and transcriptome sequencing technology, we investigated the N recovery-induced changes in N absorptions, N tissue distributions, contents of free amino acids (FAAs), and global transcription of the low-N tolerant and intolerant tea genotypes [i.e. Wuniuzao (W) and Longjing43 (L)]. The results showed that the phenotype of Wuniuzao was better than that of Longjing43 under low-N condition. The N absorption and utilization of Wuniuzao were superior to Longjing43 under N recovery. The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ratio (N recovery/N deficiency) in the root of Wuniuzao was significantly higher than that of Longjing43, while the glutamic acid ratio in the root of Wuniuzao was significantly lower than that of Longjing43. This findings suggested that Wuniuzao tended to enhance the GABA synthesis, while Longjing43 tended to inhibit the GABA synthesis under N recovery. The key genes in response to N recovery in Wuniuzao included N transport (AMT and NRT), N transformation (NR, NirA, and GAD), and amino acid transport (GAT) genes. In addition, some ribosome and flavonoid biosynthesis genes might help to maintain proteome homeostasis. CONCLUSION The N absorption and transport, and the conversion abilities of key amino acids (Glu and GABA) might improve the adaptability of tea plants to N recovery, which provided a basis for the breeding of N efficient tea varieties. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ruan
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kang Wei
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengdi He
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyun Wu
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shirin Aktar
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
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Zhou J, Yang LY, Chen X, Shi WG, Deng SR, Luo ZB. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Long Noncoding RNAs in Populus × canescens Roots Treated With Different Nitrogen Fertilizers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:890453. [PMID: 35646010 PMCID: PMC9135444 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.890453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3 -) and ammonium (NH4 +) are the primary forms of inorganic nitrogen acquired by plant roots. LncRNAs, as key regulators of gene expression, are a class of non-coding RNAs larger than 200 bp. However, knowledge about the regulatory role of lncRNAs in response to different nitrogen forms remains limited, particularly in woody plants. Here, we performed strand-specific RNA-sequencing of P. × canescens roots under three different nitrogen fertilization treatments. In total, 324 lncRNAs and 6,112 mRNAs were identified as showing significantly differential expression between the NO3 - and NH4NO3 treatments. Moreover, 333 lncRNAs and 6,007 mRNAs showed significantly differential expression between the NH4 + and NH4NO3 treatments. Further analysis suggested that these lncRNAs and mRNAs have different response mechanisms for different nitrogen forms. In addition, functional annotation of cis and trans target mRNAs of differentially expressed lncRNAs indicated that 60 lncRNAs corresponding to 49 differentially expressed cis and trans target mRNAs were involved in plant nitrogen metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism. Furthermore, 42 lncRNAs were identified as putative precursors of 63 miRNAs, and 28 differentially expressed lncRNAs were potential endogenous target mimics targeted by 96 miRNAs. Moreover, ceRNA regulation networks were constructed. MSTRG.6097.1, MSTRG.13550.1, MSTRG.2693.1, and MSTRG.12899.1, as hub lncRNAs in the ceRNA networks, are potential candidate lncRNAs for studying the regulatory mechanism in poplar roots under different nitrogen fertilization treatments. The results provide a basis for obtaining insight into the molecular mechanisms of lncRNA responses to different nitrogen forms in woody plants.
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OKUBO S, OZEKI Y, YAMADA T, SAITO K, ISHIHARA N, YANAGIDA Y, MAYANAGI G, WASHIO J, TAKAHASHI N. Facile Fabrication of All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes by Laminating and Drop-casting for Multi-sensing. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.22-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo OKUBO
- Laboratory for Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Yoshihisa OZEKI
- Laboratory for Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Tetsuya YAMADA
- Laboratory for Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Kosuke SAITO
- Laboratory for Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Noboru ISHIHARA
- Laboratory for Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Yasuko YANAGIDA
- Laboratory for Future Interdisciplinary Research of Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Gen MAYANAGI
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Jumpei WASHIO
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Nobuhiro TAKAHASHI
- Division of Oral Ecology and Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
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21
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Xie L, Zhou X, Liu Q, Zhao C, Yin C. Inorganic nitrogen uptake rate of Picea asperata curtailed by fine root acclimation to water and nitrogen supply and further by ectomycorrhizae. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:2130-2141. [PMID: 34537962 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi colonization and function depend on soil water and nutrient supply. To study the effects of resource supply on ECM colonization and inorganic nitrogen (N) uptake by roots of Picea asperata seedlings, we conducted a study at the end of a 5-year long experiment consisting of five watering regimes (40, 50, 60, 80, and 100% of field capacity) and three NH4 NO3 application rates (0 [N0], 20 [N1], and 40 [N2] g N m-2 year-1 ). We measured fluxes of ammonium ( NH 4 + ) and nitrate ( NO 3 - ) into colonized and uncolonized roots using noninvasive microtest technology. We found that, across the N supply levels, ECM colonization rate increased by 53 ± 14% from the highest to the lowest level of water supply. Across the watering regimes, the fraction of mycorrhizal root tips was 39 ± 4% higher under native N supply compared to roots grown under N additions. As expected for conifers, both colonized and uncolonized roots absorbed NH 4 + at a higher rate than NO 3 - . N additions reduced the instantaneous ion uptake rates of uncolonized roots grown under low water supply but enhanced the fluxes into roots grown under sufficient soil water availability. Soil water supply improves inorganic N uptake by uncolonized roots but reduces the efficiency of colonized roots. Under the lowest water supply regime, the uptake rate of NH 4 + and NO 3 - by colonized roots was 40-80% of those by uncolonized roots, decreasing to 20-30% as soil water supply improved. Taken together, our results suggest that the role ectomycorrhizae play in the nutrient acquisition of P. asperata seedling likely diminishes with increasing availability of soil resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingmei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunzhang Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Synergetic Control and Joint Remediation for Soil & Water Pollution, College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunying Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lin ZH, Chen CS, Zhong QS, Ruan QC, Chen ZH, You XM, Shan RY, Li XL. The GC-TOF/MS-based Metabolomic analysis reveals altered metabolic profiles in nitrogen-deficient leaves and roots of tea plants (Camellia sinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:506. [PMID: 34727870 PMCID: PMC8561955 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is commonly considered as one of the most important limiting factors in the agricultural production. As a result, a large amount of N fertilizer is used to improve the yield in modern tea production. Unfortunately, the large amount of N fertilizer input has led to increased plant nitrogen-tolerance and decreased amplitude of yield improvement, which results in significant N loss, energy waste and environment pollution. However, the effects of N-deficiency on the metabolic profiles of tea leaves and roots are not well understood. RESULTS In this study, seedlings of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze Chunlv 2 were treated with 3 mM NH4NO3 (Control) or without NH4NO3 (N-deficiency) for 4 months by sandy culture. The results suggested that N-deficiency induced tea leaf chlorosis, impaired biomass accumulation, decreased the leaf chlorophyll content and N absorption when they were compared to the Control samples. The untargeted metabolomics based on GC-TOF/MS approach revealed a discrimination of the metabolic profiles between N-deficient tea leaves and roots. The identification and classification of the altered metabolites indicated that N deficiency upregulated the relative abundances of most phenylpropanoids and organic acids, while downregulated the relative abundances of most amino acids in tea leaves. Differentially, N-deficiency induced the accumulation of most carbohydrates, organic acids and amino acids in tea roots. The potential biomarkers screened in N-deficient leaves compared to Control implied that N deficiency might reduce the tea quality. Unlike the N-deficient leaves, the potential biomarkers in N-deficient roots indicated an improved stress response might occur in tea roots. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated N deficiency had different effects on the primary and secondary metabolism in tea leaves and roots. The findings of this study will facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the N-deficient tea plants and provide a valuable reference for the optimized N nutrient management and the sustainable development in the tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-He Lin
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China.
| | - Chang-Song Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Qiu-Sheng Zhong
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Qi-Chun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Xiao-Mei You
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Rui-Yang Shan
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
| | - Xin-Lei Li
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fu'an, 355000, China
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23
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Tang D, Jiao Z, Zhang Q, Liu MY, Ruan J. Glutamate dehydrogenase isogenes CsGDHs cooperate with glutamine synthetase isogenes CsGSs to assimilate ammonium in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 312:111031. [PMID: 34620435 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a central enzyme in nitrogen metabolism, assimilating ammonia into glutamine or deaminating glutamate into α-oxoglutarate. Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plants assimilate ammonium efficiently, but the role of CsGDH in ammonium assimilation remains unclear. We confirmed that tea has three GDH isogenes: CsGDH1-3. Bioinformatic analysis showed that CsGDH1 encodes the β-GDH subunit, CsGDH2/3 encode the α-GDH subunit, and their proteins all feature an NADH-specific motif. CsGDH1 is mainly expressed in mature leaves and roots, CsGDH3 is mainly expressed in new shoots and roots, and CsGDH2 has the highest expression level in flowers compared to the other five tissues. Expression patterns of CsGDHs and glutamine synthetase isogenes (CsGSs) under different ammonium concentrations suggested that CsGDHs cooperate with CsGSs to assimilate ammonium, especially under high ammonium conditions. Inhibition of GS and its isogenes resulted in significant induction of CsGDH3 in roots and CsGDH2 in leaves, indicating their potential roles in ammonium assimilation. Moreover, CsGDHs transcripts were highly abundant in chlorotic tea leaves, in constrast to those of CsGSs, suggesting that CsGDHs play a vital role in ammonium assimilation in chlorotic tea mutant. Altogether, our circumstantial evidence that CsGDHs cooperate with CsGSs in ammonium assimilation provides a basis for unveiling their functions in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hangzhou, 310008, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zixin Jiao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hangzhou, 310008, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Mei-Ya Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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24
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Duan Y, Shang X, Liu G, Zou Z, Zhu X, Ma Y, Li F, Fang W. The effects of tea plants-soybean intercropping on the secondary metabolites of tea plants by metabolomics analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:482. [PMID: 34686144 PMCID: PMC8532361 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intercropping, especially with legumes, as a productive and sustainable system, can promote plants growth and improves the soil quality than the sole crop, is an essential cultivation pattern in modern agricultural systems. However, the metabolic changes of secondary metabolites and the growth in tea plants during the processing of intercropping with soybean have not been fully analyzed. RESULTS The secondary metabolomic of the tea plants were significant influence with intercropping soybean during the different growth stages. Especially in the profuse flowering stage of intercropping soybean, the biosynthesis of amino acids was significantly impacted, and the flavonoid biosynthesis, the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis also were changed. And the expression of metabolites associated with amino acids metabolism, particularly glutamate, glutamine, lysine and arginine were up-regulated, while the expression of the sucrose and D-Glucose-6P were down-regulated. Furthermore, the chlorophyll photosynthetic parameters and the photosynthetic activity of tea plants were higher in the tea plants-soybean intercropping system. CONCLUSIONS These results strengthen our understanding of the metabolic mechanisms in tea plant's secondary metabolites under the tea plants-soybean intercropping system and demonstrate that the intercropping system of leguminous crops is greatly potential to improve tea quality. These may provide the basis for reducing the application of nitrogen fertilizer and improve the ecosystem in tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Duan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaowen Shang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhongwei Zou
- Department of Plants Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Xujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchun Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fang Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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25
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Zhang F, He W, Yuan Q, Wei K, Ruan L, Wang L, Cheng H. Transcriptome analysis identifies CsNRT genes involved in nitrogen uptake in tea plants, with a major role of CsNRT2.4. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:970-979. [PMID: 34571390 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tea trees have a high demand for nitrogen (N) fertilizer to improve the yield and quality of tea. In this research, transcriptome analysis revealed the effect of N starvation and resupply upon N uptake in tea plants. We identified 4098 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were significantly enriched in amino acid and N metabolism and were extensively mapped to the tea genome. The CsNRT gene family plays vital roles in the nitrogen uptake of tea plants. The full CDS sequences of CsNRT1.1, CsNRT1.2, CsNRT1.5, CsNRT1.7, CsNRT2.4, CsNRT2.5, CsNRT3.1 and CsNRT3.2 were cloned. One-year-old cutting seedlings of Zhongcha302 (ZC302) were selected for hydroponic culture and were used for gene expression analysis. The seedlings were resupplied with 0.2 and 2 mM N after N starvation. The results of the gene expression under different N treatments and in various tissues indicated that the expression of CsNRT2.4 was highly expressed in tea roots and was greatly induced by N. Overexpressed CsNRT2.4 in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana increased the root lengths and fresh weights and improved the NO3- uptake rate in the Arabidopsis roots at a low NO3- level. Thus, we inferred that CsNRT2.4 was a key gene for N uptake in tea plant roots. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of tea plant responses to N resupply and reveals hub genes for improving nitrogen usage efficiency (NUE) in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Qingyun Yuan
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Li Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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Fang XZ, Fang SQ, Ye ZQ, Liu D, Zhao KL, Jin CW. NRT1.1 Dual-Affinity Nitrate Transport/Signalling and its Roles in Plant Abiotic Stress Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:715694. [PMID: 34497626 PMCID: PMC8420879 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.715694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
NRT1.1 is the first nitrate transport protein cloned in plants and has both high- and low-affinity functions. It imports and senses nitrate, which is modulated by the phosphorylation on Thr101 (T101). Structural studies have revealed that the phosphorylation of T101 either induces dimer decoupling or increases structural flexibility within the membrane, thereby switching the NRT1.1 protein from a low- to high-affinity state. Further studies on the adaptive regulation of NRT1.1 in fluctuating nitrate conditions have shown that, at low nitrate concentrations, nitrate binding only at the high-affinity monomer initiates NRT1.1 dimer decoupling and priming of the T101 site for phosphorylation activated by CIPK23, which functions as a high-affinity nitrate transceptor. However, nitrate binding in both monomers retains the unmodified NRT1.1, maintaining the low-affinity mode. This NRT1.1-mediated nitrate signalling and transport may provide a key to improving the efficiency of plant nitrogen use. However, recent studies have revealed that NRT1.1 is extensively involved in plant tolerance of several adverse environmental conditions. In this context, we summarise the recent progress in the molecular mechanisms of NRT1.1 dual-affinity nitrate transport/signalling and focus on its expected and unexpected roles in plant abiotic stress resistance and their regulation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Xian Zhi Fang,
| | - Shu Qin Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng Qian Ye
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chong Wei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Shan T, Zhou L, Li B, Chen X, Guo S, Wang A, Tian L, Liu J. The Plant Growth-Promoting Fungus MF23 ( Mycena sp.) Increases Production of Dendrobium officinale (Orchidaceae) by Affecting Nitrogen Uptake and NH 4 + Assimilation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:693561. [PMID: 34552603 PMCID: PMC8451717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.693561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo is a traditional and scarce medicinal orchid in China. Mycorrhizal fungi could supply nitrogen (N) to orchids for seed germination and seedling recruitment. However, the N transport mechanism between orchids and the fungus is poorly understand. Early studies found that the fungus MF23 (Mycena sp.) could promote the growth of D. officinale. To better dissect the molecular interactions involved in N transport between D. officinale and MF23, transcriptome and metabolome analyses were conducted on conventional and mycorrhizal cultivations of D. officinale. Moreover, validation tests were carried out in the greenhouse to measure net fluxes of N O 3 - and N H 4 + of roots by a non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT), determine N assimilation enzyme activity by the ELISA, and analyze the expression level of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of N transporters and DEGs involved in N metabolism by RT-qPCR. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that MF23 may influence N metabolism in D. officinale. The expression of DoNAR2.1 (nitrate transporter-activating protein), DoAMT11 (ammonium transporter), DoATFs (amino acid transporters), DoOPTs (oligopeptide transporters), and DoGDHs (glutamate dehydrogenases) in symbiotic D. officinale was upregulated. NMT results showed a preference for N H 4 + in D. officinale and indicated that MF23 could promote the uptake of N O 3 - and N H 4 + , especially for N H 4 + . ELISA results showed that MF23 could increase the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase. This study suggested that MF23 increases the production of D. officinale by affecting N uptake and N H 4 + assimilation capacity.
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Chen Z, Li H, Yang T, Chen T, Dong C, Gu Q, Cheng X. Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the molecular bases in response to different nitrogen forms-induced oxidative stress in tea plant roots (Camellia sinensis). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:1073-1082. [PMID: 32605706 DOI: 10.1071/fp20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that the maintenance of redox homeostasis is essential for plant growth. Here we investigated how redox homeostasis and signalling is modulated in response to different nitrogen (N) forms in tea plant roots. Our results showed that both N deficiency and nitrate (NO3-) can trigger the production of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation in roots. In contrast, these responses were not altered by NH4+. Further, N deficiency and NO3--triggered redox imbalance was re-established by increased of proanthocyanidins (PAs) and glutathione (GSH), as well as upregulation of representative antioxidant enzyme activities and genes. To further explore the molecular bases of these responses, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed, and redox homeostasis-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected for bioinformatics analysis. Most of these genes were involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis, GSH metabolism and the antioxidant system, which was specifically altered by N deficiency or NO3-. Moreover, the interplay between H2O2 (generated by RBOH and Ndufab1) and hormones (including abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinin and ethylene) in response to different N forms was suggested. Collectively, the above findings contribute to an understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of redox homeostasis and signalling in alleviating oxidative stress in tea plant roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; and Corresponding author.
| | - Huiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Chunxia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Quan Gu
- School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xunmin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Zhou J, Lu Y, Shi WG, Deng SR, Luo ZB. Physiological characteristics and RNA sequencing in two root zones with contrasting nitrate assimilation of Populus × canescens. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1392-1404. [PMID: 32542375 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Different root zones have distinct capacities for nitrate (NO3-) uptake in Populus species, but the underlying physiological and microRNA (miRNA) regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. To address this question, two root zones of Populus × canescens (Ait.) Smith. with contrasting capacities for NO3- uptake were investigated. The region of 0-40 mm (root zone I) to the root apex displayed net influxes, whereas the region of 40-80 mm (root zone II) exhibited net effluxes. Concentrations of NO3- and ammonium (NH4+) as well as nitrate reductase activity were lower in zone II than in zone I. Forty one upregulated and twenty three downregulated miRNAs, and 576 targets of these miRNAs were identified in zone II in comparison with zone I. Particularly, growth-regulating factor 4 (GRF4), a target of upregulated ptc-miR396g-5p and ptc-miR396f_L + 1R-1, was downregulated in zone II in comparison with zone I, probably contributing to lower NO3- uptake rates and assimilation in zone II. Furthermore, several miRNAs and their targets, members of C2H2 zinc finger family and APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element binding protein family, were found in root zones, which probably play important roles in regulating NO3- uptake. These results indicate that differentially expressed miRNA-target pairs play key roles in regulation of distinct NO3- uptake rates and assimilation in different root zones of poplars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Wen-Guang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shu-Rong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China
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Tang D, Liu MY, Zhang Q, Fan K, Ruan J. Isolation and characterization of chloroplastic glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS2) in tea plant Camellia sinensis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:321-329. [PMID: 32798900 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is an ammonium preferring plant species. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying this preference. Herein, a chloroplastic glutamine synthetase gene (CsGS2), which is vital for nitrogen assimilation in mesophyll tissue, was isolated from tea cultivar C. sinensis cv. 'Longjing43'. The full length cDNA of CsGS2 was 1622 bp, having a 1299 bp open reading frame encoding a 432-amino acid protein. Homology search and sequence analysis demonstrated that CsGS2 protein carried the basic characteristics of a canonical GS2 domain and shared high identity with GS2s from other plant species. Subcellular localization and immunolocalization of CsGS2 revealed that it is localized in chloroplast. qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses showed that CsGS2 was expressed in a leaf-specific pattern, such that both CsGS2 and its protein were most abundant in mature leaves. Temporal expression patterns of CsGS2 showed minor differences in response to ammonium and nitrate nutrition. The transcript level of CsGS2 was significantly induced in mature leaves during the development of new shoots, whereas darkness inhibited this induction significantly. These results suggested that CsGS2 does not play a role in the differential utilization mechanisms of differing nitrogen forms in tea, and imply a light dependent transcription regulation in mature leaves during the development of new shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Mei-Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Kai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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Zhang X, Liu H, Pilon-Smits E, Huang W, Wang P, Wang M, Guo F, Wang Y, Li R, Zhao H, Ni D. Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of Nitrogen-Regulated Genes in Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntze) and Characterization of Amino Acid Transporter CsCAT9.1. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091218. [PMID: 32957496 PMCID: PMC7569990 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vigor of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) and tea quality are strongly influenced by the abundance and forms of nitrogen, principally NO3−, NH4+, and amino acids. Mechanisms to access different nitrogen sources and the regulatory cues remain largely elusive in tea plants. A transcriptome analysis was performed to categorize differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in roots and young leaves during the early response to four nitrogen treatments. Relative to the continuously nitrogen-replete control, the three nitrogen-deprived and resupplied treatments shared 237 DEGs in the shoots and 21 DEGs in the root. Gene-ontology characterization revealed that transcripts encoding genes predicted to participate in nitrogen uptake, assimilation, and translocation were among the most differentially expressed after exposure to the different nitrogen regimes. Because of its high transcript level regardless of nitrogen condition, a putative amino acid transporter, TEA020444/CsCAT9.1, was further characterized in Arabidopsis and found to mediate the acquisition of a broad spectrum of amino acids, suggesting a role in amino acid uptake, transport, and deposition in sinks as an internal reservoir. Our results enhance our understanding of nitrogen-regulated transcript level patterns in tea plants and pinpoint candidate genes that function in nitrogen transport and metabolism, allowing tea plants to adjust to variable nitrogen environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | | | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingle Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of information and computing science Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China;
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Dejiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Zi H, Jiang Y, Cheng X, Li W, Huang X. Change of rhizospheric bacterial community of the ancient wild tea along elevational gradients in Ailao mountain, China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9203. [PMID: 32514187 PMCID: PMC7280300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhizospheric microbial community is one of the major environmental factors affecting the distribution and fitness of plants. Ancient wild tea plants are rare genetic resource distributed in Southwest China. In this study, we investigated that rhizospheric bacterial communities of ancient wild tea plants along the elevational gradients (2050, 2200, 2350 and 2500 m) in QianJiaZhai Reserve of Ailao Mountains. According to the Illumina MiSeq sequencing of 16 S rRNA gene amplicons, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria were the dominant phyla with the relative abundance 43.12%, 21.61% and 14.84%, respectively. The Variibacter was the most dominant genus in rhizosphere of ancient wild tea plant. Phylogenetic null modeling analysis suggested that rhizospheric bacterial communities of ancient wild tea plants were more phylogenetically clustered than expected by chance. The bacterial community at 2050 m was unique with the highest alpha diversity, tend to cluster the nearest taxon and simple co-occurrence network structure. The unique bacterial community was correlated to multiple soil factors, and the content soil ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) was the key factor affecting the diversity and distribution of bacterial community along the elevational gradients. This study provided the necessary basic information for the protection of ancient tea trees and cultivation of tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Zi
- Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Southwest Forestry University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Yonglei Jiang
- Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Xiaomao Cheng
- Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Southwest Forestry University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Wanting Li
- Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Southwest Forestry University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Xiaoxia Huang
- Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Southwest Forestry University, Yunnan, Kunming, 650224, China.
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Heterologous Expression of Nitrate Assimilation Related-Protein DsNAR2.1/NRT3.1 Affects Uptake of Nitrate and Ammonium in Nitrogen-Starved Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114027. [PMID: 32512879 PMCID: PMC7312895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth. Plants absorb and utilize N mainly in the form of nitrate (NO3-) or ammonium (NH4+). In this study, the nitrate transporter DsNRT3.1 (also known as the nitrate assimilation-related protein DsNAR2.1) was characterized from Dianthus spiculifolius. A quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis showed that the DsNRT3.1 expression was induced by NO3-. Under N-starvation conditions, the transformed Arabidopsis seedlings expressing DsNRT3.1 had longer roots and a greater fresh weight than the wild type. Subcellular localization showed that DsNRT3.1 was mainly localized to the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis root hair cells. Non-invasive micro-test (NMT) monitoring showed that the root hairs of N-starved transformed Arabidopsis seedlings had a stronger NO3- and NH4+ influx than the wild-type seedlings, using with NO3- or NH4+ as the sole N source; contrastingly, transformed seedlings only had a stronger NO3- influx when NO3- and NH4+ were present simultaneously. In addition, the qPCR analysis showed that the expression of AtNRT2 genes (AtNRT2.1-2.6), and particularly of AtNRT2.5, in the transformed Arabidopsis differed from that in the wild type. Overall, our results suggest that the heterologous expression of DsNRT3.1 affects seedlings' growth by enhancing the NO3- and NH4+ uptake in N-starved Arabidopsis. This may be related to the differential expression of AtNRT2 genes.
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Hu S, Zhang M, Yang Y, Xuan W, Zou Z, Arkorful E, Chen Y, Ma Q, Jeyaraj A, Chen X, Li X. A novel insight into nitrogen and auxin signaling in lateral root formation in tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:232. [PMID: 32448156 PMCID: PMC7247184 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages worldwide. In tea, lateral roots (LRs) are the main organ responsible for the absorption of moisture and mineral nutrients from the soil. Lateral roots formation and development are regulated by the nitrogen and auxin signaling pathways. In order to understand the role of auxin and nitrogen signaling in LRs formation and development, transcriptome analysis was employed to investigate the differentially expressed genes involved in lateral roots of tea plants treated with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), low and high concentrations of nitrogen. RESULTS A total of 296 common differentially expressed genes were identified and annotated to four signaling pathways, including nitrogen metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, glutathione metabolism and transcription factors. RNA-sequencing results revealed that majority of differentially expressed genes play important roles in nitrogen metabolism and hormonal signal transduction. Low nitrogen condition induced the biosynthesis of auxin and accumulation of transcripts, thereby, regulating lateral roots formation. Furthermore, metabolism of cytokinin and ethylene biosynthesis were also involved in lateral roots development. Transcription factors like MYB genes also contributed to lateral roots formation of tea plants through secondary cell wall biosynthesis. Reversed phase ultra performance liquid chromatography (RP-UPLC) results showed that the auxin concentration increased with the decreased nitrogen level in lateral roots. Thus, tea plant lateral roots formation could be induced by low nitrogen concentration via auxin biosynthesis and accumulation. CONCLUSION This study provided insights into the mechanisms associated with nitrogen and auxin signaling pathways in LRs formation and provides information on the efficient utilization of nitrogen in tea plant at the genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunkai Hu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiqing Yang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhongwei Zou
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Arkorful
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qingping Ma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Anburaj Jeyaraj
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinghui Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Liu ZW, Li H, Liu JX, Wang Y, Zhuang J. Integrative transcriptome, proteome, and microRNA analysis reveals the effects of nitrogen sufficiency and deficiency conditions on theanine metabolism in the tea plant ( Camellia sinensis). HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:65. [PMID: 32377356 PMCID: PMC7192918 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-0290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is associated with amino acid metabolism in higher plants. Theanine is an important amino acid in tea plants. To explore the relationship between theanine metabolism and N conditions, we examined the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), proteins (DEPs), and microRNAs (DEMs) involved in theanine metabolism in tea plant shoots and roots under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions. Transcriptome, proteome, and microRNA analyses were performed on tea plant shoots and roots under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions. The contents of theanine, expression levels of genes involved in theanine metabolism, contents of proteinogenic amino acids, and activity of enzymes were analyzed. The DEP-DEG correlation pairs and negative DEM-DEG interactions related to theanine metabolism were identified based on correlation analyses. The expression profiles of DEGs and negative DEM-DEG pairs related to theanine biosynthesis were consistent with the sequencing results. Our results suggest that the molecular and physiological mechanism of theanine accumulation is significantly affected by N sufficiency and deficiency conditions. The DEGs, DEPs, and DEMs and the activity of the enzymes involved in theanine biosynthesis might play vital roles in theanine accumulation under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions in the shoots and roots of tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Liu
- Tea Science Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Tea Science Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tea Science Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Tea Science Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
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36
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Yang T, Li H, Tai Y, Dong C, Cheng X, Xia E, Chen Z, Li F, Wan X, Zhang Z. Transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root (Camellia sinensis L.). Sci Rep 2020; 10:6868. [PMID: 32321966 PMCID: PMC7176667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Free amino acids, including theanine, glutamine and glutamate, contribute greatly to the pleasant taste and multiple health benefits of tea. Amino acids in tea plants are mainly synthesized in roots and transported to new shoots, which are significantly affected by nitrogen (N) level and forms. However, the regulatory amino acid metabolism genes have not been systemically identified in tea plants. Here, we investigated the dynamic changes of free amino acid contents in response to N deficiency and forms in tea plant roots, and systemically identified the genes associated amino acid contents in individual metabolism pathways. Our results showed that glutamate-derived amino acids are the most dynamic in response to various forms of N and N deficiency. We then performed transcriptomic analyses of roots treated with N deficiency and various forms of N, and differentially expressed amino acid metabolic genes in each pathway were identified. The analyses on expression patterns and transcriptional responses of metabolic genes to N treatments provided novel insights for the molecular basis of high accumulation of theanine in tea plant root. These analyses also identified potential regulatory genes in dynamic amino acid metabolism in tea plant root. Furthermore, our findings indicated that the dynamic expression levels of CsGDH, CsAlaDC, CsAspAT, CsSDH, CsPAL, CsSHMT were highly correlated with changes of amino acid contents in their corresponding pathways. Herein, this study provides comprehensive insights into transcriptional regulation of amino acid metabolism in response to nitrogen deficiency and nitrogen forms in tea plant root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Huiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuling Tai
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chunxia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xunmin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Enhua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Ziping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.
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Zhang F, Wang L, Bai P, Wei K, Zhang Y, Ruan L, Wu L, Cheng H. Identification of Regulatory Networks and Hub Genes Controlling Nitrogen Uptake in Tea Plants [ Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2445-2456. [PMID: 31899627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) uptake, as the first step of N metabolism, is a key limiting factor for plant growth. To understand the gene expression networks that control N absorption and metabolism in tea plants, we analyzed transcriptomes in the young roots of two groups of tea plants with significantly different growth rates under different N treatments (0, 0.2, and 2 mM). Using pairwise comparisons and weighted gene co-expression network analyses (WGCNA), we successfully constructed 16 co-expression modules. Among them, a specific module (turquoise) that substantially responded to the low N treatment was identified. Based on KEGG analysis, the relative genes that enriched in the "N metabolism" pathways were used to construct gene co-expression networks of N metabolism. Finally, a high-affinity ammonium (NH4+) transporter designated CsAMT1.2 was identified as a hub gene in the N metabolism network in tea plant roots and the gene expression could be highly induced by N resupply. The gene functional analysis revealed that CsAMT1.2 could make functional complementation of MEP1, MEP2, and MEP3 genes in 31019b yeast cells and improve NH4+ uptake rate in 31019b at low NH4+ level. Thus, CsAMT1.2 was a key gene controlling N uptake in tea plants and might play a vital role in promoting NH4+ uptake from the environment in tea roots. This study provided a useful foundation for improving the NUE in tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 9 Meiling South Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 9 Meiling South Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Peixian Bai
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 9 Meiling South Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 9 Meiling South Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Yazhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 9 Meiling South Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Li Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 9 Meiling South Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Liyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 9 Meiling South Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , 9 Meiling South Road , Hangzhou 310008 , China
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Zhu Y, Huang X, Hao Y, Su W, Liu H, Sun G, Chen R, Song S. Ammonium Transporter ( BcAMT1.2) Mediates the Interaction of Ammonium and Nitrate in Brassica campestris. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1776. [PMID: 32117342 PMCID: PMC7011105 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The provision of ammonium (NH4 +) and nitrate (NO3 -) mixture increases the total nitrogen (N) than the supply of sole NH4 + or NO3 - with the same concentration of total N; thus, the mixture contributes to better growth in Brassica campestris. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we analyzed NH4 + and NO3 - fluxes using a scanning ion-selective electrode technique to detect under different N forms and levels in B. campestris roots. We observed that the total N influxes with NH4 + and NO3 - mixture were 1.25- and 3.53-fold higher than those with either sole NH4 + or NO3 -. Furthermore, NH4 + and NO3 - might interact with each other under coexistence. NO3 - had a positive effect on net NH4 + influx, whereas NH4 + had a negative influence on net NO3 - influx. The ammonium transporter (AMT) played a key role in NH4 + absorption and transport. Based on expression analysis, BcAMT1.2 differed from other BcAMT1s in being upregulated by NH4 + or NO3 -. According to sequence analysis and functional complementation in yeast mutant 31019b, AMT1.2 from B. campestris may be a functional AMT. According to the expression pattern of BcAMT1.2, β-glucuronidase activity, and the cellular location of its promoter, BcAMT1.2 may be responsible for NH4 + transport. Following the overexpression of BcAMT1.2 in Arabidopsis, BcAMT1.2-overexpressing lines grew better than wildtype lines at low NH4 + concentration. In the mixture of NH4 + and NO3 -, NH4 + influxes and NO3 - effluxes were induced in BcAMT1.2-overexpressing lines. Furthermore, transcripts of N assimilation genes (AtGLN1.2, AtGLN2, and AtGLT1) were significantly upregulated, in particular, AtGLN1.2 and AtGLT1 were increased by 2.85-8.88 times in roots, and AtGLN1.2 and AtGLN2 were increased by 2.67-4.61 times in leaves. Collectively, these results indicated that BcAMT1.2 may mediate in NH4 + fluxes under the coexistence of NH4 + and NO3 - in B. campestris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunna Zhu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Yingdong Agricultural Science and Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, China
| | - Xinmin Huang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Hao
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Su
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Houcheng Liu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangwen Sun
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Riyuan Chen
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiwei Song
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Tang D, Liu MY, Zhang Q, Ma L, Shi Y, Ruan J. Preferential assimilation of NH 4+ over NO 3- in tea plant associated with genes involved in nitrogen transportation, utilization and catechins biosynthesis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110369. [PMID: 31928660 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Physiological effects of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) on tea have confirmed that tea plants prefer NH4+ as the dominant nitrogen (N) source. To investigate the possible explanations for this preference, studies of 15NH4+ and 15NO3- assimilation using hydroponically grown tea plants were conducted. During the time course of 15NH4+ and 15NO3- assimilation, the absorption of 15N from 15NH4+ was more rapid than that from 15NO3-, as there was a more efficient expression pattern of NH4+ transporters compared with that of NO3- transporters. 15NH4+-fed tea plants accumulated more 15N than 15NO3- fed plants, which was demonstrated by that genes related to primary N assimilation, like CsNR, CsNiR, CsGDH and CsGOGAT, were more affected by 15NH4+ than 15NO3-. Markedly higher NH4+ concentrations were observed in 15NH4+-fed tea roots in comparison with NO3- treatment, whereas tea plants maintained a balanced concentration of NH4+ in tea leaves under both these two N forms. This maintenance was achieved through the increased expression of genes involved in theanine biosynthesis and the inhibition of genes related to catechins derived from phenylpropanoid pathway. The current results suggest that efficient NH4+ transportation, assimilation, and reutilization enables tea plant as an ammonium preferring plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mei-Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Lifeng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yuanzhi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
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Liu MY, Tang D, Shi Y, Ma L, Li Y, Zhang Q, Ruan J. Short-term inhibition of glutamine synthetase leads to reprogramming of amino acid and lipid metabolism in roots and leaves of tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:425. [PMID: 31615403 PMCID: PMC6794879 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N) nutrition significantly affected metabolism and accumulation of quality-related compounds in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.). Little is known about the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of short-term repression of N metabolism on tea roots and leaves for a short time. RESULTS In this study, we subjected tea plants to a specific inhibitor of glutamine synthetase (GS), methionine sulfoximine (MSX), for a short time (30 min) and investigated the effect of the inhibition of N metabolism on the transcriptome and metabolome of quality-related compounds. Our results showed that GS activities in tea roots and leaves were significantly inhibited upon MSX treatment, and both tissue types showed a sensitive metabolic response to GS inhibition. In tea leaves, the hydrolysis of theanine decreased with the increase in theanine and free ammonium content. The biosynthesis of all other amino acids was repressed, and the content of N-containing lipids declined, suggesting that short-term inhibition of GS reduces the level of N reutilization in tea leaves. Metabolites related to glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle accumulated after GS repression, whereas the content of amino acids such as glycine, serine, isoleucine, threonine, leucine, and valine declined in the MXS treated group. We speculate that the biosynthesis of amino acids is affected by glycolysis and the TCA cycle in a feedback loop. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data suggest that GS repression in tea plant leads to the reprogramming of amino acid and lipid metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Dandan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Yuanzhi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Lifeng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Yan Li
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Qunfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008 China
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Ruan L, Wei K, Wang L, Cheng H, Wu L, Li H. Characteristics of Free Amino Acids (the Quality Chemical Components of Tea) under Spatial Heterogeneity of Different Nitrogen Forms in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Plants. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030415. [PMID: 30678321 PMCID: PMC6385162 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) forms are closely related to tea quality, however, little is known about the characteristics of quality chemical components in tea under the spatial heterogeneity of different N forms. In this study, a split-root system, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and root analysis system (WinRHIZO) were used to investigate free amino acids (FAAs) and root length of tea plants under the spatial heterogeneity of different N forms. Uniform. (U.) ammonium (NH4+) (both compartments had NH4+), U. nitrate (NO3−) (both compartments had NO3−), Split. (Sp.) NH4+ (one of the compartments had NH4+), and Sp. NO3− (the other compartment had NO3−) were performed. The ranking of total FAAs in leaves were as follows: U. NH4+ > Sp. NH4+/Sp. NO3− > U. NO3−. The FAA characteristics of Sp. NH4+/Sp. NO3− were more similar to those of U. NO3−. The contents of the important FAAs (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and theanine) that determine the quality of tea, increased significantly in U. NH4+. The total root length in U. NH4+ was higher than that in the other treatments. More serious root browning was found in U. NO3−. In conclusion, NH4+ improved the accumulations of FAAs in tea leaves, which might be attributed to the root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ruan
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Kang Wei
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Liyuan Wang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Hao Cheng
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Liyun Wu
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Hailin Li
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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Jian S, Liao Q, Song H, Liu Q, Lepo JE, Guan C, Zhang J, Ismail AM, Zhang Z. NRT1.1-Related NH 4 + Toxicity Is Associated with a Disturbed Balance between NH 4 + Uptake and Assimilation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:1473-1488. [PMID: 30337453 PMCID: PMC6288744 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A high concentration of ammonium (NH4 +) as the sole source of nitrogen in the growth medium often is toxic to plants. The nitrate transporter NRT1.1 is involved in mediating the effects of NH4 + toxicity; however, the mechanism remains undefined. In this study, wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia-0 [Col-0]) and NRT1.1 mutants (chl1-1 and chl1-5) were grown hydroponically in NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4 media to assess the function of NRT1.1 in NH4 + stress responses. All the plants grew normally in medium containing mixed nitrogen sources, but Col-0 displayed more chlorosis and lower biomass and photosynthesis than the NRT1.1 mutants in (NH4)2SO4 medium. Grafting experiments between Col-0 and chl1-5 further confirmed that NH4 + toxicity is influenced by NRT1.1. In (NH4)2SO4 medium, NRT1.1 induced the expression of NH4 + transporters, increasing NH4 + uptake. Additionally, the activities of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthetase in roots of Col-0 plants decreased and soluble sugar accumulated significantly, whereas pyruvate kinase-mediated glycolysis was not affected, all of which contributed to NH4 + accumulation. By contrast, the NRT1.1 mutants showed reduced NH4 + accumulation and enhanced NH4 + assimilation through glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthetase, and glutamate dehydrogenase. Moreover, the up-regulation of genes involved in ethylene synthesis and senescence in Col-0 plants treated with (NH4)2SO4 suggests that ethylene is involved in NH4 + toxicity responses. This study showed that NH4 + toxicity is related to a nitrate-independent signaling function of NRT1.1 in Arabidopsis, characterized by enhanced NH4 + accumulation and altered NH4 + metabolism, which stimulates ethylene synthesis, leading to plant senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofen Jian
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China 410128
| | - Qiong Liao
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China 410128
| | - Haixing Song
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China 410128
| | - Qiang Liu
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China 410128
| | - Joe Eugene Lepo
- Center for Environmental Diagnostics and Bioremediation, University of West Florida, Pensacola, Florida 32514
| | - Chunyun Guan
- National Center of Oilseed Crops Improvement, Hunan Branch, Changsha, China 410128
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China SCT704
| | - Abdelbagi M Ismail
- International Rice Research Institute, Metro Manila, Philippines DAPO 7777
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China 410128
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Ruan L, Xin X, Zhang J, Zhao B, Cheng H, Zhang C, Ma D, Chen L. Potential Root Foraging Strategy of Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) for Potassium Heterogeneity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1755. [PMID: 30538717 PMCID: PMC6277704 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) distribution is horizontally heterogeneous under the conservation agriculture approach of no-till with strip fertilization. The root foraging strategy of wheat for K heterogeneity is poorly understood. In this study, WinRHIZO, microarray, Non-invasive Micro-test Technology (NMT) and a split-root system were performed to investigate root morphology, gene expression profiling and fluxes of K+ and O2 under K heterogeneity and homogeneity conditions. The split-root system was performed as follows: C. LK (both compartments had low K), C. NK (both compartments had normal K), Sp. LK (one compartment had low K) and Sp. NK (the other compartment had normal K). The ratio of total root length and root tips in Sp. NK was significantly higher than that in C. NK, while no significant differences were found between Sp. LK and C. LK. Differential expression genes in C. LK vs. C. NK had opposite responses in Sp. LK vs. C. LK and similar responses in Sp. NK vs. C. NK. Low-K responsive genes, such as peroxidases, mitochondrion, transcription factor activity, calcium ion binding, glutathione transferase and cellular respiration genes were found to be up-regulated in Sp. NK. However, methyltransferase activity, protein amino acid phosphorylation, potassium ion transport, and protein kinase activity genes were found to be down-regulated in Sp. LK. The up-regulated gene with function in respiration tended to increase K+ uptake through improving O2 influx on the root surface in Sp. NK, while the down-regulated genes with functions of K+ and O2 transport tended to reduce K+ uptake on the root surface in Sp. LK. To summarize, wheat roots tended to perform active-foraging strategies in Sp. NK and dormant-foraging strategies in Sp. LK through the following patterns: (1) root development in Sp. NK but not in Sp. LK; (2) low-K responsive genes, such as peroxidases, mitochondrion, transcription factor activity, calcium ion binding and respiration, were up-regulated in Sp. NK but not in Sp. LK; and (3) root K+ and O2 influxes increased in Sp. NK but not in Sp. LK. Our findings may better explain the optimal root foraging strategy for wheat grown with heterogeneous K distribution in the root zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingzi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Donghao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Conzuelo F, Schulte A, Schuhmann W. Biological imaging with scanning electrochemical microscopy. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2018; 474:20180409. [PMID: 30839832 PMCID: PMC6237495 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2018.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful and versatile technique for visualizing the local electrochemical activity of a surface as an ultramicroelectrode tip is moved towards or over a sample of interest using precise positioning systems. In comparison with other scanning probe techniques, SECM not only enables topographical surface mapping but also gathers chemical information with high spatial resolution. Considerable progress has been made in the analysis of biological samples, including living cells and immobilized biomacromolecules such as enzymes, antibodies and DNA fragments. Moreover, combinations of SECM with comple-mentary analytical tools broadened its applicability and facilitated multi-functional analysis with extended life science capabilities. The aim of this review is to present a brief topical overview on recent applications of biological SECM, with particular emphasis on important technical improvements of this surface imaging technique, recommended applications and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Conzuelo
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Albert Schulte
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Transcriptome and metabolite analysis identifies nitrogen utilization genes in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Sci Rep 2017; 7:1693. [PMID: 28490757 PMCID: PMC5431998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01949-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Applied nitrogen (N) fertilizer significantly increases the leaf yield. However, most N is not utilized by the plant, negatively impacting the environment. To date, little is known regarding N utilization genes and mechanisms in the leaf production. To understand this, we investigated transcriptomes using RNA-seq and amino acid levels with N treatment in tea (Camellia sinensis), the most popular beverage crop. We identified 196 and 29 common differentially expressed genes in roots and leaves, respectively, in response to ammonium in two tea varieties. Among those genes, AMT, NRT and AQP for N uptake and GOGAT and GS for N assimilation were the key genes, validated by RT-qPCR, which expressed in a network manner with tissue specificity. Importantly, only AQP and three novel DEGs associated with stress, manganese binding, and gibberellin-regulated transcription factor were common in N responses across all tissues and varieties. A hypothesized gene regulatory network for N was proposed. A strong statistical correlation between key genes’ expression and amino acid content was revealed. The key genes and regulatory network improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism of N usage and offer gene targets for plant improvement.
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