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De Quesada G, Xu J, Salmon Y, Lintunen A, Poque S, Himanen K, Heinonsalo J. The effect of ectomycorrhizal fungal exposure on nursery-raised Pinus sylvestris seedlings: plant transpiration under short-term drought, root morphology and plant biomass. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae029. [PMID: 38470306 PMCID: PMC10990620 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Drought is a major environmental stressor that limits seedling growth. Several studies have found that some ectomycorrhizal fungi may increase the drought tolerance of nursery-raised seedlings. However, the precise role that different ectomycorrhizal fungi species play in drought tolerance remains unclear. We evaluated the transpiration rate of Pinus sylvestris seedlings under drought stress in greenhouse conditions by exposing seedlings to 10 ectomycorrhizal fungi species, with different functional traits (exploration type and hydrophobicity), and to 3 natural soil inoculums. We measured the transpiration and water potential of the seedlings during a 10-day drought period and a 14-day recovery period. We then analyzed their root morphology, stem, needle, root biomass and needle chlorophyll fluorescence. We showed that exposing seedlings to ectomycorrhizal fungi or soil inoculum had a positive effect on their transpiration rate during the driest period and through the recovery phase, leading to 2- to 3-fold higher transpiration rates compared with the nonexposed control seedlings. Seedlings exposed to medium-distance ectomycorrhizal fungi performed better than other exploration types under drought conditions, but ectomycorrhizal fungi hydrophobicity did not seem to affect the seedlings response to drought. No significant differences were observed in biomass accumulation and root morphology between the seedlings exposed to different ectomycorrhizal fungi species and the control. Our results highlight the positive and species-specific effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi exposure on drought tolerance in nursery-raised Scots pine seedlings. The studied ectomycorrhizal fungi functional traits may not be sufficient to predict the seedling response to drought stress, thus physiological studies across multiple species are needed to draw the correct conclusion. Our findings have potential practical implications for enhancing seedling drought tolerance in nursery plant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo De Quesada
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yann Salmon
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Sciences, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Lintunen
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Sciences, University of Helsinki, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, PO Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sylvain Poque
- National Plant Phenotyping Infrastructure, HiLIFE, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Himanen
- National Plant Phenotyping Infrastructure, HiLIFE, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Biocenter Finland, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, PO Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Vu GTH, Cao HX, Hofmann M, Steiner W, Gailing O. Uncovering epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of growth in Douglas-fir: identification of differential methylation regions in mega-sized introns. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:863-875. [PMID: 37984804 PMCID: PMC10955500 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Tree growth performance can be partly explained by genetics, while a large proportion of growth variation is thought to be controlled by environmental factors. However, to what extent DNA methylation, a stable epigenetic modification, contributes to phenotypic plasticity in the growth performance of long-lived trees remains unclear. In this study, a comparative analysis of targeted DNA genotyping, DNA methylation and mRNAseq profiling for needles of 44-year-old Douglas-fir trees (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) having contrasting growth characteristics was performed. In total, we identified 195 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 115 differentially methylated loci (DML) that are associated with genes involved in fitness-related processes such as growth, stress management, plant development and energy resources. Interestingly, all four intronic DML were identified in mega-sized (between 100 and 180 kbp in length) and highly expressed genes, suggesting specialized regulation mechanisms of these long intron genes in gymnosperms. DNA repetitive sequences mainly comprising long-terminal repeats of retroelements are involved in growth-associated DNA methylation regulation (both hyper- and hypomethylation) of 99 DML (86.1% of total DML). Furthermore, nearly 14% of the DML was not tagged by single nucleotide polymorphisms, suggesting a unique contribution of the epigenetic variation in tree growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang Thi Ha Vu
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree BreedingUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed)University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Hieu Xuan Cao
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree BreedingUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed)University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Martin Hofmann
- Nordwestdeutsche Forstliche VersuchsanstaltAbteilung WaldgenressourcenHann. MündenGermany
| | - Wilfried Steiner
- Nordwestdeutsche Forstliche VersuchsanstaltAbteilung WaldgenressourcenHann. MündenGermany
| | - Oliver Gailing
- Forest Genetics and Forest Tree BreedingUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed)University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
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Yao Y, Xia L, Yang L, Liu R, Zhang S. Drought responses and carbon allocation strategies of poplar with different leaf maturity. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14224. [PMID: 38389291 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Leaf characteristics can reflect the adaptation of trees to drought stress. However, the effect of leaf maturity on drought stress has been neglected, leading to uncertainty in inferring individual tree responses to drought from leaves. The allocation strategy of photosynthetic carbon between leaf organs (fully expanded young and old leaves) under drought stress remains unclear. Poplar is a diverse and widespread tree species in arid and semi-arid regions. Here, three poplar genotypes (Populus cathayana, P. × euramericana 'Nanlin 895', and P. alba × P. tremula var. glandulosa) were selected and exposed to different watering regimes. The responses and carbon allocation strategies of leaves with different maturity to drought were investigated using a combination of leaf traits and 13 C pulse labelling technique. The results showed that (1) fully expanded young leaves had better osmotic regulation and antioxidant capacity than aged leaves under drought stress. (2) Aged leaves acted as a carbon source during water deficit, where their photosynthetic products were transferred and supplied to upper young leaves to promote stronger photosynthesis in young leaves to acquire resources for tree growth. This study highlights that the effect of leaf maturity should be considered in the future when investigating the effects of drought on woody plants, especially for continuously growing tree species. Therefore, our study not only demonstrates the existence of leaf-age-dependent responses to drought in poplar but also provides new insights into carbon allocation at the leaf level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linchao Xia
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Le Yang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Velasco VME, Ferreira A, Zaman S, Noordermeer D, Ensminger I, Wegrzyn JL. A long-read and short-read transcriptomics approach provides the first high-quality reference transcriptome and genome annotation for Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir). G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2023; 13:jkac304. [PMID: 36454025 PMCID: PMC10468028 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is native to western North America. It grows in a wide range of environmental conditions and is an important timber tree. Although there are several studies on the gene expression responses of Douglas-fir to abiotic cues, the absence of high-quality transcriptome and genome data is a barrier to further investigation. Like for most conifers, the available transcriptome and genome reference dataset for Douglas-fir remains fragmented and requires refinement. We aimed to generate a highly accurate, and complete reference transcriptome and genome annotation. We deep-sequenced the transcriptome of Douglas-fir needles from seedlings that were grown under nonstress control conditions or a combination of heat and drought stress conditions using long-read (LR) and short-read (SR) sequencing platforms. We used 2 computational approaches, namely de novo and genome-guided LR transcriptome assembly. Using the LR de novo assembly, we identified 1.3X more high-quality transcripts, 1.85X more "complete" genes, and 2.7X more functionally annotated genes compared to the genome-guided assembly approach. We predicted 666 long noncoding RNAs and 12,778 unique protein-coding transcripts including 2,016 putative transcription factors. We leveraged the LR de novo assembled transcriptome with paired-end SR and a published single-end SR transcriptome to generate an improved genome annotation. This was conducted with BRAKER2 and refined based on functional annotation, repetitive content, and transcriptome alignment. This high-quality genome annotation has 51,419 unique gene models derived from 322,631 initial predictions. Overall, our informatics approach provides a new reference Douglas-fir transcriptome assembly and genome annotation with considerably improved completeness and functional annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alyssa Ferreira
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sumaira Zaman
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Devin Noordermeer
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto,
Mississauga, ON L5L 1C8, Canada
- Graduate Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
| | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto,
Mississauga, ON L5L 1C8, Canada
- Graduate Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
- Graduate Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S, Canada
| | - Jill L Wegrzyn
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Assemblage of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and green waste compost enhance drought stress tolerance in carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) trees. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22835. [PMID: 34819547 PMCID: PMC8613250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, an eco-friendly management technology to improve young carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) tree tolerance to water deficit was set up by using single or combined treatments of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and/or compost (C). Two groups of young carob have been installed: (i) carob cultivated under well-watered conditions (WW; 70% field capacity (FC)) and (ii) where the plants were drought-stressed (DS; 35% FC) during 2, 4, 6, and 8 months. The effect of used biofertilizers on the course of growth, physiological (photosynthetic traits, water status, osmolytes, and mineral content), and biochemical (hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), oxidative damage to lipids (malondialdehyde (MDA), and membrane stability (MS)) traits in response to short- and long-term droughts were assessed. The dual application of AMF and C (C + AMF) boosted growth, physiological and biochemical parameters, and nutrient uptake in carob under WW and DS. After eight months, C + AMF significantly enhanced stomatal conductance by 20%, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII by 7%, leaf water potential by 23%, chlorophyll and carotenoid by 40%, plant uptake of mineral nutrients (P by 75%, N by 46%, K+ by 35%, and Ca2+ by 40%), concentrations of soluble sugar by 40%, and protein content by 44% than controls under DS conditions. Notably, C + AMF reduced the accumulation of H2O2 and MDA content to a greater degree and increased MS. In contrast, enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase) significantly increased in C + AMF plants under DS. Overall, our findings suggest that the pairing of C + AMF can mediate superior drought tolerance in young carob trees by increasing leaf stomatal conductance, cellular water content, higher solute concentration, and defense response against oxidative damage during the prolonged period of DS.
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Cordero I, Jiménez MD, Delgado JA, Balaguer L, Pueyo JJ, Rincón A. Local adaptation optimizes photoprotection strategies in a Neotropical legume tree under drought stress. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1641-1657. [PMID: 33611539 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoprotection is a plant functional mechanism to prevent photooxidative damage by excess light. This is most important when carbon assimilation is limited by drought, and as such, it entails a trade-off between carbon assimilation vs stress avoidance. The ecological adaptation of plants to local water availability can lead to different photoprotective strategies. To test this, we used different provenances of Caesalpinia spinosa (Mol.) Kuntze (commonly known as 'tara') along a precipitation gradient. Tara is a Neotropical legume tree with high ecological and commercial value, found in dry tropical forests, which are increasingly threatened by climate change. Morphological and physiological responses of tara provenances were analysed under three different treatments of drought and leaflet immobilization, i.e., light stress, in a common garden greenhouse experiment. Tara quickly responded to drought by reducing stomatal conductance, evapotranspiration, photochemical efficiency, carbon assimilation and growth, while increasing structural and chemical photoprotection (leaflet angle and pigments for thermal dissipation). Leaflet closure was an efficient photoprotection strategy with overall physiological benefits for seedlings as it diminished the evaporative demand and avoided photodamage, but also entailed costs by reducing net carbon assimilation opportunities. These responses depended on seed origin, with seedlings from the most xeric locations showing the highest dehydration tolerance, suggesting local adaptation and highlighting the value of different strategies under distinct environments. This plasticity in its response to environmental stress allows tara to thrive in locations with contrasting water availability. Our findings increase the understanding of the factors controlling the functional ecology of tara in response to drought, which can be leveraged to improve forecasts of changes in its distribution range, and for planning restoration projects with this keystone tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cordero
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Environmental Quality, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Spanish National Research Council (ICA-CSIC), Serrano 115-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Plant Biology I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - María Dolores Jiménez
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Delgado
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Balaguer
- Department of Plant Biology I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José J Pueyo
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Environmental Quality, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Spanish National Research Council (ICA-CSIC), Serrano 115-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Rincón
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Environmental Quality, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Spanish National Research Council (ICA-CSIC), Serrano 115-bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Impact of Drought and Salinity on Sweetgum Tree (Liquidambar styraciflua L.): Understanding Tree Ecophysiological Responses in the Urban Context. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10111032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding urban tree responses to drought, salt stress, and co-occurring stresses, as well as the capability to recover afterward, is important to prevent the cited stresses’ negative effects on tree performance and ecological functionality. We investigated the impact of drought and salinity, alone and in combination, on leaf water potential, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, xanthophyll cycle pigments, and isoprene emission of the urban tree species Liquidambar styraciflua L. Generally, drought had a rapid negative impact, while the effect of salt stress was more long lasting. Both stressors significantly decreased photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance, as well as the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the photochemical efficiency of PSII (ΦPSII), but increased nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Under stress conditions, a strong negative correlation between the PSII efficiency and the xanthophyll cycle pigment composition indicated a nocturnal retention of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin in a state primed for energy dissipation. Drought and salt stress inhibited isoprene emission from leaves, although its emission was less responsive to stresses than stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Full recovery of photosynthetic parameters took place after rewatering and washing off of excess salt, indicating that no permanent damage occurred, and suggesting downregulation rather than permanent impairment of the photosynthetic apparatus. Sweetgum trees were capable of withstanding and surviving moderate drought and salt events by activating defense mechanisms conferring tolerance to environmental stresses, without increasing the emission in the atmosphere of the highly reactive isoprene.
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Du B, Kreuzwieser J, Dannenmann M, Junker LV, Kleiber A, Hess M, Jansen K, Eiblmeier M, Gessler A, Kohnle U, Ensminger I, Rennenberg H, Wildhagen H. Foliar nitrogen metabolism of adult Douglas-fir trees is affected by soil water availability and varies little among provenances. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194684. [PMID: 29566035 PMCID: PMC5864041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The coniferous forest tree Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is native to the pacific North America, and is increasingly planted in temperate regions worldwide. Nitrogen (N) metabolism is of great importance for growth, resistance and resilience of trees. In the present study, foliar N metabolism of adult trees of three coastal and one interior provenance of Douglas-fir grown at two common gardens in southwestern Germany (Wiesloch, W; Schluchsee, S) were characterized in two subsequent years. Both the native North American habitats of the seed sources and the common garden sites in Germany differ in climate conditions. Total and mineral soil N as well as soil water content were higher in S compared to W. We hypothesized that i) provenances differ constitutively in N pool sizes and composition, ii) N pools are affected by environmental conditions, and iii) that effects of environmental factors on N pools differ among interior and coastal provenances. Soil water content strongly affected the concentrations of total N, soluble protein, total amino acids (TAA), arginine and glutamate. Foliar concentrations of total N, soluble protein, structural N and TAA of trees grown at W were much higher than in trees at S. Provenance effects were small but significant for total N and soluble protein content (interior provenance showed lowest concentrations), as well as arginine, asparagine and glutamate. Our data suggest that needle N status of adult Douglas-fir is independent from soil N availability and that low soil water availability induces a re-allocation of N from structural N to metabolic N pools. Small provenance effects on N pools suggest that local adaptation of Douglas-fir is not dominated by N conditions at the native habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoguo Du
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, China
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Dannenmann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Campus Alpin, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Laura Verena Junker
- Department of Biology, Graduate Programs in Cell & Systems Biology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg (FVA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anita Kleiber
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Hess
- Department of Biology, Graduate Programs in Cell & Systems Biology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg (FVA), Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kirstin Jansen
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Monika Eiblmeier
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), Berlin, Germany
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Kohnle
- Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg (FVA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of Biology, Graduate Programs in Cell & Systems Biology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg (FVA), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Henning Wildhagen
- Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg (FVA), Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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