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Chua RW, Song KP, Ting ASY. Characterization and identification of antimicrobial compounds from endophytic Fusarium incarnatum isolated from Cymbidium orchids. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:977-992. [PMID: 37975992 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized and identified the antimicrobial compounds from an endophytic fungus (Fusarium incarnatum (C4)) isolated from the orchid, Cymbidium sp. Chromatographic techniques were employed to separate the bioactive compounds from the crude extracts of F. incarnatum (C4). Following bio-guided fractionation, two fractionated extracts (fractions 1 and 2) of F. incarnatum (C4) exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activities against Bacillus cereus (MIC: 0.156 mg/mL) and Ganoderma boninense (MIC: 0.3125 mg/mL), respectively. The active fractions were discovered to comprise of a variety of bioactive compounds with pharmacological importance (alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, peptides and fatty acids). Liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (LCMS) analysis detected the presence of antibacterial (kanzonol N, rifaximin, linoleic acid (d4), cannabisativine, docosanedioic acid, and stearamide) and antifungal components (3-methyl-quinolin-2-ol, prothiocarb, kanzonol N, peganine, 5Z-tridecene, and tetronasin) in fractions 1 and 2, respectively, which may have contributed to the antimicrobial effects. Findings from this study highlighted the important potential of fungal endophytes from medicinal hosts as producers of antimicrobials and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wei Chua
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keang Peng Song
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Su Yien Ting
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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2
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Chua RW, Song KP, Ting ASY. Antioxidant properties and L-asparaginase activities of endophytic fungi from Cymbidium orchids. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:713-722. [PMID: 37995083 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
This study profiled the various endophytic fungi isolated from the orchid Cymbidium sp. and their L-asparaginase production and antioxidant potential. The L-asparaginase production was first screened through qualitative plate screening then quantified by the Nesslerization method. The antioxidant potential was quantified via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay. A total of 30 endophytic fungi were isolated and all fungal isolates exhibited various degrees of radical scavenging activities (45.28% to 76.4%). Isolate Lasiodiplodia theobromae (C11) had the highest antioxidant capacity, represented by the lowest IC50 value (5.75 mg/mL) and highest ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity value (12.17 mg/g). Additionally, 16 isolates produced L-asparaginase (53.33%), which includes primarily species of Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium fujikuroi, Fusarium incarnatum, and Fusarium oxysporum. A new isolate has also been discovered from Cymbidium orchid, Buergenerula spartinae (C28), which showed the highest L-asparaginase activity (1.736 unit/mL). These findings supported the postulation that medicinal species of Orchidaceae such as Cymbidium sp. harbor endophytes that are producers of L-asparaginase and antioxidants with various potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wei Chua
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Keang Peng Song
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Su Yien Ting
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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3
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Yang N, Li S, Zhang Y, Pan F, Liu G, Chen X, Yu C, Li K, Liu Y. Evaluation of volatile components from the tuber, fibrous roots, bud, stem and leaf tissues of Bletilla striata for its anti-colon cancer activity. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:619-631. [PMID: 38737324 PMCID: PMC11087428 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Rchb.f., a medicinal plant in the Orchidaceae family, is mainly found in East Asia and has extensive pharmacological activities. Plant's volatile components are important active ingredients with a wide range of physiological activities, and B. striata has a special odor and unique volatile components. Yet it has received little attention, hindering a full understanding of its phytochemical components. Employing the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method, the volatile components of B. striata's fibrous root, bud, aerial part and tuber were extracted, resulting in yields of 0.06%, 0.64%, 3.38% and 4.47%, respectively. A total of 78 compounds were identified from their chemical profiles using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), including 45 components with the main compounds of linoleic acid (content accounting for 31.23%), n-hexadecanoic acid (13.53%), and octadecanoic acid (9.5%) from the tuber, 34 components with the main compounds of eicosane, 2-methyl- (28.42%), linoelaidic acid (10.43%), linoleic acid (4.53%), and n-hexadecanoic acid (6.91%) from the fibrous root, 38 components with the main compounds of pentadeca-6,9-dien-1-ol (9.29%), n-hexadecanoic acid (11%), eicosane,2-methyl- (23.43%), and linoleic acid (23.53%) from the bud, and 27 components with the main compounds of linoelaidic acid (5.97%), n-hexadecanoic acid (15.99%), and linolenic acid ethyl ester (18.9%) from the aerial part. Additionally, the growth inhibition activity against colon cancer HCT116 cells was evaluated using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay and the thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined using dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining and fluorescence intensity analysis. The volatile extracts exhibited significant growth inhibitory efficacy against HCT116 cells, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 3.65, 2.32, 2.42 and 3.89 mg/mL in the SRB assay, and 3.55, 2.58, 3.12 and 4.80 mg/mL in the MTT assay for the root, bud, aerial part, and tuber, respectively. Notably, treatment with the aerial part extract caused morphological changes in the cells and significantly raised the intracellular ROS level. In summary, the chemical profiles of the volatile components of B. striata were revealed for the first time, demonstrating a certain tissue specificity. Additionally, it demonstrated for the first time that these volatile extracts possess potent anti-colon cancer activity, highlighting the importance of these volatile components in B. striata's medicinal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment With Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Sanhua Li
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment With Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Pan
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment With Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangjun Liu
- Guizhou Guangzheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guiyang, Guizhou China
| | - Xingju Chen
- Guizhou Guangzheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Guiyang, Guizhou China
| | - Chanyan Yu
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment With Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunmei Li
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment With Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Liu
- Guizhou Provincial College-Based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment With Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
- Center of Forensic Expertise, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000 Guizhou People’s Republic of China
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Ebadi M, Ahmadi F, Tahmouresi H, Pazhang M, Mollaei S. Investigation the biological activities and the metabolite profiles of endophytic fungi isolated from Gundelia tournefortii L. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6810. [PMID: 38528041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that are considered as a potential source of natural compounds, and can be applied in various industries. The aims of this research were molecular identification of endophytic fungi isolated from the Gundelia tournefortii stems, and investigation their biological activities as well as phenolic and fatty acid profile. Surface sterilized stems of G. tournefortii were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) to isolate the fungal endophytes. Genomic DNA was extracted by CTAB method, and PCR amplification was performed by ITS 1 and ITS 4 as primers. The enzyme production of endophytic fungi was determined based on the formation of a clear zone that appeared around the colonies of fungus. The anti-oxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the amount of free radicals DPPH. Also, the total phenol and flavonoid contents were measured obtained by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. Moreover, the separation and identification of phenolic acids and fatty acids were done by HPLC and GC, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis was done based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region, and five isolates were identified as following: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium glabrum, Alternaria alternata, A. tenuissima, and Mucor circinelloides. Evaluation of the enzymatic properties showed that P. gabrum (31 ± 1.9 mm), and A. niger (23 ± 1.7) had more ability for producing pectinase and cellulase. The anti-oxidant activity of isolates showed that A. alternata extract (IC50 = 471 ± 29 µg/mL) had the highest anti-oxidant properties, followed by A. tenuissima extract (IC50 = 512 ± 19 µg/mL). Also, the extract of A. alternata had the greatest amount of total phenols and flavonoids contents (8.2 ± 0.4 mg GAL/g and 2.3 ± 0.3 mg QE/g, respectively). The quantification analysis of phenolic acid showed that rosmarinic acid, para-coumaric acid, and meta-coumaric acid (42.02 ± 1.31, 7.53 ± 0.19, 5.41 ± 0.21 mg/g, respectively) were the main phenolic acids in the studied fungi. The analysis of fatty acids confirmed that, in all fungi, the main fatty acids were stearic acid (27.9-35.2%), oleic acid (11.3-17.3%), palmitic acid (16.9-23.2%), linoleic acid (5.8-11.6%), and caprylic acid (6.3-10.9%). Our finding showed that endophytic fungi are a source of bioactive compounds, which could be used in various industries. This is the first report of endophytic fungi associated with G. tournefortii, which provides knowledge on their future use on biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Ebadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Tahmouresi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Pazhang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Mollaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
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Singha R, Sharma D, Saha AK, Das P. Foliar phenols and flavonoids level in pteridophytes: an insight to culturable fungal endophyte colonisation. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:170. [PMID: 38491263 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
There are many available reports of secondary metabolites as bioactive molecules from culturable endophytes, nevertheless, there are scarce research pertaining to the levels of metabolites in plants with respect to the incidence and colonisation of fungal endophytes in the same foliar tissues. Therefore, the study was focussed to examine whether fungal endophyte colonisation and the accumulation of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids and phenols, in the plants are related in any way. For this reason, the study aims to analyse phenols and flavonoids from the fronds of eleven pteridophytes along with the culture-dependent isolation of fungal endophytes from the host plants subsequently assigning them to morphological category and their quantitative analysis and further resolving its identities through molecular affiliation. The results revealed that nine morpho-categories of fungal endophytes were allotted based on culture attributes, hyphal patterns and reproductive structural characters. Highest numbers of species were isolated from Adiantum capillus-veneris and least was recorded from Pteris vittata and Dicranopteris linearis. Maximum phenol content was analysed from the fronds of P. vittata and lowest was recorded in A. capillus-veneris. Highest flavonoid content was measured in D. linearis and lowest was detected in Christella dentata. Significant negative correlation was observed between phenol content of ferns and species richness of fungi. Moreover, significant positive correlation was observed with the relative abundance of Chaetomium globosum and flavonoid content of ferns and negative significant relation was found between relative abundance of Pseudopestalotiopsis chinensis and phenol content of pteridophytes. The occurrence and the quantitative aspects of endophytes in ferns and their secondary metabolites are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royee Singha
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Dipashree Sharma
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Ajay Krishna Saha
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Panna Das
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India.
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6
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Chua RW, Song KP, Ting ASY. Antioxidant and L-asparaginase activities of culturable endophytic fungi from ornamental Dendrobium orchids. Lett Appl Microbiol 2024; 77:ovad096. [PMID: 37563083 DOI: 10.1093/lambio/ovad096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the antioxidant potential and L-asparaginase production of culturable fungal endophytes from Dendrobium orchids in Malaysia. Twenty-nine isolates were screened using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay to determine their free radical scavenging activities and antioxidant capacity (IC50 and AEAC). L-asparaginase production of fungal endophytes was detected by the qualitative plate assay, and the enzyme activities estimated via the Nesslerization method. All 29 endophytic isolates exhibited various degrees of radical scavenging activities (35.37%-77.23%), with Fusarium fujikuroi (D1) identified as having the highest antioxidant capacity (IC50 6.097 mg/mL) and the highest AEAC value (11.55 mg/g). For L-asparaginase production, the majority of the isolates (89.66%) showed positive results, especially among the culturable species of Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Daldinia. Most Fusarium spp. were able to produce L-asparaginase (80.77%), but the highest L-asparaginase activity was detected in Daldinia eschscholtzii (D14) with 2.128 units/mL. Results from this study highlighted the potential of endophytic fungi from medicinal orchids (Dendrobium sp.) as natural sources of bioactive compounds to be developed into novel antioxidants and anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wei Chua
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keang Peng Song
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Su Yien Ting
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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Arslan NP, Dawar P, Albayrak S, Doymus M, Azad F, Esim N, Taskin M. Fungi-derived natural antioxidants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-24. [PMID: 38156661 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2298770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In humans, exogenous antioxidants aid the endogenous antioxidant system to detoxify excess ROS generated during oxidative stress, thereby protecting the body against various diseases and stressful conditions. The majority of natural antioxidants available on the consumer market are plant-based; however, fungi are being recognized as alternative sources of various natural antioxidants such as polysaccharides, pigments, peptides, sterols, phenolics, alkaloids, and flavonoids. In addition, some exogenous antioxidants are exclusively found in fungi. Fungi-derived antioxidants exhibit scavenging activities against DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide radicals in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo models, application of fungal-derived antioxidants increase the level of various antioxidant enzymes, such as catalases, superoxide dismutases, and glutathione peroxidases, and reduce the level of malondialdehyde. Therefore, fungi-derived antioxidants have potential to be used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. This review summarizes the antioxidant potential of different fungi (mushrooms, yeasts, and molds)-derived natural compounds such as polysaccharides, pigments, peptides, ergothioneine, ergosterol, phenolics, alkaloids, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pranav Dawar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Seyda Albayrak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Meryem Doymus
- Vocational School of Health Services of Hinis, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fakhrul Azad
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nevzat Esim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science and Art Faculty, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Mesut Taskin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Sharma M, Bharti S, Goswami A, Mallubhotla S. Diversity, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Activity of Culturable Fungal Endophyte Communities in Cordia dichotoma. Molecules 2023; 28:6926. [PMID: 37836769 PMCID: PMC10574381 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are a significant source of secondary metabolites, which are chemical compounds with biological activities. The present study emphasizes the first-time isolation and identification of such fungi and their pharmacological activities from the medicinal plant Cordia dichotoma, which is native to Jammu, India. The Shannon Wiener diversity index revealed a wide range of fungal endophytes in root (1.992), stem (1.645), and leaf (1.46) tissues. A total of 19 endophytic fungi belonging to nine different genera were isolated from this plant and the majority belonged to the Ascomycota phylum. ITS rRNA gene sequencing was used to identify the fungal strains and they were submitted in NCBI GenBank. The most potent fungal isolate Cladosporium cladosporioides OP870014 had strong antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activity against MCF-7, HCT-116, and PC-3 cancer cell lines. The LC-MS and GC-MS analyses of the ethyl acetate extract of C. cladosporioides were examined to identify the bioactive metabolites. The major compounds of the crude extract derived from C. cladosporioides OP870014, according to GC-MS, are spiculisporic acid; dibutyl phthalate; phenylethyl alcohol; cyclohexanone, 2,3,3-trimethyl-2-3-methylbutyl; pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione,hexahydro-3-(phenylmethyl);2,5-piperazinedione,3,6-bis(2-methylpropyl); and heneicosane which possessed antimicrobial, anticancerous, and antioxidant activities. The findings revealed that C. dichotoma has the capacity to host a wide variety of fungal endophytes and that secondary metabolites from the endophytic fungus may be a source of alternative naturally occurring antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Sharma
- Tissue Culture Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Kakryal, Katra 182320, India;
| | - Sahil Bharti
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; (S.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Anindya Goswami
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India; (S.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Sharada Mallubhotla
- Tissue Culture Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Kakryal, Katra 182320, India;
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Hu D, Long X, Luobu T, Wang Q. Current status of research on endophytes of traditional Tibetan medicinal plant and their metabolites. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:338. [PMID: 37705864 PMCID: PMC10495306 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03720-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, known as the "Third Pole of the World," has a rich variety of medicinal plants that play an important role in the field of medicine due to its unique geographical environment. However, due to the limited resources of Tibetan medicinal plants and the fragility of the ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, more and more Tibetan medicinal plants are on the verge of extinction. As a reservoir of biologically active metabolites, endophytes of medicinal plants produce a large number of compounds with potential applications in modern medicine (including antibacterial, immunosuppressive, antiviral, and anticancer) and are expected to be substitutes for Tibetan medicinal plants. This paper reviews 12 Tibetan medicinal plants from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, highlighting the diversity of their endophytes, the diversity of their metabolites and their applications. The results show that the endophytes of Tibetan medicinal plants are remarkably diverse, and the efficacy of their metabolites involves various aspects, such as antioxidant, anti-disease and anti-parasitic. In addition, conservation measures for the resources of Tibetan medicinal plants are summarised to provide a reference for an in-depth understanding of the endophytes of Tibetan medicinal plants and to stimulate the scientific community to bioprospect for the endophytes of Tibetan medicinal plants, as well as to provide ideas for their rational exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Hu
- Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Tudan Luobu
- Pharmacy Department, Tibetan Hospital of Gongga County, Shannan, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
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10
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Singh S, Rai N, Tiwari H, Gupta P, Verma A, Kumar R, Kailashiya V, Salvi P, Gautam V. Recent Advancements in the Formulation of Nanomaterials-Based Nanozymes, Their Catalytic Activity, and Biomedical Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3577-3599. [PMID: 37590090 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanozymes are nanoparticles with intrinsic enzyme-mimicking properties that have become more prevalent because of their ability to outperform conventional enzymes by overcoming their drawbacks related to stability, cost, and storage. Nanozymes have the potential to manipulate active sites of natural enzymes, which is why they are considered promising candidates to function as enzyme mimetics. Several microscopy- and spectroscopy-based techniques have been used for the characterization of nanozymes. To date, a wide range of nanozymes, including catalase, oxidase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, have been designed to effectively mimic natural enzymes. The activity of nanozymes can be controlled by regulating the structural and morphological aspects of the nanozymes. Nanozymes have multifaceted benefits, which is why they are exploited on a large scale for their application in the biomedical sector. The versatility of nanozymes aids in monitoring and treating cancer, other neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders. Due to the compelling advantages of nanozymes, significant research advancements have been made in this area. Although a wide range of nanozymes act as potent mimetics of natural enzymes, their activity and specificities are suboptimal, and there is still room for their diversification for analytical purposes. Designing diverse nanozyme systems that are sensitive to one or more substrates through specialized techniques has been the subject of an in-depth study. Hence, we believe that stimuli-responsive nanozymes may open avenues for diagnosis and treatment by fusing the catalytic activity and intrinsic nanomaterial properties of nanozyme systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nilesh Rai
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Harshita Tiwari
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Priyamvada Gupta
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ashish Verma
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vikas Kailashiya
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Prafull Salvi
- Agriculture Biotechnology Department, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar 140306, India
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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Pan F, Yang N, Zhu X, Yu C, Jiang M, Jiang Y, Liu S, Wu W, Liu Y. Discovery of a Natural Hybrid Polyketide Produced by Endophytic Cladosporium sphaerospermum for Biocontrol of Phytopathogenic Fungus Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12190-12202. [PMID: 37537142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The endophytic fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum WBS017 exhibits broad-spectrum activity against plant pathogens, with particular effectiveness against Botrytis cinerea. Subsequently, a compound is isolated from strain WBS017 as the main active ingredient against B. cinerea using activity-guided separation and identified as hybrid polyketide (namely cladodionen, CLD) using UV, MS, NMR, etc. In vitro and in vivo antifungal activity tests demonstrate that CLD effectively inhibits the mycelial growth and spore germination, with an IC50 value of 1.13 and 0.095 mM, respectively, and exerts antifungal and fresh-keeping effects on both strawberry and tomato. Microscopy analysis reveals that the inhibitory effects of CLD on hyphae and spore germination are attributed to a decrease in structural stability of mycelia cells as well as the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, transcriptome analysis further indicates that spore germination is inhibited by suppressing the transcription levels of membrane or membrane-related genes, disturbing the balance of ROS metabolism, altering the primary metabolic pathways, genetic information processing, and cellular processes. Importantly, CLD demonstrates no significant toxicity on zebrafish embryos even at a concentration of 0.226 mM, indicating its potential as a safe biological-control agent. In summary, CLD would be a novel potential biological-control agent and can be considered as a promising fungicide to control B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Xinting Zhu
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Changyan Yu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Meiyan Jiang
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yijie Jiang
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Siqin Liu
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Production of Special Utilizated Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, P. R. China
| | - Yun Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Preclinical Medicine of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
- Center of Forensic Expertise, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, P. R. China
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Toppo P, Kagatay LL, Gurung A, Singla P, Chakraborty R, Roy S, Mathur P. Endophytic fungi mediates production of bioactive secondary metabolites via modulation of genes involved in key metabolic pathways and their contribution in different biotechnological sector. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:191. [PMID: 37197561 PMCID: PMC10183385 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi stimulate the production of an enormous number of bioactive metabolites in medicinal plants and affect the different steps of biosynthetic pathways of these secondary metabolites. Endophytic fungi possess a number of biosynthetic gene clusters that possess genes for various enzymes, transcription factors, etc., in their genome responsible for the production of secondary metabolites. Additionally, endophytic fungi also modulate the expression of various genes responsible for the synthesis of key enzymes involved in metabolic pathways of such as HMGR, DXR, etc. involved in the production of a large number of phenolic compounds as well as regulate the expression of genes involved in the production of alkaloids and terpenoids in different plants. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of gene expression related to endophytes and their impact on metabolic pathways. Additionally, this review will emphasize the studies done to isolate these secondary metabolites from endophytic fungi in large quantities and assess their bioactivity. Due to ease in synthesis of secondary metabolites and their huge application in the medical industry, these bioactive metabolites are now being extracted from strains of these endophytic fungi commercially. Apart from their application in the pharmaceutical industry, most of these metabolites extracted from endophytic fungi also possess plant growth-promoting ability, bioremediation potential, novel bio control agents, sources of anti-oxidants, etc. The review will comprehensively shed a light on the biotechnological application of these fungal metabolites at the industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Toppo
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
| | - Lahasang Lamu Kagatay
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
| | - Ankita Gurung
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
| | - Priyanka Singla
- Department of Botany, Mount Carmel College, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
| | - Rakhi Chakraborty
- Department of Botany, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Government College, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
| | - Swarnendu Roy
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
| | - Piyush Mathur
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of North Bengal, Rajarammohunpur, Dist. Darjeeling, Siliguri, West Bengal India
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13
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Morales-Quintana L, Miño R, Mendez-Yañez A, Gundel PE, Ramos P. Do fungal-endosymbionts improve crop nutritional quality and tolerance to stress by boosting flavonoid-mediated responses? Food Res Int 2022; 161:111850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Liu L, Wang X, Chen S, Liu D, Song C, Yi S, Zhu F, Wang W, Wang F, Wang G, Song X, Jia B, Chen C, Peng H, Guo L, Han B. Fungal isolates influence the quality of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1011001. [PMID: 36352875 PMCID: PMC9638934 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between beneficial microorganisms and plants plays a vital role in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Although Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn is widely distributed, its development is greatly limited by early bolting. The reason for early bolting in P. praeruptorum remains poorly characterized. We focus on the plant related microorganisms, including endophytes and rhizosphere microorganisms, by combining the traditional isolation and culture method with metagenomic sequencing technology. We found that the OTUs of endophytes and rhizosphere microorganisms showed a positive correlation in the whole growth stage of P. praeruptorum. Meanwhile, the community diversity of endophytic and rhizosphere fungi showed an opposite change trend, and bacteria showed a similar change trend. Besides, the microbial communities differed during the pre- and post-bolting stages of P. praeruptorum. Beneficial bacterial taxa, such as Pseudomonas and Burkholderia, and fungal taxa, such as Didymella and Fusarium, were abundant in the roots in the pre-bolting stage. Further, a strain belonging to Didymella was obtained by traditional culture and was found to contain praeruptorin A, praeruptorin B, praeruptorin E. In addition, we showed that the fungus could affect its effective components when it was inoculated into P. praeruptorum. This work provided a research reference for the similar biological characteristics of perennial one-time flowering plants, such as Saposhnikovia divaricate, Angelica sinensis and Angelica dahurica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Shaotong Chen
- College of Life Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Cheng Song
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Shanyong Yi
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Fucheng Zhu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Guanglin Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Xiangwen Song
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Bin Jia
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Cunwu Chen
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
| | - Huasheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bangxing Han
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
- Anhui Engineering Research Center for Eco-agriculture of Traditional Chinese Medicine, West Anhui University, Lu’an, China
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Liu Y, Xiao AP, Cheng H, Liu LL, Kong KW, Liu HY, Wu DT, Li HB, Gan RY. Phytochemical differences of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) leaves from different germplasms and their regulatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in Matin-Darby canine kidney cell lines. Front Nutr 2022; 9:902625. [PMID: 35938104 PMCID: PMC9355258 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.902625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has attracted more interest in exploring its phytochemical profile and bioactivities, such as anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, the phytochemicals of different hemp leaves were investigated, with the content order: total saponins content (TSC) > total alkaloids content (TAC) > total phenolics content (TPC) > total flavonoids content (TFC) > cannabinoids. Hemp leaves from Shanxi accumulated higher flavonoids and cannabinoids (i.e., THC, CBD, and CBN), while phenolics were more abundant in those from Hunan. A lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory Matin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell model was established to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of hemp leaf extracts. Hemp leaf extracts, especially the D129 and c7, significantly increased cell viability of LPS-induced inflammatory MDCK cells, and D132 significantly decreased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity. Except for c12, other hemp leaf extracts obviously decreased the cell morphological damage of LPS-induced inflammatory MDCK cells. The correlation analysis revealed that cannabinol (CBN) and TPC showed the strongest correlation with anti-inflammatory activities, and hierarchical clustering analysis also showed that hemp germplasms from Shanxi might be good alternatives to the common cultivar Ym7 due to their better anti-inflammatory activities. These results indicated that hemp leaves were effective in LPS-induced inflammatory MDCK cells, and flavonoids and cannabinoids were potential geographical markers for distinguishing them, which can provide new insights into the anti-inflammatory effect of hemp leaves and facilitate the application of hemp leaves as functional ingredients against inflammatory-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ai-Ping Xiao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang-Liang Liu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Kin Weng Kong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Sichuan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ren-You Gan,
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16
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Rochín-Hernández LS, Rochín-Hernández LJ, Flores-Cotera LB. Endophytes, a Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds to Curtail the Formation–Accumulation of Advanced Glycation End Products: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144469. [PMID: 35889349 PMCID: PMC9322667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytes, microorganisms that live in the internal tissues and organs of the plants, are known to produce numerous bioactive compounds, including, at times, some phytochemicals of their host plant. For such reason, endophytes have been quoted as a potential source for discovering bioactive compounds, particularly, of medical interest. Currently, many non-communicable diseases are threatening global human health, noticeably: diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and other ailment related to chronic inflammation and ageing. Intriguingly, the pathogenesis and development of these diseases have been linked to an excessive formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are a heterogeneous group of compounds that can alter the conformation, function, and lifetime of proteins. Therefore, compounds that prevent the formation and consequent accumulation of AGEs (AntiAGEs compounds) could be useful to delay the progress of some chronic diseases, and/or harmful effects of undue AGEs accumulation. Despite the remarkable ability of endophytes to produce bioactive compounds, most of the natural antiAGEs compounds reported in the literature are derived from plants. Accordingly, this work covers 26 plant antiAGEs compounds and some derivatives that have been reported as endophytic metabolites, and discusses the importance, possible advantages, and challenges of using endophytes as a potential source of antiAGEs compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lory Sthephany Rochín-Hernández
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Lory Jhenifer Rochín-Hernández
- Department of Biomedicine and Molecular Biology, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Luis Bernardo Flores-Cotera
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México City 07360, Mexico;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-13499526
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17
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Sureshkumar S, Merlin I, Prasai JR, Rajapriya P, Pandi M. Antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxicity, and phytochemical potentials of fungal bioactive secondary metabolites. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:1379-1392. [PMID: 35680569 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study focuses on antioxidant, antibacterial, phytochemical potential, and cytotoxicity of secondary metabolites from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium proliferatum, Alternaria arborescens, and Pestalotiopsis vismiae. The scavenging effect of fungal metabolites was determined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), H2 O2 , O2 -, and reducing power assays. Among the four fungi, A. arborescens have higher antioxidant activity of DPPH (81.12%), H2 O2 (74.83%), superoxide (75.74%), and reducing power (0.141) with standard ascorbic acid. Fungal metabolites were found to be significantly effective against all tested pathogens. A. arborescens showed significant amounts of phenolic (138.78 ± 3.70 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent), flavonoid (74.16 ± 3.58 mg/g of quercetin equivalent), as well as cytotoxicity effects in a cancer cell line (A549) with inhibitory concentration (IC50 = 35 µg/ml at 24 and 48 h). The live and dead cells were analyzed by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining methods. In addition, A. arborescens metabolites were characterized through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The major compounds were found to be phenol, 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-, acetamide, N-(3-methylphenyl)-, dibutyl phthalate, and benzo[qr]naphtho[2,1,8,7-fghi] pentacene. The compounds were reported in A. arborescensis up to our knowledge this is the first report. Based on this study, all fungal strains have a significant bioactive capacity with A. arborescens strain exhibiting greater biological properties. Further purification and characterization of A. arborescens bioactive component could lead to an intriguing reservoir of novel pharmacological agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthuran Sureshkumar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Iniya Merlin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Jiwan R Prasai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Pandy Rajapriya
- Department of Microbial Technology, School of Biological Science, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India.,Department of Zoology, M.S.S, Wakf Board College, Madurai, India
| | - Mohan Pandi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
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Zhou Y, Xu X, Chen Y, Gao J, Shi Q, Tian L, Cao L. Combined Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal the Flavonoids Changes and Biosynthesis Mechanisms in Different Organs of Hibiseu manihot L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:817378. [PMID: 35371117 PMCID: PMC8965375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.817378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hibiseu manihot L. (Jinhuakui, JHK), also known as a garden landscape plant, is widely cultivated as a landscape plant having pharmacological effects due to its high flavonoids content. Although flavonoids were the main active pharmaceutical ingredients in JHK, little information was obtained about the content, composition, and accumulation pattern of flavonoids in different tissues. Most studies only identified a few kinds of flavonoids in JHK limited by separation and identification problems. Therefore, combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis was performed to explore the accumulation patterns and biosynthesis mechanisms of flavonoids in JHK. In this study, we identified 160 flavonoids in 15 samples of JHK (flower, leaf, root, stem, and seeds) by using LC-MS/MS. Consistent with the total flavonoid content determination, these flavonoids were significantly accumulated in flowers, followed by leaves, stems, roots, and seeds. Among them, certain flavonoids, with high content, were also identified for the first time in JHK, such as tricetin, catechin, hesperidin, ncyanidin-3-O-sambubioside, astragalin, procyanidin B2/B3/C1, apigenin-5-O-glucoside, etc. Different tissues underwent significantly reprogramming of their transcriptomes and metabolites changes in JHK, particularly in the flavonoid, flavone, and flavonol biosynthesis pathways. We conducted a correlation analysis between RNA-seq and LC-MS/MS to identify the key genes and related flavonoids compounds, rebuild the gene-metabolites regulatory subnetworks, and then identified 15 key genes highly related to flavonoids accumulation in JHK. These key genes might play a fine regulatory role in flavonoids biosynthesis by affecting the gene expression level in different organs of JHK. Our results could be helpful for the improvement of the market/industrial utilization value of different parts of JHK, to pave the way for the regulatory mechanism research of flavonoids biosynthesis, and provide insight for studying the production quality improvement of JHK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Cao
- Agricultural College of Yanbian University, Yanji, China
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19
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Sharifi-Rad M, Pohl P, Epifano F, Zengin G, Jaradat N, Messaoudi M. Teucrium polium (L.): Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activities at Different Phenological Stages. Molecules 2022; 27:1561. [PMID: 35268662 PMCID: PMC8911654 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in the content of phytochemical compounds and in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of Teucrium polium L. aerial parts and root methanolic extracts at different phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seeding). The T. polium extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their antioxidant properties were tested with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), ferrous ions (Fe2+), and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods. Forty-nine compounds were identified with the majority of germacrene D, t-cadinol, β-pinene, carvacrol, bicyclogermacrene, α-pinene, and limonene. The results show that the extracts significantly differ between different phenological stages of the plant material used in terms of the phytochemical composition (total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, total alkaloids, and total saponin contents) and bioactivities (antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory) (p < 0.05). The highest total contents of phenolics (72.4 ± 2.5 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight), flavonoids (36.2 ± 3.1 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g dry weight), alkaloids (105.7 ± 2.8 mg atropine equivalent (AE)/g dry weight), and saponins (653 ± 6.2 mg escin equivalent (EE)/g dry weight), as well as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities, were measured for the extract of the aerial parts obtained at the flowering stage. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for the extracts were varied within 9.4−300 µg/mL, while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were varied within 18.75−600 µg/mL. In addition, they were more active on Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. The data of this work confirm that the T. polium extracts have significant biological activity and hence can be used in the pharmaceutical industry, clinical applications, and medical research, as well as cosmetic and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Water and Soil, University of Zabol, Zabol 98613-35856, Iran
| | - Pawel Pohl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Francesco Epifano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università “Gabriele d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo, Italy;
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130 Konya, Turkey;
| | - Nidal Jaradat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box. 7, Palestine;
| | - Mohammed Messaoudi
- Nuclear Research Centre of Birine, P.O. Box 180, Ain Oussera, Djelfa 17200, Algeria;
- Chemistry Department, University of Hamma Lakhdar El-Oued, B.P. 789, El-Oued 39000, Algeria
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20
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Mandal S, Maity S, Banerjee D. Antioxidative Compounds from the Secreted Metabolome of Strain ‘Mucor irregularis Isolate Dro2’—an Endophyte of the Carnivorous Plant Drosera burmannii. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Ting ASY, Chaverri P, Edrada-Ebel RA. Editorial: Endophytes and Their Biotechnological Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:795174. [PMID: 34926434 PMCID: PMC8675125 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.795174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Potentials of Endophytic Fungi in the Biosynthesis of Versatile Secondary Metabolites and Enzymes. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12121784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
World population growth and modernization have engendered multiple environmental problems: the propagation of humans and crop diseases and the development of multi-drug-resistant fungi, bacteria and viruses. Thus, a considerable shift towards eco-friendly products has been seen in medicine, pharmacy, agriculture and several other vital sectors. Nowadays, studies on endophytic fungi and their biotechnological potentials are in high demand due to their substantial, cost-effective and eco-friendly contributions in the discovery of an array of secondary metabolites. For this review, we provide a brief overview of plant–endophytic fungi interactions and we also state the history of the discovery of the untapped potentialities of fungal secondary metabolites. Then, we highlight the huge importance of the discovered metabolites and their versatile applications in several vital fields including medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, industry and bioremediation. We then focus on the challenges and on the possible methods and techniques that can be used to help in the discovery of novel secondary metabolites. The latter range from endophytic selection and culture media optimization to more in-depth strategies such as omics, ribosome engineering and epigenetic remodeling.
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Production of Extracellular Enzymes, Antimicrobial and other Agriculturally Important Metabolites by Fungal Endophytes of Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. a Medicinal Plant. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.4.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper deals with the endophytic fungi of Litsea glutinosa, a medicinal plant highly valued in Ayurvedic system. A total of 21 fungal endophytes were extracted from different parts of the plant. The following eight species viz, Aspergillus oryzae, A. terreus, Curvularia sp, Fusarium oxysporum, Gliocladium solani, Penicillium citrinum, Trichoderma viride and Verticillium dahliae were selected for testing the production of secondary metabolites including hydrolytic enzymes. All the eight endophytic fungal species produced amylase, cellulase, protease and lipase. Except for Curvularia species, others did not elaborate laccase. All the test fungi produced antibacterial and antifungal metabolites; however, the crude extracts exhibited poor antimicrobial activity. The present endophytic fungi also produced IAA, ammonia and phosphate solubilizing substances. They were also capable to produce IAA with or without adding the tryptophan. An affect was also made to assess the influence of crude extracts on the root growth of maize seedlings. These studies revealed the enhancement effect of extracts on root growth. Based on these observations, discussions and conclusions were made.
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El-Mahdy OM, Mohamed HI, Mogazy AM. Biosorption effect of Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysosporium for Cd- and Pb-contaminated soil and their physiological effects on Vicia faba L. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:67608-67631. [PMID: 34258698 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is an important solution to soil pollution management. The goal of this study is to determine the biosorption ability of the two selected fungi (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium chrysosporium) under heavy metal stress on faba bean plants. The fungal strains produced phytohormones, siderophore, ACC deaminase, and secondary metabolites. The biosorption capacity of A. niger and P. chrysosporium was 0.09 and 0.06 mg g-1 and 0.5 and 0.4 mg g-1 in media containing Cd and Pb, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the fungal cell wall show primary functional groups like hydroxyl, amide, carboxyl, phosphoryl, sulfhydryl, and nitro. Therefore, A. niger and P. chrysosporium were inoculated to soils, and then the faba bean seeds were sown. After 21 days of sowing, the plants were irrigated with water to severe as control, with 100 mg L-1 of Cd and 200 mg L-1 of Pb. The results show that Cd and Pb caused a significant reduction in morphological characteristics, auxin, gibberellins, photosynthetic pigments, minerals content, and antioxidant enzymes as compared to control plants but caused a substantial boost in abscisic acid, ethylene, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, proline, superoxide dismutase, secondary metabolites, and antioxidant capacity. In inoculated plants, metal-induced oxidative stress was modulated by inhibiting the transport of metal and decreased electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation. Finally, the inoculation of endophytic fungi contributed actively to the absorption of heavy metals and decreased their content in soil and plants. This could be utilized as an excellent technique in the fields of heavy metal-contaminated sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omima M El-Mahdy
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, El Makres St. Roxy, Cairo, 11341, Egypt
| | - Heba I Mohamed
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, El Makres St. Roxy, Cairo, 11341, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa M Mogazy
- Biological and Geological Sciences Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, El Makres St. Roxy, Cairo, 11341, Egypt
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Agrawal S, Nandeibam J, Sarangthem I. Ultrastructural changes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) induced by metabolites of thermophilous fungi Acrophialophora levis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258607. [PMID: 34648570 PMCID: PMC8516270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) remains one of the major concerns of healthcare associated and community-onset infections worldwide. The number of cases of treatment failure for infections associated with resistant bacteria is on the rise, due to the decreasing efficacy of current antibiotics. Notably, Acrophialophora levis, a thermophilous fungus species, showed antibacterial activity, namely against S. aureus and clinical MRSA strains. The ethyl acetate extract of culture filtrate was found to display significant activity against S. aureus and MRSA with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1 μg/mL and 4 μg/mL, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated drastic changes in the cellular architecture of metabolite treated cells of S. aureus and an MRSA clinical isolate. Cell wall disruption, membrane lysis and probable leakage of cytoplasmic are hallmarks of the antibacterial effect of fungal metabolites against MRSA. The ethyl acetate extract also showed strong antioxidant activity using two different complementary free radicals scavenging methods, DPPH and ABTS with efficiency of 55% and 47% at 1 mg/mL, respectively. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was found to be 50 mg/GAE and 20 mg/CAE, respectively. More than ten metabolites from different classes were identified: phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, sesquiterpenes, tannins, lignans and flavonoids. In conclusion, the significant antibacterial activity renders this fungal strain as a bioresource for natural compounds an interesting alternative against resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivankar Agrawal
- Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Delhi, India
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, A National Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, Manipur, India
- * E-mail: (SA); (IS)
| | - Jusna Nandeibam
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, A National Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, Manipur, India
| | - Indira Sarangthem
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, A National Institute of Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal, Manipur, India
- * E-mail: (SA); (IS)
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Rai N, Kumari Keshri P, Verma A, Kamble SC, Mishra P, Barik S, Kumar Singh S, Gautam V. Plant associated fungal endophytes as a source of natural bioactive compounds. Mycology 2021; 12:139-159. [PMID: 34552808 PMCID: PMC8451683 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2020.1870579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytes are a potent source of bioactive compounds that mimic plant-based metabolites. The relationship of host plant and endophyte is significantly associated with alteration in fungal colonisation and the extraction of endophyte-derived bioactive compounds. Screening of fungal endophytes and their relationship with host plants is essential for the isolation of bioactive compounds. Numerous bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties are known to be derived from fungal endophytes. Bioinformatics tools along with the latest techniques such as metabolomics, next-generation sequencing, and metagenomics multilocus sequence typing can potentially fill the gaps in fungal endophyte research. The current review article focuses on bioactive compounds derived from plant-associated fungal endophytes and their pharmacological importance. We conclude with the challenges and opportunities in the research area of fungal endophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Rai
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Priyanka Kumari Keshri
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Verma
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Swapnil C Kamble
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Pradeep Mishra
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suvakanta Barik
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Mishra S, Sahu PK, Agarwal V, Singh N. Exploiting endophytic microbes as micro-factories for plant secondary metabolite production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6579-6596. [PMID: 34463800 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant secondary metabolites have significant potential applications in a wide range of pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries by providing new chemistries and compounds. However, direct isolation of such compounds from plants has resulted in over-harvesting and loss of biodiversity, currently threatening several medicinal plant species to extinction. With the breakthrough report of taxol production by an endophytic fungus of Taxus brevifolia, a new era in natural product research was established. Since then, the ability of endophytic microbes to produce metabolites similar to those produced by their host plants has been discovered. The plant "endosphere" represents a rich and unique biological niche inhabited by organisms capable of producing a range of desired compounds. In addition, plants growing in diverse habitats and adverse environmental conditions represent a valuable reservoir for obtaining rare microbes with potential applications. Despite being an attractive and sustainable approach for obtaining economically important metabolites, the industrial exploitation of microbial endophytes for the production and isolation of plant secondary metabolites remains in its infancy. The present review provides an updated overview of the prospects, challenges, and possible solutions for using microbial endophytes as micro-factories for obtaining commercially important plant metabolites.Key points• Some "plant" metabolites are rather synthesized by the associated endophytes.• Challenges: Attenuation, silencing of BGCs, unculturability, complex cross-talk.• Solutions: Simulation of in planta habitat, advanced characterization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Mishra
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed-to-be-University), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 282005, India.
| | - Pramod Kumar Sahu
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, 275103, India
| | - Vishad Agarwal
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed-to-be-University), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 282005, India
| | - Namrata Singh
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed-to-be-University), Agra, Uttar Pradesh, 282005, India
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dos Santos IR, Abdel-Azeem AM, Mohesien MT, Piekutowska M, Sheir DH, da Silva LL, da Silva Castro C, Carvalho DDC, Bezerra JDP, Saad HA, Borges LL, Xavier-Santos S. Insights into the Bioprospecting of the Endophytic Fungi of the Medicinal Plant Palicourea rigida Kunth (Rubiaceae): Detailed Biological Activities. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:689. [PMID: 34575727 PMCID: PMC8468907 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A multitude of plants from the Brazilian savanna are known for their medicinal properties. Many plants contain endophytic fungi, which lead to the production of bioactive compounds by both the fungi and their hosts. This study investigated the bioprospecting of endophytic fungi recovered from the leaves of Palicourea rigida, a native medicinal plant of the Brazilian savanna. Four fungal taxa (Colletotrichum sp. SXS649, Pestalotiopsis sp. SXS650, the order Botryosphaeriales SXS651, and Diaporthe sp. SXS652) were recovered. The phenolic, flavonoid, extracellular degrading enzymes (amylase, cellulase, protease, and tannase) and antioxidant activity of these taxa were determined. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity showed that the Botryosphaeriales SXS651 extract displays a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 23.20 mg mL-1 against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the Diaporthe sp. SXS652 extract exhibited an MIC of 27.00 mg mL-1 against Escherichia coli. The Colletotrichum sp. SXS649 isolate inhibited tumors in potato discs by 69% at a concentration of 9.70 mg mL-1. All isolates had potential bioremediation criteria against soil contaminated with soybean oil, as proved by a high percentage of germination of Lactuca sativa and a reduction in phytotoxicity. Furthermore, the taxa under investigation demonstrated antagonistic action to phytopathogenic fungi, namely, Aspergillus niger, Inonotus rickii, Pestalotiopsis mangiferae, and Coniophora puteana, with an inhibition range between 34.2% and 76.9%. The preliminary toxicity assessment showed that all isolates possessed an LC50 of less than 100 mg mL-1 to the microcrustacean Artemia salina. These results indicate that the endophytic fungi of the Brazilian savanna are promising candidates for biotechnological and industrial applications and, in agricultural applications, for the biological control of phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Romeiro dos Santos
- Basic, Applied and Scientific Divulgation Mycolgy Laboratory (FungiLab), Central Campus, State University of Goiás, Anápolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil; (I.R.d.S.); (L.L.d.S.); (C.d.S.C.); (L.L.B.)
| | - Ahmed M. Abdel-Azeem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Marwa T. Mohesien
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta 34511, Egypt;
| | - Magdalena Piekutowska
- Department of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Partyzantów 27, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland;
| | - Donia H. Sheir
- National Research Centre, Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical Industries Division, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Lucas Leonardo da Silva
- Basic, Applied and Scientific Divulgation Mycolgy Laboratory (FungiLab), Central Campus, State University of Goiás, Anápolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil; (I.R.d.S.); (L.L.d.S.); (C.d.S.C.); (L.L.B.)
| | - Camila da Silva Castro
- Basic, Applied and Scientific Divulgation Mycolgy Laboratory (FungiLab), Central Campus, State University of Goiás, Anápolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil; (I.R.d.S.); (L.L.d.S.); (C.d.S.C.); (L.L.B.)
| | | | - Jadson Diogo Pereira Bezerra
- Mycology Sector, Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, GO, Brazil;
| | - Hosam A. Saad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Leonardo Luiz Borges
- Basic, Applied and Scientific Divulgation Mycolgy Laboratory (FungiLab), Central Campus, State University of Goiás, Anápolis 75132-903, GO, Brazil; (I.R.d.S.); (L.L.d.S.); (C.d.S.C.); (L.L.B.)
| | - Solange Xavier-Santos
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Al-Obaidi JR, Jambari NN, Ahmad-Kamil EI. Mycopharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals: Promising Agents to Improve Human Well-Being and Life Quality. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070503. [PMID: 34202552 PMCID: PMC8304235 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi, especially edible mushrooms, are considered as high-quality food with nutritive and functional values. They are of considerable interest and have been used in the synthesis of nutraceutical supplements due to their medicinal properties and economic significance. Specific fungal groups, including predominantly filamentous endophytic fungi from Ascomycete phylum and several Basidiomycetes, produce secondary metabolites (SMs) with bioactive properties that are involved in the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. These beneficial fungi, while high in protein and important fat contents, are also a great source of several minerals and vitamins, in particular B vitamins that play important roles in carbohydrate and fat metabolism and the maintenance of the nervous system. This review article will summarize and discuss the abilities of fungi to produce antioxidant, anticancer, antiobesity, and antidiabetic molecules while also reviewing the evidence from the last decade on the importance of research in fungi related products with direct and indirect impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel R. Al-Obaidi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Tanjong Malim 35900, Perak, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (J.R.A.-O.); (N.N.J.)
| | - Nuzul Noorahya Jambari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (J.R.A.-O.); (N.N.J.)
| | - E. I. Ahmad-Kamil
- Malaysian Nature Society (MNS), JKR 641, Jalan Kelantan, Bukit Persekutuan, Kuala Lumpur 50480, Malaysia;
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Evaluating the Endophytic Activities of Beauveria bassiana on the Physiology, Growth, and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts of Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061178. [PMID: 34207888 PMCID: PMC8229626 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic entomopathogens have growth promoting, nutrient fortifying, and anti-insect properties that could improve the yield and quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Lactuca sativa is a vegetable crop with high demand; however, it is susceptible to aphid infestations. This study's objectives were to assess the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana (strain: SM3) (Bals.) Vuil. (Hypocreales) against Myzus persicae Sulzer, tissue colonization of lettuce by conidia of B. bassiana, as well as the effects of fungal inoculation on growth, tissue nutrient content, and proximate composition of the lettuce plants. Furthermore, the involvement of tissue nutrients in mediating the influence of endophytic fungus on the plant traits was examined. Insects and plants were exposed to four fungal conidial concentrations: 0, 1 × 106, 1 × 107 and 1 × 108 conidia mL-1 in an anti-insect bioassay and a greenhouse experiment, respectively. The B. bassiana strain was pathogenic against M. persicae, inducing mean insect mortality of 78% at the highest concentration (1 × 108 conidia mL-1). The B. bassiana endophytically colonized up to 76% of plants exposed to 1 × 108 conidia mL-1. Crown size and plant height varied significantly among treatments. However, the plant fresh and dry weights and nutrient elements N, P, K, Ca, and Mg did not vary significantly among treatments. Among the plant macronutrients assessed, only tissue carbon content was significantly (p < 0.01) affected by conidial treatments. The tissue C and Cu contents significantly correlated with the antioxidant capacity of the lettuce plants. Most of the micronutrients, viz. Mn, Fe, Cu, and B were remarkably higher (p < 0.05) in the fungus-treated plants than in the control plants. The antioxidant capacity (FRAP and TEAC) of plant extracts varied significantly (p < 0.001) among treatments, with the highest conidial treatment yielding the most increased antioxidant activity. In conclusion, the B. bassiana strain was endophytic to lettuce, pathogenic against M. persicae, and induced increased micro-nutrient tissue contents and antioxidant activities. This study demonstrated that B. bassiana could be potentially used in the biofortification of nutritive and medicinal qualities of plants.
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Cano y Postigo LO, Jacobo-Velázquez DA, Guajardo-Flores D, Garcia Amezquita LE, García-Cayuela T. Solid-state fermentation for enhancing the nutraceutical content of agrifood by-products: Recent advances and its industrial feasibility. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Screening and selection of camptothecin producing endophytes from Nothapodytes nimmoniana. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11205. [PMID: 34045605 PMCID: PMC8159990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi with the ability to produce plant based secondary metabolites are a potential alternative for producing the host plant metabolite and to prevent natural plants from extinction. To isolate a high metabolite yielding endophytic strain from plants, hundreds of endophytic strains are screened and tested for product yield separately under axenic state, before shortlisting the potential endophyte, which involves huge time consumption. In this study, strategies for screening and selection of high camptothecin yielding endophytes from their natural habitat were proposed. A correlation was built between the camptothecin yield in the explants and the endophytes isolated from them. In addition, camptothecin yield was compared between the endophytes isolated from young and matured plants. Further, camptothecin producers and non-producers strains were compared for their tolerance toward camptothecin. The study indicates that high camptothecin yielding endophytes were isolated from high yielding explants and younger plants and they were more tolerant to camptothecin in comparison to non-camptothecin yielding endophytes. Thus, choosing a young and high yielding explant for endophyte isolation, and use of camptothecin as a selective agent in the growth medium, can be instrumental in screening and selection of high camptothecin yielding endophytes from nature in relatively less time.
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Agrawal S, Barrow CJ, Adholeya A, Deshmukh SK. Unveiling the dermatological potential of marine fungal species components: Antioxidant and inhibitory capacities over tyrosinase. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1252-1266. [PMID: 34028084 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Marine fungi are a rich source of biologically active molecules, but a poorly explored bioresource for cosmeceutical products. This study evaluates the phytochemistry, antioxidant, and antityrosinase effects of the organic extracts of marine fungi isolated from various marine environments in India. Out of 35 screened fungal strains, methanol extracts of strains P2, Talaromyces stipitatus, and D4, Aspergillus terreus exhibited antityrosinase activity of 45% and 43%, respectively, at the lowest concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The highest free radicals scavenging activity of 94% and 97% was observed at 500 mg/mL, respectively, of the same fungal extracts. The total phenolic content ranged from 8.20 to 20.30 mg/g of the dry weight of extract, expressed as gallic acid equivalent. GC-MS analysis of T. stipitatus and A. terreus extract identified seven and 10 major compounds, respectively. Some of the major compounds included azetidine, (3E)-3-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)hydrazono]-N-isobutyl butanamide, aziridine, and 3-methylcyclopentanone, 1,1-dimethylcyclohexane, cyclopentane carboxylic acid, N-allyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2-benzothiophene-1-carboxamide, cyclo(l-Pro-l-Val), and 3-phenylpropionitrile. In conclusion, this study showed abundant fungal resources in Indian marine environments. A correlation between total phenolic contents of the extracts confirmed that phenolic compounds play an important role in antioxidant as well as antityrosinase activity of the marine fungal extracts and can be viewed as new potential antityrosinase and antioxidant resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivankar Agrawal
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia.,TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Alok Adholeya
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Deshmukh
- TERI-Deakin Nano Biotechnology Centre, Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
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Pelo SP, Adebo OA, Green E. Chemotaxonomic profiling of fungal endophytes of Solanum mauritianum (alien weed) using gas chromatography high resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HRTOF-MS). Metabolomics 2021; 17:43. [PMID: 33877446 PMCID: PMC8057964 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01790-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since ancient times medicinal plants have been used as medicine in many parts of the world to promote human health and longevity. In recent years many novel secondary metabolites of plants have been isolated and reported to provide lead compounds for new drug discoveries. Solanum mauritianum Scopoli is native to South America. It is reported to be used by native South Americans during famine as a vegetable and as medicine to cure various diseases. In South Africa the plant is viewed as weed and is facing eradication, however, this plant is a valuable subject for research into its potential pharmaceutical and chemical uses. This study elucidated the metabolic profile of fungal endophytes that have promising bioactive secondary metabolites against pathogenic microorganisms, including mycobacterium species. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fungal endophytes from a weed Solanum mauritianum Scop. were used to synthesize secondary metabolites. Gas chromatograph high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HRTOF-MS) was used to analyse volatile compounds to prove that potentially fungal endophytes could be extracted from this weed. Extracts obtained with ethyl acetate were screened for phytochemicals and analyzed using a gas chromatograph high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry system. Principal component analysis was used to compare the gas chromatograph high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry data for differences/similarities in their clustering. Phytochemical screening was conducted on the crude extracts of fungal endophytes obtained from different parts of Solanum mauritianum Scopoli (leaves, ripe fruit, unripe fruit and stems). RESULTS Phytochemical screening indicated the presents of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, quinones and saponins. Quinones were not present in the crude extracts of Fusarium sp. A total of 991 compounds were observed in the fungal endophytes, and Cladosporium sp. (23.8%) had the highest number of compounds, compared to Paracamarosporium leucadendri (1.7%) and Talaromyces sp. (1.5%). Some volatile compounds such as eicosane, 2-pentadecanone, 2-methyloctacosane, hexacosane and tridecanoic acid methyl ester with antibacterial activity were also observed. CONCLUSION Compositional variations between the plant and fungal endophyte phytochemicals were observed. The results of this study indicate that fungal endophytes from Solanum mauritianum Scop. contain compounds that can be exploited for numerous pharmaceutical and medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Pauline Pelo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food-Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028 South Africa
| | - Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food-Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028 South Africa
| | - Ezekiel Green
- Department of Biotechnology and Food-Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028 South Africa
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Annulohypoxylon sp. strain MUS1, an endophytic fungus isolated from Taxus wallichiana Zucc., produces taxol and other bioactive metabolites. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:152. [PMID: 33747702 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study focuses on the isolation and in vitro characterization of bioactive metabolites produced by endophytic fungi isolated from the Himalayan yew (Taxus wallichiana Zucc.). The endophytic fungi were isolated on artificial media from inner tissues of bark and needles. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, along with total phenolic- and flavonoid-content assays were used in the evaluation of bioactivity of the fermented crude extracts. The ability of the endophytes to produce the anticancer compound Taxol was also analyzed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). A total of 16 fungal morphotypes were obtained from asymptomatic inner tissues of the bark and needles of T. wallichiana. Among the 16 isolates, the ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of isolate MUS1, showed antibacterial and antifungal activity against all test-pathogens used (Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 19433, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12600, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella enterica ATCC 13076, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Candida albicans). MUS1 showed significant inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): 250 µg/ml) and the pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans (MIC: 125 µg/ml). Antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and total flavonoid content as well as in vitro Taxol production were evaluated for EA fraction of isolate MUS1. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. At a concentration of 100 µg/ml, the % DPPH radical scavenging activity was 83.15 ± 0.40, 81.62 ± 0.11, and 62.36 ± 0.29, for ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and the EA fraction of MUS1, respectively. The DPPH-Half maximal inhibitory concentration (DPPH-IC50) value for the EA fraction was 81.52 ± 0.23 µg/ml, compared to BHT (62.87 ± 0.08 µg/ml) and ascorbic acid (56.15 ± 0.19 µg/ml). The total phenolic and flavonoid content in the EA fraction were 16.90 ± 0.075 µg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 11.59 ± 0.148 µg rutin equivalent (RE), per mg of dry crude extract, respectively. TLC and RP-HPLC analysis showed that the isolate MUS1 also produces Taxol (282.05 µg/l of fermentation broth). Isolate MUS1 was identified as Annulohypoxylon sp. by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing. Having the ability to produce antimicrobial and antioxidant metabolites, as well as the anticancer compound Taxol, makes Annulohypoxylon sp. strain MUS1, a promising candidate for further study of naturally occurring bioactive metabolites. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02693-z.
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Endophytic fungi from Passiflora incarnata: an antioxidant compound source. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:2779-2789. [PMID: 32743668 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Endophytes are considered one of the most important microbial resources for obtaining biomolecules of therapeutic use. Passiflora incarnata, widely employed by the pharmaceutical industry, shows therapeutic effects on anxiety, nervousness, constipation, dyspepsia and insomnia based on their antioxidant compounds. In this study, from 315 endophytic fungi isolated from P. incarnata leaves, 60 were selected to determinate presence of chemical constituents related with antioxidant activity, based on their production of soluble pigments. The promising fungi were evaluated specifically on their potential to produce phenolic compounds, flavonoids and for antioxidant activity. Five isolates significantly produced flavonoids and phenolic compounds in the ethyl acetate and n-Butanol extracts, also saponins and high antioxidant activity against the DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical. A strain of Aspergillus nidulans var. dentatus (former Emericella dentata) was able to produce tannins as well; its butanolic extract was very similar than the BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) (94.3% × 94.32%) and Rutin (95.8%) reference substances in the DPPH radical scavenging. Similarly, a Chaetomium strain exhibited 93.6% and 94.7% of antioxidant activity in their ethyl acetate and butanolic fractions, respectively. The chromatographic analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction from the Aspergillus strain revealed the production of orcinol (3.19%). Four-methoxymethylphenol (4.79%), sorbicillin (33.59%) and ergosterol (23.08%) was produced by Trichoderma longibrachiatum and isopropenyl-1,4-dimethyl-1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7-octahydroazulene were found in two Fusarium oxysporum strains. The phytochemical screening showed that all analyzed fungi were able to produce a kind of secondary metabolite (phenols, flavonoids, tannins and/or saponins). The study shows a great underexplored potential for industrial application of P. incarnata endophytes.
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Abdelrazek S, Simon P, Colley M, Mengiste T, Hoagland L. Crop management system and carrot genotype affect endophyte composition and Alternaria dauci suppression. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233783. [PMID: 32497087 PMCID: PMC7272071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing pests in carrot production is challenging. Endophytic microbes have been demonstrated to improve the health and productivity of many crops, but factors affecting endophyte dynamics in carrot is still not well understood. The goal of this study was to determine how crop management system and carrot genotype interact to affect the composition and potential of endophytes to mitigate disease caused by Alternaria dauci, an important carrot pathogen. Twenty-eight unique isolates were collected from the taproots of nine diverse genotypes of carrot grown in a long-term trial comparing organic and conventional management. Antagonistic activity was quantified using an in vitro assay, and potential for individual isolates to mitigate disease was evaluated in greenhouse trials using two carrot cultivars. Results confirm that carrot taproots are colonized by an abundant and diverse assortment of bacteria and fungi representing at least distinct 13 genera. Soils in the organic system had greater total organic matter, microbial biomass and activity than the conventional system and endophyte composition in taproots grown in this system were more abundant and diverse, and had greater antagonistic activity. Carrot genotype also affected endophyte abundance as well as potential for individual isolates to affect seed germination, seedling growth and tolerance to A. dauci. The benefits of endophytes on carrot growth were greatest when plants were subject to A. dauci stress, highlighting the importance of environmental conditions in the functional role of endophytes. Results of this study provide evidence that endophytes can play an important role in improving carrot performance and mediating resistance to A. dauci, and it may someday be possible to select for these beneficial plant-microbial relationships in carrot breeding programs. Implementing soil-building practices commonly used in organic farming systems has potential to promote these beneficial relationships and improve the health and productivity of carrot crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Abdelrazek
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United State of America
| | - Philipp Simon
- USDA-ARS Agriculture Research Service, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Micaela Colley
- Organic Seed Alliance, Port Townsend, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Lori Hoagland
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United State of America
- * E-mail:
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Gauchan DP, Kandel P, Tuladhar A, Acharya A, Kadel U, Baral A, Shahi AB, García-Gil MR. Evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of bioactive compounds produced from endophytic fungi of Himalayan yew ( Taxus wallichiana) in Nepal. F1000Res 2020; 9:379. [PMID: 33093944 PMCID: PMC7551515 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.23250.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Endophytic fungi are largely underexplored in the discovery of natural bioactive products though being rich sources of novel compounds with promising pharmaceutical potential. In this study,
Taxus wallichiana, which has huge medicinal value, was investigated for its endophytic diversity and capability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites by analyzing antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Methods: The endophytes were identified by ITS-PCR using genomic DNA samples. The secondary metabolites were extracted by solvent extraction method using ethyl acetate. The antioxidant activity was analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography, Total Phenol Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and DPPH assay, and the antimicrobial activity was analyzed by agar-well diffusion method. Brine shrimp lethality assay was used to analyze the cytotoxicity of the fungal extracts. Results: Out of 16 different
Taxus trees sampled from different locations of Dhorpatan, 13 distinctive endophytic fungi were isolated and grouped into 9 different genera:
Bjerkandera, Trichoderma, Preussia, Botrytis, Arthrinium, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Sporormiella and
Daldinia. The ethyl acetate extracts isolated from three endophytic fungi:
Alternaria alternata,
Cladosporium cladosporioides and
Alternaria brassicae showed significant TPC values of 204±6.144, 312.3±2.147 and 152.7±4.958µg GAE/mg of dry extract, respectively, and TFC values of 177.9±2.911, 644.1±4.202 and 96.38±3.851µg RE/mg of dry extract, respectively. Furthermore, these three extracts showed a dose dependent radical scavenging activity with IC
50 concentration of 22.85, 22.15 and 23.001 µg/ml, respectively. The extracts of
C. cladosporioides and
A. brassicae also showed promising antimicrobial activity against
Escherichia coli,
Staphylococcus aureus and
Bacillus subtilis with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 250μg/ml for all bacteria. Both the samples showed cytotoxic property against shrimp nauplii with LC
50 of 104.2 and 125.9µg/ml, respectively. Conclusions: The crude fungal extracts obtained from endophytes:
A. alternata,
C. cladosporioides and
A. brassicae upon purification and further identification of the bioactive compounds can be a fascinating source for novel pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhurva Prasad Gauchan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavrepalanchok District, Bagmati, 45200, Nepal
| | - Pratistha Kandel
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavrepalanchok District, Bagmati, 45200, Nepal
| | - Astha Tuladhar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavrepalanchok District, Bagmati, 45200, Nepal
| | - Ashesh Acharya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavrepalanchok District, Bagmati, 45200, Nepal
| | - Upendra Kadel
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavrepalanchok District, Bagmati, 45200, Nepal
| | - Aayush Baral
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavrepalanchok District, Bagmati, 45200, Nepal
| | - Arjan Bir Shahi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Kavrepalanchok District, Bagmati, 45200, Nepal
| | - María Rosario García-Gil
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-901 83, Sweden
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Santos TFB, dos Santos Carvalho C, de Almeida MA, Delforno TP, Duarte ICS. Endophytic fungi isolated from Brazilian medicinal plants as potential producers of antioxidants and their relations with anti-inflammatory activity. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:223. [PMID: 32368432 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, 19 endophytic fungi were isolated from Lafoensia pacari, Guazuma ulmifolia, Campomanesia xanthocarpa and Siparuna guianensis. Seventeen strains were molecularly identified as belonging to the genera Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Bjerkandera, Talaromyces, Cochliobolus, Phaeophlebiopsis, Curvularia, and Xylaraceae. Assays for detecting antioxidant activity were performed by free radical scavenging activity using the DDPH and ABTS + methods. Based on the results with DPPH, two strains were selected to evaluate the presence of flavonoids and anti-inflammatory activity. A strong positive correlation was found between these activities and the presence of flavonoids. The anti-inflammatory activity of endophytic fungi is under explored; however, the Talaromyces obtained the best result of 87.33% protection of erythrocytes and Colletotrichium of 60.71%. This study demonstrated that endophytic fungi associated with selected plants are potential sources of novel antioxidant products.
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Mofasser Hossain A, Brennan MA, Guo X, Zeng XA, Brennan CS. Cellular biological activity and regulation of gene expression of antioxidant dietary fibre fraction isolated from blackcurrant incorporated in the wholemeal cereals cookies. Food Chem 2020; 312:125829. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tang Z, Wang Y, Yang J, Xiao Y, Cai Y, Wan Y, Chen H, Yao H, Shan Z, Li C, Wang G. Isolation and identification of flavonoid-producing endophytic fungi from medicinal plant Conyza blinii H.Lév that exhibit higher antioxidant and antibacterial activities. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8978. [PMID: 32328352 PMCID: PMC7166047 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Conyza blinii H. Lév is a medicinal plant that has a variety of pharmacological activities, but its study is at a standstill due to the shortage of resources. Method This study utilized the surface sterilization method to isolate endophytic fungi, and they were preliminarily identified by morphology. Flavonoid-producing strains were screened by NaNO2-Al(NO)3 colorimetry and further identified by the ITS sequence. Additionally, we used five antioxidant assays (DPPH, Hydroxyl radical, ABTS, FRAP and T-AOC assays) to systematically evaluate the antioxidant capacity of total flavonoids , and we also determined their antibacterial activity. Results In this study, 21 endophytic fungi were isolated from wild Conyza blinii H. Lév for the first time. There were six flavonoid-producing strains, especially CBL11, whose total flavonoid content reached 50.78 ± 2.4 mg/L. CBL12, CBL12-2 and CBL1-1 all exhibited excellent antioxidant activity. The effect of CBL12 was similar to that of ascorbic acid at low concentrations, and its radical scavenging rates for DPPH and ABTS were 94.56 ± 0.29 % and 99.88 ± 0.27%, respectively, while its IC50 values were only 0.11 ± 0.01 mg/mL and 0.2 ± 0.01 mg/mL. Through LC-MS, we found that CBL12 could produce many high-value flavonoids, such as 3-methoxyflavone, nobiletin, formononetin, scopoletin, and daidzein. Additionally, CBL9 had good antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Notably, we obtained the high-yield strains CBL12 and CBL9, which not only had high yields (10.64 ± 1.01 mg/L and 10.17 ± 0.11 mg/L, respectively) but also had excellent biological activity. Hence, the results of this study provide new ideas for endophytic fungi that can be exploited as a source of flavonoids and other medicinal components from Conyza blinii H. Lév. Moreover, this study can serve as a reference for the development of rare medicinal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhong Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yirong Xiao
- Sichuan Agricultural University Hospital, Ya'an, China
| | - Yi Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yujun Wan
- Sichuan Food Fermentation Industry Research and Design Institute, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Huipeng Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zhi Shan
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Chenglei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Sichuan Food Fermentation Industry Research and Design Institute, Chengdu, China
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Pan F, El-Kashef DH, Kalscheuer R, Müller WEG, Lee J, Feldbrügge M, Mándi A, Kurtán T, Liu Z, Wu W, Proksch P. Cladosins L-O, new hybrid polyketides from the endophytic fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum WBS017. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 191:112159. [PMID: 32101782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The endophytic fungus Cladosporium sphaerospermum WBS017 was obtained from healthy bulbs of Fritillaria unibracteata var. wabuensis. Fermentation of C. sphaerospermum on solid rice medium yielded three new hybrid polyketides, cladosins L-N (1-3), and a known derivative cladodionen (4). Further cultivation of this fungus on white bean medium afforded an additional new hybrid polyketide, cladosin O (5) along with three known analogues (6-8). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated using a combination of NMR and HRESIMS data. The absolute configurations of compounds 2 and 3 were determined by Mosher's method and TDDFT-ECD calculations. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. Cladodionen (4) exhibited cytotoxicity against the mouse lymphoma cell line L5178Y with an IC50 value of 3.7 μM, and also exhibited antifungal activity against Ustilago maydis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while cladosin L (1) displayed week antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and S. aureus ATCC 700699 with MIC values of 50 and 25 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Production of Special Utilized Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Rd, Wenjiang Region, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China; Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Research Center for Medicine & Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Dina H El-Kashef
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519, Minia, Egypt
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Werner E G Müller
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jungho Lee
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204, Düsseldorf, Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204, Düsseldorf, Germany; Bioeconomy Science Center (BioSC), c/o Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Attila Mándi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P. O. Box 400, H-4002, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tibor Kurtán
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P. O. Box 400, H-4002, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zhen Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Production of Special Utilized Plant, Agronomy College, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Rd, Wenjiang Region, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of a Bacterial Endophyte, Methylobacterium radiotolerans MAMP 4754, Isolated from Combretum erythrophyllum Seeds. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:9483670. [PMID: 32184829 PMCID: PMC7060864 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9483670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports on the isolation and identification of Methylobacterium radiotolerans MAMP 4754 from the seeds of the medicinal plant, Combretum erythrophyllum, for the purposes of investigating antimicrobial and antioxidant activities from this endophyte. The strain identity was confirmed by 16S rRNA-based phylogeny and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Ethyl acetate and chloroform (1 : 1 v/v) extracts from the endophyte were tested for antimicrobial and antioxidant activity on a total of 7 bacterial species (3 Gram-positive and 4 Gram-negative) using the standard Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) protocol and Quantitative Radical Scavenging activity using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, respectively. The MICs were recorded at 250 μg/mL for B. subtilis ATCC 19659, B. cereus ATCC 1076, E. coli ATCC1053, and 62.5 μg/mL for K. oxytoca ATCC 13182 and M. smegmatis ATCC 21293, while an IC50 of 5.65 μg/mL was recorded with the DPPH assay. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis revealed the presence of 9-octadecene, 2,4-dinitrophenyl acetate, and 2(5H)-furanone, which have been previously reported for the targeted activities. M. radiotolerans MAMP 4754 tested positive for antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and this is linked to the production of plant-derived secondary metabolites by this strain.
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Jaroszuk-Ściseł J, Nowak A, Komaniecka I, Choma A, Jarosz-Wilkołazka A, Osińska-Jaroszuk M, Tyśkiewicz R, Wiater A, Rogalski J. Differences in Production, Composition, and Antioxidant Activities of Exopolymeric Substances (EPS) Obtained from Cultures of Endophytic Fusarium culmorum Strains with Different Effects on Cereals. Molecules 2020; 25:E616. [PMID: 32019268 PMCID: PMC7037457 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolymeric substances (EPS) can determine plant-microorganism interactions and have great potential as bioactive compounds. The different amounts of EPS obtained from cultures of three endophytic Fusarium culmorum strains with different aggressiveness-growth promoting (PGPF), deleterious (DRMO), and pathogenic towards cereal plants-depended on growth conditions. The EPS concentrations (under optimized culture conditions) were the lowest (0.2 g/L) in the PGPF, about three times higher in the DRMO, and five times higher in the pathogen culture. The EPS of these strains differed in the content of proteins, phenolic components, total sugars, glycosidic linkages, and sugar composition (glucose, mannose, galactose, and smaller quantities of arabinose, galactosamine, and glucosamine). The pathogen EPS exhibited the highest total sugar and mannose concentration. FTIR analysis confirmed the β configuration of the sugars. The EPS differed in the number and weight of polysaccharidic subfractions. The EPS of PGPF and DRMO had two subfractions and the pathogen EPS exhibited a subfraction with the lowest weight (5 kDa). The three EPS preparations (ethanol-precipitated EP, crude C, and proteolysed P) had antioxidant activity (particularly high for the EP-EPS soluble in high concentrations). The EP-EPS of the PGPF strain had the highest antioxidant activity, most likely associated with the highest content of phenolic compounds in this EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Jaroszuk-Ściseł
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (R.T.); (A.W.)
| | - Artur Nowak
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (R.T.); (A.W.)
| | - Iwona Komaniecka
- Department of Genetic and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (I.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Adam Choma
- Department of Genetic and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (I.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Anna Jarosz-Wilkołazka
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.J.-W.); (M.O.-J.); (J.R.)
| | - Monika Osińska-Jaroszuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.J.-W.); (M.O.-J.); (J.R.)
| | - Renata Tyśkiewicz
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (R.T.); (A.W.)
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska St. 2, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (R.T.); (A.W.)
| | - Jerzy Rogalski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.J.-W.); (M.O.-J.); (J.R.)
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Beyond Enzyme Production: Solid State Fermentation (SSF) as an Alternative Approach to Produce Antioxidant Polysaccharides. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12020495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a sustainable process that uses low amounts of water and transforms plant-based agro-industrial residues into valuable products such as enzymes, biofuels, nanoparticles and other bioactive compounds. Many fungal species can be used in SSF because of their low requirements of water, O2 and light. During SSF, plant-based wastes rich in soluble and insoluble fiber are utilized by lignocellulolytic fungi that have enzymes such as lignases, celullases or hemicelullases that break fiber hard structure. During the hydrolysis of lignin, some phenolic compounds are released but fungi also synthetize bioactive compounds such as mycophenolic acid, dicerandrol C, phenylacetates, anthraquinones, benzofurans and alkenyl phenols that have health beneficial effects such as antitumoral, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antiviral activities. Another important group of compounds synthetized by fungi during SSF are polysaccharides that also have important health promoting properties. Polysaccharides have antioxidant, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory activities as well as prebiotic effects. Fungal SSF has also proved to be a process which can release high contents of phenolics and it also increases the bioactivity of these compounds.
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Antioxidant Activity of Blueberry ( Vaccinium spp.) Cultivar Leaves: Differences Across the Vegetative Stage and the Application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213900. [PMID: 31671911 PMCID: PMC6864474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Blueberries production has increased in the last few years boosted somehow by the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for a healthier nutrition and their recognized potential to treat several diseases. The production increase lead to high amounts of discarded leaves that could be very valuable. In this context, the antioxidant activity of Vaccinium spp. leaves, by means of the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was determined. Adult leaves of twenty-seven Vaccinium cultivars collected in three geographic regions and three seasons of the year were included. The antioxidant activity was additionally estimated with near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and data transferability across the regions and seasons was evaluated. The TPC, TFC and TAC ranged from 39.6–272.8 mg gallic acid, 41.2–269.1 mg catechin and 22.6–124.8 mM Trolox per g of dry leaf, respectively. Globally through the seasons, the higher values of the three parameters were obtained in December. Regarding the geographic region, region A provided the cultivars with the higher antioxidant content. Titan was the cultivar with higher TPC and TAC and Misty the one with the higher TFC. NIR spectroscopy combined with the partial least squares analysis was able to successfully predict the antioxidant activity with coefficients of determination and range error ratios ranging from 0.84–0.99 and 11.2–26.8. Despite some identified limitations on data transferability, NIR spectroscopy proved to be a reliable, low cost and quick method to predict the antioxidant activity of the considered cultivar leaves.
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Caicedo NH, Davalos AF, Puente PA, Rodríguez AY, Caicedo PA. Antioxidant activity of exo-metabolites produced by Fusarium oxysporum: An endophytic fungus isolated from leaves of Otoba gracilipes. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e903. [PMID: 31297981 PMCID: PMC6813440 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical ecosystems hold an extremely diverse array of endophytic fungi, but their potential use still remains to be explored. In this study, we isolated an endophytic fungus from the leaves of Otoba gracilipes, a medicinal tree from a tropical rainforest in Colombia. Following isolation and cultivation, we evaluated its extracellular crude extract for antioxidant activity. Using traditional and molecular methods (ITS1, NL1 regions), the endophyte was identified as Fusarium oxysporum. Fresh spores from the fungal isolate were inoculated in liquid media (potato dextrose broth [PDB] and potato dextrose-yeast extract broth [PDYB]) and centrifuged for recovering extracellular polysaccharides from the exhausted medium after 30 days of cultivation. Crude extracts were recovered, purified, lyophilized, and evaluated for their ability to inactivate the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The extracts obtained from PDB culture media had a 51.5% of scavenging effect on DPPH after 5 min of reaction compared with the extracts from PDBY (26.4%), which suggests a high antioxidant potential of these fungal extracts. Thus, our results suggest other fungi from tropical ecosystems should be explored as potential sources of novel enzymes and other metabolites with bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson H. Caicedo
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Engineering FacultyUniversidad IcesiCaliColombia
| | - Andres F. Davalos
- Department of BiologyNatural Science FacultyUniversidad IcesiCaliColombia
| | - Paula A. Puente
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Natural Science FacusltyUniversidad IcesiCaliColombia
| | - Ana Y. Rodríguez
- Program of Medicine, Health SciencesUniversity UPTCTunjaColombia
| | - Paola A. Caicedo
- Department of BiologyNatural Science FacultyUniversidad IcesiCaliColombia
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Wang Z, Liu J, Zhong X, Li J, Wang X, Ji L, Shang X. Rapid Characterization of Chemical Components in Edible Mushroom Sparassis crispa by UPLC-Orbitrap MS Analysis and Potential Inhibitory Effects on Allergic Rhinitis. Molecules 2019; 24:E3014. [PMID: 31434231 PMCID: PMC6720900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24163014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sparassis crispa is a kind of edible fungus widely grows in the north temperate zone, which shows various medicinal properties. Due to the complexity of chemical constitutes of this species, few investigations have acquired a comprehensive configuration for the chemical profile of it. In this study, a strategy based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) combined with Orbitrap mass spectrometer (MS) was established for rapidly characterizing various chemical components in S. crispa. Through the summarized MS/MS fragmentation patterns of reference compounds and systematic identification strategy, a total of 110 components attributed to six categories were identified for the first time. Moreover, allergic rhinitis (AR) is a worldwide inflammatory disease seriously affecting human health, and the development of drugs to treat AR has been a topic of interest. It has been reported that the extracts of S. crispa showed obvious inhibitory effects on degranulation of mast cell- and allergen-induced IgE and proinflammatory mediators, but the active components and specific mechanism were still not clear. Src family kinases (SFKs) participate in the initial stage of allergy occurrence, which are considered the targets of AR treatment. Herein, on the basis of that self-built chemical database, virtual screening was applied to predict the potential SFKs inhibitors in S. crispa, using known crystal structures of Hck, Lyn, Fyn, and Syk as receptors, followed by the anti-inflammatory activity evaluation for screened hits by intracellular calcium mobilization assay. As results, sparoside A was directly confirmed to have strong anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 5.06 ± 0.60 μM. This study provides a useful elucidation for the chemical composition of S. crispa, and demonstrated its potential inhibitory effects on AR, which could promote the research and development of effective agents from natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, No.191 Beitucheng West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jingyu Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, No. 1 Mingxian South Road, Taigu County, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, No.191 Beitucheng West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jinjie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, No.191 Beitucheng West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, No.191 Beitucheng West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Linlin Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, No.191 Beitucheng West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoya Shang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, No.191 Beitucheng West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
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Gul Jan F, Hamayun M, Hussain A, Jan G, Iqbal A, Khan A, Lee IJ. An endophytic isolate of the fungus Yarrowia lipolytica produces metabolites that ameliorate the negative impact of salt stress on the physiology of maize. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:3. [PMID: 30616522 PMCID: PMC6323777 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To combat salinity, plants need easily accessible, safe and sustainable mechanisms for optimum growth. Recently, endophytes proved to be the promising candidates that helped the host plant to thrive under stress conditions. Therefore, the aim was to discover endophytic strain(s) and their mechanism of action to alleviate salt stress in maize. RESULTS Keeping the diverse role of endophytes in view, 9 endophytic fungi from the spines of Euphorbia milli L. were isolated. Among the isolated fungal isolates, isolate FH1 was selected for further study on the basis of high antioxidant activity and capability to produce high indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-acetamide (IAM), phenol and flavonoid contents. The 18S rDNA sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis of the fungal isolate FH1 revealed to be Yarrowia lipolytica. Furthermore, the inoculation of Y. lipolytica FH1 had significantly promoted plant growth attributes in treated maize as compared to positive (salt stress) and negative (salt stress free) controls. Likewise, differences in chlorophyll, carotenes, electrolyte leakage, leaf relative water, peroxidase, catalase, ABA, IAA and proline contents were observed between treated maize and controls. Interestingly, Y. lipolytica FH1 inoculated plants showed lower endogenous ABA and higher endogenous IAA contents. CONCLUSION From the results, we have concluded that Y. lipolytica inoculation has promoted the growth of maize plants through controlled metabolism and hormonal secretions (ABA and IAA) under salinity stress. Because of the fact, Y. lipolytica can be tried as an eco-friendly bio-fertilizer to achieve optimum crop productivity under saline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Gul Jan
- Department of Botany, Garden Campus, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Garden Campus, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Anwar Hussain
- Department of Botany, Garden Campus, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Gul Jan
- Department of Botany, Garden Campus, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Iqbal
- Department of Agriculture, Garden Campus, Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Aman Khan
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Science, Lanzhou University China, Lanzhou, China
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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50
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Ouyang J, Mao Z, Guo H, Xie Y, Cui Z, Sun J, Wu H, Wen X, Wang J, Shan T. Mollicellins O⁻R, Four New Depsidones Isolated from the Endophytic Fungus Chaetomium sp. Eef-10. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123218. [PMID: 30563178 PMCID: PMC6321418 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Four new depsidones, mollicellins O⁻R (compounds 1⁻4), along with three known compounds 5⁻7, were isolated from cultures of the fungus Chaetomium sp. Eef-10, an endophyte isolated from Eucalyptus exserta. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by analysis of the 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectra. The known compounds were identified by comparison of their spectral data with published values. Compounds 1⁻7 were evaluated for antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (sensitive and resistant strains), Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas lachrymans, Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas vesicatoria and cytotoxic activities against two human cancer cell lines (HepG2 and Hela). Mollicellin H (6) displayed best antibacterial activity, with IC50 values of 5.14 µg/mL against S. aureus ATCC29213 and 6.21 µg/mL against S. aureus N50, MRSA, respectively. Mollicellin O (1) and mollicellin I (7) also exhibited antibacterial activities against S. aureus ATCC29213 and S. aureus N50. Mollicellin G (5) was active against both two human cancer cell lines, with IC50 values of 19.64 and 13.97 µg/mL while compounds 6 and 7 only showed cytotoxic activity against one cell line. In addition, mollicellin O (1) showed antioxidant activity based on DPPH radical scavenging, with an IC50 value of 71.92 µg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkui Ouyang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Ziling Mao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Hui Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yunying Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peaking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Zehua Cui
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Huixiong Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiujun Wen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Tijiang Shan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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