1
|
Gao J, Zhu D, Fan Y, Liu H, Shen Z. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Rat Jawbone Regeneration in Periapical Periodontitis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:5784-5795. [PMID: 39164977 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs-EVs) have great potential for bone remodeling and anti-inflammatory therapy. For the repair and reconstruction of inflammatory jawbone defects caused by periapical periodontitis, bone meal filling after debridement is commonly used in the clinic. However, this treatment has disadvantages such as large individual differences and the need for surgical operation. Therefore, it is of great significance to search for other bioactive substances that can promote jawbone regeneration in periapical periodontitis. Herein, it is found that CT results showed that local injection of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles (HUC-MSCs-EVs) and bone meal filling into the alveolar bone defect area could promote bone tissue regeneration using a rat model of a jawbone defect in periapical periodontitis. Histologically, the new periodontal tissue in the bone defect area was thicker, and the number of blood vessels was higher by local injection of HUC-MSCs-EVs, and fewer inflammatory cells and osteoclasts were formed compared to bone meal filling. In vitro, HUC-MSCs-EVs can be internalized by rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), enhancing the ability for proliferation and migration of BMSCs. Additionally, 20 μg/mL HUC-MSCs-EVs can facilitate the expression of osteogenic genes and proteins including runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteopontin (OPN). In summary, in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that HUC-MSCs-EVs can promote bone regeneration in periapical periodontitis, and the effect of tissue regeneration is better than that of traditional bone meal treatment. Therefore, local injection of HUC-MSCs-EVs may be an effective method to promote jawbone regeneration in periapical periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Dongao Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Yue Fan
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Zuojun Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
- Core Unit of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Hefei 230001, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Subramanian G, Kalidasan K, Quah S, Han QCG, Chan J, Wacker MG, Sampath P. Breaking barriers: Innovative approaches for skin delivery of RNA therapeutics. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124435. [PMID: 38986965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
RNA therapeutics represent a rapidly expanding platform with game-changing prospects in personalized medicine. The disruptive potential of this technology will overhaul the standard of care with reference to both primary and specialty care. To date, RNA therapeutics have mostly been delivered parenterally via injection, but topical administration followed by intradermal or transdermal delivery represents an attractive method that is convenient to patients and minimally invasive. The skin barrier, particularly the lipid-rich stratum corneum, presents a significant hurdle to the uptake of large, charged oligonucleotide drugs. Therapeutic oligonucleotides need to be engineered for stability and specificity and formulated with state-of-the-art delivery strategies for efficient uptake. This review will cover various passive and active strategies deployed to enhance permeation through the stratum corneum and achieve effective delivery of RNA therapeutics to treat both local skin disorders and systemic diseases. Some strategies to achieve selectivity between local and systemic administration will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gowtham Subramanian
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Kamaladasan Kalidasan
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Shan Quah
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Qi Chou Gavin Han
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore (NUS), 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore
| | - Justin Chan
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore (NUS), 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117544, Singapore.
| | - Prabha Sampath
- A*STAR Skin Research Labs (A*SRL), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove #06-06 Immunos, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), 11 Mandalay Road #17-01 Clinical Sciences Building, Singapore 308232, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Program in Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arbade G, Jose JV, Gulbake A, Kadam S, Kashte SB. From stem cells to extracellular vesicles: a new horizon in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Cytotechnology 2024; 76:363-401. [PMID: 38933869 PMCID: PMC11196501 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-024-00631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have become viable therapeutic tools. EVs produced from stem cells promote tissue healing by regulating the immune system, enhancing cell proliferation and aiding remodeling processes. Recently, EV has gained significant attention from researchers due to its ability to treat various diseases. Unlike stem cells, stem cell-derived EVs show lower immunogenicity, are less able to overcome biological barriers, and have a higher safety profile. This makes the use of EVs derived from cell-free stem cells a promising alternative to whole-cell therapy. This review focuses on the biogenesis, isolation, and characterization of EVs and highlights their therapeutic potential for bone fracture healing, wound healing, and neuronal tissue repair and treatment of kidney and intestinal diseases. Additionally, this review discusses the potential of EVs for the treatment of cancer, COVID-19, and HIV. In summary, the use of EVs derived from stem cells offers a new horizon for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arvind Gulbake
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, (NIPER G), Guwahati, Assam 781101 India
| | - Sachin Kadam
- Sophisticated Analytical and Technical Help Institute, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Shivaji B. Kashte
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, D. Y. Patil Education Society (Institution Deemed to be University), Kolhapur, MS 416006 India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wardhani K, Levina A, Grau GER, Lay PA. Fluorescent, phosphorescent, magnetic resonance contrast and radioactive tracer labelling of extracellular vesicles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6779-6829. [PMID: 38828885 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00238h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This review focusses on the significance of fluorescent, phosphorescent labelling and tracking of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for unravelling their biology, pathophysiology, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Various labeling strategies, such as lipid membrane, surface protein, luminal, nucleic acid, radionuclide, quantum dot labels, and metal complex-based stains, are evaluated for visualizing and characterizing EVs. Direct labelling with fluorescent lipophilic dyes is simple but generally lacks specificity, while surface protein labelling offers selectivity but may affect EV-cell interactions. Luminal and nucleic acid labelling strategies have their own advantages and challenges. Each labelling approach has strengths and weaknesses, which require a suitable probe and technique based on research goals, but new tetranuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes as phosphorescent probes have strong phosphorescence, selective staining, and stability. Future research should prioritize the design of novel fluorescent probes and labelling platforms that can significantly enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and specificity of EV labeling, while preserving their composition and functionality. It is crucial to reduce false positive signals and explore the potential of multimodal imaging techniques to gain comprehensive insights into EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kartika Wardhani
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology (B-TEK) Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
蓝 益, 张 静, 冉 永, 李 博, 蔡 晓, 江 涛, 薛 德. [Preparation and in vivo osteogenesis of acellular dermal matrix/dicalcium phosphate composite scaffold for bone repair]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2024; 38:755-762. [PMID: 38918199 PMCID: PMC11190677 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.202403059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the physicochemical properties, osteogenic properties, and osteogenic ability in rabbit model of femoral condylar defect of acellular dermal matrix (ADM)/dicalcium phosphate (DCP) composite scaffold. Methods ADM/DCP composite scaffolds were prepared by microfibril technique, and the acellular effect of ADM/DCP composite scaffolds was detected by DNA residue, fat content, and α-1,3-galactosyle (α-Gal) epitopes; the microstructure of scaffolds was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and mercury porosimetry; X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the change of crystal form of scaffold; the solubility of scaffolds was used to detect the pH value and calcium ion content of the solution; the mineralization experiment in vitro was used to observe the surface mineralization. Twelve healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were selected to prepare the femoral condylar defect models, and the left and right defects were implanted with ADM/DCP composite scaffold (experimental group) and skeletal gold ® artificial bone repair material (control group), respectively. Gross observation was performed at 6 and 12 weeks after operation; Micro-CT was used to detect and quantitatively analyze the related indicators [bone volume (BV), bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV), bone surface/bone volume (BS/BV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), bone mineral density (BMD)], and HE staining and Masson staining were performed to observe the repair of bone defects and the maturation of bone matrix. Results Gross observation showed that the ADM/DCP composite scaffold was a white spongy solid. Compared with ADM, ADM/DCP composite scaffolds showed a significant decrease in DNA residue, fat content, and α-Gal antigen content ( P<0.05). Field emission scanning electron microscopy showed that the ADM/DCP composite scaffold had a porous structure, and DCP particles were attached to the porcine dermal fibers. The porosity of the ADM/DCP composite scaffold was 76.32%±1.63% measured by mercury porosimetry. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the crystalline phase of DCP in the ADM/DCP composite scaffolds remained intact. Mineralization results in vitro showed that the hydroxyapatite layer of ADM/DCP composite scaffolds was basically mature. The repair experiment of rabbit femoral condyle defect showed that the incision healed completely after operation without callus or osteophyte. Micro-CT showed that bone healing was complete and a large amount of new bone tissue was generated in the defect site of the two groups, and there was no difference in density between the defect site and the surrounding bone tissue, and the osteogenic properties of the two groups were equivalent. There was no significant difference in BV, BV/TV, BS/BV, Tb.Th, Tb.N, and BMD between the two groups ( P>0.05), except that the Tb.Sp in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group ( P<0.05). At 6 and 12 weeks after operation, HE staining and Masson staining showed that the new bone and autogenous bone fused well in both groups, and the bone tissue tended to be mature. Conclusion The ADM/DCP composite scaffold has good biocompatibility and osteogenic ability similar to the artificial bone material in repairing rabbit femoral condylar defects. It is a new scaffold material with potential in the field of bone repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- 益南 蓝
- 浙江大学医学院附属第二医院骨科(杭州 310009)Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310009, P. R. China
- 浙江大学丽水医院骨科(浙江丽水 323000)Department of Orthopedics, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui Zhejiang, 323000, P. R. China
| | - 静逸 张
- 浙江大学医学院附属第二医院骨科(杭州 310009)Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310009, P. R. China
| | - 永峰 冉
- 浙江大学医学院附属第二医院骨科(杭州 310009)Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310009, P. R. China
| | - 博 李
- 浙江大学医学院附属第二医院骨科(杭州 310009)Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310009, P. R. China
| | - 晓斌 蔡
- 浙江大学医学院附属第二医院骨科(杭州 310009)Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310009, P. R. China
| | - 涛 江
- 浙江大学医学院附属第二医院骨科(杭州 310009)Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310009, P. R. China
| | - 德挺 薛
- 浙江大学医学院附属第二医院骨科(杭州 310009)Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou Zhejiang, 310009, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roszkowski S. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for regenerative medicine applications. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:46. [PMID: 38427086 PMCID: PMC10907468 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes have emerged as a promising cell-free therapy for tissue engineering. Compared to intact stem cells, exosomes have advantages like low immunogenicity and ability to carry regenerative cargo. This review examined the potential of exosomes to treat defects in skin, bone and cartilage. In preclinical models, exosomes improved wound healing, stimulated bone regeneration, and enabled cartilage repair by transferring proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs. Their effects were elicited by modulating inflammation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation and matrix synthesis. Exosomes represent a promising cell-free therapy for tissue engineering. However, challenges remain regarding scalable isolation, elucidating mechanisms, and translating this approach to human trials. Understanding these challenges will enable the successful clinical translation of exosomes for regenerative medicine applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Roszkowski
- Division of Biochemistry and Biogerontology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Debowa St. 3, 85-626, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Orozco-García E, Getova V, Calderón JC, Harmsen MC, Narvaez-Sanchez R. Angiogenesis is promoted by hypoxic cervical carcinoma-derived extracellular vesicles depending on the endothelial cell environment. Vascul Pharmacol 2024; 154:107276. [PMID: 38242295 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2024.107276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer needs perfusion for its growth and metastasis. Cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (CA-EVs) alter the tumor microenvironment (TME), potentially promoting angiogenesis. We hypothesize that conditions in the tumor, e.g., hypoxia, and in the target cells of the TME, e.g., nutrient deprivation or extracellular matrix, can affect the angiogenic potential of CA-EVs, which would contribute to explaining the regulation of tumor vascularization and its influence on cancer growth and metastasis. METHODS CA-EVs were isolated and characterized from cervical carcinoma cell lines HeLa and SiHa cultured under normoxia and hypoxia, and their angiogenic potential was evaluated in vitro in three endothelial cells (ECs) lines and aortic rings, cultured in basal (growth factor-reduced) or complete medium. RESULTS Hypoxia increased EV production 10-100 times and protein content 2-4 times compared to normoxic CA-EVs. HeLa-EVs contained six times more RNA than SiHa-EVs, and this concentration was not affected by hypoxia. Treatment with CA-EVs increased tube formation and sprouting in ECs and aortic rings cultured in basal medium and long-term stabilized the stablished vascular networks formed by ECs cultured in complete medium. CONCLUSION Hypoxia differentially affects CA-EVs in a cell line-dependent manner. The cellular environment (nutrient availability and extracellular matrix scaffold) influences the effect of CA-EV on the angiogenic potential of ECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Orozco-García
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group - PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, W.J. Kolff Research Institute, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - V Getova
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, W.J. Kolff Research Institute, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - J C Calderón
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group - PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - M C Harmsen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), Groningen 9713 GZ, the Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, W.J. Kolff Research Institute, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - R Narvaez-Sanchez
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Group - PHYSIS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen Y, Huang Y, Li J, Jiao T, Yang L. Enhancing osteoporosis treatment with engineered mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: mechanisms and advances. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:119. [PMID: 38331884 PMCID: PMC10853558 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06508-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
As societal aging intensifies, the incidence of osteoporosis (OP) continually rises. OP is a skeletal disorder characterized by reduced bone mass, deteriorated bone tissue microstructure, and consequently increased bone fragility and fracture susceptibility, typically evaluated using bone mineral density (BMD) and T-score. Not only does OP diminish patients' quality of life, but it also imposes a substantial economic burden on society. Conventional pharmacological treatments yield limited efficacy and severe adverse reactions. In contemporary academic discourse, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have surfaced as auspicious novel therapeutic modalities for OP. EVs can convey information through the cargo they carry and have been demonstrated to be a crucial medium for intercellular communication, playing a significant role in maintaining the homeostasis of the bone microenvironment. Furthermore, various research findings provide evidence that engineered strategies can enhance the therapeutic effects of EVs in OP treatment. While numerous reviews have explored the progress and potential of EVs in treating degenerative bone diseases, research on using EVs to address OP remains in the early stages of basic experimentation. This paper reviews advancements in utilizing MSCs and their derived EVs for OP treatment. It systematically examines the most extensively researched MSC-derived EVs for treating OP, delving not only into the molecular mechanisms of EV-based OP therapy but also conducting a comparative analysis of the strengths and limitations of EVs sourced from various cell origins. Additionally, the paper emphasizes the technical and engineering strategies necessary for leveraging EVs in OP treatment, offering insights and recommendations for future research endeavors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiman Chen
- Departments of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Yuling Huang
- Departments of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Jia Li
- Departments of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Taiwei Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Lina Yang
- Departments of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, PR China.
- Department of International Physical Examination Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Miron RJ, Estrin NE, Sculean A, Zhang Y. Understanding exosomes: Part 2-Emerging leaders in regenerative medicine. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:257-414. [PMID: 38591622 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with the ability to communicate with other tissues and cell types over long distances. Their use in regenerative medicine has gained tremendous momentum recently due to their ability to be utilized as therapeutic options for a wide array of diseases/conditions. Over 5000 publications are currently being published yearly on this topic, and this number is only expected to dramatically increase as novel therapeutic strategies continue to be developed. Today exosomes have been applied in numerous contexts including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, central nervous system, depression, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stress disorders, traumatic brain injury, peripheral nerve injury), damaged organs (heart, kidney, liver, stroke, myocardial infarctions, myocardial infarctions, ovaries), degenerative processes (atherosclerosis, diabetes, hematology disorders, musculoskeletal degeneration, osteoradionecrosis, respiratory disease), infectious diseases (COVID-19, hepatitis), regenerative procedures (antiaging, bone regeneration, cartilage/joint regeneration, osteoarthritis, cutaneous wounds, dental regeneration, dermatology/skin regeneration, erectile dysfunction, hair regrowth, intervertebral disc repair, spinal cord injury, vascular regeneration), and cancer therapy (breast, colorectal, gastric cancer and osteosarcomas), immune function (allergy, autoimmune disorders, immune regulation, inflammatory diseases, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis). This scoping review is a first of its kind aimed at summarizing the extensive regenerative potential of exosomes over a broad range of diseases and disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathan E Estrin
- Advanced PRF Education, Venice, Florida, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ball JR, Shelby T, Hernandez F, Mayfield CK, Lieberman JR. Delivery of Growth Factors to Enhance Bone Repair. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1252. [PMID: 38002376 PMCID: PMC10669014 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of critical-sized bone defects caused by nonunion, trauma, infection, malignancy, pseudoarthrosis, and osteolysis poses complex reconstruction challenges for orthopedic surgeons. Current treatment modalities, including autograft, allograft, and distraction osteogenesis, are insufficient for the diverse range of pathology encountered in clinical practice, with significant complications associated with each. Therefore, there is significant interest in the development of delivery vehicles for growth factors to aid in bone repair in these settings. This article reviews innovative strategies for the management of critical-sized bone loss, including novel scaffolds designed for controlled release of rhBMP, bioengineered extracellular vesicles for delivery of intracellular signaling molecules, and advances in regional gene therapy for sustained signaling strategies. Improvement in the delivery of growth factors to areas of significant bone loss has the potential to revolutionize current treatment for this complex clinical challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R. Ball
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1500 San Pablo St., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang S, Zeng Z, Yuan Q, Chen Q, Wang Z, Xie H, Liu J. Vascular calcification: from the perspective of crosstalk. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:35. [PMID: 37851172 PMCID: PMC10584806 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is highly correlated with cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality, but anti-VC treatment remains an area to be tackled due to the ill-defined molecular mechanisms. Regardless of the type of VC, it does not depend on a single cell but involves multi-cells/organs to form a complex cellular communication network through the vascular microenvironment to participate in the occurrence and development of VC. Therefore, focusing only on the direct effect of pathological factors on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) tends to overlook the combined effect of other cells and VSMCs, including VSMCs-VSMCs, ECs-VMSCs, Macrophages-VSMCs, etc. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a collective term for tiny vesicles with a membrane structure that are actively secreted by cells, and almost all cells secrete EVs. EVs docked on the surface of receptor cells can directly mediate signal transduction or transfer their contents into the cell to elicit a functional response from the receptor cells. They have been proven to participate in the VC process and have also shown attractive therapeutic prospects. Based on the advantages of EVs and the ability to be detected in body fluids, they may become a novel therapeutic agent, drug delivery vehicle, diagnostic and prognostic biomarker, and potential therapeutic target in the future. This review focuses on the new insight into VC molecular mechanisms from the perspective of crosstalk, summarizes how multi-cells/organs interactions communicate via EVs to regulate VC and the emerging potential of EVs as therapeutic methods in VC. We also summarize preclinical experiments on crosstalk-based and the current state of clinical studies on VC-related measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Yang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaolin Zeng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zuo Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Centre, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Jianghua Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Hengyang Medical School, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu J, Chen F, Song D, Zhang Q, Li P, Ci Z, Zhang W, Zhou G. Construction of three-dimensional, homogeneous regenerative cartilage tissue based on the ECG-DBM complex. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1252790. [PMID: 37818235 PMCID: PMC10561249 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1252790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The feasibility of using a steel decalcified bone matrix (DBM)-reinforced concrete engineered cartilage gel (ECG) model concept for in vivo cartilage regeneration has been demonstrated in preliminary experiments. However, the regenerated cartilage tissue contained an immature part in the center. The present study aimed to achieve more homogeneous regenerated cartilage based on the same model concept. Methods: For this, we optimized the culture conditions for the engineered cartilage gel-decalcified bone matrix (ECG-DBM) complex based on the previous model and systematically compared the in vitro chondrogenic abilities of ECG in the cartilage slice and ECG-DBM complex states. We then compared the in vivo cartilage regeneration effects of the ECG-DBM complex with those of an equivalent volume of ECG and an equivalent ECG content. Results and discussion: Significant increases in the DNA content and cartilage-specific matrix content were observed for the ECG-DBM complex compared with the ECG cartilage slice, suggesting that the DBM scaffold significantly improved the quality of ECG-derived cartilage regeneration in vitro. In the in vivo experiments, high-quality cartilage tissue was regenerated in all groups at 8 weeks, and the regenerated cartilage exhibited typical cartilage lacunae and cartilage-specific extracellular matrix deposition. Quantitative analysis revealed a higher chondrogenic efficiency in the ECG-DBM group. Specifically, the ECG-DBM complex achieved more homogeneous and stable regenerated cartilage than an equivalent volume of ECG and more mature regenerated cartilage than an equivalent ECG content. Compared with ECG overall, ECG-DBM had a more controllable shape, good morphology retention, moderate mechanical strength, and high cartilage regeneration efficiency. Further evaluation of the ECG-DBM complex after in vitro culture for 7 and 14 days confirmed that an extended in vitro preculture facilitated more homogeneous cartilage regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Liu
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Weifang, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Stem Cell Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- The Affiliated Taian City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Taian, China
| | - Feifan Chen
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Weifang, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Stem Cell Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Daiying Song
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Weifang, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Stem Cell Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qixin Zhang
- Department of Geratology, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Peizhe Li
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Weifang, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Stem Cell Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Ci
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Weifang, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Stem Cell Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Weifang, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Stem Cell Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Boretti G, Giordano E, Ionita M, Vlasceanu GM, Sigurjónsson ÓE, Gargiulo P, Lovecchio J. Human Bone-Marrow-Derived Stem-Cell-Seeded 3D Chitosan-Gelatin-Genipin Scaffolds Show Enhanced Extracellular Matrix Mineralization When Cultured under a Perfusion Flow in Osteogenic Medium. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5898. [PMID: 37687590 PMCID: PMC10488422 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered bone tissue grafts are a promising alternative to the more conventional use of natural donor bone grafts. However, choosing an appropriate biomaterial/scaffold to sustain cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation in a 3D environment remains one of the most critical issues in this domain. Recently, chitosan/gelatin/genipin (CGG) hybrid scaffolds have been proven as a more suitable environment to induce osteogenic commitment in undifferentiated cells when doped with graphene oxide (GO). Some concern is, however, raised towards the use of graphene and graphene-related material in medical applications. The purpose of this work was thus to check if the osteogenic potential of CGG scaffolds without added GO could be increased by improving the medium diffusion in a 3D culture of differentiating cells. To this aim, the level of extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization was evaluated in human bone-marrow-derived stem cell (hBMSC)-seeded 3D CGG scaffolds upon culture under a perfusion flow in a dedicated custom-made bioreactor system. One week after initiating dynamic culture, histological/histochemical evaluations of CGG scaffolds were carried out to analyze the early osteogenic commitment of the culture. The analyses show the enhanced ECM mineralization of the 3D perfused culture compared to the static counterpart. The results of this investigation reveal a new perspective on more efficient clinical applications of CGG scaffolds without added GO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Boretti
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavík University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland; (G.B.); (Ó.E.S.); (P.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering “Silvio Cavalcanti”, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering “Guglielmo Marconi” (DEI), University of Bologna, 47522 Cesena, FC, Italy
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Mariana Ionita
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (M.I.); (G.M.V.)
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- eBio-Hub Research Centre, University Politehnica of Bucharest-Campus, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - George Mihail Vlasceanu
- Faculty of Medical Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (M.I.); (G.M.V.)
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ólafur Eysteinn Sigurjónsson
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavík University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland; (G.B.); (Ó.E.S.); (P.G.); (J.L.)
- The Blood Bank, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, 105 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Paolo Gargiulo
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavík University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland; (G.B.); (Ó.E.S.); (P.G.); (J.L.)
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Joseph Lovecchio
- School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavík University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland; (G.B.); (Ó.E.S.); (P.G.); (J.L.)
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavik University, 102 Reykjavík, Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yu M, Song D, Guo X, Hu G, Pei M, Fan Z, Xi L, Wen M, Ci Z, Zhou G, Ren W. Regeneration of Mechanically Enhanced Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Based on the Decalcified Bone Matrix Framework. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:4994-5005. [PMID: 37493452 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Human decalcified bone matrix (HDBM) is a framework with a porous structure and good biocompatibility. Nevertheless, its oversized pores lead to massive cell loss when seeding chondrocytes directly over it. Gelatin (GT) is a type of protein obtained by partial hydrolysis of collagen. The GT scaffold can be prepared from the GT solution through freeze-drying. More importantly, the pore size of the GT scaffold can be controlled by optimizing the concentration of the GT solution. Similarly, when different concentrations of gelatin are combined with HDBM and then freeze-dried, the pore size of the HDBM can be modified to different degrees. In this study, the HDBM framework was modified with 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9%GT, resulting in an improved pore size and adhesion rate. Results showed that the HDBM framework with 0.6%GT (HDBM-0.6%GT) had an average pore size of 200 μm, which was more suitable for chondrocyte seeding. Additionally, our study validated that porcine decalcified bone matrix (PDBM) had a proper pore structure. Chondrocytes were in vitro seeded on the three frameworks for 4 weeks and then implanted in nude mice and autologous goats, respectively. The in vivo cartilage regeneration results showed that HDBM-0.6%GT and PDBM frameworks compensated for the oversized pores of the HDBM framework. Moreover, they showed successfully regenerated more mature cartilage tissue with a certain shape in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Yu
- Institutes of Health Central Plain, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Daiying Song
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai 200241, PR China
- Research Institute of Plastic Surgery, Wei Fang Medical College, Wei Fang, Shandong 261021, PR China
| | - Xueqiang Guo
- Institutes of Health Central Plain, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Guanhuai Hu
- Institutes of Health Central Plain, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Mengyu Pei
- Institutes of Health Central Plain, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Zhenlin Fan
- Institutes of Health Central Plain, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Lingling Xi
- Institutes of Health Central Plain, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Mengnan Wen
- Institutes of Health Central Plain, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| | - Zheng Ci
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200430, PR China
| | - Guangdong Zhou
- Institutes of Health Central Plain, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, PR China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Wenjie Ren
- Institutes of Health Central Plain, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Davies OG. Extracellular vesicles: From bone development to regenerative orthopedics. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1251-1274. [PMID: 36869588 PMCID: PMC10188641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine aims to promote the replacement of tissues lost to damage or disease. While positive outcomes have been observed experimentally, challenges remain in their clinical translation. This has led to growing interest in applying extracellular vesicles (EVs) to augment or even replace existing approaches. Through the engineering of culture environments or direct/indirect manipulation of EVs themselves, multiple avenues have emerged to modulate EV production, targeting, and therapeutic potency. Drives to modulate release using material systems or functionalize implants for improved osseointegration have also led to outcomes that could have real-world impact. The purpose of this review is to highlight advantages in applying EVs for the treatment of skeletal defects, outlining the current state of the art in the field and emphasizing avenues for further investigation. Notably, the review identifies inconsistencies in EV nomenclature and outstanding challenges in defining a reproducible therapeutic dose. Challenges also remain in the scalable manufacture of a therapeutically potent and pure EV product, with a need to address scalable cell sources and optimal culture environments. Addressing these issues will be critical if we are to develop regenerative EV therapies that meet the demands of regulators and can be translated from bench to bedside.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen G Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang X, Li Y, Liao H, Luo X, Zhao Y, Huang Y, Zhou Z, Xiang Q. Research Advances on Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promoting the Reconstruction of Alveolar Bone through RANKL/RANK/OPG Pathway. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14040193. [PMID: 37103283 PMCID: PMC10145790 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal bone tissue defects and bone shortages are the most familiar and troublesome clinical problems in the oral cavity. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (SC-EVs) have biological properties similar to their sources, and they could be a promising acellular therapy to assist with periodontal osteogenesis. In the course of alveolar bone remodeling, the RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway is an important pathway involved in bone metabolism. This article summarizes the experimental studies of SC-EVs applied for the therapy of periodontal osteogenesis recently and explores the role of the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway in their mechanism of action. Their unique patterns will open a new field of vision for people, and they will help to advance a possible future clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Huang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuxiao Li
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Liao
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yueping Zhao
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yadong Huang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhiying Zhou
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qi Xiang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee AE, Choi JG, Shi SH, He P, Zhang QZ, Le AD. DPSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Rat Jawbone Regeneration. J Dent Res 2023; 102:313-321. [PMID: 36348514 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221133716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair and functional reconstruction of large jawbone defects remain one of the challenges in the field of head and neck surgery. The recent progress in tissue engineering technologies and stem cell biology has significantly promoted the development of regenerative reconstruction of jawbone defects. The multiple trophic activities of extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may play a critical role in their therapeutic effects. Accumulating evidence has shown the promise of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in bone regeneration, but less is known about the regenerative effects of DPSC-EVs on jawbone defects. The purpose of this study is to explore the osteogenic effects of DPSC-EVs on jawbone marrow-derived MSCs (JB-MSCs) in vitro and their osteoinductive effects in a mandibular bone defect model in rats. Our results showed that JB-MSCs could efficiently uptake DPSC-EVs, which in turn significantly promoted the expression of osteogenic genes, such as runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteocalcin (OCN), as well as the osteogenic differentiation capability of JB-MSCs. Meanwhile, we found that the pro-osteogenic effect in vitro induced by DPSC-EVs was comparable to that induced by BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein 2), currently the only Food and Drug Administration-approved osteoinductive growth factor. In vivo, animals that were locally treated with DPSC-EVs laden with a commercially available collagen membrane exhibited a relatively fast wound closure and increased new bone density at the mandible defects. Our results provide evidence for the osteogenic and osteoinductive effects of DPSC-EVs on jawbone regeneration. Due to the accessibility, rapid proliferation, and osteogenic propensity of DPSCs, DPSC-EVs may represent a safe cell-free therapeutic approach for craniofacial bone regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J G Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, NYU Langone Hospitals, New York, NY, USA
| | - S H Shi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Penn Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Q Z Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A D Le
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Penn Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Osteoclast-derived extracellular miR-106a-5p promotes osteogenic differentiation and facilitates bone defect healing. Cell Signal 2023; 102:110549. [PMID: 36464103 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are considered to play critical roles in intercellular communications during normal and pathological processes since they are enriched with miRNAs and other signal molecules. In bone remodeling, osteoclasts generate large amounts of sEVs. However, there is very few research studying whether and how osteoclast-derived sEVs (OC-sEVs) affect surrounding cells. In our study, microarray analysis identified miR-106a-5p as highly enriched in OC-sEV. Further experiments confirmed that OC-sEVs inhibited Fam134a through miR-106a-5p and significantly promoted bone mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) osteogenic mineralization in vitro. Next, we prepared an sEV-modified demineralized bone matrix (DBM) as scaffold treating calvarial defect mouse model to evaluate the pro-osteogenic activities of the scaffold. In vivo results indicated that DBM modified with miR-106a-5p-sEVs showed an enhanced capacity for bone regeneration. This important finding further emphasizes that sEV-mediated miR-106a-5p transfer plays a critical role in osteogenesis and indicates a novel communication mode between osteoclasts and BMSCs.
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu F, Sun T, An Y, Ming L, Li Y, Zhou Z, Shang F. The potential therapeutic role of extracellular vesicles in critical-size bone defects: Spring of cell-free regenerative medicine is coming. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1050916. [PMID: 36733961 PMCID: PMC9887316 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1050916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of critical-size bone defects has significantly increased. Critical-size bone defects seriously affect patients' motor functions and quality of life and increase the need for additional clinical treatments. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has made great progress in repairing critical-size bone defects. As one of the main components of bone tissue engineering, stem cell-based therapy is considered a potential effective strategy to regenerate bone tissues. However, there are some disadvantages including phenotypic changes, immune rejection, potential tumorigenicity, low homing efficiency and cell survival rate that restrict its wider clinical applications. Evidence has shown that the positive biological effects of stem cells on tissue repair are largely mediated through paracrine action by nanostructured extracellular vesicles (EVs), which may overcome the limitations of traditional stem cell-based treatments. In addition to stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles, the potential therapeutic roles of nonstem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in critical-size bone defect repair have also attracted attention from scholars in recent years. Currently, the development of extracellular vesicles-mediated cell-free regenerative medicine is still in the preliminary stage, and the specific mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, the authors first review the research progress and possible mechanisms of extracellular vesicles combined with bone tissue engineering scaffolds to promote bone regeneration via bioactive molecules. Engineering modified extracellular vesicles is an emerging component of bone tissue engineering and its main progression and clinical applications will be discussed. Finally, future perspectives and challenges of developing extracellular vesicle-based regenerative medicine will be given. This review may provide a theoretical basis for the future development of extracellular vesicle-based biomedicine and provide clinical references for promoting the repair of critical-size bone defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Shenzhen Stomatological Hospital (Pingshan), Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianyu Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying An
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture and Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Leiguo Ming
- Department of Research and Development, Shaanxi Zhonghong Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhifei Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Tibetan Military Command, Lhasa, Tibet, China,*Correspondence: Fengqing Shang, ; Zhifei Zhou,
| | - Fengqing Shang
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Fengqing Shang, ; Zhifei Zhou,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cai R, Wang L, Zhang W, Liu B, Wu Y, Pang J, Ma C. The role of extracellular vesicles in periodontitis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1151322. [PMID: 37114060 PMCID: PMC10126335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1151322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a prevalent disease and one of the leading causes of tooth loss. Biofilms are initiating factor of periodontitis, which can destroy periodontal tissue by producing virulence factors. The overactivated host immune response is the primary cause of periodontitis. The clinical examination of periodontal tissues and the patient's medical history are the mainstays of periodontitis diagnosis. However, there is a lack of molecular biomarkers that can be used to identify and predict periodontitis activity precisely. Non-surgical and surgical treatments are currently available for periodontitis, although both have drawbacks. In clinical practice, achieving the ideal therapeutic effect remains a challenge. Studies have revealed that bacteria produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) to export virulence proteins to host cells. Meanwhile, periodontal tissue cells and immune cells produce EVs that have pro- or anti-inflammatory effects. Accordingly, EVs play a critical role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Recent studies have also presented that the content and composition of EVs in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) can serve as possible periodontitis diagnostic indicators. In addition, studies have indicated that stem cell EVs may encourage periodontal regeneration. In this article, we mainly review the role of EVs in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and discuss their diagnostic and therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cai
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqi Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianliang Pang
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chufan Ma, ; Jianliang Pang,
| | - Chufan Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, The Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chufan Ma, ; Jianliang Pang,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shen N, Maggio M, Woods I, C. Lowry M, Almasri R, Gorgun C, Eichholz K, Stavenschi E, Hokamp K, Roche F, O’Driscoll L, Hoey D. Mechanically activated mesenchymal-derived bone cells drive vessel formation via an extracellular vesicle mediated mechanism. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231186918. [PMID: 37654438 PMCID: PMC10467237 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231186918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessel formation is an important initial step for bone formation during development as well as during remodelling and repair in the adult skeleton. This results in a heavily vascularized tissue where endothelial cells and skeletal cells are constantly in crosstalk to facilitate homeostasis, a process that is mediated by numerous environmental signals, including mechanical loading. Breakdown in this communication can lead to disease and/or poor fracture repair. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the role of mature bone cells in regulating angiogenesis, how this is influenced by a dynamic mechanical environment, and understand the mechanism by which this could occur. Herein, we demonstrate that both osteoblasts and osteocytes coordinate endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and blood vessel formation via a mechanically dependent paracrine mechanism. Moreover, we identified that this process is mediated via the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs), as isolated EVs from mechanically stimulated bone cells elicited the same response as seen with the full secretome, while the EV-depleted secretome did not elicit any effect. Despite mechanically activated bone cell-derived EVs (MA-EVs) driving a similar response to VEGF treatment, MA-EVs contain minimal quantities of this angiogenic factor. Lastly, a miRNA screen identified mechanoresponsive miRNAs packaged within MA-EVs which are linked with angiogenesis. Taken together, this study has highlighted an important mechanism in osteogenic-angiogenic coupling in bone and has identified the mechanically activated bone cell-derived EVs as a therapeutic to promote angiogenesis and potentially bone repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N. Shen
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M. Maggio
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - I. Woods
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M. C. Lowry
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, and Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R. Almasri
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, and Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C. Gorgun
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K.F. Eichholz
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E. Stavenschi
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - K. Hokamp
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F.M. Roche
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L. O’Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, and Trinity St. James’s Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D.A. Hoey
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kongsomros S, Pongsakul N, Panachan J, Khowawisetsut L, Somkird J, Sangma C, Kanjanapruthipong T, Wongtrakoongate P, Chairoungdua A, Pattanapanyasat K, Newburg DS, Morrow AL, Hongeng S, Thitithanyanont A, Chutipongtanate S. Comparison of viral inactivation methods on the characteristics of extracellular vesicles from SARS-CoV-2 infected human lung epithelial cells. J Extracell Vesicles 2022; 11:e12291. [PMID: 36468940 PMCID: PMC9721205 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of SARS-CoV-2 infection with extracellular vesicles (EVs) is of particular interest at the moment. Studying SARS-CoV-2 contaminated-EV isolates in instruments located outside of the biosafety level-3 (BSL-3) environment requires knowing how viral inactivation methods affect the structure and function of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Therefore, three common viral inactivation methods, ultraviolet-C (UVC; 1350 mJ/cm2 ), β-propiolactone (BPL; 0.005%), heat (56°C, 45 min) were performed on defined EV particles and their proteins, RNAs, and function. Small EVs were isolated from the supernatant of SARS-CoV-2-infected human lung epithelial Calu-3 cells by stepwise centrifugation, ultrafiltration and qEV size-exclusion chromatography. The EV isolates contained SARS-CoV-2. UVC, BPL and heat completely abolished SARS-CoV-2 infectivity of the contaminated EVs. Particle detection by electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking was less affected by UVC and BPL than heat treatment. Western blot analysis of EV markers was not affected by any of these three methods. UVC reduced SARS-CoV-2 spike detectability by quantitative RT-PCR and slightly altered EV-derived β-actin detection. Fibroblast migration-wound healing activity of the SARS-CoV-2 contaminated-EV isolate was only retained after UVC treatment. In conclusion, specific viral inactivation methods are compatible with specific measures in SARS-CoV-2 contaminated-EV isolates. UVC treatment seems preferable for studying functions of EVs released from SARS-CoV-2 infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supasek Kongsomros
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi HospitalMahidol UniversitySamut PrakanThailand
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of PediatricsFaculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Nutkridta Pongsakul
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of PediatricsFaculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Jirawan Panachan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Ladawan Khowawisetsut
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Jinjuta Somkird
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Chak Sangma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceKasetsart UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | | | - Arthit Chairoungdua
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Center of Excellence for Microparticle and Exosome in Diseases, Research DepartmentFaculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - David S. Newburg
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health SciencesUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Ardythe L. Morrow
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health SciencesUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of PediatricsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi HospitalMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | | | - Somchai Chutipongtanate
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi HospitalMahidol UniversitySamut PrakanThailand
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of PediatricsFaculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health SciencesUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang W, Liang X, Zheng K, Ge G, Chen X, Xu Y, Bai J, Pan G, Geng D. Horizon of exosome-mediated bone tissue regeneration: The all-rounder role in biomaterial engineering. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100355. [PMID: 35875196 PMCID: PMC9304878 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone injury repair has always been a tricky problem in clinic, the recent emergence of bone tissue engineering provides a new direction for the repair of bone injury. However, some bone tissue processes fail to achieve satisfactory results mainly due to insufficient vascularization or cellular immune rejection. Exosomes with the ability of vesicle-mediated intercellular signal transmission have gained worldwide attention and can achieve cell-free therapy. Exosomes are small vesicles that are secreted by cells, which contain genetic material, lipids, proteins and other substances. It has been found to play the function of material exchange between cells. It is widely used in bone tissue engineering to achieve cell-free therapy because it not only does not produce some immune rejection like cells, but also can play a cell-like function. Exosomes from different sources can bind to scaffolds in various ways and affect osteoblast, angioblast, and macrophage polarization in vivo to promote bone regeneration. This article reviews the recent research progress of exosome-loaded tissue engineering, focusing on the mechanism of exosomes from different sources and the application of exosome-loaded scaffolds in promoting bone regeneration. Finally, the existing deficiencies and challenges, future development directions and prospects are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolong Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gaoran Ge
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaozeng Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- Institute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dechun Geng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pan Z, Sun W, Chen Y, Tang H, Lin W, Chen J, Chen C. Extracellular Vesicles in Tissue Engineering: Biology and Engineered Strategy. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201384. [PMID: 36053562 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), acting as an important ingredient of intercellular communication through paracrine actions, have gained tremendous attention in the field of tissue engineering (TE). Moreover, these nanosized extracellular particles (30-140 nm) can be incorporated into biomaterials according to different principles to facilitate signal delivery in various regenerative processes directly or indirectly. Bioactive biomaterials as the carrier will extend the retention time and realize the controlled release of EVs, which further enhance their therapeutic efficiency in tissue regeneration. Herein, the basic biological characteristics of EVs are first introduced, and then their outstanding performance in exerting direct impacts on target cells in tissue regeneration as well as indirect effects on promoting angiogenesis and regulating the immune environment, due to specific functional components of EVs (nucleic acid, protein, lipid, etc.), is emphasized. Furthermore, different design ideas for suitable EV-loaded biomaterials are also demonstrated. In the end, this review also highlights the engineered strategies, which aim at solving the problems related to natural EVs such as highly heterogeneous functions, inadequate tissue targeting capabilities, insufficient yield and scalability, etc., thus promoting the therapeutic pertinence and clinical potential of EV-based approaches in TE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Pan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School Of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Lung Transplantation, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Weiyan Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School Of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Lung Transplantation, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School Of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Lung Transplantation, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hai Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School Of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Lung Transplantation, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Weikang Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School Of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Lung Transplantation, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jiafei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School Of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School Of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Lung Transplantation, Shanghai, 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cao YL, Chen WL, Lei Q, Gao F, Ren WX, Chen L, Wang HX, Chen T, Li QB, Chen ZC. The transplantation of rapamycin-treated senescent human mesenchymal stem cells with enhanced proangiogenic activity promotes neovascularization and ischemic limb salvage in mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2885-2894. [PMID: 35365781 PMCID: PMC9622830 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Few therapies can reverse the proangiogenic activity of senescent mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs). In this study, we investigated the effects of rapamycin on the proangiogenic ability of senescent human umbilical cord MSCs (UCMSCs). An in vitro replicative senescent cell model was established in cultured UCMSCs. We found that late passage (P25 or later) UCMSCs (LP-UCMSCs) exhibited impaired proangiogenic abilities. Treatment of P25 UCMSCs with rapamycin (900 nM) reversed the senescent phenotype and notably enhanced the proangiogenic activity of senescent UCMSCs. In a nude mouse model of hindlimb ischemia, intramuscular injection of rapamycin-treated P25 UCMSCs into the ischemic limb significantly promoted neovascularization and ischemic limb salvage. We further analyzed the changes in the expression of angiogenesis-associated genes in rapamycin-primed MSCs and found higher expression of several genes related to angiogenesis, such as VEGFR2 and CTGF/CCN2, in primed cells than in unprimed MSCs. Taken together, our data demonstrate that rapamycin is a potential drug to restore the proangiogenic activity of senescent MSCs, which is of importance in treating ischemic diseases and tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Cao
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wen-Lan Chen
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qian Lei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Wen-Xiang Ren
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Application of Extracelluar Vesicle, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China
| | - Qiu-Bai Li
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Application of Extracelluar Vesicle, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437100, China.
| | - Zhi-Chao Chen
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Xu G, Guo R, Han L, Bie X, Hu X, Li L, Li Z, Zhao Y. Comparison of osteogenesis of bovine bone xenografts between true bone ceramics and decalcified bone matrix. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2022; 33:75. [PMID: 36243895 PMCID: PMC9569310 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-022-06696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xenograft bone scaffolds have certain advantages such as mechanical strength, osteoinductive properties, sufficient source and safety. This study aimed to compare osteogenesis of the two main bovine bone xenografts namely true bone ceramics (TBC) and decalcified bone matrix (DBM), and TBC or DBM combined with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 (TBC&BMP-2 and DBM&BMP-2). The characteristics of TBC and DBM were investigated by observing the appearance and scanning electron microscopic images, examining mechanical strength, evaluating cytotoxicity and detecting BMP-2 release after being combined with BMP-2 in vitro. The femoral condyle defect and radial defect models were successively established to evaluate the performance of the proposed scaffolds in repairing cortical and cancellous bone defects. General observation, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, mirco-CT scanning, calcein double labeling, X-ray film observation, three-point bending test in vivo were then performed. It indicated that the repair with xenograft bone scaffolds of 8 weeks were needed and the repair results were better than those of 4 weeks whatever the type of defects. To femoral condyle defect, TBC and TBC&BMP-2 were better than DBM and DBM&BMP-2, and TBC&BMP-2 was better than TBC alone; to radial defect, DBM and DBM&BMP-2 were better than TBC and TBC&BMP-2, and DBM&BMP-2 was better than DBM alone. This study has shown that TBC and DBM xenograft scaffolds can be more suitable for the repair of cancellous bone and cortical bone defects for 8 weeks in rats, respectively. We also have exhibited the use of BMP-2 in combination with DBM or TBC provides the possibility to treat bone defects more effectively. We thus believe that we probably need to select the more suitable scaffold according to bone defect types, and both TBC and DBM are promising xenograft materials for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopaedic Diseases, Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116011, PR China
| | - Ruizhou Guo
- Institute of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of CPLA, 100048, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Orthopedics Implants, 100048, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liwei Han
- Institute of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of CPLA, 100048, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Orthopedics Implants, 100048, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Bie
- Institute of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of CPLA, 100048, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Orthopedics Implants, 100048, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiantong Hu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of CPLA, 100048, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Orthopedics Implants, 100048, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of CPLA, 100048, Beijing, PR China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Orthopedics Implants, 100048, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Zhonghai Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism for Repair and Remodeling of Orthopaedic Diseases, Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116011, PR China.
| | - Yantao Zhao
- Institute of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of CPLA, 100048, Beijing, PR China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Orthopedics Implants, 100048, Beijing, PR China.
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zeng ZL, Xie H. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: a possible therapeutic strategy for orthopaedic diseases: a narrative review. BIOMATERIALS TRANSLATIONAL 2022; 3:175-187. [PMID: 36654775 PMCID: PMC9840092 DOI: 10.12336/biomatertransl.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that the therapeutic role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in bone diseases is closely related to paracrine-generated extracellular vesicles (EVs). MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs) carry proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids to the extracellular space and affect the bone microenvironment. They have similar biological functions to MSCs, such as the ability to repair organ and tissue damage. In addition, MSC-EVs also have the advantages of long half-life, low immunogenicity, attractive stability, ability to pass through the blood-brain barrier, and demonstrate excellent performance with potential practical applications in bone diseases. In this review, we summarise the current applications and mechanisms of MSC-EVs in osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, bone tumours, osteonecrosis of the femoral head, and fractures, as well as the development of MSC-EVs combined with materials science in the field of orthopaedics. Additionally, we explore the critical challenges involved in the clinical application of MSC-EVs in orthopaedic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Lin Zeng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China,Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Affliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Movement System Injury and Repair Research Centre, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Corresponding author: Hui Xie,
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Delayed Supplementation Strategy of Extracellular Vesicles from Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells with Improved Proregenerative Efficiency in a Fat Transplantation Model. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:2799844. [PMID: 36117725 PMCID: PMC9476248 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2799844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and their secreted extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) possess similar proregenerative effects when injected into defects immediately following trauma. However, MSC-EVs are superior to MSCs in terms of storage and rejection reflection, while immediate administration of MSC-EVs is related to several target cells for most donor cells die within few weeks. Besides, the inflammatory cascade is incited, providing an unfavorable environment for target cells. We hypothesized that delayed injection of MSC-EVs might have priority on tissue regeneration than instant injection. Method Extracellular vesicles isolated from adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSC-EVs) were administered into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro at different doses. The migration of HUVECs was assessed using the scratch wound healing assay, whereas the length of tubes and number of vessel-like structures formed by HUVECs were determined using tube formation assay. Next, 24 BALB/c nude mice were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8). For the EV-delayed group, ADSC-EVs were injected into transplanted fat a week later than the EV-immediate group. The volume and weight of grafts were measured at 3 months after fat transplantation. Further, the number of CD31-possitive vessels and CD206-possitive cells in the fat grafts was quantified. Results Compared with the EV-immediate group, the EV-delayed group had a higher fat tissue retention volume (0.11 ± 0.02 mL versus 0.08 ± 0.01 mL), more neovessels (31.00 ± 4.60 versus 24.20 ± 3.97), and fewer cysts. Furthermore, there were more Ki67-positive cells (25.40 ± 7.14 versus 16.20 ± 4.17) and CD206-positive M2 macrophages cells (23.60 ± 3.44 versus 14.00 ± 3.85) in the EV-delayed group than in the EV-immediate group. Conclusion Delayed injection of ADSC-EVs promotes fat graft volume retention by stimulating angiogenesis. These findings suggest that delayed supplementation might be a more effective strategy for the application of MSC-EVs in tissue regeneration.
Collapse
|
29
|
Salah M, Naini FB. Exosomes in craniofacial tissue reconstruction. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2022; 44:27. [PMID: 35999408 PMCID: PMC9399332 DOI: 10.1186/s40902-022-00357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy gained interest among scientists following the discovery of its therapeutic potential. However, their clinical use has been hindered due to their immunogenicity and tumorigenicity. Relatively recently, it has been unveiled that the mechanism by which MSC promote healing is by secreting exosomes. This raised the interest in developing cell-free therapy, avoiding the obstacles that deterred the translation of MSC therapy into clinical practice. REVIEW This comprehensive narrative review summarises the current understanding of exosome biogenesis and content. Moreover, the existing research on exosome use in bone tissue engineering is discussed. CONCLUSIONS Exosome-based therapy may provide excellent potential in the field of bone tissue engineering and craniofacial reconstructive surgery. Further investigation is required before the technology can be translated into clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhja Salah
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Farhad B Naini
- Kingston and St George's University Hospitals, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Effects of BMSC-Derived EVs on Bone Metabolism. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051012. [PMID: 35631601 PMCID: PMC9146387 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles that can be secreted by most cells. EVs can be released into the extracellular environment through exocytosis, transporting endogenous cargo (proteins, lipids, RNAs, etc.) to target cells and thereby triggering the release of these biomolecules and participating in various physiological and pathological processes. Among them, EVs derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-EVs) have similar therapeutic effects to BMSCs, including repairing damaged tissues, inhibiting macrophage polarization and promoting angiogenesis. In addition, BMSC-EVs, as efficient and feasible natural nanocarriers for drug delivery, have the advantages of low immunogenicity, no ethical controversy, good stability and easy storage, thus providing a promising therapeutic strategy for many diseases. In particular, BMSC-EVs show great potential in the treatment of bone metabolic diseases. This article reviews the mechanism of BMSC-EVs in bone formation and bone resorption, which provides new insights for future research on therapeutic strategies for bone metabolic diseases.
Collapse
|
31
|
Vafaei S, Mansoori M, hashemi F, Basiri M. Exosome Odyssey to Original Line in Dental Regeneration. J Oral Biosci 2022; 64:271-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
32
|
Brown SV, Dewitt S, Clayton A, Waddington RJ. Identifying the Efficacy of Extracellular Vesicles in Osteogenic Differentiation: An EV-Lution in Regenerative Medicine. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.849724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have long been the focus for regenerative medicine and the restoration of damaged or aging cells throughout the body. However, the efficacy of MSCs in cell-based therapy still remains unpredictable and carries with it enumerable risks. It is estimated that only 3-10% of MSCs survive transplantation, and there remains undefined and highly variable heterogeneous biological potency within these administered cell populations. The mode of action points to secreted factors produced by MSCs rather than the reliance on engraftment. Hence harnessing such secreted elements as a replacement for live-cell therapies is attractive. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogenous lipid bounded structures, secreted by cells. They comprise a complex repertoire of molecules including RNA, proteins and other factors that facilitate cell-to-cell communication. Described as protected signaling centers, EVs can modify the cellular activity of recipient cells and are emerging as a credible alternative to cell-based therapies. EV therapeutics demonstrate beneficial roles for wound healing by preventing apoptosis, moderating immune responses, and stimulating angiogenesis, in addition to promoting cell proliferation and differentiation required for tissue matrix synthesis. Significantly, EVs maintain their signaling function following transplantation, circumventing the issues related to cell-based therapies. However, EV research is still in its infancy in terms of their utility as medicinal agents, with many questions still surrounding mechanistic understanding, optimal sourcing, and isolation of EVs for regenerative medicine. This review will consider the efficacy of using cell-derived EVs compared to traditional cell-based therapies for bone repair and regeneration. We discuss the factors to consider in developing productive lines of inquiry and establishment of standardized protocols so that EVs can be harnessed from optimal secretome production, to deliver reproducible and effective therapies.
Collapse
|
33
|
Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Primed Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Loaded on Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Biomaterial Exhibit Enhanced Macrophage Polarization. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030470. [PMID: 35159282 PMCID: PMC8834243 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) loaded on biphasic calcium phosphate biomaterial (MSC + BCP) have been used as an advanced therapy medicinal product to treat complex maxillofacial bone defects in patients. Further, MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are established vehicles of paracrine factors, supporting inter-cellular communication between MSC and other interacting cell types, such as monocytes/macrophages. However, the information about the immunomodulatory potential of EVs derived from MSC and biomaterial constructs (MSC + BCP:EV) and inflammatory primed constructs (MSCp + BCP:EV) are scarce. Hence, we isolated and characterized EVs from these different systems, and compared their cytokine contents with plastic-adherent MSC-derived EVs (MSC:EV). When EVs from all three MSC systems were added to the primary blood-derived macrophages in vitro, significantly higher numbers of M0 (naive) macrophages shifted to M2-like (anti-inflammatory) by MSCp + BCP:EV treatment. Further, this treatment led to enhanced switching of M1 polarized macrophages to M2 polarized, and conversely, M2 to M1, as evaluated by determining the M1/M2 ratios after treatment. The enhanced macrophage modulation by MSCp + BCP:EV was attributed to their higher immunomodulatory (TNFα, IL1β, IL5), angiogenic (VEGF), and chemokine-rich (RANTES, MCP1, MIP1β) cytokine cargo. In conclusion, we successfully isolated and characterized EVs from MSC + BCP constructs and demonstrated that, depending upon the tissue microenvironment, these EVs contribute towards modulating the macrophage-mediated inflammation and healing responses. The study offers new insights into the use of biomaterial-induced EVs for MSC secretome delivery, as a step towards future ‘cell-free’ bone regenerative therapies.
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhao Z, Li J, Wei Y, Yu T. Design and properties of graded polyamide12/hydroxyapatite scaffolds based on primitive lattices using selective laser sintering. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 126:105052. [PMID: 34933156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.105052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds with favorable biological characteristics and controlled functional gradient architectures are preferable for the repair of damaged tissues in bone tissue engineering. In this study, the triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) were introduced to design functional gradient porous scaffolds based on Primitive lattices which were then manufactured by selective laser sintering (SLS) using pure polyamide12 (PA12) material and PA12/hydroxyapatite (HA) composite material. The mechanical properties and permeability of the scaffolds were then evaluated by mechanical compression experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The radial-graded scaffold was found to have superior good mechanical properties and permeability and be favorable for the subsequent growth of bone tissue. Further, the optimal PA12/HA composition was determined by analyzing the effect of the addition of HA particles on the hydrophilicity and mechanical properties of the composite scaffold. Additionally, the cytotoxicity tests were performed to evaluate the effects of PA12/HA gradient scaffold on cell growth. The obtained results demonstrate that the radial gradient scaffold with 15% HA addition exhibits a feasible combination of comprehensive performance and biological activity, indicating a great application potential in the field of bone tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Junchao Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Yuan Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Tianlin Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bahraminasab M, Janmohammadi M, Arab S, Talebi A, Nooshabadi VT, Koohsarian P, Nourbakhsh MS. Bone Scaffolds: An Incorporation of Biomaterials, Cells, and Biofactors. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5397-5431. [PMID: 34797061 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Large injuries to bones are still one of the most challenging musculoskeletal problems. Tissue engineering can combine stem cells, scaffold biomaterials, and biofactors to aid in resolving this complication. Therefore, this review aims to provide information on the recent advances made to utilize the potential of biomaterials for making bone scaffolds and the assisted stem cell therapy and use of biofactors for bone tissue engineering. The requirements and different types of biomaterials used for making scaffolds are reviewed. Furthermore, the importance of stem cells and biofactors (growth factors and extracellular vesicles) in bone regeneration and their use in bone scaffolds and the key findings are discussed. Lastly, some of the main obstacles in bone tissue engineering and future trends are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Bahraminasab
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran.,Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran
| | - Mahsa Janmohammadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University, Semnan 3513119111, Iran
| | - Samaneh Arab
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran.,Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran
| | - Athar Talebi
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran
| | - Vajihe Taghdiri Nooshabadi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran.,Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran
| | - Parisa Koohsarian
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan 3513138111, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Comparison of Surface Functionalization of PLGA Composite to Immobilize Extracellular Vesicles. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213643. [PMID: 34771200 PMCID: PMC8587822 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelialization by materials provides a promising approach for the rapid re-endothelialization of a cardiovascular implantation. Although previous studies have focused on improving endothelialization through the immobilization of bioactive molecules onto the surface of biodegradable implants, comparative studies of effective surface modification have not yet been reported. Here, we conducted a comparative study on the surface modification of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-based composites to graft mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) using three different materials, fibronectin (FN), polyethylenimine (PEI), and polydopamine (PDA), which have different bond strengths of ligand–receptor interaction, ionic bond, and covalent bond, respectively. Further in vitro analysis exhibited that MSC-EVs released from all modified films sustainably, but the MSC-EVs grafted onto the surface coated with PEI are more effective than other groups in increasing angiogenesis and reducing the inflammatory responses in endothelial cells. Therefore, the overall results demonstrated that PEI is a desirable coating reagent for the immobilization of MSC-EVs on the surface of biodegradable implants.
Collapse
|
37
|
Functionalization of Electrospun Polycaprolactone Scaffolds with Matrix-Binding Osteocyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promotes Osteoblastic Differentiation and Mineralization. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:3621-3635. [PMID: 34664147 PMCID: PMC8671272 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymeric materials have demonstrated great promise for bone tissue engineering based on their compatibility with a wide array of scaffold-manufacturing techniques, but are limited in terms of the bioactivity when compared to naturally occurring materials. To enhance the regenerative properties of these materials, they are commonly functionalised with bioactive factors to guide growth within the developing tissue. Extracellular matrix vesicles (EVs) play an important role in facilitating endochondral ossification during long bone development and have recently emerged as important mediators of cell-cell communication coordinating bone regeneration, and thus represent an ideal target to enhance the regenerative properties of synthetic scaffolds. Therefore, in this paper we developed tools and protocols to enable the attachment of MLO-Y4 osteocyte-derived EVs onto electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds for bone repair. Initially, we optimize a method for the functionalization of PCL materials with collagen type-1 and fibronectin, inspired by the behaviour of matrix vesicles during endochondral ossification, and demonstrate that this is an effective method for the adhesion of EVs to the material surface. We then used this functionalization process to attach osteogenic EVs, collected from mechanically stimulated MLO-Y4 osteocytes, to collagen-coated electrospun PCL scaffolds. The EV-functionalized scaffold promoted osteogenic differentiation (measured by increased ALP activity) and mineralization of the matrix. In particular, EV-functionalised scaffolds exhibited significant increases in matrix mineralization particularly at earlier time points compared to uncoated and collagen-coated controls. This approach to matrix-based adhesion of EVs provides a mechanism for incorporating vesicle signalling into polyester scaffolds and demonstrates the potential of osteocyte derived EVs to enhance the rate of bone tissue regeneration.
Collapse
|
38
|
Kang M, Lee CS, Lee M. Bioactive Scaffolds Integrated with Liposomal or Extracellular Vesicles for Bone Regeneration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8100137. [PMID: 34677210 PMCID: PMC8533541 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With population aging and increased life expectancy, an increasing number of people are facing musculoskeletal health problems that necessitate therapeutic intervention at defect sites. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has become a promising approach for bone graft substitutes as traditional treatments using autografts or allografts involve clinical complications. Significant advancements have been made in developing ideal BTE scaffolds that can integrate bioactive molecules promoting robust bone repair. Herein, we review bioactive scaffolds tuned for local bone regenerative therapy, particularly through integrating synthetic liposomal vesicles or extracellular vesicles to the scaffolds. Liposomes offer an excellent drug delivery system providing sustained release of the loaded bioactive molecules. Extracellular vesicles, with their inherent capacity to carry bioactive molecules, are emerging as an advanced substitute of synthetic nanoparticles and a novel cell-free therapy for bone regeneration. We discuss the recent advance in the use of synthetic liposomes and extracellular vesicles as bioactive materials combined with scaffolds, highlighting major challenges and opportunities for their applications in bone regeneration. We put a particular focus on strategies to integrate vesicles to various biomaterial scaffolds and introduce the latest advances in achieving sustained release of bioactive molecules from the vesicle-loaded scaffolds at the bone defect site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjee Kang
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Chung-Sung Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Biotechnology, Sun Moon University, Asan 31460, Korea;
| | - Min Lee
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: Applications in Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081959. [PMID: 34440728 PMCID: PMC8393426 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles, produced within multivesicular bodies, that are then released into the extracellular space through a merging of the multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. These vesicles are secreted by almost all cell types to aid in a vast array of cellular functions, including intercellular communication, cell differentiation and proliferation, angiogenesis, stress response, and immune signaling. This ability to contribute to several distinct processes is due to the complexity of exosomes, as they carry a multitude of signaling moieties, including proteins, lipids, cell surface receptors, enzymes, cytokines, transcription factors, and nucleic acids. The favorable biological properties of exosomes including biocompatibility, stability, low toxicity, and proficient exchange of molecular cargos make exosomes prime candidates for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Exploring the functions and molecular payloads of exosomes can facilitate tissue regeneration therapies and provide mechanistic insight into paracrine modulation of cellular activities. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of exosome biogenesis, composition, and isolation methods. We also discuss emerging healing properties of exosomes and exosomal cargos, such as microRNAs, in brain injuries, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19 amongst others. Overall, this review highlights the burgeoning roles and potential applications of exosomes in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
40
|
Nagelkerke A, Ojansivu M, van der Koog L, Whittaker TE, Cunnane EM, Silva AM, Dekker N, Stevens MM. Extracellular vesicles for tissue repair and regeneration: Evidence, challenges and opportunities. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113775. [PMID: 33872693 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biological nanoparticles naturally secreted by cells, acting as delivery vehicles for molecular messages. During the last decade, EVs have been assigned multiple functions that have established their potential as therapeutic mediators for a variety of diseases and conditions. In this review paper, we report on the potential of EVs in tissue repair and regeneration. The regenerative properties that have been associated with EVs are explored, detailing the molecular cargo they carry that is capable of mediating such effects, the signaling cascades triggered in target cells and the functional outcome achieved. EV interactions and biodistribution in vivo that influence their regenerative effects are also described, particularly upon administration in combination with biomaterials. Finally, we review the progress that has been made for the successful implementation of EV regenerative therapies in a clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika Nagelkerke
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, XB20, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Miina Ojansivu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Luke van der Koog
- Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, XB10, 9700 AD Groningen, the Netherlands; GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Thomas E Whittaker
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eoghan M Cunnane
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Andreia M Silva
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Niek Dekker
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Eichholz KF, Federici A, Riffault M, Woods I, Mahon OR, O’Driscoll L, Hoey DA. Extracellular Vesicle Functionalized Melt Electrowritten Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kian F. Eichholz
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering Materials and Surface Science Institute University of Limerick Limerick Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering School of Engineering Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Angelica Federici
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering School of Engineering Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Mathieu Riffault
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering School of Engineering Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Ian Woods
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering School of Engineering Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Olwyn R. Mahon
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering School of Engineering Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Lorraine O’Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - David A. Hoey
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering Materials and Surface Science Institute University of Limerick Limerick Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering School of Engineering Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre Trinity College Dublin & RCSI Dublin Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liu X, Chen M, Luo J, Zhao H, Zhou X, Gu Q, Yang H, Zhu X, Cui W, Shi Q. Immunopolarization-regulated 3D printed-electrospun fibrous scaffolds for bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121037. [PMID: 34325336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimension (3D)-printed bioscaffolds are precise and personalized for bone regeneration. However, customized 3D scaffolds may activate the immune response in vivo and consequently impede bone formation. In this study, with layer-by-layer deposition and electrospinning technology to control the physical structure, 3D-printed PCL scaffolds with PLLA electrospun microfibrous (3D-M-EF) and nanofibrous (3D-N-EF) composites were constructed, and their immunomodulatory effect and the subsequent osteogenic effects were explored. Compared to 3D-N-EF scaffolds, 3D-M-EF scaffolds polarized more RAW264.7 cells toward alternatively activated macrophages (M2), as demonstrated by increased M2 and deceased classically activated macrophage (M1) phenotypic marker expression in the cells. In addition, the 3D-M-EF scaffolds shifted RAW264.7 cells to the M2 phenotype through PI3K/AKT signaling and enhanced VEGF and BMP-2 expression. Conditional medium from the RAW264.7 cells seeded in 3D-M-EF scaffolds promoted osteogenesis of MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, in vivo study of repairing rat calvarial defects, the 3D-M-EF scaffolds increased the polarization of M2 macrophages, enhanced angiogenesis, and accelerated new bone formation. Collectively, our data suggested that well-designed 3D-M-EF scaffolds are favorable for osteogenesis through regulation of M2 polarization. Therefore, it is potential to utilize the physical structure of 3D-printed scaffolds to manipulate the osteoimmune environment to promote bone regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute of Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215007, PR China; School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, 388 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Mimi Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute of Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215007, PR China
| | - Junchao Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute of Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215007, PR China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute of Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215007, PR China
| | - Xichao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute of Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215007, PR China
| | - Qiaoli Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute of Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215007, PR China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute of Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215007, PR China
| | - Xuesong Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute of Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215007, PR China.
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Qin Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Medical College of Soochow University, Orthopedic Institute of Soochow University, 708 Renmin Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215007, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lei Q, Gao F, Liu T, Ren W, Chen L, Cao Y, Chen W, Guo S, Zhang Q, Chen W, Wang H, Chen Z, Li Q, Hu Y, Guo AY. Extracellular vesicles deposit PCNA to rejuvenate aged bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and slow age-related degeneration. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/578/eaaz8697. [PMID: 33504653 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz8697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell senescence increases alongside the progressive functional declines that characterize aging. The effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) are now attracting intense interest in the context of aging and age-related diseases. Here, we demonstrate that neonatal umbilical cord (UC) is a source of EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EVs). These UC-produced MSC-EVs (UC-EVs) contain abundant anti-aging signals and rejuvenate senescing adult bone marrow-derived MSCs (AB-MSCs). UC-EV-rejuvenated AB-MSCs exhibited alleviated aging phenotypes and increased self-renewal capacity and telomere length. Mechanistically, UC-EVs rejuvenate AB-MSCs at least partially by transferring proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) into recipient AB-MSCs. When tested in therapeutic context, UC-EV-triggered rejuvenation enhanced the regenerative capacities of AB-MSCs in bone formation, wound healing, and angiogenesis. Intravenously injected UC-EVs conferred anti-aging phenotypes including decreased bone and kidney degeneration in aged mice. Our findings reveal that UC-EVs are of high translational value in anti-aging intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lei
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Teng Liu
- Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wenxiang Ren
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Yulin Cao
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wenlan Chen
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shaojun Guo
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Weiqun Chen
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Hongxiang Wang
- Department of Hematology, Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Zhichao Chen
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qiubai Li
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Yu Hu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - An-Yuan Guo
- Center for Artificial Intelligence Biology, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lazar S, Mor S, Chen J, Hao D, Wang A. Bioengineered extracellular vesicle-loaded bioscaffolds for therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine. EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND CIRCULATING NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 2:175-178. [PMID: 34622248 PMCID: PMC8494210 DOI: 10.20517/evcna.2021.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV)-based technologies represent a new advancement for disease treatment. EVs can be administered systemically, injected into the injury site directly, or applied locally in conjunction with bioengineered implantable scaffolds. Matrix-bound vesicles (MBVs), a special class of vesicles localized in association with the extracellular matrix (ECM), have been identified as critical bioactive factors and shown to mediate significant regenerative functions of ECM scaffolds. Loading EVs onto bioscaffolds to mimic the MBV-ECM complex has been shown superior to EV bolus injection in recent in vivo studies, such as in providing enhanced tissue regeneration, EV retention rates, and healing efficacy. Different types of natural biomaterials, synthetic polymers, and ceramics have been developed for EV loading, and these EV functionalized biomaterials have been applied in different areas for disease treatment. The EV functionalized scaffolds can be designed to be biodegradable, off-the-shelf biomaterials as a delivery vehicle for EVs. Overall, the bioengineered EV-loaded bioscaffolds represent a promising approach for cell-free treatment in clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Lazar
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Sirjan Mor
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Jianing Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Dake Hao
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bone Regeneration Improves with Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) Combined with Scaffolds: A Systematic Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070579. [PMID: 34202598 PMCID: PMC8301056 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Scaffolds associated with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) derivatives, such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), represent interesting carriers for bone regeneration. This systematic review aims to analyze in vitro and in vivo studies that report the effects of EVs combined with scaffolds in bone regeneration. A methodical review of the literature was performed from PubMed and Embase from 2012 to 2020. Sixteen papers were analyzed; of these, one study was in vitro, eleven were in vivo, and four were both in vitro and in vivo studies. This analysis shows a growing interest in this upcoming field, with overall positive results. In vitro results were demonstrated as both an effect on bone mineralization and proangiogenic ability. The interesting in vitro outcomes were confirmed in vivo. Particularly, these studies showed positive effects on bone regeneration and mineralization, activation of the pathway for bone regeneration, induction of vascularization, and modulation of inflammation. However, several aspects remain to be elucidated, such as the concentration of EVs to use in clinic for bone-related applications and the definition of the real advantages.
Collapse
|
46
|
He F, Li L, Fan R, Wang X, Chen X, Xu Y. Extracellular Vesicles: An Emerging Regenerative Treatment for Oral Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:669011. [PMID: 34079801 PMCID: PMC8165191 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.669011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small lipid-enclosed particles containing biological molecules such as RNA and proteins that have emerged as vital modulators of intercellular communication. Increasingly, studies have shown that EVs play an essential role in the occurrence and prognosis of oral diseases. EVs are increasingly considered a research hotspot of oral diseases. In addition, the characteristics of carrying active molecules have also been studied in oral tissue regeneration. Evidence has shown that EVs regulate the homeostasis of the inflammatory microenvironment, promote angiogenesis, and repair damaged tissues. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of EVs and highlighted the role of EVs in oral tissue regeneration, including dental pulp, periodontal tissue, cartilage, and bone. We also discussed their deficiencies and prospects as a potential therapeutic role in the regeneration treatment of oral disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanzhen He
- Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruyi Fan
- Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Periodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Murali VP, Holmes CA. Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles for bone regeneration therapy. Bone Rep 2021; 14:101093. [PMID: 34095360 PMCID: PMC8166743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze preclinical bone regeneration studies employing mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)- derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and highlight any commonalities in EV biomarker expression, miRNA cargo(s) or pathway activation that will aid in understanding the underlying therapeutic mechanisms. Methods Articles employing EVs derived from either MSCs or MSC-like osteogenic stromal cells in preclinical bone regeneration studies are included in this review. Results EVs derived from a variety of MSC types were able to successfully induce bone formation in preclinical models. Many studies failed to perform in-depth EV characterization. The studies with detailed EV characterization data report very different miRNA cargos, even in EVs isolated from the same species and cell types. Few preclinical studies have analyzed the underlying mechanisms of MSC-EV therapeutic action. Conclusion There is a critical need for mechanistic preclinical studies with thorough EV characterization to determine the best therapeutic MSC-EV source for bone regeneration therapies. Issues including controlled EV delivery, large scale production, and proper storage also need to be addressed before EV-based bone regeneration therapies can be translated for clinical bone repair. EVs from different MSC sources successfully regenerate bone in preclinical models. Studies were reviewed to find commonalities in EV cargo(s)/pathways activated in MSC-EV-based bone regeneration therapies. Issues that need to be overcome to enable clinical translation of EV-based therapies were addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Priya Murali
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Room A131, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Christina A Holmes
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Room A131, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bouland C, Philippart P, Dequanter D, Corrillon F, Loeb I, Bron D, Lagneaux L, Meuleman N. Cross-Talk Between Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) and Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) in Bone Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:674084. [PMID: 34079804 PMCID: PMC8166285 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.674084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration is a complex, well-orchestrated process based on the interactions between osteogenesis and angiogenesis, observed in both physiological and pathological situations. However, specific conditions (e.g., bone regeneration in large quantity, immunocompromised regenerative process) require additional support. Tissue engineering offers novel strategies. Bone regeneration requires a cell source, a matrix, growth factors and mechanical stimulation. Regenerative cells, endowed with proliferation and differentiation capacities, aim to recover, maintain, and improve bone functions. Vascularization is mandatory for bone formation, skeletal development, and different osseointegration processes. The latter delivers nutrients, growth factors, oxygen, minerals, etc. The development of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) cocultures has shown synergy between the two cell populations. The phenomena of osteogenesis and angiogenesis are intimately intertwined. Thus, cells of the endothelial line indirectly foster osteogenesis, and conversely, MSCs promote angiogenesis through different interaction mechanisms. In addition, various studies have highlighted the importance of the microenvironment via the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). These EVs stimulate bone regeneration and angiogenesis. In this review, we describe (1) the phenomenon of bone regeneration by different sources of MSCs. We assess (2) the input of EPCs in coculture in bone regeneration and describe their contribution to the osteogenic potential of MSCs. We discuss (3) the interaction mechanisms between MSCs and EPCs in the context of osteogenesis: direct or indirect contact, production of growth factors, and the importance of the microenvironment via the release of EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Bouland
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saint-Pierre Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Philippart
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, IRIS South Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Didier Dequanter
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saint-Pierre Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florent Corrillon
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Loeb
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saint-Pierre Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Bron
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lagneaux
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Meuleman
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
From Exosome Glycobiology to Exosome Glycotechnology, the Role of Natural Occurring Polysaccharides. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides2020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes (EXOs) are nano-sized informative shuttles acting as endogenous mediators of cell-to-cell communication. Their innate ability to target specific cells and deliver functional cargo is recently claimed as a promising theranostic strategy. The glycan profile, actively involved in the EXO biogenesis, release, sorting and function, is highly cell type-specific and frequently altered in pathological conditions. Therefore, the modulation of EXO glyco-composition has recently been considered an attractive tool in the design of novel therapeutics. In addition to the available approaches involving conventional glyco-engineering, soft technology is becoming more and more attractive for better exploiting EXO glycan tasks and optimizing EXO delivery platforms. This review, first, explores the main functions of EXO glycans and associates the potential implications of the reported new findings across the nanomedicine applications. The state-of-the-art of the last decade concerning the role of natural polysaccharides—as targeting molecules and in 3D soft structure manufacture matrices—is then analysed and highlighted, as an advancing EXO biofunction toolkit. The promising results, integrating the biopolymers area to the EXO-based bio-nanofabrication and bio-nanotechnology field, lay the foundation for further investigation and offer a new perspective in drug delivery and personalized medicine progress.
Collapse
|
50
|
Tang G, Liu Z, Liu Y, Yu J, Wang X, Tan Z, Ye X. Recent Trends in the Development of Bone Regenerative Biomaterials. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665813. [PMID: 34026758 PMCID: PMC8138062 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of a biomaterial is to support the bone tissue regeneration process at the defect site and eventually degrade in situ and get replaced with the newly generated bone tissue. Biomaterials that enhance bone regeneration have a wealth of potential clinical applications from the treatment of non-union fractures to spinal fusion. The use of bone regenerative biomaterials from bioceramics and polymeric components to support bone cell and tissue growth is a longstanding area of interest. Recently, various forms of bone repair materials such as hydrogel, nanofiber scaffolds, and 3D printing composite scaffolds are emerging. Current challenges include the engineering of biomaterials that can match both the mechanical and biological context of bone tissue matrix and support the vascularization of large tissue constructs. Biomaterials with new levels of biofunctionality that attempt to recreate nanoscale topographical, biofactor, and gene delivery cues from the extracellular environment are emerging as interesting candidate bone regenerative biomaterials. This review has been sculptured around a case-by-case basis of current research that is being undertaken in the field of bone regeneration engineering. We will highlight the current progress in the development of physicochemical properties and applications of bone defect repair materials and their perspectives in bone regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoke Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medical CSU, Hunan, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medical CSU, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangming Yu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Tan
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital of Xiangya School of Medical CSU, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaojian Ye
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|