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Park MS, Lee S, Baek Y, Lee J, Park SS, Cho JH, Jin HJ, Yoo HR. Characteristics of insulin resistance in Korean adults from the perspective of circadian and metabolic sensing genes. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:1475-1487. [PMID: 37768516 PMCID: PMC10682234 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01443-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological clock allows an organism to anticipate periodic environmental changes and adjust its physiology and behavior accordingly. OBJECTIVE This retrospective cross-sectional study examined circadian gene polymorphisms and clinical characteristics associated with insulin resistance (IR). METHODS We analyzed data from 1,404 Korean adults aged 30 to 55 with no history of cancer and cardio-cerebrovascular disease. The population was classified according to sex and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values. Demographics, anthropometric and clinical characteristics, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed with respect to sex, age, and HOMA-IR values. We used association rule mining to identify sets of SNPs from circadian and metabolic sensing genes that may be associated with IR. RESULTS Among the subjects, 15.0% of 960 women and 24.3% of 444 men had HOMA-IR values above 2. Most of the parameters differed significantly between men and women, as well as between the groups with high and low insulin sensitivity. Body fat mass of the trunk, which was significantly higher in insulin-resistant groups, had a higher correlation with high sensitivity C-reactive protein and hemoglobin levels in women, and alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels in men. Homozygous minor allele genotype sets of SNPs rs17031578 and rs228669 in the PER3 gene could be more frequently found among women with HOMA-IR values above 2 (p = .014). CONCLUSION Oxidative stress enhanced by adiposity and iron overload, which may also be linked to NRF2 and PER3-related pathways, is related to IR in adulthood. However, due to the small population size in this study, more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miso S Park
- Clinical Trial Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, 75 Daedeok-daero 176beon-gil, Seo- gu, Daejeon, 35235, Korea.
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Siwoo Lee
- KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Korea
| | - Younghwa Baek
- KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Korea
| | - Juho Lee
- Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang-Soo Park
- Clinical Trial Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, 75 Daedeok-daero 176beon-gil, Seo- gu, Daejeon, 35235, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyo Cho
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Jin
- KM Data Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Korea
| | - Ho-Ryong Yoo
- Clinical Trial Center, Daejeon Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, 75 Daedeok-daero 176beon-gil, Seo- gu, Daejeon, 35235, Korea
- Department of Cardiology and Neurology of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea
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Grigsby K, Ledford C, Batish T, Kanadibhotla S, Smith D, Firsick E, Tran A, Townsley K, Reyes KAV, LeBlanc K, Ozburn A. Targeting the Maladaptive Effects of Binge Drinking on Circadian Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11084. [PMID: 36232380 PMCID: PMC9569456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies (1) support a role of circadian genes in regulating alcohol intake, and (2) reveal that harmful alcohol use alters circadian rhythms. However, there is minimal knowledge of the effects of chronic alcohol processes on rhythmic circadian gene expression across brain regions important for circadian biology and alcohol intake. Therefore, the present study sought to test the effects of chronic binge-like drinking on diurnal circadian gene expression patterns in the master circadian pacemaker (SCN), the ventral tegmental area (VTA), and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in High Drinking in the Dark-1 (HDID-1) mice, a unique genetic risk model for drinking to intoxication. Consistent with earlier findings, we found that 8 weeks of binge-like drinking reduced the amplitude of several core circadian clock genes in the NAc and SCN, but not the VTA. To better inform the use of circadian-relevant pharmacotherapies in reducing harmful drinking and ameliorating alcohol's effects on circadian gene expression, we tested whether the casein kinase-1 inhibitor, PF-67046, or the phosphodiesterase type-4 (an upstream regulator of circadian signalling) inhibitor, apremilast, would reduce binge-like intake and mitigate circadian gene suppression. PF-67046 did not reduce intake but did have circadian gene effects. In contrast, apremilast reduced drinking, but had no effect on circadian expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolter Grigsby
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Courtney Ledford
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Tanvi Batish
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Snigdha Kanadibhotla
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Delaney Smith
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Evan Firsick
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alexander Tran
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kayla Townsley
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Kaylee-Abril Vasquez Reyes
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Katherine LeBlanc
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Angela Ozburn
- Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Service, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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3
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Identification of functional features underlying heat stress response in Sprague-Dawley rats using mixed linear models. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7671. [PMID: 35538164 PMCID: PMC9090733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since global temperature is expected to rise by 2 °C in 2050 heat stress may become the most severe environmental factor. In the study, we illustrate the application of mixed linear models for the analysis of whole transcriptome expression in livers and adrenal tissues of Sprague–Dawley rats obtained by a heat stress experiment. By applying those models, we considered four sources of variation in transcript expression, comprising transcripts (1), genes (2), Gene Ontology terms (3), and Reactome pathways (4) and focussed on accounting for the similarity within each source, which was expressed as a covariance matrix. Models based on transcripts or genes levels explained a larger proportion of log2 fold change than models fitting the functional components of Gene Ontology terms or Reactome pathways. In the liver, among the most significant genes were PNKD and TRIP12. In the adrenal tissue, one transcript of the SUCO gene was expressed more strongly in the control group than in the heat-stress group. PLEC had two transcripts, which were significantly overexpressed in the heat-stress group. PER3 was significant only on gene level. Moving to the functional scale, five Gene Ontologies and one Reactome pathway were significant in the liver. They can be grouped into ontologies related to DNA repair, histone ubiquitination, the regulation of embryonic development and cytoplasmic translation. Linear mixed models are valuable tools for the analysis of high-throughput biological data. Their main advantages are the possibility to incorporate information on covariance between observations and circumventing the problem of multiple testing.
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4
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Zhou G, Duong TV, Kasten EP, Hoffmann HM. Low CLOCK and CRY2 in 2nd trimester human maternal blood and risk of preterm birth: A nested case-control study. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:827-836. [PMID: 34142702 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have observed an association between maternal circadian rhythm disruption and preterm birth (PTB). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the potential of circadian clock genes to serve as predictors of PTB remain unexplored. We examined the association of 10 core circadian transcripts in maternal blood with spontaneous PTB (sPTB) vs term births using a nested case-control study design. We used a public gene expression dataset (GSE59491), which was nested within the All Our Babies (AOB) study cohort in Canada. Maternal blood was sampled in trimesters 2-3 from women with sPTB (n = 51) and term births (n = 106), matched for 5 demographic variables. In 2nd trimester maternal blood, only CLOCK and CRY2 transcripts were significantly lower in sPTB vs term (p = 0.02 ~ 0.03, FDR < 0.20). A change of PER3 mRNA from trimesters 2 to 3 was significantly associated with sPTB (decline in sPTB, p = 0.02, FDR < 0.20). When CLOCK and CRY2 were modeled together in 2nd trimester blood, the odds ratio of being in the low level of both circadian gene transcripts was greater in sPTB vs term (OR = 4.86, 95%CI = (1.75,13.51), p < 0.01). Using GSVA and Pearson correlation, we identified 98 common pathways that were negatively or positively correlated with CLOCK and CRY2 expression (all p < 0.05, FDR < 0.10). The top three identified pathways were amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, degradation of extracellular matrix, and inwardly rectifying potassium channels. These three processes have previously been shown to be involved in neuron death, parturition, and uterine excitability during pregnancy, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Zhou
- Clinical & Translational Sciences Institute, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Thu V Duong
- Department of Animal Science, The Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Eric P Kasten
- Clinical & Translational Sciences Institute, Michigan State University, USA.,Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Hanne M Hoffmann
- Department of Animal Science, The Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, USA
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5
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Rigo F, Filošević A, Petrović M, Jović K, Andretić Waldowski R. Locomotor sensitization modulates voluntary self-administration of methamphetamine in Drosophila melanogaster. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12963. [PMID: 32833318 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As complexities of addictive behaviors cannot be fully captured in laboratory studies, scientists use simple addiction-associated phenotypes and measure them in laboratory animals. Locomotor sensitization, characterized by an increased behavioral response to the same dose of the drug, has been extensively used to elucidate the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms of neuronal plasticity. However, to what extent it contributes to the development of addiction is not completely clear. We tested if the development of locomotor sensitization to methamphetamine affects voluntary self-administration, and vice versa, in order to investigate how two drug-associated phenotypes influence one another. In our study, we used the genetically tractable model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, and quantified locomotor sensitization and voluntary self-administration to methamphetamine using behavioral tests that were developed and adapted in our laboratory. We show that flies express robust locomotor sensitization to the second dose of volatilized methamphetamine, which significantly lowers preferential self-administration of methamphetamine. Naive flies preferentially self-administer food with methamphetamine over plain food. Exposing flies to volatilized methamphetamine after voluntary self-administration abolishes locomotor sensitization. We tested period null (per01 ) mutant flies and showed that they do not develop locomotor sensitization, nor do they show preferential self-administration of methamphetamine. Our results suggest that there may be partially overlapping neural circuitry that regulates the expression of locomotor sensitization and preferential self-administration to methamphetamine and that this circuitry requires a functional per gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franka Rigo
- Department of Biotechnology University of Rijeka Rijeka Croatia
| | - Ana Filošević
- Department of Biotechnology University of Rijeka Rijeka Croatia
| | - Milan Petrović
- Department of Informatics University of Rijeka Rijeka Croatia
| | - Katarina Jović
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Surrey Guildford UK
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6
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Noda M, Iwamoto I, Tabata H, Yamagata T, Ito H, Nagata KI. Role of Per3, a circadian clock gene, in embryonic development of mouse cerebral cortex. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5874. [PMID: 30971765 PMCID: PMC6458147 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Per3 is one of the primary components of circadian clock system. While circadian dysregulation is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of several neuropsychiatric diseases. It remains largely unknown whether they participate in embryonic brain development. Here, we examined the role of clock gene Per3 in the development of mouse cerebral cortex. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that Per3 is expressed in the developing mouse cortex. Acute knockdown of Per3 with in utero electroporation caused abnormal positioning of cortical neurons, which was rescued by RNAi-resistant Per3. Per3-deficient cells showed abnormal migration phenotypes, impaired axon extension and dendritic arbor formation. Taken together, Per3 was found to play a pivotal role in corticogenesis via regulation of excitatory neuron migration and synaptic network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Noda
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Ikuko Iwamoto
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tabata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | | | - Hidenori Ito
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan. .,Department of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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7
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Edwards AC, Deak JD, Gizer IR, Lai D, Chatzinakos C, Wilhelmsen KP, Lindsay J, Heron J, Hickman M, Webb BT, Bacanu SA, Foroud TM, Kendler KS, Dick DM, Schuckit MA. Meta-Analysis of Genetic Influences on Initial Alcohol Sensitivity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:2349-2359. [PMID: 30276832 PMCID: PMC6286211 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies indicate that low initial sensitivity to alcohol may be a risk factor for later alcohol misuse. Evidence suggests that initial sensitivity is influenced by genetic factors, but few molecular genetic studies have been reported. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of 2 population-based genome-wide association studies of the Self-Rating of the Effects of Alcohol scale. Our final sample consisted of 7,339 individuals (82.3% of European descent; 59.2% female) who reported having used alcohol at least 5 times. In addition, we estimated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability and conducted a series of secondary aggregate genetic analyses. RESULTS No individual locus reached genome-wide significance. Gene and set based analyses, both overall and using tissue-specific expression data, yielded largely null results, and genes previously implicated in alcohol problems and consumption were overall not associated with initial sensitivity. Only 1 gene set, related to hormone signaling and including core clock genes, survived correction for multiple testing. A meta-analysis of SNP-based heritability resulted in a modest estimate of h SNP 2 = 0.19 (SE = 0.10), though this was driven by 1 sample (N = 3,683, h SNP 2 = 0.36, SE = 0.14, p = 0.04). No significant genetic correlations with other relevant outcomes were observed. CONCLUSIONS Findings yielded only modest support for a genetic component underlying initial alcohol sensitivity. Results suggest that its biological underpinnings may diverge somewhat from that of other alcohol outcomes and may be related to core clock genes or other aspects of hormone signaling. Larger samples, ideally of prospectively assessed samples, are likely necessary to improve gene identification efforts and confirm the current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis C. Edwards
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | - Joseph D. Deak
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, US
| | - Ian R. Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, US
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, US
| | - Chris Chatzinakos
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | - Kirk P. Wilhelmsen
- Departments of Neurology and Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, US
| | - Jonathan Lindsay
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | - Jon Heron
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew Hickman
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bradley T. Webb
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | - Silviu-Alin Bacanu
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | - Tatiana M. Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, US
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | - Danielle M. Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
- College Behavioral and Emotional Health Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, US
| | - Marc A. Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US
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Capri KM, Maroni MJ, Deane HV, Pierre A, Adams AM, Goncalves FL, Meyer AS, Seggio JA. Effects of time of day and constant light on the behavioral responses and ethanol metabolism to acute alcohol administration in male Black Swiss mice. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1543640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M. Capri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Marissa J. Maroni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Hannah V. Deane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Audeline Pierre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Abigail M. Adams
- Department of Mathematics, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Fatiana L. Goncalves
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Andrew S. Meyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
| | - Joseph A. Seggio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
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Mulligan MK, Zhao W, Dickerson M, Arends D, Prins P, Cavigelli SA, Terenina E, Mormede P, Lu L, Jones BC. Genetic Contribution to Initial and Progressive Alcohol Intake Among Recombinant Inbred Strains of Mice. Front Genet 2018; 9:370. [PMID: 30319684 PMCID: PMC6167410 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We profiled individual differences in alcohol consumption upon initial exposure and during 5 weeks of voluntary alcohol intake in female mice from 39 BXD recombinant inbred strains and parents using the drinking in the dark (DID) method. In this paradigm, a single bottle of 20% (v/v) alcohol was presented as the sole liquid source for 2 or 4 h starting 3 h into the dark cycle. For 3 consecutive days mice had access to alcohol for 2 h followed by a 4th day of 4 h access and 3 intervening days where alcohol was not offered. We followed this regime for 5 weeks. For most strains, 2 or 4 h alcohol intake increased over the 5-week period, with some strains demonstrating greatly increased intake. There was considerable and heritable genetic variation in alcohol consumption upon initial early and sustained weekly exposure. Two different mapping algorithms were used to identify QTLs associated with alcohol intake and only QTLs detected by both methods were considered further. Multiple suggestive QTLs for alcohol intake on chromosomes (Chrs) 2, 6, and 12 were identified for the first 4 h exposure. Suggestive QTLs for sustained intake during later weeks were identified on Chrs 4 and 8. Thirty high priority candidate genes, including Entpd2, Per3, and Fto were nominated for early and sustained alcohol intake QTLs. In addition, a suggestive QTL on Chr 15 was detected for change in 2 h alcohol intake over the duration of the study and Adcy8 was identified as a strong candidate gene. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that early and sustained alcohol intake is likely driven by genes and pathways involved in signaling, and/or immune and metabolic function, while a combination of epigenetic factors related to alcohol experience and genetic factors likely drives progressive alcohol intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Wenyuan Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Morgan Dickerson
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Danny Arends
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institut für Agrar- und Gartenbauwissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pjotr Prins
- Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sonia A Cavigelli
- Department of BioBehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Elena Terenina
- GenPhySE, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre Mormede
- GenPhySE, INRA, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Byron C Jones
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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10
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Archer SN, Schmidt C, Vandewalle G, Dijk DJ. Phenotyping of PER3 variants reveals widespread effects on circadian preference, sleep regulation, and health. Sleep Med Rev 2018; 40:109-126. [PMID: 29248294 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Period3 (Per3) is one of the most robustly rhythmic genes in humans and animals. It plays a significant role in temporal organisation in peripheral tissues. The effects of PER3 variants on many phenotypes have been investigated in targeted and genome-wide studies. PER3 variants, especially the human variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), associate with diurnal preference, mental disorders, non-visual responses to light, brain and cognitive responses to sleep loss/circadian misalignment. Introducing the VNTR into mice alters responses to sleep loss and expression of sleep homeostasis-related genes. Several studies were limited in size and some findings were not replicated. Nevertheless, the data indicate a significant contribution of PER3 to sleep and circadian phenotypes and diseases, which may be connected by common pathways. Thus, PER3-dependent altered light sensitivity could relate to high retinal PER3 expression and may contribute to altered brain response to light, diurnal preference and seasonal mood. Altered cognitive responses during sleep loss/circadian misalignment and changes to slow wave sleep may relate to changes in wake/activity-dependent patterns of hypothalamic gene expression involved in sleep homeostasis and neural network plasticity. Comprehensive characterisation of effects of clock gene variants may provide new insights into the role of circadian processes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Archer
- Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XP, UK.
| | - Christina Schmidt
- GIGA-Research, Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging Unit, University of Liège, Belgium; Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit (PsyNCog), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Gilles Vandewalle
- GIGA-Research, Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging Unit, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XP, UK
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11
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Onaolapo OJ, Onaolapo AY. Melatonin in drug addiction and addiction management: Exploring an evolving multidimensional relationship. World J Psychiatry 2018; 8:64-74. [PMID: 29988891 PMCID: PMC6033744 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v8.i2.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a pleiotropic signalling molecule that regulates several physiological functions, and synchronises biological rhythms. Recent evidences are beginning to reveal that a dysregulation of endogenous melatonin rhythm or action may play a larger role in the aetiology and behavioural expression of drug addiction, than was previously considered. Also, the findings from a number of animal studies suggest that exogenous melatonin supplementation and therapeutic manipulation of melatonin/melatonin receptor interactions may be beneficial in the management of behavioural manifestations of drug addiction. However, repeated exogenous melatonin administration may cause a disruption of its endogenous rhythm and be associated with potential drawbacks that might limit its usefulness. In this review, we examine the roles of melatonin and its receptors in addictive behaviours; discussing how our understanding of melatonin’s modulatory effects on the brain rewards system and crucial neurotransmitters such as dopamine has evolved over the years. Possible indications(s) for melatonergic agents in addiction management, and how manipulations of the endogenous melatonin system may be of benefit are also discussed. Finally, the potential impediments to application of melatonin in the management of addictive behaviours are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olakunle J Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo 230263, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Adejoke Y Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience/Neurobiology Unit, Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho 210211, Oyo State, Nigeria
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12
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Schuckit MA. A Critical Review of Methods and Results in the Search for Genetic Contributors to Alcohol Sensitivity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:822-835. [PMID: 29623680 PMCID: PMC5916326 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Attributes of alcohol sensitivity are present before alcohol use disorders (AUDs) develop, they predict those adverse alcohol outcomes, are familial in nature, and many are heritable. Whether measured by alcohol challenges or retrospective reports of numbers of drinks required for effects, alcohol sensitivity reflects multiple phenotypes, including low levels of alcohol response and alcohol-related stimulation. Identification of genes that contribute to alcohol sensitivity could help identify individuals carrying risks for AUDs through their alcohol responses for whom early intervention might mitigate their vulnerability. Such genes could also improve understanding of biological underpinnings of AUDs, which could lead to new treatment approaches. However, the existing literature points to a wide range of genetic mechanisms that might contribute to alcohol responses, and few such genetic findings have been widely replicated. This critical review describes the potential impact of the diverse methods used to study sensitivity on the diversity of genetic findings that have been reported, places the genetic variants mentioned in the literature into broader categories rather than isolated results, and offers suggestions regarding how to advance the field by interpreting findings in light of the methods used to select research subjects and to measure alcohol sensitivity. To date, the most promising results have been for GABA, glutamate, opioid, dopamine, serotonin, and cholinergic system genes. The more gene variants that can be identified as contributors to sensitivity the better future gene screening platforms or polygenic scores are likely to be.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Schuckit
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
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13
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Luo J, Xu P, Cao P, Wan H, Lv X, Xu S, Wang G, Cook MN, Jones BC, Lu L, Wang X. Integrating Genetic and Gene Co-expression Analysis Identifies Gene Networks Involved in Alcohol and Stress Responses. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:102. [PMID: 29674951 PMCID: PMC5895640 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the link between stress and alcohol is well recognized, the underlying mechanisms of how they interplay at the molecular level remain unclear. The purpose of this study is to identify molecular networks underlying the effects of alcohol and stress responses, as well as their interaction on anxiety behaviors in the hippocampus of mice using a systems genetics approach. Here, we applied a gene co-expression network approach to transcriptomes of 41 BXD mouse strains under four conditions: stress, alcohol, stress-induced alcohol and control. The co-expression analysis identified 14 modules and characterized four expression patterns across the four conditions. The four expression patterns include up-regulation in no restraint stress and given an ethanol injection (NOE) but restoration in restraint stress followed by an ethanol injection (RSE; pattern 1), down-regulation in NOE but rescue in RSE (pattern 2), up-regulation in both restraint stress followed by a saline injection (RSS) and NOE, and further amplification in RSE (pattern 3), and up-regulation in RSS but reduction in both NOE and RSE (pattern 4). We further identified four functional subnetworks by superimposing protein-protein interactions (PPIs) to the 14 co-expression modules, including γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABA) signaling, glutamate signaling, neuropeptide signaling, cAMP-dependent signaling. We further performed module specificity analysis to identify modules that are specific to stress, alcohol, or stress-induced alcohol responses. Finally, we conducted causality analysis to link genetic variation to these identified modules, and anxiety behaviors after stress and alcohol treatments. This study underscores the importance of integrative analysis and offers new insights into the molecular networks underlying stress and alcohol responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Central Laboratory of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei Xu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Sustainable Control of Plant Pest and Disease, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou, China
| | - Peijian Cao
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongjian Wan
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaonan Lv
- Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengchun Xu
- Central Laboratory of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou, China
| | - Gangjun Wang
- Central Laboratory of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou, China
| | - Melloni N Cook
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Memphis Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Byron C Jones
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis, TN, United States.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong, China
| | - Xusheng Wang
- St. Jude Proteomics Facility, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN, United States
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14
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Gulick D, Gamsby JJ. Racing the clock: The role of circadian rhythmicity in addiction across the lifespan. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 188:124-139. [PMID: 29551440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although potent effects of psychoactive drugs on circadian rhythms were first described over 30 years ago, research into the reciprocal relationship between the reward system and the circadian system - and the impact of this relationship on addiction - has only become a focus in the last decade. Nonetheless, great progress has been made in that short time toward understanding how drugs of abuse impact the molecular and physiological circadian clocks, as well as how disruption of normal circadian rhythm biology may contribute to addiction and ameliorate the efficacy of treatments for addiction. In particular, data have emerged demonstrating that disrupted circadian rhythms, such as those observed in shift workers and adolescents, increase susceptibility to addiction. Furthermore, circadian rhythms and addiction impact one another longitudinally - specifically from adolescence to the elderly. In this review, the current understanding of how the circadian clock interacts with substances of abuse within the context of age-dependent changes in rhythmicity, including the potential existence of a drug-sensitive clock, the correlation between chronotype and addiction vulnerability, and the importance of rhythmicity in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, is discussed. The primary focus is on alcohol addiction, as the preponderance of research is in this area, with references to other addictions as warranted. The implications of clock-drug interactions for the treatment of addiction will also be reviewed, and the potential of therapeutics that reset the circadian rhythm will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Gulick
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Joshua J Gamsby
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, FL, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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15
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Multidimensional Genetic Analysis of Repeated Seizures in the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel Reveals a Novel Epileptogenesis Susceptibility Locus. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:2545-2558. [PMID: 28620084 PMCID: PMC5555461 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.042234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy has many causes and comorbidities affecting as many as 4% of people in their lifetime. Both idiopathic and symptomatic epilepsies are highly heritable, but genetic factors are difficult to characterize among humans due to complex disease etiologies. Rodent genetic studies have been critical to the discovery of seizure susceptibility loci, including Kcnj10 mutations identified in both mouse and human cohorts. However, genetic analyses of epilepsy phenotypes in mice to date have been carried out as acute studies in seizure-naive animals or in Mendelian models of epilepsy, while humans with epilepsy have a history of recurrent seizures that also modify brain physiology. We have applied a repeated seizure model to a genetic reference population, following seizure susceptibility over a 36-d period. Initial differences in generalized seizure threshold among the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel (HMDP) were associated with a well-characterized seizure susceptibility locus found in mice: Seizure susceptibility 1. Remarkably, Szs1 influence diminished as subsequent induced seizures had diminishing latencies in certain HMDP strains. Administration of eight seizures, followed by an incubation period and an induced retest seizure, revealed novel associations within the calmodulin-binding transcription activator 1, Camta1. Using systems genetics, we have identified four candidate genes that are differentially expressed between seizure-sensitive and -resistant strains close to our novel Epileptogenesis susceptibility factor 1 (Esf1) locus that may act individually or as a coordinated response to the neuronal stress of seizures.
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16
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Mohammed MM, Sallam AED, Hussein AA, Ibrahim ZN. β-carotene ameliorates CUS-induced circadian alternations of locomotor activity and melatonin patterns in rats. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2017.1350441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alaa El-Din Sallam
- Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Aida A. Hussein
- Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Suez University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Zohour N. Ibrahim
- Faculty of Science, Zoology Department, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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17
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Copy-number variation of housekeeping gene rpl13a in rat strains selected for nervous system excitability. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 33:11-15. [PMID: 28192165 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated copy number variation (CNV) for four genes in rat strains differing in nervous system excitability. rpl13a copy number is significantly reduced in hippocampus and bone marrow in rats with a high excitability threshold and stress. The observed phenomenon may be associated with a role for rpl13a in lipid metabolism.
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18
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Analyses of differentially expressed genes after exposure to acute stress, acute ethanol, or a combination of both in mice. Alcohol 2017; 58:139-151. [PMID: 28027852 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is a complex disorder, which is confounded by other factors, including stress. In the present study, we examined gene expression in the hippocampus of BXD recombinant inbred mice after exposure to ethanol (NOE), stress (RSS), and the combination of both (RSE). Mice were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 1.8 g/kg ethanol or saline, and subsets of both groups were exposed to acute restraint stress for 15 min or controls. Gene expression in the hippocampus was examined using microarray analysis. Genes that were significantly (p < 0.05, q < 0.1) differentially expressed were further evaluated. Bioinformatic analyses were predominantly performed using tools available at GeneNetwork.org, and included gene ontology, presence of cis-regulation or polymorphisms, phenotype correlations, and principal component analyses. Comparisons of differential gene expression between groups showed little overlap. Gene Ontology demonstrated distinct biological processes in each group with the combined exposure (RSE) being unique from either the ethanol (NOE) or stress (RSS) group, suggesting that the interaction between these variables is mediated through diverse molecular pathways. This supports the hypothesis that exposure to stress alters ethanol-induced gene expression changes and that exposure to alcohol alters stress-induced gene expression changes. Behavior was profiled in all groups following treatment, and many of the differentially expressed genes are correlated with behavioral variation within experimental groups. Interestingly, in each group several genes were correlated with the same phenotype, suggesting that these genes are the potential origins of significant genetic networks. The distinct sets of differentially expressed genes within each group provide the basis for identifying molecular networks that may aid in understanding the complex interactions between stress and ethanol, and potentially provide relevant therapeutic targets. Using Ptp4a1, a candidate gene underlying the quantitative trait locus for several of these phenotypes, and network analyses, we show that a large group of differentially expressed genes in the NOE group are highly interrelated, some of which have previously been linked to alcohol addiction or alcohol-related phenotypes.
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19
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Analysis of 23andMe antidepressant efficacy survey data: implication of circadian rhythm and neuroplasticity in bupropion response. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e889. [PMID: 27622933 PMCID: PMC5048209 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic predisposition may contribute to the differences in drug-specific, class-specific or antidepressant-wide treatment resistance. Clinical studies with the genetic data are often limited in sample sizes. Drug response obtained from self-reports may offer an alternative approach to conduct a study with much larger sample size. Using the phenotype data collected from 23andMe 'Antidepressant Efficacy and Side Effects' survey and genotype data from 23andMe's research participants, we conducted genome-wide association study (GWAS) on subjects of European ancestry using four groups of phenotypes (a) non-treatment-resistant depression (n=7795) vs treatment-resistant depression (TRD, n=1311), (b) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) responders (n=6348) vs non-responders (n=3340), (c) citalopram/escitalopram responders (n=2963) vs non-responders (n=2005), and (d) norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI, bupropion) responders (n=2675) vs non-responders (n=1861). Each of these subgroups was also compared with controls (n ~ 190 000). The most significant association was from bupropion responders vs non-responders analysis. Variant rs1908557 (P=2.6 × 10(-8), OR=1.35) passed the conventional genome-wide significance threshold (P=5 × 10(-8)) and was located within the intron of human spliced expressed sequence tags in chromosome 4. Gene sets associated with long-term depression, circadian rhythm and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway were enriched in the bupropion analysis. No single-nucleotide polymorphism passed genome-wide significance threshold in other analyses. The heritability estimates for each response group compared with controls were between 0.15 and 0.25, consistent with the known heritability for major depressive disorder.
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20
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Abstract
The identification of genetic variants responsible for behavioral variation is an enduring goal in biology, with wide-scale ramifications, ranging from medical research to evolutionary theory on personality syndromes. Here, we use for the first time a large-scale genetical genomics analysis in the brains of chickens to identify genes affecting anxiety as measured by an open field test. We combine quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in 572 individuals and expression QTL (eQTL) analysis in 129 individuals from an advanced intercross between domestic chickens and Red Junglefowl. We identify 10 putative quantitative trait genes affecting anxiety behavior. These genes were tested for an association in the mouse Heterogeneous Stock anxiety (open field) data set and human GWAS data sets for bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia. Although comparisons between species are complex, associations were observed for four of the candidate genes in mice and three of the candidate genes in humans. Using a multimodel approach we have therefore identified a number of putative quantitative trait genes affecting anxiety behavior, principally in chickens but also with some potentially translational effects as well. This study demonstrates that chickens are an excellent model organism for the genetic dissection of behavior.
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21
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Sallam AED, Hassan SA, Hassaneen E, Ali EM. Environmental stress of mobile phone EM radiation on locomotor activity and melatonin circadian rhythms of rats. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2016.1173361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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22
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Wang X, Pandey AK, Mulligan MK, Williams EG, Mozhui K, Li Z, Jovaisaite V, Quarles LD, Xiao Z, Huang J, Capra JA, Chen Z, Taylor WL, Bastarache L, Niu X, Pollard KS, Ciobanu DC, Reznik AO, Tishkov AV, Zhulin IB, Peng J, Nelson SF, Denny JC, Auwerx J, Lu L, Williams RW. Joint mouse-human phenome-wide association to test gene function and disease risk. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10464. [PMID: 26833085 PMCID: PMC4740880 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenome-wide association is a novel reverse genetic strategy to analyze genome-to-phenome relations in human clinical cohorts. Here we test this approach using a large murine population segregating for ∼5 million sequence variants, and we compare our results to those extracted from a matched analysis of gene variants in a large human cohort. For the mouse cohort, we amassed a deep and broad open-access phenome consisting of ∼4,500 metabolic, physiological, pharmacological and behavioural traits, and more than 90 independent expression quantitative trait locus (QTL), transcriptome, proteome, metagenome and metabolome data sets—by far the largest coherent phenome for any experimental cohort (www.genenetwork.org). We tested downstream effects of subsets of variants and discovered several novel associations, including a missense mutation in fumarate hydratase that controls variation in the mitochondrial unfolded protein response in both mouse and Caenorhabditis elegans, and missense mutations in Col6a5 that underlies variation in bone mineral density in both mouse and human. Phenome-wide association is a novel method that links sequence variants to a spectrum of phenotypes and diseases. Here the authors generate detailed mouse genetic and phenome data which links their phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) of mouse to corresponding PheWAS in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Wang
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.,St Jude Proteomics Facility, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Ashutosh K Pandey
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Megan K Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Evan G Williams
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Khyobeni Mozhui
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Zhengsheng Li
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Virginija Jovaisaite
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - L Darryl Quarles
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Zhousheng Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - John A Capra
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Zugen Chen
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - William L Taylor
- Molecular Resource Center, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Lisa Bastarache
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Xinnan Niu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Division of Biostatistics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Daniel C Ciobanu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.,Animal Science Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, USA
| | - Alexander O Reznik
- Joint Institute for Computational Sciences, University of Tennessee-Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Artem V Tishkov
- Joint Institute for Computational Sciences, University of Tennessee-Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Igor B Zhulin
- Joint Institute for Computational Sciences, University of Tennessee-Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Junmin Peng
- St Jude Proteomics Facility, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - Stanley F Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Joshua C Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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23
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Urquhart KR, Zhao Y, Baker JA, Lu Y, Yan L, Cook MN, Jones BC, Hamre KM, Lu L. A novel heat shock protein alpha 8 (Hspa8) molecular network mediating responses to stress- and ethanol-related behaviors. Neurogenetics 2016; 17:91-105. [PMID: 26780340 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-015-0470-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetic differences mediate individual differences in susceptibility and responses to stress and ethanol, although, the specific molecular pathways that control these responses are not fully understood. Heat shock protein alpha 8 (Hspa8) is a molecular chaperone and member of the heat shock protein family that plays an integral role in the stress response and that has been implicated as an ethanol-responsive gene. Therefore, we assessed its role in mediating responses to stress and ethanol across varying genetic backgrounds. The hippocampus is an important mediator of these responses, and thus, was examined in the BXD family of mice in this study. We conducted bioinformatic analyses to dissect genetic factors modulating Hspa8 expression, identify downstream targets of Hspa8, and examined its role. Hspa8 is trans-regulated by a gene or genes on chromosome 14 and is part of a molecular network that regulates stress- and ethanol-related behaviors. To determine additional components of this network, we identified direct or indirect targets of Hspa8 and show that these genes, as predicted, participate in processes such as protein folding and organic substance metabolic processes. Two phenotypes that map to the Hspa8 locus are anxiety-related and numerous other anxiety- and/or ethanol-related behaviors significantly correlate with Hspa8 expression. To more directly assay this relationship, we examined differences in gene expression following exposure to stress or alcohol and showed treatment-related differential expression of Hspa8 and a subset of the members of its network. Our findings suggest that Hspa8 plays a vital role in genetic differences in responses to stress and ethanol and their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Urquhart
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Yinghong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jessica A Baker
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Ye Lu
- The International Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Melloni N Cook
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Byron C Jones
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Kristin M Hamre
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA. .,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China.
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24
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Schaufler J, Ronovsky M, Savalli G, Cabatic M, Sartori SB, Singewald N, Pollak DD. Fluoxetine normalizes disrupted light-induced entrainment, fragmented ultradian rhythms and altered hippocampal clock gene expression in an animal model of high trait anxiety- and depression-related behavior. Ann Med 2016; 48:17-27. [PMID: 26679264 PMCID: PMC4819589 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2015.1122216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disturbances of circadian rhythms are a key symptom of mood and anxiety disorders. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - commonly used antidepressant drugs - also modulate aspects of circadian rhythmicity. However, their potential to restore circadian disturbances in depression remains to be investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of the SSRI fluoxetine on genetically based, depression-related circadian disruptions at the behavioral and molecular level were examined using mice selectively bred for high anxiety-related and co-segregating depression-like behavior (HAB) and normal anxiety/depression behavior mice (NAB). RESULTS The length of the circadian period was increased in fluoxetine-treated HAB as compared to NAB mice while the number of activity bouts and light-induced entrainment were comparable. No difference in hippocampal Cry2 expression, previously reported to be dysbalanced in untreated HAB mice, was observed, while Per2 and Per3 mRNA levels were higher in HAB mice under fluoxetine treatment. DISCUSSION The present findings provide evidence that fluoxetine treatment normalizes disrupted circadian locomotor activity and clock gene expression in a genetic mouse model of high trait anxiety and depression. An interaction between the molecular mechanisms mediating the antidepressant response to fluoxetine and the endogenous regulation of circadian rhythms in genetically based mood and anxiety disorders is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schaufler
- a Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology , Center for Pharmacology and Physiology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Marianne Ronovsky
- a Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology , Center for Pharmacology and Physiology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Giorgia Savalli
- a Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology , Center for Pharmacology and Physiology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Maureen Cabatic
- a Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology , Center for Pharmacology and Physiology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Simone B Sartori
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck , Innsbruck , Austria
| | - Daniela D Pollak
- a Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology , Center for Pharmacology and Physiology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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25
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Udoh US, Valcin JA, Gamble KL, Bailey SM. The Molecular Circadian Clock and Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2504-37. [PMID: 26473939 PMCID: PMC4693245 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence from both experimental animal studies and clinical human investigations demonstrates strong connections among circadian processes, alcohol use, and alcohol-induced tissue injury. Components of the circadian clock have been shown to influence the pathophysiological effects of alcohol. Conversely, alcohol may alter the expression of circadian clock genes and the rhythmic behavioral and metabolic processes they regulate. Therefore, we propose that alcohol-mediated disruption in circadian rhythms likely underpins many adverse health effects of alcohol that cut across multiple organ systems. In this review, we provide an overview of the circadian clock mechanism and showcase results from new studies in the alcohol field implicating the circadian clock as a key target of alcohol action and toxicity in the liver. We discuss various molecular events through which alcohol may work to negatively impact circadian clock-mediated processes in the liver, and contribute to tissue pathology. Illuminating the mechanistic connections between the circadian clock and alcohol will be critical to the development of new preventative and pharmacological treatments for alcohol use disorders and alcohol-mediated organ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uduak S Udoh
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Valcin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Karen L Gamble
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Shannon M Bailey
- Department of Pathology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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Nascimento NF, Carlson KN, Amaral DN, Logan RW, Seggio JA. Alcohol and lithium have opposing effects on the period and phase of the behavioral free-running activity rhythm. Alcohol 2015; 49:367-76. [PMID: 25850902 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar patients have a high prevalence of comorbid alcohol use and abuse disorders, while chronic alcohol drinking may increase the presence and severity of certain symptoms of bipolar disorder. As such, there may be many individuals that are prescribed lithium to alleviate the manic symptoms of bipolar disorder, but also drink alcohol concurrently. In addition, both alcoholics and individuals with bipolar disorder often exhibit disruptions to their sleep-wake cycles and other circadian rhythms. Interestingly, both ethanol and lithium are known to alter both the period and the phase of free-running rhythms in mammals. While lithium is known to lengthen the period, ethanol seems to shorten the period and attenuate the responses to acute light pulses. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether ethanol and lithium have opposing effects on the circadian pacemaker when administered together. C57BL/6J mice were provided drinking solutions containing lithium, alcohol, or both, and their free-running rhythms along with their response to photic phase shifts were investigated. Mice treated with lithium displayed period lengthening, which was almost completely negated when ethanol was added. Moreover, ethanol significantly attenuated light-induced phase delays while the addition of lithium partially restored this response. These results indicate that alcohol and lithium have opposing effects on behavioral circadian rhythms. Individuals with bipolar disorder who are prescribed lithium and who drink alcohol might be inadvertently altering their sleep and circadian cycles, which may exacerbate their symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara F Nascimento
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Karen N Carlson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Danielle N Amaral
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA
| | - Ryan W Logan
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Suite 223, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Joseph A Seggio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, 24 Park Ave., Bridgewater, MA 02325, USA.
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Perreau-Lenz S, Spanagel R. Clock genes × stress × reward interactions in alcohol and substance use disorders. Alcohol 2015; 49:351-7. [PMID: 25943583 PMCID: PMC4457607 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adverse life events and highly stressful environments have deleterious consequences for mental health. Those environmental factors can potentiate alcohol and drug abuse in vulnerable individuals carrying specific genetic risk factors, hence producing the final risk for alcohol- and substance-use disorders development. The nature of these genes remains to be fully determined, but studies indicate their direct or indirect relation to the stress hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and/or reward systems. Over the past decade, clock genes have been revealed to be key-players in influencing acute and chronic alcohol/drug effects. In parallel, the influence of chronic stress and stressful life events in promoting alcohol and substance use and abuse has been demonstrated. Furthermore, the reciprocal interaction of clock genes with various HPA-axis components, as well as the evidence for an implication of clock genes in stress-induced alcohol abuse, have led to the idea that clock genes, and Period genes in particular, may represent key genetic factors to consider when examining gene × environment interaction in the etiology of addiction. The aim of the present review is to summarize findings linking clock genes, stress, and alcohol and substance abuse, and to propose potential underlying neurobiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Perreau-Lenz
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute for Mental Health, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; SRI International, Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | - Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute for Mental Health, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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28
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Cook MN, Baker JA, Heldt SA, Williams RW, Hamre KM, Lu L. Identification of candidate genes that underlie the QTL on chromosome 1 that mediates genetic differences in stress-ethanol interactions. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:308-17. [PMID: 25991709 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00114.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism, stress, and anxiety are strongly interacting heritable, polygenetic traits. In a previous study, we identified a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on murine chromosome (Chr) 1 between 23.0 and 31.5 Mb that modulates genetic differences in the effects of ethanol on anxiety-related phenotypes. The goal of the present study was to extend the analysis of this locus with a focus on identifying candidate genes using newly available data and tools. Anxiety-like behavior was evaluated with an elevated zero maze following saline or ethanol injections (1.8 g/kg) in C57BL/6J, DBA2J, and 72 BXD strains. We detected significant effects of strain and treatment and their interaction on anxiety-related behaviors, although surprisingly, sex was not a significant factor. The Chr1 QTL is specific to the ethanol-treated cohort. Candidate genes in this locus were evaluated using now standard bioinformatic criteria. Collagen 19a1 (Col19a1) and family sequence 135a (Fam135a) met most criteria but have lower expression levels and lacked biological verification and, therefore, were considered less likely candidates. In contrast, two other genes, the prenylated protein tyrosine phosphate family member Ptp4a1 (protein tyrosine phosphate 4a1) and the zinc finger protein Phf3 (plant homeoDomain finger protein 3) met each of our bioinformatic criteria and are thus strong candidates. These findings are also of translational relevance because both Ptp4a1 and Phf3 have been nominated as candidates genes for alcohol dependence in a human genome-wide association study. Our findings support the hypothesis that variants in one or both of these genes modulate heritable differences in the effects of ethanol on anxiety-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melloni N Cook
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jessica A Baker
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Department of Neuroscience, Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Scott A Heldt
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Kristin M Hamre
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, Nantong, China; and
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González-Giraldo Y, González-Reyes RE, Mueller ST, Piper BJ, Adan A, Forero DA. Differences in planning performance, a neurocognitive endophenotype, are associated with a functional variant in PER3 gene. Chronobiol Int 2015; 32:591-5. [PMID: 25798540 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1014096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Performance alterations in executive function have been studied as potential endophenotypes for several neuropsychiatric diseases. Planning is an important component of executive function and has been shown to be affected in diseases such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder and Parkinson's disease. Several genes related to dopaminergic systems, such as COMT, have been explored as candidates for influencing planning performance. The circadian clock gene PERIOD3 (PER3) has been shown to be associated with several complex behaviors in humans and could be involved in different signaling mechanisms. In this study, we evaluated the possible association between a functional polymorphism in the PER3 gene (PER3-VNTR, rs57875989) and performance in a commonly used test of planning (Tower of London, TOL) in 229 healthy subjects from Bogotá, Colombia. PER3-VNTR genotyping was carried out with conventional PCR and all participants completed the TOL test using the computerized Psychology Experiment Building Language (PEBL) battery. A linear regression model was used for the analysis of association with the SNPStats program. We found that 4/4 genotype carriers showed a better performance and made fewer moves, in comparison to 4/5 and 5/5 genotype carriers (p = 0.003). These results appear to be independent from effects of this polymorphism on self-reported average hours of sleep during work days in our sample. This is the first evidence of an association between PER3-VNTR and planning performance in a sample of healthy subjects and our results are consistent from previous findings for alterations in other cognitive domains. Future studies examining additional genes could lead to the identification of novel molecular underpinnings of planning in healthy subjects and in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeimy González-Giraldo
- Laboratory of NeuroPsychiatric Genetics, Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Medicine, Universidad Antonio Nariño , Bogotá , Colombia
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30
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Gamsby JJ, Gulick D. Chronic shifts in the length and phase of the light cycle increase intermittent alcohol drinking in C57BL/6J mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:9. [PMID: 25691862 PMCID: PMC4315044 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Shift workers—e.g., health care professionals, truck drivers, and factory workers—are forced to maintain daily cycles at odds with their natural circadian rhythms and as a consequence need to frequently readjust these cycles. This shift work-induced circadian desynchrony (CD) is associated with increased sleep disorders and with alcohol abuse. Nonetheless, it has proven difficult to model CD-induced changes in alcohol consumption in mouse models, which is an important step toward identifying the mechanisms by which CD increases alcohol intake. This study examined whether frequent changes in the light cycle could increase free access alcohol intake in a mouse line that readily consumes alcohol. Methods: Free access alcohol intake, water intake, and wheel-running activity patterns of male C57BL/6J mice were measured while the mice were maintained on a normal 12HR photoperiod for baseline data for 2 weeks. The mice were then exposed to an alternating photoperiod of 12 h and 18 h, with light onset advanced 8 h during the 18HR photoperiod. The photoperiods rotated every 3 days, for 21 days total. Results: The repeated pattern of phase advances and delays, with a concurrent change in the length of the photoperiod, shifted mice to a pattern of intermittent alcohol drinking without altering water intake. Wheel running activity demonstrated that mice were unable to reset their behavioral clocks during CD, showing constant, low-level activity with no peak in activity at the start of the dark phase and greater activity during the morning light phase. Conclusion: It is possible to model CD effects on alcohol intake in C57BL/6J mice using a pattern of phase shifts and changes in the photoperiod. Using this model, we demonstrate that mice begin intermittent drinking during CD, and this increase in alcohol intake does not correlate with an increase in overall activity or in overall fluid intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Gamsby
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida Health Tampa, FL, USA ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Danielle Gulick
- Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida Health Tampa, FL, USA ; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
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31
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Landgraf D, McCarthy MJ, Welsh DK. Circadian clock and stress interactions in the molecular biology of psychiatric disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2014; 16:483. [PMID: 25135782 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-014-0483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Many psychiatric disorders are characterized by circadian rhythm abnormalities, including disturbed sleep/wake cycles, changes in locomotor activity, and abnormal endocrine function. Animal models with mutations in circadian "clock genes" commonly show disturbances in reward processing, locomotor activity and novelty seeking behaviors, further supporting the idea of a connection between the circadian clock and psychiatric disorders. However, if circadian clock dysfunction is a common risk factor for multiple psychiatric disorders, it is unknown if and how these putative clock abnormalities could be expressed differently, and contribute to multiple, distinct phenotypes. One possible explanation is that the circadian clock modulates the biological responses to stressful environmental factors that vary with an individual's experience. It is known that the circadian clock and the stress response systems are closely related: Circadian clock genes regulate the physiological sensitivity to and rhythmic release of glucocorticoids (GC). In turn, GCs have reciprocal effects on the clock. Since stressful life events or increased vulnerability to stress are risk factors for multiple psychiatric disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), alcohol use disorder (AUD) and schizophrenia (SCZ), we propose that modulation of the stress response is a common mechanism by which circadian clock genes affect these illnesses. Presently, we review how molecular components of the circadian clock may contribute to these six psychiatric disorders, and present the hypothesis that modulation of the stress response may constitute a common mechanism by which the circadian clock affects multiple psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Landgraf
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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32
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Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUD) are common and individuals who suffer from them are prone to relapse. One of the most common consequences of the use of and withdrawal from substances of abuse is sleep disturbance. Substances of abuse affect sleep physiology, including the neurotransmitter systems that regulate the sleep-wake system. Emerging research now highlights an interactive effect between sleep disorders and substance use. New findings in alcohol and sleep research have utilized sophisticated research designs and expanded the scope of EEG and circadian rhythm analyses. Research on marijuana and sleep has progressed with findings on the effects of marijuana withdrawal on objective and subjective measures of sleep. Treatment studies have focused primarily on sleep in alcohol use disorders. Therapies for insomnia in cannabis disorders are needed. Future research is poised to further address mechanisms of sleep disturbance in alcoholics and the effect of medical marijuana on sleep and daytime functioning.
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Ruby CL, Vadnie CA, Hinton DJ, Abulseoud OA, Walker DL, O'Connor KM, Noterman MF, Choi DS. Adenosinergic regulation of striatal clock gene expression and ethanol intake during constant light. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2432-40. [PMID: 24755889 PMCID: PMC4138755 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm and sleep disruptions occur frequently in individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUD) and present significant barriers to treatment. Recently, a variant of adenosine transporter, equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1), was associated with the co-occurrence of sleep problems and AUD. We have previously shown that mice lacking ENT1 (ENT1 KO) have reduced adenosine levels in the striatum and drink more alcohol compared with wild types (WT). However, it is unknown whether ENT1 deletion disrupts circadian rhythms, which may contribute to alcohol preference in ENT1 KO mice. Here we used these mice to determine whether endogenous adenosine regulates circadian genetic and behavioral rhythms and influences alcohol intake during chronodisruption. We examined circadian locomotor activity in ENT1 KO vs WT littermates and found that ENT1 KO mice were both active earlier and hyperactive compared with WT mice at night. We used real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry to estimate striatal clock gene levels and found that PER2 expression in the striatum was blunted by ENT1 deletion or A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonism. Next, we exposed ENT1 KO and WT mice to constant light (LL) and found further elevation in ethanol intake in ENT1 KO, but not in WT mice, supporting the notion that circadian dysfunction may contribute to increased alcohol intake in ENT1 KO mice. Finally, we showed that A2AR agonist administration normalized PER1 and PER2 expression and circadian locomotor activity in ENT1 KO mice. Together, our results demonstrate that adenosine signaling regulates cellular and behavioral circadian timing and influences alcohol intake during chronodisruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Ruby
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, USA
| | - Chelsea A Vadnie
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David J Hinton
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Osama A Abulseoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Denise L Walker
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Katheryn M O'Connor
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria F Noterman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, Tel: +1 507 284 5602, Fax: +1 507 266 0824, E-mail:
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Logan RW, Williams WP, McClung CA. Circadian rhythms and addiction: mechanistic insights and future directions. Behav Neurosci 2014; 128:387-412. [PMID: 24731209 DOI: 10.1037/a0036268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are prominent in many physiological and behavioral functions. Circadian disruptions either by environmental or molecular perturbation can have profound health consequences, including the development and progression of addiction. Both animal and humans studies indicate extensive bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and drugs of abuse. Addicted individuals display disrupted rhythms, and chronic disruption or particular chronotypes may increase the risk for substance abuse and relapse. Moreover, polymorphisms in circadian genes and an evening chronotype have been linked to mood and addiction disorders, and recent efforts suggest an association with the function of reward neurocircuitry. Animal studies are beginning to determine how altered circadian gene function results in drug-induced neuroplasticity and behaviors. Many studies suggest a critical role for circadian rhythms in reward-related pathways in the brain and indicate that drugs of abuse directly affect the central circadian pacemaker. In this review, we highlight key findings demonstrating the importance of circadian rhythms in addiction and how future studies will reveal important mechanistic insights into the involvement of circadian rhythms in drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Logan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Wilbur P Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Colleen A McClung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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Spanagel R, Noori HR, Heilig M. Stress and alcohol interactions: animal studies and clinical significance. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:219-27. [PMID: 24636458 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol is frequently consumed for stress relief, but the individual determinants and the temporal course of stress-induced alcohol use are not well understood. Preclinical studies may help shed light on these factors. We synthesize here the findings from numerous rodent studies of stress and alcohol interactions. Stress-induced alcohol consumption is age-dependent, has a high genetic load, and results from an interaction of the stress and reward systems. Specifically, glucocorticoids, acting within the nucleus accumbens (NAc), are important mediators of this stress-induced alcohol intake. In addition, increased activation of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) system within the extended amygdala appears to mediate stress-induced relapse. Finally, these preclinical studies have helped to identify several attractive targets for novel treatments of alcohol abuse and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hamid R Noori
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health (CIMH), University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus Heilig
- Laboratory of Clinical and Translational Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Bethesda, USA
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36
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Crabbe JC. Rodent models of genetic contributions to motivation to abuse alcohol. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION. NEBRASKA SYMPOSIUM ON MOTIVATION 2014; 61:5-29. [PMID: 25306777 PMCID: PMC4988659 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0653-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In summary, there are remarkably few studies focused on the genetic contributions to alcohol's reinforcing values. Almost all such studies examine the two-bottle preference test. Despite the deficiencies I have raised in its interpretation, a rodent genotype's willingness to drink ethanol when water is freely available offers a reasonable aggregate estimate of alcohol's reinforcing value relative to other genotypes (Green and Grahame 2008). As indicated above, however, preference drinking studies will likely never avoid the confounding role of taste preferences and most often yield intake levels not sufficient to yield a pharmacologically significant BAL. Thus, the quest for improved measures of reinforcing value continues. Of the potential motivational factors considered by McClearn in his seminal review in this series, we can safely conclude that rodent alcohol drinking is not primarily directed at obtaining calories. The role of taste (and odor) remains a challenge. McClearn appears to have been correct that especially those genotypes that avoid alcohol are probably doing so based on preingestive sensory cues; however, postingestive consequences are also important. Cunningham's intragastric model shows the role of both preingestional and postingestional modulating factors for the best known examples, the usually nearly absolutely alcohol-avoiding DBA/2J and HAP-2 mice. Much subsequent data reinforce McClearn's earlier conclusion that C57BL/6J mice, at least, do not regulate their intake around a given self-administered dose of alcohol by adjusting their intake. This leaves us with the puzzle of why nearly all genotypes, even those directionally selectively bred for high voluntary intake for many generations, fail to self-administer intoxicating amounts of alcohol. Since McClearn's review, many ingenious assays to index alcohol's motivational effects have been used extensively, and new methods for inducing dependence have supplanted the older ones prevalent in 1968. I have tried to identify promising areas where the power of genetics could be fruitfully harvested and generally feel that we have a much more clear idea now about some important experiments remaining to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Crabbe
- Portland Alcohol Research Center, Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, and VA Medical Center (R&D 12), 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, Oregon 97239 USA, Phone: 503-273-5298, FAX: 503-721-1029
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37
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Spanagel R. Convergent functional genomics in addiction research - a translational approach to study candidate genes and gene networks. In Silico Pharmacol 2013; 1:18. [PMID: 25505662 PMCID: PMC4230431 DOI: 10.1186/2193-9616-1-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Convergent functional genomics (CFG) is a translational methodology that integrates in a Bayesian fashion multiple lines of evidence from studies in human and animal models to get a better understanding of the genetics of a disease or pathological behavior. Here the integration of data sets that derive from forward genetics in animals and genetic association studies including genome wide association studies (GWAS) in humans is described for addictive behavior. The aim of forward genetics in animals and association studies in humans is to identify mutations (e.g. SNPs) that produce a certain phenotype; i.e. "from phenotype to genotype". Most powerful in terms of forward genetics is combined quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis and gene expression profiling in recombinant inbreed rodent lines or genetically selected animals for a specific phenotype, e.g. high vs. low drug consumption. By Bayesian scoring genomic information from forward genetics in animals is then combined with human GWAS data on a similar addiction-relevant phenotype. This integrative approach generates a robust candidate gene list that has to be functionally validated by means of reverse genetics in animals; i.e. "from genotype to phenotype". It is proposed that studying addiction relevant phenotypes and endophenotypes by this CFG approach will allow a better determination of the genetics of addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Spanagel
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
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38
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Chesler EJ. Out of the bottleneck: the Diversity Outcross and Collaborative Cross mouse populations in behavioral genetics research. Mamm Genome 2013; 25:3-11. [PMID: 24272351 PMCID: PMC3916706 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-013-9492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The historical origins of classical laboratory mouse strains have led to a relatively limited range of genetic and phenotypic variation, particularly for the study of behavior. Many recent efforts have resulted in improved diversity and precision of mouse genetic resources for behavioral research, including the Collaborative Cross and Diversity Outcross population. These two populations, derived from an eight way cross of common and wild-derived strains, have high precision and allelic diversity. Behavioral variation in the population is expanded, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Variation that had once been canalized among the various inbred lines has been made amenable to genetic dissection. The genetic attributes of these complementary populations, along with advances in genetic and genomic technologies, makes a systems genetic analyses of behavior more readily tractable, enabling discovery of a greater range of neurobiological phenomena underlying behavioral variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa J Chesler
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA,
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39
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Armario A, Nadal R. Individual differences and the characterization of animal models of psychopathology: a strong challenge and a good opportunity. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:137. [PMID: 24265618 PMCID: PMC3821037 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of valuable new techniques (i.e., genetics, neuroimage) for the study of the neurobiological substrate of psychiatric diseases, there are strong limitations in the information that can be gathered from human studies. It is thus critical to develop appropriate animal models of psychiatric diseases to characterize their putative biological bases and the development of new therapeutic strategies. The present review tries to offer a general perspective and several examples of how individual differences in animals can contribute to explain differential susceptibility to develop behavioral alterations, but also emphasizes methodological problems that can lead to inappropriate or over-simplistic interpretations. A critical analysis of the approaches currently used could contribute to obtain more reliable data and allow taking full advantage of new and sophisticated technologies. The discussion is mainly focused on anxiety-like and to a lower extent on depression-like behavior in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Armario
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain ; Unitat de Fisiologia Animal, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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De Bundel D, Gangarossa G, Biever A, Bonnefont X, Valjent E. Cognitive dysfunction, elevated anxiety, and reduced cocaine response in circadian clock-deficient cryptochrome knockout mice. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:152. [PMID: 24187535 PMCID: PMC3807562 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock comprises a set of genes involved in cell-autonomous transcriptional feedback loops that orchestrate the expression of a range of downstream genes, driving circadian patterns of behavior. Cognitive dysfunction, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse disorders have been associated with disruptions in circadian rhythm and circadian clock genes, but the causal relationship of these associations is still poorly understood. In the present study, we investigate the effect of genetic disruption of the circadian clock, through deletion of both paralogs of the core gene cryptochrome (Cry1 and Cry2). Mice lacking Cry1 and Cry2 (Cry1(-/-)Cry2(-/-) ) displayed attenuated dark phase and novelty-induced locomotor activity. Moreover, they showed impaired recognition memory but intact fear memory. Depression-related behaviors in the forced swim test or sucrose preference tests were unaffected but Cry1(-/-)Cry2(-/-) mice displayed increased anxiety in the open field and elevated plus maze tests. Finally, hyperlocomotion and striatal phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) induced by a single cocaine administration are strongly reduced in Cry1(-/-)Cry2(-/-) mice. Interestingly, only some behavioral measures were affected in mice lacking either Cry1 or Cry2. Notably, recognition memory was impaired in both Cry1(-/-)Cry2(+/+) and Cry1(+/+)Cry2(-/-) mice. Moreover, we further observed elevated anxiety in Cry1(-/-)Cry2(+/+) and Cry1(+/+)Cry2(-/-) mice. Our data indicate that beyond their role in the control of circadian rhythm, cryptochrome genes have a direct influence in cognitive function, anxiety-related behaviors and sensitivity to psychostimulant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri De Bundel
- CNRS, UMR-5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle Montpellier, France ; INSERM, U661 Montpellier, France ; Universités de Montpellier 1 and 2, UMR-5203 Montpellier, France
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Abstract
Chronic consumption of a large amount of alcohol disrupts the communication between nervous, endocrine, and immune system and causes hormonal disturbances that lead to profound and serious consequences at physiologic and behavioral levels. These alcohol-induced hormonal dysregulations affect the entire body and can result in various disorders such as stress abnormalities, reproductive deficits, body growth defect, thyroid problems, immune dysfunction, cancers, bone disease, and psychological and behavioral disorders. This review summarizes the findings from human and animal studies that provide consistent evidence on the various effects of alcohol abuse on the endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Rachdaoui
- Nadia Rachdaoui, Ph.D., Rutgers Endocrine Research Program. Department of Animal Sciences Rutgers University, 67 Poultry Farm Lane, New Brunswick, NJ 08901,
| | - Dipak K. Sarkar
- Dipak K. Sarkar, Ph.D., D. Phil., Rutgers Endocrine Research Program. Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers University, 67 Poultry Farm Lane, New Brunswick, NJ 08901,
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Gamsby JJ, Templeton EL, Bonvini LA, Wang W, Loros JJ, Dunlap JC, Green AI, Gulick D. The circadian Per1 and Per2 genes influence alcohol intake, reinforcement, and blood alcohol levels. Behav Brain Res 2013; 249:15-21. [PMID: 23608482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perturbations in the function of core circadian clock components such as the Period (Per) family of genes are associated with alcohol use disorder, and disruptions in circadian cycles may contribute to alcohol abuse and relapse. This study tested ethanol consumption, reinforcement, and metabolism in mice containing functional mutations in Per1 and/or Per2 genes on an ethanol-preferring background, C57BL/6J mice. METHODS Mice were tested in: (A) free-access intake with ascending concentrations of ethanol (2-16%, v/v), (B) conditioned place preference using ethanol (2g/kg for males; 2.5g/kg for females) vs. saline injections, (C) recovery of the righting reflex following a 4g/kg bolus of ethanol, and (D) blood ethanol levels 1h after a 2g/kg bolus of ethanol. RESULTS All Per mutant (mPer) mice showed increased ethanol intake and condition place preference compared to controls. There were also genotypic differences in blood ethanol concentration: in males, only mPer1 mice showed a significantly higher blood ethanol concentration than WT mice, but in females, all mPer mice showed higher blood ethanol levels than WT mice. CONCLUSIONS Mutation of either Per1 or Per2, as well as mutations of both genes, increases ethanol intake and reinforcement in an ethanol-preferring mouse model. In addition, this increase in ethanol seeking behavior seems to result both from a change in ethanol metabolism and a change in reward responding to ethanol, but not from any change in sensitivity to ethanol's sedating effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Gamsby
- Department of Genetics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, United States
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McCarthy MJ, Fernandes M, Kranzler HR, Covault JM, Welsh DK. Circadian clock period inversely correlates with illness severity in cells from patients with alcohol use disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2013; 37:1304-10. [PMID: 23550834 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and genetic studies suggest circadian clock genes may contribute to biological mechanisms underlying alcohol use disorders (AUD). In particular, the Per2 gene regulates alcohol consumption in mutant animals, and in humans with AUD, the 10870 variant in PER2 has been associated with alcohol consumption. However, with respect to function, the molecular clock remains largely uncharacterized in AUD patients. METHODS In skin fibroblast cultures from well-characterized human AUD patients (n = 19) and controls (n = 13), we used a bioluminescent reporter gene (Per2::luc) to measure circadian rhythms in gene expression at high sampling density for 5 days. Cells were genotyped for the PER2 10870 variant. The rhythm parameters period and amplitude were then analyzed using a case-control design and by genetic and clinical characteristics of the AUD subjects. RESULTS There were no differences between AUD cases and controls in rhythm parameters. However, period was inversely correlated with illness severity (defined as the number of alcohol dependence criteria met). The PER2 variant 10870 was not associated with differences in rhythm parameters. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that differences in the cellular circadian clock are not pronounced in fibroblasts from AUD cases and controls. However, we found evidence that the circadian clock may be associated with an altered trajectory of AUD, possibly related to illness severity. Future work will be required to determine the mechanistic basis of this association.
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Abstract
Circadian clocks are present in nearly all tissues of an organism, including the brain. The brain is not only the site of the master coordinator of circadian rhythms located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) but also contains SCN-independent oscillators that regulate various functions such as feeding and mood-related behavior. Understanding how clocks receive and integrate environmental information and in turn control physiology under normal conditions is of importance because chronic disturbance of circadian rhythmicity can lead to serious health problems. Genetic modifications leading to disruption of normal circadian gene functions have been linked to a variety of psychiatric conditions including depression, seasonal affective disorder, eating disorders, alcohol dependence, and addiction. It appears that clock genes play an important role in limbic regions of the brain and influence the development of drug addiction. Furthermore, analyses of clock gene polymorphisms in diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) suggest a direct or indirect influence of circadian clock genes on brain function. In this chapter, I will present evidence for a circadian basis of mood disorders and then discuss the involvement of clock genes in such disorders. The relationship between metabolism and mood disorders is highlighted followed by a discussion of how mood disorders may be treated by changing the circadian cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Albrecht
- Department of Biology, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Switzerland.
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