1
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Sreedharan R, Gandhi T. Masters of Mediation: MN(SiMe 3) 2 in Functionalization of C(sp 3)-H Latent Nucleophiles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400435. [PMID: 38497321 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Organoalkali compounds have undergone a far-reaching transformation being a coupling partner to a mediator in unusual organic conversions which finds its spot in the field of sustainable synthesis. Transition-metal catalysis has always been the priority in C(sp3)-H bond functionalization, however alternatively, in recent times this has been seriously challenged by earth-abundant alkali metals and their complexes arriving at new sustainable organometallic reagents. In this line, the importance of MN(SiMe3)2 (M=Li, Na, K & Cs) reagent revived in C(sp3)-H bond functionalization over recent years in organic synthesis is showcased in this minireview. MN(SiMe3)2 reagent with higher reactivity, enhanced stability, and bespoke cation-π interaction have shown eye-opening mediated processes such as C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling, radical-radical cross-coupling, aminobenzylation, annulation, aroylation, and other transformations to utilize readily available petrochemical feedstocks. This article also emphasizes the unusual reactivity of MN(SiMe3)2 reagent in unreactive and robust C-X (X=O, N, F, C) bond cleavage reactions that occurred alongside the C(sp3)-H bond functionalization. Overall, this review encourages the community to exploit the untapped potential of MN(SiMe3)2 reagent and also inspires them to take up this subject to even greater heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramdas Sreedharan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thirumanavelan Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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2
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Davison N, Hemingway JM, Waddell PG, Lu E. Lithium, sodium and potassium enolate aggregates and monomers: syntheses and structures. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4719-4728. [PMID: 38362928 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00211c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In this Article, we report the syntheses and comparative structural studies of lithium, sodium, and potassium anthracen-9-yl enolates, as their aggregates (Li, Na: hexamer; K: tetramer) and ligand-stabilized monomers (for Li and Na). The monomers add new members to the rare collection of group-1 metal monomeric enolates. Moreover, the series covers different group-1 metal cations (Li+, Na+ and K+) and aggregate sizes, allowing comparative structural studies to elucidate how the metal identity and aggregate size influence the enolate structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Davison
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Jack M Hemingway
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Paul G Waddell
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - Erli Lu
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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3
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Wacker J, Lynch JR, Banerjee S, Macdonald PA, Kennedy AR, Sarkar B, Mulvey RE. Isolable rubidium and caesium derivatives of common organic carbonyl compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:91-94. [PMID: 38019118 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05527b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Light alkali metal (Li, Na, K) amides have a long history of synthetic utility, but heavier (Rb, Cs) congeners have barely been studied. This study reveals remarkable structurally complex outcomes of reacting AM(HMDS) (AM = Rb, Cs; HMDS = hexamethyldisilazide) with benzaldehyde and acetophenone. Though complicated, reactions give a diversity of eye-catching isolated products, an enolate with a hexagonal prismatic network, two dienolates with distinct extended ladder motifs, and two β-imino-alkoxides comprising zig-zag chains of metal-oxygen bonds in infinite cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakoba Wacker
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Jennifer R Lynch
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Sumanta Banerjee
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Peter A Macdonald
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Robert E Mulvey
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
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4
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Structural Characterization of the 1-Metallo-2-t-Butyl-1,2-Dihydropyridyl Rubidium and Caesium Complexes. Polyhedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2023.116302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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5
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Ballmann GM, Gentner TX, Kennedy AR, Hevia E, Mulvey RE. Heavy Alkali Metal Manganate Complexes: Synthesis, Structures and Solvent-Induced Dissociation Effects. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201716. [PMID: 35775467 PMCID: PMC9804227 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rare examples of heavier alkali metal manganates [{(AM)Mn(CH2 SiMe3 )(N'Ar )2 }∞ ] (AM=K, Rb, or Cs) [N'Ar =N(SiMe3 )(Dipp), where Dipp=2,6-iPr2 -C6 H3 ] have been synthesised with the Rb and Cs examples crystallographically characterised. These heaviest manganates crystallise as polymeric zig-zag chains propagated by AM⋅⋅⋅π-arene interactions. Key to their preparation is to avoid Lewis base donor solvents. In contrast, using multidentate nitrogen donors encourages ligand scrambling leading to redistribution of these bimetallic manganate compounds into their corresponding homometallic species as witnessed for the complete Li - Cs series. Adding to the few known crystallographically characterised unsolvated and solvated rubidium and caesium s-block metal amides, six new derivatives ([{AM(N'Ar )}∞ ], [{AM(N'Ar )⋅TMEDA}∞ ], and [{AM(N'Ar )⋅PMDETA}∞ ] where AM=Rb or Cs) have been structurally authenticated. Utilising monodentate diethyl ether as a donor, it was also possible to isolate and crystallographically characterise sodium manganate [(Et2 O)2 Na(n Bu)Mn[(N'Ar )2 ], a monomeric, dinuclear structure prevented from aggregating by two blocking ether ligands bound to sodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd M. Ballmann
- WestCHEMDepartment of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Thomas X. Gentner
- WestCHEMDepartment of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEMDepartment of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und BiochemieUniversität BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- WestCHEMDepartment of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
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6
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Mulvey RE, Lynch JR, Kennedy AR, Barker J, Reid J. Crystallographic Characterisation of Organolithium and Organomagnesium Intermediates in Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones. Helv Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Mulvey
- University of Strathclyde Pure and Applied Chemistry 295 Cathedral Street G1 1XL Glasgow UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Alan R. Kennedy
- University of Strathclyde Pure and Applied Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Jim Barker
- Innospec Ltd Research and Technology UNITED KINGDOM
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Chlupatý T, Růžičková Z, Kampová H, Merna J, Růžička A. Lithium, Magnesium, and Zinc Centers N,N'-Chelated by an Amine-Amide Hybrid Ligand. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9392-9404. [PMID: 35706334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and structure of lithium, magnesium, and zinc complexes N,N'-chelated by a hybrid amine-amido ligand ([2-(Me2NCH2)C6H4NR]-, abbreviated as LNR, where R = H, SiMe3, or Bn) are reported. The reaction of the least sterically demanding LNH with various magnesium sources gives the hexameric imide [LNMg]6 (4) by the elimination of n-butane from LNHMgnBu (2) or by the reaction of LNHLi (1) with MeMgBr. [LNH]2Mg (3) is obtained through the addition of 0.5 equiv of nBu2Mg or Mg[N(SiMe3)2]2 to LNH2 and with 1 equiv of nBu2Mg reacting to 2. Both LNHMgN(SiMe3)2 (6) and isostructural LNHZnN(SiMe3)2 (16) have been prepared using two different approaches: monodeprotonation of LNH2 by Zn/Mg[N(SiMe3)2]2 in a 1:1 ratio or ligand substitution of 2 or LNHZnEt (12) by 0.5 equiv of Sn[N(SiMe3)2]2. The reactions of 2 or 3 with 1 provide the heterotrimetallic complex [LNH]4Li2Mg (5). Benzyl- or trimethylsilyl-substituted anilines [LN(SiMe3)H (7) and LN(Bn)H (8)] with 0.5 equiv of nBu2Mg allow the formation of homoleptic bis(amides) of the [LN(R)]2Mg type (10 and 11). Nevertheless, only the silylated secondary amine 7 is able to provide the heteroleptic n-butylmagnesium amide LN(SiMe3)MgnBu (9) upon reaction with an equimolar amount of nBu2Mg. Similarly, 12, [LNH]2Zn (13), LN(R)ZnEt (17 and 18), and [LN(R)]2Zn [R = SiMe3 (19) and Bn (20)] were prepared by the monodeprotonation of LNH2 or LN(R)H using Et2Zn in the corresponding stoichiometric ratio. LNHZnI was prepared by the nucleophilic substitution of an ethyl chain in 12 by molecular iodine. A heterometallic complex, [LNH]4Li2Zn (14), analogous to 5 was prepared from 12 or 13 with 1 or 2 equiv of 1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Chlupatý
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Růžičková
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kampová
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Merna
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Polymers, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
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8
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Lüert D, Kreyenschmidt AK, Legendre CM, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D. A Sodium Sodate as Precursor for Lanthanide Bis(4- R-benzoxazol-2-yl)methanide Single-Molecule Magnets. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5234-5244. [PMID: 35316598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
From the sodium sodate precursor [(Na(thf)6][Na{(4-Me-NCOC6H3)2CH}2] (1) three isostructural dinuclear lanthanide complexes [(μ-Cl)LnIII{(4-MeNCOC6H3)2CH}2]2 with Ln = Gd (2), Dy (3), and Er (4) based on the N,N'-chelating monoanionic bis(4-methylbenzoxazol-2-yl)methanide ligand (titled "Mebox") were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction and magnetic measurements. The sodium precursor 1 was analyzed via X-ray diffraction and diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy experiments (DOSY-NMR) in order to investigate its aggregation in solution and the solid state. The sodium analog [(thf)3Na(NCOC6H4)2CH] (1') based on the bis(benzoxazol-2-yl)-methanide ligand (titled "box") was prepared and analyzed for comparison reasons. From the lanthanide derivatives 2-4, the DyIII complex 3 displays slow relaxation of magnetization at zero field, with a relaxation barrier of U = 315.7 cm-1. The coupling strength between the two lanthanide centers was estimated with the GdIII equivalent 2, giving a weak antiferromagnetic coupling of J = -0.035 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lüert
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Kreyenschmidt
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christina M Legendre
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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9
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Judge NR, Bole LJ, Hevia E. Assessing Alkali-Metal Effects in the Structures and Reactivity of Mixed-Ligand Alkyl/Alkoxide Alkali-Metal Magnesiates. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104164. [PMID: 34939701 PMCID: PMC9306829 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Advancing the understanding of using alkali-metal alkoxides as additives to organomagnesium reagents in Mg-Br exchange reactions, a homologous series of mixed-ligand alkyl/alkoxide alkali-metal magnesiates [MMg(CH2 SiMe3 )2 (dmem)]2 [dmem=2-{[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]methylamino} ethoxide; M=Li, 1; Na, 2; (THF)K, 3] has been prepared. Structural and spectroscopic studies have established the constitutions of these heteroleptic/heterometallic species, which are retained in arene solution. Evaluation of their reactivity towards 2-bromoanisole has uncovered a marked alkali-metal effect with potassium magnesiate 3 being the most efficient of the three ate reagents. Studies probing the constitution of the exchange product from this reaction suggest that the putative [KMgAr2 (dmem)]2 (Ar=o-OMe-C6 H4 ) intermediate undergoes redistribution into its single metal components [KAr]n and [MgAr(dmem)]2 (5). This process can be circumvented by using a different potassium alkoxide containing an aliphatic chain such as KOR' (R'=2-ethylhexyl) which undergoes co-complexation with Mg(CH2 SiMe3 ) to give [KMg(CH2 SiMe3 )2 (OR')]2 (7). This ate, in turn, reacts quantitatively with 2-bromoanisole furnishing [KMgAr2 (OR')]2 (9) which is stable in solution as a bimetallic compound. Collectively this work highlights the complexity of these alkali-metal mediated Mg-Br exchange reactions, where each reaction component can have a profound effect not only on the success of the reaction; but also the stability of the final metalated intermediates prior to their electrophilic interception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R. Judge
- Department für Chemie und BiochemieUniversität Bern3012BernSwitzerland
| | - Leonie J. Bole
- Department für Chemie und BiochemieUniversität Bern3012BernSwitzerland
| | - Eva Hevia
- Department für Chemie und BiochemieUniversität Bern3012BernSwitzerland
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10
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Zhao M, Xue T, He RR, Ma J, Zheng W. Ion-bearing stairs: alkali metal complexes of 1,2-diaza-4-phospholides. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:1634-1645. [PMID: 35007313 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03601g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, eight alkali metal complexes with 1,2-diaza-4-phospholide ligands were prepared and characterized by X-ray single-crystal structural analysis and NMR spectroscopy. Their structures showed varied coordination motifs: (i) a dimeric 1,2-diaza-4-phospholide lithium complex with exo-bidentate bridging coordination (4) consists of two lithium atoms that are linked via two μ2-bridging, κN,κN'-coordinated ligands; (ii) the polymeric chain 1,2-diaza-4-phospholide potassium complex (5) showed an ion-bearing stair-shaped chain structure running through axis a, where the steps are η2 interactions, and there is a transition platform between every two stairs; (iii) the polymeric chain 1,2-diaza-4-phospholide potassium complex (6) also presented a polymeric chain structure in the solid state but displayed a head-to-tail arrangement of two 1,2-diaza-4-phospholides; (iv) in comparison to 6, the 1,2-diaza-4-phospholide sodium complex (7) displayed a tetrameric structure, in which the sodium ions are arranged in a distorted tetrahedral fashion and each of them occupies a vertex of the tetrahedron; (v) the polymeric chain 1,2-diaza-4-phospholide potassium complex (8) presented a solvent-free chain structure, in which potassium ions each is η5-bonded by two 1,2-diaza-4-phospholides and η2-coordinated by another, consisting of a stair-shaped chain structure running through axis a but without significant intermolecular contacts between the adjacent stairs in comparison to that of 5; (vi) the polymeric chain 1,2-diaza-4-phospholide sodium complex (9) presented a solvent-free chain structure, in which sodium ions each is η1(N),η2(N,N),η1(P)-bonded by three 1,2-diaza-4-phospholides, consisting of a chain structure running through axis a; and (vii) the treatment complex 8 with elemental sulphur or selenium in the presence of crown ether gave rare thiophosphonato potassium [η3(S,P,S)-3,5-tBu2dp-(μ-K)(S2)([18]crown-6)] (10) or a selenophosphonato potassium [η3(Se,P,Se)-3,5-tBu2dp-(μ-K)(Se2)([18]crown-6)] (11). Both of the complexes crystallized in the orthorhombic space group Pnma as pale-yellow (or red) crystals. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed 10 or 11 as a terminal complex with the η1,η1-X,X-coordination mode (X = S and Se). The 1H DOSY NMR spectroscopy study of the species 8 in DMSO-d6 suggested that polymeric complexes (4-9) in the solid state should dissociate into the related monomers in the solutions when the donor solvents were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030035, China.
| | - Tingting Xue
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030035, China.
| | - Ru-Ru He
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030035, China.
| | - Jianping Ma
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules & Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030035, China. .,Wenbo Chemical Co., Ltd, Guonian Road 65, Shanghai, 200433, China
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11
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Yadav S, Vijayan P, Gupta R. Ruthenium complexes of N/O/S based multidentate ligands: Structural diversities and catalysis perspectives. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Cebi E, Klett J. Endohedral Mixed Aggregates: Sodium Alkoxide Cages with Organic or Inorganic Central Anions and Variable Hull. Chemistry 2021; 27:12693-12701. [PMID: 33938049 PMCID: PMC8453731 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alkali metal alkoxides are widely used in chemistry due to their Brønsted basic and nucleophilic properties. Potassium alkoxides assist alkyllithium in the metalation of hydrocarbons in Lochmann‐Schlosser‐bases. Both compounds form mixed aggregates, which enhance the thermal stability, solubility, and the basic reactivity of these mixtures. A very unusual spherical mixed alkoxy aggregate was discovered by Grützmacher et al., where a central dihydrogen phosphide anion is surrounded by a highly dynamic shell of thirteen sodium atoms and a hull of twelve tert‐butoxide groups. This structural motif can be reproduced by a reaction of trimethylsilyl compounds of methane, halogens, or pseudo‐halogens with excess sodium tert‐butoxide. A nucleophilic substitution releases the corresponding anion, which is then encapsulated by the sodium alkoxide units. The compounds are soluble in hydrocarbon solvents, enabling studies of solutions by high‐resolution NMR spectroscopy and IR/Raman studies of the crystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkam Cebi
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Jan Klett
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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Mulks FF, Bole LJ, Davin L, Hernán‐Gómez A, Kennedy A, García‐Álvarez J, Hevia E. Ambient Moisture Accelerates Hydroamination Reactions of Vinylarenes with Alkali‐Metal Amides under Air. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian F. Mulks
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie (DCB) Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Leonie J. Bole
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie (DCB) Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Laia Davin
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral St G11XL Glasgow UK
| | - Alberto Hernán‐Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgańica y Química Inorgańica Universidad de Alcalá 28805 Alcalá de Henares-Madrid Spain
| | - Alan Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral St G11XL Glasgow UK
| | - Joaquín García‐Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Compuestos Organometálicos y Catálisis (Unidad Asociada al CSIC) Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM) Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Facultad de Química Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie (DCB) Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral St G11XL Glasgow UK
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14
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Mulks FF, Bole LJ, Davin L, Hernán‐Gómez A, Kennedy A, García‐Álvarez J, Hevia E. Ambient Moisture Accelerates Hydroamination Reactions of Vinylarenes with Alkali‐Metal Amides under Air. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19021-19026. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian F. Mulks
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie (DCB) Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Leonie J. Bole
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie (DCB) Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Laia Davin
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral St G11XL Glasgow UK
| | - Alberto Hernán‐Gómez
- Departamento de Química Orgańica y Química Inorgańica Universidad de Alcalá 28805 Alcalá de Henares-Madrid Spain
| | - Alan Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral St G11XL Glasgow UK
| | - Joaquín García‐Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Compuestos Organometálicos y Catálisis (Unidad Asociada al CSIC) Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM) Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Facultad de Química Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie (DCB) Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde 295 Cathedral St G11XL Glasgow UK
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15
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Devaine-Pressing K, Oldenburg FJ, Menzel JP, Springer M, Dawe LN, Kozak CM. Lithium, sodium, potassium and calcium amine-bis(phenolate) complexes in the ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1531-1544. [PMID: 31930245 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Compounds of Li, Na, K and Ca of a tetradentate amino-bis(phenolato) ligand were prepared. Bimetallic compounds formulated as M2[L](THF)n (where M = Na, n = 1 (1·THF) or Li, n = 1 (2·THF)) were synthesized via the reaction of H2[L] (where [L] = 2-pyridylmethylamino-N,N-bis(2-methylene-4-methoxy-6-tert-butylphenolato) with sodium hydride or n-butyllithium, respectively, in THF. Monometallic complexes MH[L](THF)n (where M = Na, n = 1 (3·THF), Li, n = 0 (4) and K, n = 0 (5)) were obtained by reaction of H2[L] with MN(SiMe3)2 where M = Na, Li, or K. Calcium complex Ca[L](THF) (6·THF) was synthesized in two ways; reaction of Na2[L] with calcium iodide in THF, and reaction of Ca[N(SiMe3)2]2 with H2[L] in toluene. Compounds 1-6 exhibit activity for rac-lactide polymerization under melt and solution conditions. Moderate control of polymer molecular weights was achieved in toluene, whereas polydisperse polymer was obtained under solvent free conditions. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of the polymer end groups revealed a predominantly cyclic nature for the polylactides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Devaine-Pressing
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X7, Canada.
| | - Fabio J Oldenburg
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X7, Canada.
| | - Jan P Menzel
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X7, Canada.
| | - Maximilian Springer
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X7, Canada.
| | - Louise N Dawe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Christopher M Kozak
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, A1B 3X7, Canada.
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16
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Odendal JA, Bruce JC, Koch KR, Haynes DA. Ring stacking and laddering in ammonium carboxylate salts: extension to secondary ammonium salts. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00616e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combined CSD and experimental study shows that the ring stacking and laddering principle, an ionic model, gives insight into the crystal structures of secondary ammonium carboxylate salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Odendal
- Department of Chemistry & Polymer Science
- Stellenbosch University
- Stellenbosch
- South Africa
| | - Jocelyn C. Bruce
- Department of Chemistry & Polymer Science
- Stellenbosch University
- Stellenbosch
- South Africa
| | - Klaus R. Koch
- Department of Chemistry & Polymer Science
- Stellenbosch University
- Stellenbosch
- South Africa
| | - Delia A. Haynes
- Department of Chemistry & Polymer Science
- Stellenbosch University
- Stellenbosch
- South Africa
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17
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Gauld RM, Kennedy AR, McLellan R, Barker J, Reid J, Mulvey RE. Diverse outcomes of CO 2 fixation using alkali metal amides including formation of a heterobimetallic lithium-sodium carbamato-anhydride via lithium-sodium bis-hexamethyldisilazide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:1478-1481. [PMID: 30644951 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08308h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fixation of CO2 by lithium amides derived from pyrrole and diisopropylamine generates a lithium carbamate polymer and dodecamer respectively. Moving to lithium-sodium hexamethyldisilazide produces a more complicated, intriguing reaction, where unusually the bimetallic composition is maintained in the product but its composition contains both carbamato and anhydride functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Gauld
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
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18
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Bodach A, Hebestreit R, Bolte M, Fink L. Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Phenyl-Lithium Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:9079-9085. [PMID: 30009594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although organolithium compounds have been studied and applied for ∼100 years, only few crystal structures of pure, unsolvated organolithium compounds have been reported so far. Therefore, several phenyl-lithium derivatives were synthesized by lithium-halogen exchange reactions, yielding fairly soluble polymers in the cases of 4- and 2-methylphenyl-lithium ( p-TolLi and o-TolLi). Their crystal structures have been determined by X-ray powder diffraction. Remarkably, o-TolLi crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric space group P212121 with two independent monomers, whereas the crystal structure of p-TolLi is described in spacegroup P21/ a. In contrast, no polymer of 5- m-XyLi (3,5-dimethyl-phenyl-lithium) could be observed, but single crystals of a [(5- m-XyLi)3(MTBE)3LiBr] adduct were isolated (MTBE = methyl- tert-butylether). This gives hints on the nature of lithium-halogen exchange reactions. Steric and electronic effects of the phenyl-lithium substitution are further discussed in conjunction with related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bodach
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 , D-60438 Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - René Hebestreit
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 , D-60438 Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 , D-60438 Frankfurt/Main , Germany
| | - Lothar Fink
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 , D-60438 Frankfurt/Main , Germany
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19
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Dufrois Q, Daran JC, Vendier L, Dinoi C, Etienne M. Triangles and Squares for a Unique Molecular Crystal Structure: Unsupported Two-Coordinate Lithium Cations and CC Agostic Interactions in Cyclopropyllithium Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1786-1791. [PMID: 29205730 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the aggregation state is germane to alkyllithium chemistry. Lewis base-free alkyllithium compounds normally form tetrahedral tetramers or octahedral hexamers in the solid state with the lithium cations being three-coordinate. We report that the unsupported cyclopropyl derivative 1-(trimethylsilyl)cyclopropyllithium [{μ-c-C(SiMe3 )C2 H4 }Li]4 (1), synthesized by the reduction of 1-(phenylthio)-1-(trimethylsilyl)cyclopropane, crystallizes as a tetramer in the space group I-4 with the two-coordinate lithium atoms forming a square. CC agostic interactions complete the coordination sphere around each lithium. The aggregate is preserved in hydrocarbon solution. Furthermore, CC agostic interactions compete intra- and intermolecularly with Lewis base donation as in the unsaturated dimer of 1-(phenylthio)cyclopropyllithium [Li(thf)2 {μ-c-C(SPh)C2 H4 }2 Li (thf)] (3) which is also fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Dufrois
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-Claude Daran
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Laure Vendier
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Chiara Dinoi
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Current address: LPCNO INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Michel Etienne
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC), 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France.,Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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20
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Dufrois Q, Daran JC, Vendier L, Dinoi C, Etienne M. Triangles and Squares for a Unique Molecular Crystal Structure: Unsupported Two-Coordinate Lithium Cations and CC Agostic Interactions in Cyclopropyllithium Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Dufrois
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Jean-Claude Daran
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Laure Vendier
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Chiara Dinoi
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Current address: LPCNO INSA; 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Michel Etienne
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (LCC); 205 route de Narbonne, BP 44099 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, LCC; 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
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21
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Golz C, Steffen P, Strohmann C. Exploring Planar-Chiral Amino Siloxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8295-8298. [PMID: 28504830 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We present the synthesis, structure, and exemplary reactivity of siloxides with a planar-chiral N,N-dimethylaminomethylferrocene backbone. Several zinc complexes based on the racemic as well as the enantiomerically pure silanol were synthesized in the presence of water and crystallographically characterized, and their behavior in solution was examined. The chiral probe present in this system is a valuable tool for identifying the structure in solution. Furthermore, the zinc siloxides exhibit a comparable reactivity to the corresponding silanols. Therefore, they can be regarded as "masked" silanols, especially when the silanols are preparatively inaccessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Golz
- Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Patricia Steffen
- Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Golz
- Anorganische Chemie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Patricia Steffen
- Anorganische Chemie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Anorganische Chemie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
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23
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Izod K, Watson JM, El-Hamruni SM, Harrington RW, Waddell PG. Alkali-Metal- and Alkaline-Earth-Metal-Mediated C–O Activation of an Anisole-Substituted Phosphido–Borane Ligand. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Izod
- Main Group Chemistry Laboratories,
School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - James M. Watson
- Main Group Chemistry Laboratories,
School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Salima M. El-Hamruni
- Main Group Chemistry Laboratories,
School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Ross W. Harrington
- Main Group Chemistry Laboratories,
School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Paul G. Waddell
- Main Group Chemistry Laboratories,
School of Chemistry, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
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24
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Freitag B, Elsen H, Pahl J, Ballmann G, Herrera A, Dorta R, Harder S. s-Block Metal Dibenzoazepinate Complexes: Evidence for Mg–Alkene Encapsulation. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Freitag
- Inorganic
and Organometallic Chemistry and ‡Inorganic and General Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holger Elsen
- Inorganic
and Organometallic Chemistry and ‡Inorganic and General Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pahl
- Inorganic
and Organometallic Chemistry and ‡Inorganic and General Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerd Ballmann
- Inorganic
and Organometallic Chemistry and ‡Inorganic and General Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alberto Herrera
- Inorganic
and Organometallic Chemistry and ‡Inorganic and General Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Romano Dorta
- Inorganic
and Organometallic Chemistry and ‡Inorganic and General Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic
and Organometallic Chemistry and ‡Inorganic and General Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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25
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Cao X, Zhao N, Li R, Lv H, Zhang Z, Gao A, Yi T. Steric-Structure-Dependent Gel Formation, Hierarchical Structures, Rheological Behavior, and Surface Wettability. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:3196-3204. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains; Xinyang Normal University; Xinyang 464000 China
| | - Na Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains; Xinyang Normal University; Xinyang 464000 China
| | - Ruohan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Energy Materials; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Haiting Lv
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains; Xinyang Normal University; Xinyang 464000 China
| | - Zongwen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains; Xinyang Normal University; Xinyang 464000 China
| | - Aiping Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains; Xinyang Normal University; Xinyang 464000 China
| | - Tao Yi
- Department of Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Energy Materials; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
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26
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Zhong F, Yang X, Shen L, Zhao Y, Ma H, Wu B, Yang XJ. Multinuclear Alkali Metal Complexes of a Triphenylene-Based Hexamine and the Transmetalation to Tris(N-heterocyclic tetrylenes) (Ge, Sn, Pb). Inorg Chem 2016; 55:9112-20. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural
Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural
Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Lingyi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural
Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural
Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Analysis
and Testing Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural
Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural
Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, College
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
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27
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Neufeld R, Michel R, Herbst-Irmer R, Schöne R, Stalke D. Introducing a Hydrogen-Bond Donor into a Weakly Nucleophilic Brønsted Base: Alkali Metal Hexamethyldisilazides (MHMDS, M=Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) with Ammonia. Chemistry 2016; 22:12340-6. [PMID: 27457218 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Alkali metal 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazide (MHMDSs) are one of the most utilised weakly nucleophilic Brønsted bases in synthetic chemistry and especially in natural product synthesis. Like lithium organics, they aggregate depending on the employed donor solvents. Thus, they show different reactivity and selectivity as a function of their aggregation and solvation state. To date, monomeric LiHMDS with monodentate donor bases was only characterised in solution. Since the first preparation of LiHMDS in 1959 by Wannagat and Niederprüm, all efforts to crystallise monomeric LiHMDS in the absence of chelating ligands failed. Herein, we present ammonia adducts of LiHMDS, NaHMDS, KHMDS, RbHMDS and CsHMDS with unprecedented aggregation motifs: 1) The hitherto missing monomeric key compound in the LiHMDS aggregation architectures. Monomeric crystal structures of trisolvated LiHMDS (1) and NaHMDS (2), showing unique intermolecular hydrogen bonds, 2) the unprecedented tetrasolvated KHMDS (3) and RbHMDS (4) dimers and 3) the disolvated CsHMDS (5) dimer with very close intermolecular Si-CH3 ⋅⋅⋅Cs s-block "agostic" interactions have been prepared and characterised by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Neufeld
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reent Michel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Schöne
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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28
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Char J, Kulyk OG, Brulé E, de Montigny F, Guérineau V, Roisnel T, Tschan MJL, Thomas CM. Microstructurally controlled polymers of rac-lactide by lithium complexes. CR CHIM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Dauer DR, Flügge M, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D. Bis-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-amines and their metal amides: a structural comparison in the solid state. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:6136-48. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03911h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of functionalised bis-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-amine ligands and the related dimethylaluminium amides were synthesised and characterised. The solid state structural comparison reveals various coordination motifs, specific folding parameters and hydrogen bonding patterns in detail and guide the way to future Janus head ligand design.
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Affiliation(s)
- David-R. Dauer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Melchior Flügge
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen
- Germany
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30
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Akine S, Matsumoto T, Nabeshima T. Overcoming Statistical Complexity: Selective Coordination of Three Different Metal Ions to a Ligand with Three Different Coordination Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201508065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Akine
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nabeshima
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 1-1-1 Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8571 Japan
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31
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Akine S, Matsumoto T, Nabeshima T. Overcoming Statistical Complexity: Selective Coordination of Three Different Metal Ions to a Ligand with Three Different Coordination Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:960-4. [PMID: 26514338 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201508065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In general, it is difficult to selectively introduce different metal ions at specific positions of a cluster-like structure. This is mainly due to statistical problems as well as the reversibility of the formation of coordination bonds. To overcome this statistical problem, we used a carefully designed ligand, H6 L, which can accommodate three different kinds of metal ions in three types of coordination sites. The complex [LNiZn2La](3+), which contains three different metals, was quantitatively obtained by a stepwise procedure, but different products were obtained when the metal ions were added in a different order. However, equilibration studies indicated that this complex was almost solely formed among 54 (=3×3×3H2) possible products upon heating; the formation efficiency (ca. 100%) was significantly higher than the statistical probability (2.47%). Such carefully designed ligands should be useful for the synthesis multimetallic systems, which are of interest because of the interplay between the different metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehisa Akine
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nabeshima
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan.
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32
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Fuentes MÁ, Kennedy AR, Mulvey RE, Parkinson JA, Rantanen T, Robertson SD, Snieckus V. Adding a Structural Context to the Deprotometalation and Trans-Metal Trapping Chemistry of Phenyl-Substituted Benzotriazole. Chemistry 2015; 21:14812-22. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Younis FM, Krieck S, Görls H, Westerhausen M. s-Block-Metal-Mediated Hydroamination of Diphenylbutadiyne with Primary Arylamines Using a Dipotassium Tetrakis(amino)calciate Precatalyst. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadi M. Younis
- Institute of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sven Krieck
- Institute of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Westerhausen
- Institute of Inorganic and
Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Humboldtstraße 8, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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34
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Neufeld R, Stalke D. Accurate molecular weight determination of small molecules via DOSY-NMR by using external calibration curves with normalized diffusion coefficients. Chem Sci 2015; 6:3354-3364. [PMID: 29142693 PMCID: PMC5656982 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc00670h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of the aggregation and solvation numbers of organometallic complexes in solution is an important task to increase insight in reaction mechanisms. Thus knowing which aggregates are formed during a reaction is of high interest to develop better selectivity and higher yields. Diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY), which separates NMR signals according to the diffusion coefficient, finds increasing use to identify species in solution. However, there still is no simple relationship between diffusion coefficient and molecular weight (MW). Some methods have been developed to estimate the MW but still with a significant error of ±30%. Here we describe a novel development of MW-determination by using an external calibration curve (ECC) approach with normalized diffusion coefficients. Taking the shape of the molecules into account enables accurate MW-predictions with a maximum error of smaller than ±9%. Moreover we show that the addition of multiple internal references is dispensable. One internal reference (that also can be the solvent) is sufficient. If the solvent signal is not accessible, 16 other internal standards (aliphatics and aromatics) are available to avoid signal overlapping problems and provide flexible choice of analytes. This method is independent of NMR-device properties and diversities in temperature or viscosity and offers an easy and robust method to determine accurate MWs in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Neufeld
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Georg-August-Universität , Tammannstrasse 4 , Göttingen , Germany .
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Georg-August-Universität , Tammannstrasse 4 , Göttingen , Germany .
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35
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Neufeld R, John M, Stalke D. The Donor-Base-Free Aggregation of Lithium Diisopropyl Amide in Hydrocarbons Revealed by a DOSY Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6994-8. [PMID: 26014367 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lithium diisopropyl amide (LDA) is a very prominent reagent that plays a key role in organic synthesis, serving as a base par excellence for a broad range of deprotonation reactions. However, the state of aggregation in solution in the absence of donor bases was unclear. In this paper we solved this problem by employing DOSY NMR experiments based on a newly elaborated external calibration curve (ECC) approach with normalized diffusion coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Neufeld
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen (Germany)
| | - Michael John
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen (Germany)
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen (Germany).
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36
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Neufeld R, John M, Stalke D. Aufklärung der donorbasenfreien Aggregation von Lithiumdiisopropylamid in Kohlenwasserstoffen mithilfe einer DOSY-Methode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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37
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Zaragoza-Calero S, Francos J, Kennedy AR, O'Hara CT. Solid state and solution studies of lithium tris(n-butyl)magnesiates stabilised by Lewis donors. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:7258-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00435g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Donor complexes of the synthetically important lithium magnesiate LiMg(nBu)3 have been prepared and characterised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Francos
- WestCHEM
- University of Strathclyde
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM
- University of Strathclyde
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Charles T. O'Hara
- WestCHEM
- University of Strathclyde
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Glasgow
- UK
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38
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Matussek J, Herbst‐Irmer R, Stalke D. Lithium Complexes of Asymmetric Hydrogen Tetraimido Sulfate. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Matussek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg‐August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, http://www.stalke.chemie.uni‐goettingen.de
| | - Regine Herbst‐Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg‐August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, http://www.stalke.chemie.uni‐goettingen.de
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg‐August Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany, http://www.stalke.chemie.uni‐goettingen.de
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39
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Kober E, Petrus R, Kocięcka P, Janas Z, Sobota P. Lithium diaminebis(aryloxido) complexes: Synthesis, structures and reactivity in l-lactide polymerization. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Ballestero‐Martínez E, Klosin J, Fahlman BD, Pineda LW. Monomeric Germanium(II) Amides Bearing β‐Diketiminato Ligands: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Thermal Properties. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Ballestero‐Martínez
- Centro de Electroquímica y Energía Química (CELEQ) and Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica, http://celeq.ucr.ac.cr
| | - Jerzy Klosin
- Corporate R&D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, USA
| | - Bradley D. Fahlman
- Department of Chemistry and Science of Advanced Materials Program, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA, http://https://www.cmich.edu
| | - Leslie W. Pineda
- Centro de Electroquímica y Energía Química (CELEQ) and Escuela de Química, Universidad de Costa Rica, 2060 San José, Costa Rica, http://celeq.ucr.ac.cr
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41
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Tomasevich L, Collum DB. Method of continuous variation: characterization of alkali metal enolates using ¹H and ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopies. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9710-8. [PMID: 24915602 PMCID: PMC4105082 DOI: 10.1021/ja504365z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The method of continuous variation in conjunction with (1)H and (19)F NMR spectroscopies was used to characterize lithium and sodium enolates solvated by N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethyldiamine (TMEDA) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). A strategy developed using lithium enolates was then applied to the more challenging sodium enolates. A number of sodium enolates solvated by TMEDA or THF afford exclusively tetramers. Evidence suggests that TMEDA chelates sodium on cubic tetramers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura
L. Tomasevich
- Department
of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell
University , Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - David B. Collum
- Department
of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell
University , Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
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42
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Ramesh Babu K, Vaitheeswaran G. Density functional study of electronic structure, elastic and optical properties of MNH2 (M=Li, Na, K, Rb). JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:235503. [PMID: 25932472 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/23/235503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a systematic first principles density functional study on the electronic structure, elastic and optical properties of nitrogen based solid hydrogen storage materials LiNH2, NaNH2, KNH2, and RbNH2. The ground state structural properties are calculated by using standard density functional theory, and also dispersion corrected density functional theory. We find that van der Waals interactions are dominant in LiNH2 whereas they are relatively weak in other alkali metal amides. The calculated elastic constants show that all the compounds are mechanically stable and LiNH2 is found to be a stiffer material among the alkali metal amides. The melting temperatures are calculated and follow the order RbNH2 < KNH2 < NaNH2 < LiNH2. The electronic band structure is calculated by using the Tran–Blaha modified Becke–Johnson potential and found that all the compounds are insulators, with a considerable band gap. The [NH2]− derived states completely dominate in the entire valence band region while the metal atom states occupy the conduction band. The calculated band structure is used to analyze the different interband optical transitions occurring between valence and conduction bands. Our calculations show that these materials have considerable optical anisotropy.
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43
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Travieso-Puente R, Chang MC, Otten E. Alkali metal salts of formazanate ligands: diverse coordination modes as a result of the nitrogen-rich [NNCNN] ligand backbone. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:18035-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02578d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkali-metal salts of formazanates are synthesized and their structures in the solid state and in solution are determined. Due to the nitrogen-rich [NNCNN] ligand backbone, complexes with large structural diversity are obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Travieso-Puente
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4
- 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mu-Chieh Chang
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4
- 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Otten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry
- University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4
- 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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44
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Saunders LN, Dawe LN, Kozak CM. Alkali metal complexes of tridentate amine-bis(phenolate) ligands and their rac-lactide ROP activity. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Matussek J, Herbst-Irmer R, Objartel I, Stalke D. Transition metal complexes containing the S(NtBu)42− tetraimidosulfate dianion. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:15944-9. [PMID: 25230897 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01995d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three novel metal complexes [(acac)2Cu2(NtBu)4S] (3), [Li(thf)4]2[I4Cd2(NtBu)4S] (4) and [(thf)2Li{(SiMe3)2N}Zn(NtBu)4S] (5) are prepared from the intended transmetalation of the dilithium complex of N,N′,N′′,N′′′-tetrakis(tert-butyl)tetraimidosulfate [(thf)4Li2(NtBu)4S] (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Matussek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ina Objartel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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46
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Hülsmann M, Mix A, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Reactivity Consequences of Substituent‐Dependent Preaggregation Motifs of
n
‐ and
tert
‐Butyllithium towards 1,3,5‐Triazacyclohexanes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201301267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hülsmann
- Universität Bielefeld, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany, http://www.uni‐bielefeld.de/chemie/arbeitsbereiche/ac3‐mitzel/
| | - Andreas Mix
- Universität Bielefeld, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany, http://www.uni‐bielefeld.de/chemie/arbeitsbereiche/ac3‐mitzel/
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany, http://www.uni‐bielefeld.de/chemie/arbeitsbereiche/ac3‐mitzel/
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany, http://www.uni‐bielefeld.de/chemie/arbeitsbereiche/ac3‐mitzel/
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Universität Bielefeld, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany, http://www.uni‐bielefeld.de/chemie/arbeitsbereiche/ac3‐mitzel/
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47
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Mulvey RE, Robertson SD. Synthetically important alkali-metal utility amides: lithium, sodium, and potassium hexamethyldisilazides, diisopropylamides, and tetramethylpiperidides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11470-87. [PMID: 24133015 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Most synthetic chemists will have at some point utilized a sterically demanding secondary amide (R2 N(-) ). The three most important examples, lithium 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS), lithium diisopropylamide (LiDA), and lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP)-the "utility amides"-have long been indispensible particularly for lithiation (Li-H exchange) reactions. Like organolithium compounds, they exhibit aggregation phenomena and strong Lewis acidity, and thus appear in distinct forms depending on the solvents employed. The structural chemistry of these compounds as well as their sodium and potassium congeners are described in the absence or in the presence of the most synthetically significant donor solvents tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) or closely related solvents. Examples of hetero-alkali-metal amides, an increasingly important composition because of the recent escalation of interest in mixed-metal synergic effects, are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Mulvey
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL (UK).
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48
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Mulvey RE, Robertson SD. Nützliche Alkalimetallamide für die Synthese: Lithium-, Natrium- und Kaliumhexamethyldisilazide, -diisopropylamide und -tetramethylpiperidide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Hevia E, Kennedy AR, Mulvey RE, Ramsay DL, Robertson SD. Concealed Cyclotrimeric Polymorph of Lithium 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidide Unconcealed: X-Ray Crystallographic and NMR Spectroscopic Studies. Chemistry 2013; 19:14069-75. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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50
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Harrison-Marchand A, Mongin F. Mixed AggregAte (MAA): A Single Concept for All Dipolar Organometallic Aggregates. 1. Structural Data. Chem Rev 2013; 113:7470-562. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300295w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Harrison-Marchand
- Laboratoire COBRA de l′Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, UMR 6014 & FR 3038, IRCOF, Rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont St Aignan Cédex, France
| | - Florence Mongin
- Équipe Chimie et Photonique Moléculaires, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Bâtiment 10A, case 1003, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cédex, France
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