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Fan W, Tang J, Tang S, Lin Z, Li M, Zhang Z, Wu D. Bibliometric analysis of photodynamic therapy and immune response from 1989-2023. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1299253. [PMID: 38288443 PMCID: PMC10822948 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1299253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment approach for precancerous and cancerous lesions, known for its ability to activate the host immune response. This study conducted a bibliometric analysis to identify the research trends and hotspots related to the immune response in PDT. Methods: We analyzed articles and reviews published from 1989 to 2023, retrieved from the Web of Science database. Using Citespace and VOSviewer, we visualized the distribution patterns of these studies in time and space. Results: The analysis revealed a substantial increase in the number of publications on PDT-related immune response since 1989. A total of 1,688 articles from 1,701 institutions were included in this analysis. Among thei nstitutions, the Chinese Academy of Sciences demonstrated exceptional productivity and a willingness to collaborate with others. Additionally, 8,567 authors contributed to the field, with Mladen Korbelik, Michael R. Hamblin, and Wei R. Chen being the most prolific contributors. The current research focus revolves around novel strategies to enhance antitumor immunity in PDT, including PDT-based dendritic cell vaccines, combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and the use of nanoparticles for photosensitizer delivery. Furthermore, genes such as CD8A, TNF, CD4, IFNG, CD274, IL6, IL10, CALR, HMGB1, and CTLA4 have been evaluated in the context of PDT-related immunity. Conclusion: PDT not only achieves tumor ablation but also stimulates the immune response, bolstering antitumor immunity. This study highlights the emerging hotspots in PDT-related immune response research and provides valuable insights for future investigations aimed at further enhancing antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Fan
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Su Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengshen Lin
- Department of Stomatology, The People’s Hospital of Baoan Shenzhen, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mohan Li
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Donglei Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Xie J, Wang Y, Choi W, Jangili P, Ge Y, Xu Y, Kang J, Liu L, Zhang B, Xie Z, He J, Xie N, Nie G, Zhang H, Kim JS. Overcoming barriers in photodynamic therapy harnessing nano-formulation strategies. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9152-9201. [PMID: 34223847 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01370f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been extensively investigated for decades for tumor treatment because of its non-invasiveness, spatiotemporal selectivity, lower side-effects, and immune activation ability. It can be a promising treatment modality in several medical fields, including oncology, immunology, urology, dermatology, ophthalmology, cardiology, pneumology, and dentistry. Nevertheless, the clinical application of PDT is largely restricted by the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers, limited tissue penetrability of light, inefficient induction of tumor cell death, tumor resistance to the therapy, and the severe pain induced by the therapy. Recently, various photosensitizer formulations and therapy strategies have been developed to overcome these barriers. Significantly, the introduction of nanomaterials in PDT, as carriers or photosensitizers, may overcome the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers. Based on this, nanocomposites excited by various light sources are applied in the PDT of deep-seated tumors. Modulation of cell death pathways with co-delivered reagents promotes PDT induced tumor cell death. Relief of tumor resistance to PDT with combined therapy strategies further promotes tumor inhibition. Also, the optimization of photosensitizer formulations and therapy procedures reduces pain in PDT. Here, a systematic summary of recent advances in the fabrication of photosensitizers and the design of therapy strategies to overcome barriers in PDT is presented. Several aspects important for the clinical application of PDT in cancer treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, and Otolaryngology Department and Biobank of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
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3
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Gunaydin G, Gedik ME, Ayan S. Photodynamic Therapy-Current Limitations and Novel Approaches. Front Chem 2021; 9:691697. [PMID: 34178948 PMCID: PMC8223074 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.691697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) mostly relies on the generation of singlet oxygen, via the excitation of a photosensitizer, so that target tumor cells can be destroyed. PDT can be applied in the settings of several malignant diseases. In fact, the earliest preclinical applications date back to 1900’s. Dougherty reported the treatment of skin tumors by PDT in 1978. Several further studies around 1980 demonstrated the effectiveness of PDT. Thus, the technique has attracted the attention of numerous researchers since then. Hematoporphyrin derivative received the FDA approval as a clinical application of PDT in 1995. We have indeed witnessed a considerable progress in the field over the last century. Given the fact that PDT has a favorable adverse event profile and can enhance anti-tumor immune responses as well as demonstrating minimally invasive characteristics, it is disappointing that PDT is not broadly utilized in the clinical setting for the treatment of malignant and/or non-malignant diseases. Several issues still hinder the development of PDT, such as those related with light, tissue oxygenation and inherent properties of the photosensitizers. Various photosensitizers have been designed/synthesized in order to overcome the limitations. In this Review, we provide a general overview of the mechanisms of action in terms of PDT in cancer, including the effects on immune system and vasculature as well as mechanisms related with tumor cell destruction. We will also briefly mention the application of PDT for non-malignant diseases. The current limitations of PDT utilization in cancer will be reviewed, since identifying problems associated with design/synthesis of photosensitizers as well as application of light and tissue oxygenation might pave the way for more effective PDT approaches. Furthermore, novel promising approaches to improve outcome in PDT such as selectivity, bioengineering, subcellular/organelle targeting, etc. will also be discussed in detail, since the potential of pioneering and exceptional approaches that aim to overcome the limitations and reveal the full potential of PDT in terms of clinical translation are undoubtedly exciting. A better understanding of novel concepts in the field (e.g. enhanced, two-stage, fractional PDT) will most likely prove to be very useful for pursuing and improving effective PDT strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurcan Gunaydin
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Emre Gedik
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seylan Ayan
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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Fang T, Xiao J, Zhang Y, Hu H, Zhu Y, Cheng Y. Combined with interventional therapy, immunotherapy can create a new outlook for tumor treatment. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:2837-2860. [PMID: 34079746 PMCID: PMC8107298 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in immunotherapy provides hope of a complete cure to cancer patients. However, recent studies have reported that only a limited number of cancer patients with a specific immune status, known as "cold tumor", can benefit from a single immune agent. Although the combination of immune agents with different mechanisms can partially increase the low response rate and improve efficacy, it can also result in more side effects. Therefore, discovering therapies that can improve tumors' response rate to immunotherapy without increasing toxicity for patients is urgently needed. Tumor interventional therapy is promising. It mainly includes transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, ablation, radioactive particle internal irradiation, and photodynamic interventional therapy based on a luminal stent. Interventional therapy can directly kill tumor cells by targeted drug delivery in situ, thus reducing drug dosage and systemic toxicity like cytokine release syndrome. More importantly, interventional therapy can regulate the immune system through numerous mechanisms, making it a suitable choice for immunotherapy to combine with. In this review, we provide a brief description of immunotherapies (and their side effects) on tumors of different immune types and preliminarily elaborate on interventional therapy mechanisms to improve immune efficacy. We also discuss the progress and challenges of the combination of interventional therapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonglei Fang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyuan Xiao
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiran Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueqi Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingsheng Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Kur’yanova AS, Solov’eva AB, Glagolev NN, Aksenova NA, Timashev PS. Effect of the Wavelength and Intensity of Excitation Light on the Efficiency of Photogeneration of Singlet Oxygen by Photodithazine in the Presence of Pluronic F127 in Model Processes of Photo-Oxidation. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024421060170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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De Silva P, Saad MA, Thomsen HC, Bano S, Ashraf S, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy, priming and optical imaging: Potential co-conspirators in treatment design and optimization - a Thomas Dougherty Award for Excellence in PDT paper. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020; 24:1320-1360. [PMID: 37425217 PMCID: PMC10327884 DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620300098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a photochemistry-based approach, approved for the treatment of several malignant and non-malignant pathologies. It relies on the use of a non-toxic, light activatable chemical, photosensitizer, which preferentially accumulates in tissues/cells and, upon irradiation with the appropriate wavelength of light, confers cytotoxicity by generation of reactive molecular species. The preferential accumulation however is not universal and, depending on the anatomical site, the ratio of tumor to normal tissue may be reversed in favor of normal tissue. Under such circumstances, control of the volume of light illumination provides a second handle of selectivity. Singlet oxygen is the putative favorite reactive molecular species although other entities such as nitric oxide have been credibly implicated. Typically, most photosensitizers in current clinical use have a finite quantum yield of fluorescence which is exploited for surgery guidance and can also be incorporated for monitoring and treatment design. In addition, the photodynamic process alters the cellular, stromal, and/or vascular microenvironment transiently in a process termed photodynamic priming, making it more receptive to subsequent additional therapies including chemo- and immunotherapy. Thus, photodynamic priming may be considered as an enabling technology for the more commonly used frontline treatments. Recently, there has been an increase in the exploitation of the theranostic potential of photodynamic therapy in different preclinical and clinical settings with the use of new photosensitizer formulations and combinatorial therapeutic options. The emergence of nanomedicine has further added to the repertoire of photodynamic therapy's potential and the convergence and co-evolution of these two exciting tools is expected to push the barriers of smart therapies, where such optical approaches might have a special niche. This review provides a perspective on current status of photodynamic therapy in anti-cancer and anti-microbial therapies and it suggests how evolving technologies combined with photochemically-initiated molecular processes may be exploited to become co-conspirators in optimization of treatment outcomes. We also project, at least for the short term, the direction that this modality may be taking in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpamali De Silva
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Saad
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hanna C. Thomsen
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shazia Bano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shoaib Ashraf
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Satiya J, Schwartz I, Tabibian JH, Kumar V, Girotra M. Ablative therapies for hepatic and biliary tumors: endohepatology coming of age. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5:15. [PMID: 32258519 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2019.10.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ablative therapies refer to minimally invasive procedures performed to destroy abnormal tissue that may arise with many conditions, and can be achieved clinically using chemical, thermal, and other techniques. In this review article, we explore the different ablative therapies used in the management of hepatic and biliary malignancies, namely hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), with a particular focus on radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinendra Satiya
- Internal Medicine, University of Miami/JFK Medical Center Palm Beach Regional GME Consortium, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
| | - Ingrid Schwartz
- Internal Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - James H Tabibian
- Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, USA
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UPMC Susquehanna, Williamsport, PA, USA
| | - Mohit Girotra
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Hou Y, Kurganskii I, Elmali A, Zhang H, Gao Y, Lv L, Zhao J, Karatay A, Luo L, Fedin M. Electronic coupling and spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) in compact BDP-carbazole dyads with different mutual orientations of the electron donor and acceptor. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:114701. [PMID: 32199436 DOI: 10.1063/1.5145052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the spin-orbit charge transfer induced intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC), Bodipy (BDP)-carbazole (Cz) compact electron donor/acceptor dyads were prepared. Charge transfer (CT) emission bands were observed for dyads showing strong electronic coupling between the donor and the acceptor (coupling matrix elements VDA, 0.06 eV-0.18 eV). Depending on the coupling magnitude, the CT state of the dyads can be either dark or emissive. Equilibrium between the 1LE (locally excited) state and the 1CT state was confirmed by temperature-dependent fluorescence studies. Efficient ISC was observed for the dyads with Cz connected at the meso-position of the BDP. Interestingly, the dyad with non-orthogonal geometry shows the highest ISC efficiency (ΦΔ = 58%), which is different from the previous conclusion. The photo-induced charge separation (CS, time constant: 0.7 ps) and charge recombination (CR, ∼3.9 ns) were studied by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy indicated that the BDP-localized triplet state was exceptionally long-lived (602 µs). Using pulsed laser excited time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, the SOCT-ISC mechanism was confirmed, and we show that the electron spin polarization of the triplet state is highly dependent on the mutual orientation of the donor and acceptor. The dyads were used as triplet photosensitizers for triplet-triplet-annihilation (TTA) upconversion, and the quantum yield is up to 6.7%. TTA-based delayed fluorescence was observed for the dyads (τDF = 41.5 µs). The dyads were also used as potent photodynamic therapy reagents (light toxicity of IC50 = 0.1 µM and dark toxicity of IC50 = 70.8 µM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ivan Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huimin Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Lv
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, TianShui, GanSu 741001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Liang Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Matvey Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Krasnoselsky MV, Simonova LI, Gertman VZ, Pushkar ES, Zavadskaya TS. TISSUE IMMUNE CELLS AND THEIR ROLE IN THE HEALING PROCESS OF INFECTED RADIATION ULCERS UNDER THE IMPACT OF PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY (EXPERIMENTAL STUDY). PROBLEMY RADIAT︠S︡IĬNOÏ MEDYT︠S︡YNY TA RADIOBIOLOHIÏ 2019; 24:250-260. [PMID: 31841471 DOI: 10.33145/2304-8336-2019-24-250-260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to study the effect of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the dynamics of tissue neutrophilic leukocytes CD18 and tissue macrophages ED1 in the tissues of infected radiation ulcer during the stages of sponta- neous healing and in the treatment of PDTMaterials and methods. Infected radiation ulcer was modeled by local X-ray irradiation of the rat thigh skin at a dose of 85.0 Gy, followed by applying to the surface of the ulcer bacterial suspension of S. аureus. PDT was performed using a «Barva-LED/630» photonic apparatus and a methylene blue photosensitizer. The effect of PDT on the state of cellular immunity was determined using an immunohistochemical method based on the quantitative indices of neutrophilic leukocytes CD18 and ED1 macrophages during the stages of healing of an infected radiation ulcer. RESULTS In the course of spontaneous healing of the ulcer (control I), the dynamics of changes in the relative vo- lume of tissue neutrophil leukocytes CD18 and ED1 macrophages in the lesion zone, a decrease in the CD18 / ED1 index more than 2 times indicated that switching of the neutrophil response to macrophage occurred before 52nd days of observations. When infected with S. аureus X-ray (control II), the switching of the neutrophil response to the macrophage did not occur during the entire observation period. When using PDT in the case of S. аureus infected ulcer (experimental group), the decrease in the CD18 / ED1 index was determined from the 21st day of observation. CONCLUSIONS The positive effect of the antibacterial PDT method of infected S. аureus radiation ulcers was manifes- ted by complete microbial decontamination of the wound, reduction of phases of the wound process, complete hea- ling of radiation ulcers.The use of PDT has led to the death of bacteria, a decrease in the number of neutrophilic leukocytes and an increase in macrophages in the lesion area, the switching of the neutrophilic response to the reaction of monocyte-macrophage cells in the early stages of healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Krasnoselsky
- SI «Institute of Medical Radiology named by S.P. Grigoriev National Academy of Medical Sciences ofUkraine», 82 Pushkinska St., 61024, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - L I Simonova
- SI «Institute of Medical Radiology named by S.P. Grigoriev National Academy of Medical Sciences ofUkraine», 82 Pushkinska St., 61024, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - V Z Gertman
- SI «Institute of Medical Radiology named by S.P. Grigoriev National Academy of Medical Sciences ofUkraine», 82 Pushkinska St., 61024, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - E S Pushkar
- SI «Institute of Medical Radiology named by S.P. Grigoriev National Academy of Medical Sciences ofUkraine», 82 Pushkinska St., 61024, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - T S Zavadskaya
- SI «Institute of Medical Radiology named by S.P. Grigoriev National Academy of Medical Sciences ofUkraine», 82 Pushkinska St., 61024, Kharkiv, Ukraine
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Ji J, Wang P, Zhou Q, Zhu L, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zheng Z, Bhatta AK, Zhang G, Wang X. CCL8 enhances sensitivity of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma to photodynamic therapy by recruiting M1 macrophages. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:235-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Shibata S, Shinozaki N, Suganami A, Ikegami S, Kinoshita Y, Hasegawa R, Kentaro H, Okamoto Y, Aoki I, Tamura Y, Iwadate Y. Photo-immune therapy with liposomally formulated phospholipid-conjugated indocyanine green induces specific antitumor responses with heat shock protein-70 expression in a glioblastoma model. Oncotarget 2019; 10:175-183. [PMID: 30719212 PMCID: PMC6349435 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor, and infiltrates into the surrounding normal brain tissue. Induction of a tumor-specific immune response is one of the best methods to obtain tumor-specific cytotoxicity. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is known to effectively induce an antitumor immune response. We have developed a clinically translatable nanoparticle, liposomally formulated phospholipid-conjugated indocyanine green (LP-iDOPE), applicable for PDT. This nanoparticle accumulates in tumor tissues by the enhanced permeability and retention effect, and releases heat and singlet oxygen to injure cancer cells when activated by near infrared (NIR) light. We assessed the effectiveness of the LP-iDOPE system in brain using the rat 9L glioblastoma model. Treatment with LP-iDOPE and NIR irradiation resulted in significant tumor growth suppression and prolongation of survival. Histopathological examination showed induction of both apoptosis and necrosis and accumulation of CD8+ T-cells and macrophages/microglia accompanied by marked expressions of heat shock protein-70 (HSP70), which was not induced by mild hyperthermia alone at 45° C or an interleukin-2-mediated immune reaction. Notably, the efficacy was lost in immunocompromised nude rats. These results collectively show that the novel nanoparticle LP-iDOPE in combination with NIR irradiation can efficiently induce a tumor-specific immune reaction for malignant gliomas possibly by inducing HSP70 expression which is known to activate antigen-presenting cells through toll-like receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Shibata
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Natsuki Shinozaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akiko Suganami
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegami
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Kinoshita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshiharu Okamoto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Ichio Aoki
- National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuo Iwadate
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Li Y, Li X, Zhou F, Doughty A, Hoover AR, Nordquist RE, Chen WR. Nanotechnology-based photoimmunological therapies for cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 442:429-438. [PMID: 30476523 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phototherapy is a non-invasive or minimally invasive therapeutic strategy. Immunotherapy uses different immunological approaches, such as antibodies, vaccines, immunoadjuvants, and cytokines to stimulate the host immune system to fight against diseases. In cancer treatment, phototherapy not only destroys tumor cells, but also induces immunogenic tumor cell death to initiate a systemic anti-tumor immune response. When combined with immunotherapy, the effectiveness of phototherapy can be enhanced. Because of their special physical, chemical, and sometimes immunological properties, nanomaterials have also been used to enhance phototherapy. In this article, we review the recent progress in nanotechnology-based phototherapy, including nano-photothermal therapy, nano-photochemical therapy, and nano-photoimmunological therapy in cancer treatment. Specifically, we focus on the immunological responses induced by nano-phototherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Interventional Therapy Department, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, 300060, China; Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, 73034, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Feifan Zhou
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, 73034, USA; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Austin Doughty
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, 73034, USA
| | - Ashley R Hoover
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, 73034, USA
| | - Robert E Nordquist
- Immunophotonics Inc., 4320 Forest Park Avenue #303, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Wei R Chen
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, 73034, USA; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
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Li F, Zhao Y, Mao C, Kong Y, Ming X. RGD-Modified Albumin Nanoconjugates for Targeted Delivery of a Porphyrin Photosensitizer. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2793-2804. [PMID: 28700237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Advances in photodynamic therapy of cancer have been restrained by lack of cancer specificity and side effects to normal tissues. Molecularly targeted photodynamic therapy can achieve higher cancer specificity by combination of active cancer targeting and localized laser activation. We aimed to use albumin as a carrier to prepare targeted nanoconjugates that are selective to cancer cells and smaller than conventional nanoparticles for superior tumor penetration. IRDye 700DX (IR700), a porphyrin photosensitizer, was covalently conjugated to human serum albumin that was also linked with tumor-targeting RGD peptides. With multiple IR700 and RGD molecules in a single albumin molecule, the resultant nanoconjugates demonstrated monodispersed and uniform size distribution with a diameter of 10.9 nm. These targeted nanoconjugates showed 121-fold increase in cellular delivery of IR700 into TOV21G ovarian cancer cells compared to control nanoconjugates. Mechanistic studies revealed that the integrin specific cellular delivery was achieved through dynamin-mediated caveolae-dependent endocytosis pathways. They produced massive cell killing in TOV21G cells at low nanomolar concentrations upon light irradiation, while NIH/3T3 cells that do not express integrin αvβ3 were not affected. Because of their small size, targeted albumin nanoconjugates could penetrate tumor spheroids of SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells and produced strong phototoxicity in this 3-D model. Owing to their cancer-specific delivery and small size, these targeted nanoconjugates may become an effective drug delivery system for enabling molecularly targeted photodynamic therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States.,School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Vocational College of Medicine , Yancheng 224005, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Chengqiong Mao
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
| | - Yi Kong
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Ming
- Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine , Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, United States
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14
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Novel iron phenanthroline-based photosensitizers for antimicrobial PDT: synthesis, DNA binding and photo-induced DNA cleavage activity. Med Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-017-1831-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Improvement of DC vaccine with ALA-PDT induced immunogenic apoptotic cells for skin squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:17135-46. [PMID: 25915530 PMCID: PMC4627297 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) based vaccines have emerged as a promising immunotherapy for cancers. However, most DC vaccines so far have achieved only limited success in cancer treatment. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), an established cancer treatment strategy, can cause immunogenic apoptosis to induce an effective antitumor immune response. In this study, we developed a DC-based cancer vaccine using immunogenic apoptotic tumor cells induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) mediated PDT. The maturation of DCs induced by PDT-treated apoptotic cells was evaluated using electron microscopy, FACS, and ELISA. The anti-tumor immunity of ALA-PDT-DC vaccine was tested with a mouse model. We observed the maturations of DCs potentiated by ALA-PDT treated tumor cells, including morphology maturation (enlargement of dendrites and increase of lysosomes), phenotypic maturation (upregulation of surface expression of MHC-II, DC80, and CD86), and functional maturation (enhanced capability to secrete IFN-γ and IL-12, and to induce T cell proliferation). Most interestingly, PDT-induced apoptotic tumor cells are more capable of potentiating maturation of DCs than PDT-treated or freeze/thaw treated necrotic tumor cells. ALA-PDT-DC vaccine mediated by apoptotic cells provided protection against tumors in mice, far stronger than that of DC vaccine obtained from freeze/thaw treated tumor cells. Our results indicate that immunogenic apoptotic tumor cells can be more effective in enhancing a DC-based cancer vaccine, which could improve the clinical application of PDT-DC vaccines.
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Immunological aspects of antitumor photodynamic therapy outcome. Cent Eur J Immunol 2016; 40:481-5. [PMID: 26862314 PMCID: PMC4737746 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.56974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer is an efficient and promising therapeutic modality approved for the treatment of several types of tumors and non-malignant diseases. It involves administration of a non-toxic photosensitizer followed by illumination of the tumor site with a harmless visible light. A light activated photosensitizer can transfer its energy directly to molecular oxygen, leading to production of highly toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antitumor effects of PDT result from the combination of three independent mechanisms involving direct cytotoxicity to tumor cells, destruction of tumor vasculature and induction of the acute local inflammatory response. PDT-mediated inflammatory reaction is accompanied by tumor infiltration of the leukocytes, enhanced production of pro-inflammatory factors and cytokines. Photodynamic therapy is able to effectively stimulate both the innate and the adaptive arm of the immune system. In consequence, this regimen can lead to development of systemic and specific antitumor immune response. However, there are limited studies suggesting that under some specific circumstances, PDT on its own may exert some immunosuppressive effects leading to activation of immunosuppressive cells or cytokines production. In this report we briefly review all immunological aspects of PDT treatment.
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Wang LX, Li JW, Huang JY, Li JH, Zhang LJ, O'Shea D, Chen ZL. Antitumor activity of photodynamic therapy with a chlorin derivative in vitro and in vivo. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:6839-47. [PMID: 25846737 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorin derivatives are promising photosensitive agents for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumors. The aim of the current study is to investigate the PDT therapeutic effects of a novel chlorin-based photosensitizer, meso-tetra[3-(N,N-diethyl)aminomethyl-4-methoxy]phenyl chlorin (TMPC) for gliomas in vitro and in vivo. Physicochemical characteristics of TMPC were recorded by ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer and fluorescence spectrometer. The rate of singlet oxygen generation of TMPC upon photo-excitation was detected by using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF). The accumulation of TMPC in gliomas U87 MG cells was measured by fluorescence spectrometer. The efficiency of TMPC-PDT in vitro was analyzed by MTT assay and clonogenic assay. The biodistribution and clearance of TMPC were determined by fluorescence measuring. Human gliomas U87 MG tumor-bearing mice model was used to evaluate the antitumor effects of TMPC-PDT. TMPC shows a singlet oxygen generation rate of 0.05 and displays a characteristic long wavelength absorption peak at 653 nm (ε = 15,400). The accumulation of TMPC increased with the increase of incubation time. In vitro, PDT using TMPC and laser showed laser dose- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity to U87 MG cells. In U87 MG tumor-bearing mice, TMPC-PDT significantly reduced the growth of the tumors. Both in vitro and in vivo, TMPC showed little dark toxicity. In vitro and in vivo studies, it found that TMPC has excellent antitumor activities. It suggests that TMPC is a potential photosensitizer of photodynamic therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Xing Wang
- Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Wei Li
- Yiwu City Central Hospital, Zhejiang, 322000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Yue Huang
- Yiwu City Central Hospital, Zhejiang, 322000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hong Li
- Yiwu City Central Hospital, Zhejiang, 322000, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Center for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zhi-Long Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Lapchenko AS. [Photodynamic therapy. The fields of applications and prospects for the further development in otorhinolaryngology]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 2015; 80:4-9. [PMID: 26978743 DOI: 10.17116/otorino20158064-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a review of the modern specialized medical literature concerned with the applications of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in otorhinolaryngology and medicine at large. The necessity of such a review of the available possibilities provided by PDT is dictated by the ever increasing interest of otorhinolaryngologists and specialists of other medical disciplines in the use of this method for the treatment of tumours and inflammatory diseases as well as their pyogenic complications. The author offers the critical assessment of the experience gained with the application of the known PDT technologies for the management of various pathological conditions. Especially much attention is given to the treatment of acute and chronic inflammation in the otorhinolaryngological practice with special reference to the yet unresolved problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Lapchenko
- Kafedra otorinolaringologii lechebnogo fakul'teta Rossijskogo natsional'nogo issledovatel'skogo meditsinskogo universiteta im. N.I. Pirogova, Moskva, Rossija, 117997
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Basic and Clinical Aspects of Photodynamic Therapy. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12730-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kiesslich T, Tortik N, Pichler M, Neureiter D, Plaetzer K. Apoptosis in cancer cells induced by photodynamic treatment – a methodological approach. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424613300036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is approved for clinical indications including several (pre-) cancers of the skin and solid tumors of the brain and the gastrointestinal tract. It operates by an acute cellular response caused by oxidation of cell components following light-induced and photosensitizer-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species. By this, PDT is capable of inducing the major types of cytotoxic responses: autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis. As excited photosensitizer molecules react rather non-specifically with neighboring molecules, we suggest that with PDT and most (if not any) cell-localizing photosensitizers, all kinds of cellular responses can be provoked — following a strict dose-dependency, i.e. a transition from survival, over apoptosis to necrosis depending on the applied photosensitizer concentration or light dose. In this review, we briefly discuss (i) the types of cell death induced by PDT focusing on apoptosis induction, (ii) a simple experimental approach to quickly assess the dose-dependent phototoxic responses based on viability assays, and (iii) an overview of in vitro apoptosis detection methods for further in depth analyses. With this conceptual framework, we attempt to provide a rational experimental approach for initial in vitro, cell-based characterization of newly synthesized photosensitizers or formulations thereof — thus to plug the gap between subsequent in vivo evaluation and the preceding fundamental (physico-)chemical work devoted to the improvement of photosensitizing drugs based on mainly porphyrins, phthalocyanines and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kiesslich
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Muellner Haupstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nicole Tortik
- Laboratory of Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms (PDI-PLUS), Division of Physics and Biophysics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz (MUG), Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University/Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Muellner Haupstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Kristjan Plaetzer
- Laboratory of Photodynamic Inactivation of Microorganisms (PDI-PLUS), Division of Physics and Biophysics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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21
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Milla Sanabria L, Rodríguez ME, Cogno IS, Rumie Vittar NB, Pansa MF, Lamberti MJ, Rivarola VA. Direct and indirect photodynamic therapy effects on the cellular and molecular components of the tumor microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1835:36-45. [PMID: 23046998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel cancer treatment. It involves the activation of a photosensitizer (PS) with light of specific wavelength, which interacts with molecular oxygen to generate singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lead to tumor cell death. When a tumor is treated with PDT, in addition to affect cancer cells, the extracellular matrix and the other cellular components of the microenvironment are altered and finally this had effects on the tumor cells survival. Furthermore, the heterogeneity in the availability of nutrients and oxygen in the different regions of a tridimensional tumor has a strong impact on the sensitivity of cells to PDT. In this review, we summarize how PDT affects indirectly to the tumor cells, by the alterations on the extracellular matrix, the cell adhesion and the effects over the immune response. Also, we describe direct PDT effects on cancer cells, considering the intratumoral role that autophagy mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) has on the efficiency of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Milla Sanabria
- Department of Molecular Biology, National University of Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto (5800), Córdoba, Argentina
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22
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Shishkova N, Kuznetsova O, Berezov T. Photodynamic therapy for gynecological diseases and breast cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2012; 9:9-17. [PMID: 23691448 PMCID: PMC3643637 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-3941.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive and promising new method in cancer treatment. Cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by the tissue-localized non-toxic sensitizer upon illumination and in the presence of oxygen. Thus, selective destruction of a targeted tumor may be achieved. Compared with traditional cancer treatment, PDI has advantages including higher selectivity and lower rate of toxicity. The high degree of selectivity of the proposed method was applied to cancer diagnosis using fluorescence. This article reviews previous studies done on PDT treatment and photodetection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, ovarian and breast cancer, and PDT application in treating non-cancer lesions. The article also highlights the clinical responses to PDT, and discusses the possibility of enhancing treatment efficacy by combination with immunotherapy and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natashis Shishkova
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, People's Friendship University of Russia, Moscow 117198, Russia
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23
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Bindu P, Mahadevan K, Satyanarayan N, Ravikumar Naik T. Synthesis and DNA cleavage studies of novel quinoline oxime esters. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:898-900. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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24
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Chrastina A, Schnitzer JE. Laser-targeted photosensitizer-induced lung injury: noninvasive rat model of pulmonary infarction. Exp Lung Res 2011; 38:1-8. [PMID: 22122508 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2011.627085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary infarction is a life-threatening lung injury that requires rapid and accurate diagnosis for proper treatment. Targetable and reproducible small-animal models that would allow experimental development and preclinical evaluation of diagnostic methods for detecting pulmonary infarction are critically missing. The authors report here a novel procedure to selectively induce pulmonary infarction by photodestructive laser-light irradiation in a targeted location within a specific lung compartment after administration of a photosensitizer. Histopathological analysis of the illuminated lung tissue revealed massive hemorrhage and vascular occlusion after acute injury localized to the site of irradiation. Collapse of alveolar structure, neutrophil influx, and necrosis were subsequently observed. Computed tomography (CT) scans showed evidence of abnormal density and airspace consolidation in the irradiated area of the lung, but not elsewhere in the lung compartment. Perfusion imaging using 99mTc-labeled macroaggregated albumin by single-photon emission computed tomography revealed diminished scintigraphic signal in the opaque area of infarcted lung tissue. The histological changes, CT findings, and perfusion characteristics of pulmonary infarction are mimicked using laser-irradiated, photosensitizer-mediated photodestruction to selectively induce chronic lung injury in a localized area. This small-animal model can be easily and readily used for targeted induction of pulmonary infarction in a designated area of lung compartment and offers the potential for use in evaluating novel diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Chrastina
- Proteogenomics Research Institute for Systems Medicine, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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25
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Guo Y, Cheng C, Wang J, Jin X, Liu B, Wang Z, Gao J, Kang P. Oxidation-extraction spectrometry of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by chlorophyllin magnesium (Chl-Mg) under ultrasonic irradiation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 79:1099-1104. [PMID: 21620761 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to examine the mechanism and process of sonodynamic reaction, the chlorophyllin magnesium (Chl-Mg) acting as a sonosensitizer was irradiated by ultrasound, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by the method of oxidation-extraction spectrometry (OES). That is, under ultrasonic irradiation in the presence of Chl-Mg, the 1,5-diphenyl carbazide (DPCI) is oxidized by generated ROS into 1,5-diphenyl carbazone (DPCO), which can be extracted by mixed organic solvent and display a obvious visible absorption at 563 nm wavelength. Besides, the generation conditions of ROS were also reviewed. The results demonstrated that the quantities of generated ROS increased with the increase of ultrasonic irradiation time, Chl-Mg concentration and DPCI concentration. Finally, several radical scavengers (l-Histidine (His), 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-methylphenol (BHT) and Vitamin C (VC)) were used to determine the kind of the generated ROS. It was found that at least the hydroxyl radical (OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2) were generated in the presence of Chl-Mg under ultrasonic irradiation. It is wish that this paper might offer some valuable references for the study on the mechanism of SDT and the application of Chl-Mg in tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Guo
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
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26
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Wang J, Guo Y, Gao J, Jin X, Wang Z, Wang B, Li K, Li Y. Detection and comparison of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by chlorophyllin metal (Fe, Mg and Cu) complexes under ultrasonic and visible-light irradiation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2011; 18:1028-1034. [PMID: 21236719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, in order to examine the mechanisms of sonodynamic and photodynamic reactions, the chlorophyllin metal (Chl-M (M=Fe, Mg and Cu)) complexes were irradiated by ultrasound (US) and visible-light (VL), respectively, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by the method of Oxidation-Extraction Spectrometry (OES). That is, the 1,5-diphenyl carbazide (DPCI) is oxidized by the generated ROS into 1,5-diphenyl carbazone (DPCO), which can display a various visible absorption around 563 nm wavelength. Besides, some influence parameters on the generation of ROS were also reviewed. The results demonstrated an apparent synergistic effect of Chl-M and ultrasonic or visible-light irradiation for the generation of ROS. Moreover, the quantities of generated ROS increase with the increase of (ultrasonic or visible-light) irradiation time and Chl-M (M=Fe, Mg and Cu) concentration. Finally, several quenchers were used to determine the kind of the generated ROS. It is wished that this paper might offer some valuable references for the study on the sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) mechanisms and the application of Chl-M in tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, PR China.
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27
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Gao J, Wang Z, Wang J, Jin X, Guo Y, Li K, Li Y, Kang P. Spectroscopic studies on interaction and sonodynamic damage of metallochlorophyllin (Chl-M (M=Fe, Zn and Cu)) to protein under ultrasonic irradiation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 79:849-857. [PMID: 21680231 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the chlorophyll derivatives, metallochlorophyllin (Chl-M) (M=Fe, Zn and Cu) including chlorophyllin iron (Chl-Fe), chlorophyllin zinc (Chl-Zn) and chlorophyllin copper (Chl-Cu), were adopted as sonosensitizers to combine with ultrasonic irradiation, and the sonodynamic damage of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated. At first, the interaction of Chl-M with BSA was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. The results show that the quenching mechanism belongs to a static process and among them the affinity of Chl-Fe to BSA is the most obvious. Then, some influence factors on the sonodynamic damage of BSA molecules in the presence of Chl-M under ultrasonic irradiation were also studied. Synchronous fluorescence spectra show that the binding and damage sites of Chl-M to BSA molecule are mainly on the tryptophan (Trp) residues. The generation of ROS in Chl-M sonodynamic process is estimated by the method of Oxidation-Extraction Spectrometry (OEP). This paper may offer some valuable references for the study of the sonodynamic activity of Chl-M and the effect of the central metals. Synchronously, it contributes to the application of Chl-M in SDT for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqun Gao
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
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Pheophorbide a-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy Triggers HLA Class I-Restricted Antigen Presentation in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2011; 3:114-22. [PMID: 20360936 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been reported in several photosensitizers. Pheophorbide a (Pa), a chlorophyll derivative, shows antitumor effects on a number of human cancers in a PDT approach (Pa-PDT); however, the potential effect of Pa-PDT on the anticancer immunity has never been studied. In the present work, the underlying action mechanism of Pa-PDT was systemically investigated with a human hepatoma cell line HepG2. We found that Pa-PDT significantly inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells with a half maximal inhibitory concentration/endoplasmic reticulum of 0.35 microM at 24 hours by the induction of apoptosis, as shown by externalization of phosphatidylserine, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, and activation of the caspases cascade in the treated cells. Interestingly, using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, a 57-kDa disulfide-isomerase-like ER resident protein (ERp57) that belongs to the HLA class I-restricted antigen-processing machinery was found to be mediated during the Pa-PDT treatment. This activation of antigen presentation was confirmed by Western blot analysis and immunostaining. Furthermore, a cross-presentation of antigen with HLA class I proteins and 70-kDa heat shock protein was found in Pa-PDT-treated cells, as shown by the confocal microscopic observation and immunoprecipitation assay. Nevertheless, the immunogenicity of HepG2 cells was increased by Pa-PDT treatment that triggered phagocytic capture by human macrophages. Our findings provide the first evidence that Pa-PDT can trigger both apoptosis and cancer immunity in the tumor host.
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Enhancing photodynamyc therapy efficacy by combination therapy: dated, current and oncoming strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:2597-629. [PMID: 24212824 PMCID: PMC3757433 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3022597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination therapy is a common practice in many medical disciplines. It is defined as the use of more than one drug to treat the same disease. Sometimes this expression describes the simultaneous use of therapeutic approaches that target different cellular/molecular pathways, increasing the chances of killing the diseased cell. This short review is concerned with therapeutic combinations in which PDT (Photodynamyc Therapy) is the core therapeutic partner. Besides the description of the principal methods used to assess the efficacy attained by combinations in respect to monotherapy, this review describes experimental results in which PDT was combined with conventional drugs in different experimental conditions. This inventory is far from exhaustive, as the number of photosensitizers used in combination with different drugs is very large. Reports cited in this work have been selected because considered representative. The combinations we have reviewed include the association of PDT with anti-oxidants, chemotherapeutics, drugs targeting topoisomerases I and II, antimetabolites and others. Some paragraphs are dedicated to PDT and immuno-modulation, others to associations of PDT with angiogenesis inhibitors, receptor inhibitors, radiotherapy and more. Finally, a look is dedicated to combinations involving the use of natural compounds and, as new entries, drugs that act as proteasome inhibitors.
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising novel therapeutic procedure for the management of a variety of solid tumors and many non-malignant diseases. PDT has been described as having a significant effect on the immune system, which may be either immunostimulatory or, in some circumstances, immunosuppressive. The immunosuppressive effects of PDT have nearly all been concerned with the suppression of the contact hypersensitivity reaction in mice. Here, we review the immunosuppressive aspects of PDT treatment and discuss some additional mechanisms that may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Mroz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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31
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Brackett CM, Gollnick SO. Photodynamic therapy enhancement of anti-tumor immunity. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:649-52. [PMID: 21253659 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an FDA-approved modality for the treatment of early-stage disease and palliation of late-stage disease. Pre-clinical studies using mouse models and clinical studies in patients have demonstrated that PDT is capable of influencing the immune system. The effect of PDT on the generation of anti-tumor immunity is regimen-dependent and is tightly linked to the degree and nature of inflammation induced by PDT. However, the precise mechanism underlying PDT-regulated adaptive anti-tumor immunity remains unclear. This review will focus on the current knowledge of immune regulation by PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Brackett
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Daayana S, Winters U, Stern PL, Kitchener HC. Clinical and immunological response to photodynamic therapy in the treatment of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:802-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an FDA-approved modality that rapidly eliminates local tumors, resulting in cure of early disease and palliation of advanced disease. PDT was originally considered to be a local treatment; however, both pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that local PDT treatment of tumors can enhance systemic anti-tumor immunity. The current state of investigations into the ability of PDT to enhance anti-tumor immunity, the mechanisms behind this enhancement and the future of PDT as an immunotherapy are addressed in this review.
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Wang J, Liu L, Liu B, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Xu R, Wang S, Zhang X. Spectroscopic study on interaction of bovine serum albumin with sodium magnesium chlorophyllin and its sonodynamic damage under ultrasonic irradiation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 75:366-374. [PMID: 19939730 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an attractive antitumor treatment for recent years. In this paper, sodium magnesium chlorophyllin (SMC) as a sonosensitizer combining with ultrasonic (US) irradiation to damage bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been investigated by fluorescence and UV-vis spectroscopy. The interaction of BSA with SMC was studied by the quenching of intrinsic fluorescence at varying temperature. The quenching constants (K(SV)), effective binding constants (K(A)), apparent association constants (K(a)) and binding site numbers were determined. The results indicated the quenching mechanism is a static procedure. Thermodynamic parameters show that the interactions involve hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions and complexations. The binding distance is 3.533 nm. The synergistic effect of SMC and ultrasound was estimated including the study of damage conditions. Synchronous fluorescence spectra indicate the damage to Trp residues is more serious. This paper may offer some valuable references for using spectroscopy method to study the application of chlorophyll derivatives in antitumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang, PR China.
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Sasmal PK, Saha S, Majumdar R, De S, Dighe RR, Chakravarty AR. Oxovanadium(iv) complexes of phenanthroline bases: the dipyridophenazine complex as a near-IR photocytotoxic agent. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:2147-58. [DOI: 10.1039/b917265c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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36
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Zhou F, Xing D, Chen WR. Regulation of HSP70 on activating macrophages using PDT-induced apoptotic cells. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:1380-9. [PMID: 19533746 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although anti-tumor immunological responses have been mainly associated with necrosis, apoptosis-associated immune responses have been recently suggested as well. In this study, we investigated anti-tumor immune responses and regulatory mechanisms of HSP70 using apoptotic cells induced by photodynamic therapy (PDT). The relationships between HSP70 release, HSP70 translocation and macrophage responses were studied using confocal fluorescence microscopy, FACS and ELISA. Macrophages incubated with apoptotic cells as well as necrotic tumor cells showed a high level of TNFalpha secretion. Apoptotic cells but not the apoptotic cell supernatants induced TNFalpha secretion. During both necrosis and apoptosis processes, the TNFalpha production was diminished drastically when HSP70 or TLR-2 was inhibited. After the PDT treatment, cytoplasmic HSP70 was released from the necrotic cells, while HSP70 rapidly translocated to the surface of the apoptotic cells. Furthermore, the TNFalpha secretion and the tumor cytotoxicity of splenocytes from mice immunized with apoptotic cells appeared similar to that of splenocytes immunized with necrotic cells. Our in vitro and in vivo results show that apoptosis can potentially have higher impact in inducing immunological responses, hence clarifying the immunological regulatory mechanisms of HSP70 under cell apoptosis and necrosis induced by PDT treatment. These findings could lead to an optimal PDT treatment based on immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Kabingu E, Oseroff AR, Wilding GE, Gollnick SO. Enhanced systemic immune reactivity to a Basal cell carcinoma associated antigen following photodynamic therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:4460-6. [PMID: 19549769 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Numerous preclinical studies have shown that local photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumors enhances systemic antitumor immunity. However, other than single-case and anecdotal reports, this phenomenon has not been examined following clinical PDT. To determine whether PDT in a clinical setting enhances systemic recognition of tumor cells, we examined whether PDT of basal cell carcinoma resulted in an increased systemic immune response to Hip1, a tumor antigen associated with basal cell carcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Basal cell carcinoma lesions were either treated with PDT or surgically removed. Blood was collected from patients immediately before or 7 to 10 days following treatment. Peripheral blood leukocytes were isolated from HLA-A2-expressing patients and reactivity to a HLA-A2-restricted Hip1 peptide was measured by INF-gamma ELISpot assay. RESULTS Immune recognition of Hip1 increased in patients whose basal cell carcinoma lesions were treated with PDT. This increase in reactivity was significantly greater than reactivity observed in patients whose lesions were surgically removed. Patients with superficial lesions exhibited greater enhancement of reactivity compared with patients with nodular lesions. Immune reactivity following PDT was inversely correlated with treatment area and light dose. CONCLUSIONS These findings show for the first time that local tumor PDT can enhance systemic immune responses to tumors in patients, and validate previous preclinical findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Kabingu
- Authors' Affiliations: PDT Center, Department of Cell Stress Biology, Department of Dermatology, Department of Biostatistics, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
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Huang Z, Xu H, Meyers AD, Musani AI, Wang L, Tagg R, Barqawi AB, Chen YK. Photodynamic therapy for treatment of solid tumors--potential and technical challenges. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2008; 7:309-20. [PMID: 18642969 DOI: 10.1177/153303460800700405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the administration of photosensitizer followed by local illumination with visible light of specific wavelength(s). In the presence of oxygen molecules, the light illumination of photosensitizer can lead to a series of photochemical reactions and consequently the generation of cytotoxic species. The quantity and location of PDT-induced cytotoxic species determine the nature and consequence of PDT. Much progress has been seen in both basic research and clinical application in recent years. Although the majority of approved PDT clinical protocols have primarily been used for the treatment of superficial lesions of both malignant and non-malignant diseases, interstitial PDT for the ablation of deep-seated solid tumors are now being investigated worldwide. The complexity of the geometry and non-homogeneity of solid tumor pose a great challenge on the implementation of minimally invasive interstitial PDT and the estimation of PDT dosimetry. This review will discuss the recent progress and technical challenges of various forms of interstitial PDT for the treatment of parenchymal and/or stromal tissues of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- University of Colorado Denver, Aurora Campus, CO, USA.
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Yusuf N, Katiyar SK, Elmets CA. The immunosuppressive effects of phthalocyanine photodynamic therapy in mice are mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and can be adoptively transferred to naive recipients. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:366-70. [PMID: 18208456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment modality for malignant tumors but it is also immunosuppressive which may reduce its therapeutic efficacy. The purpose of our study was to elucidate the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in PDT immunosuppression. Using silicon phthalocyanine 4 (Pc4) as photosensitizer, nontumor-bearing CD4 knockout (CD4-/-) mice and their wild type (WT) counterparts were subjected to Pc4-PDT in a manner identical to that used for tumor regression (1 cm spot size, 0.5 mg kg(-1) Pc4, 110 J cm(-2) light) to assess the effect of Pc4-PDT on cell-mediated immunity. There was a decrease in immunosuppression in CD4-/- mice compared with WT mice. We next examined the role of CD8+ T cells in Pc4-PDT-induced immunosuppression using CD8-/- mice following the same treatment regimen used for CD4-/- mice. Similar to CD4-/- mice, CD8-/- mice exhibited less immunosuppression than WT mice. Pc4-PDT-induced immunosuppression could be adoptively transferred with spleen cells from Pc4-PDT treated donor mice to syngenic naive recipients (P < 0.05) and was mediated primarily by T cells, although macrophages were also found to play a role. Procedures that limit PDT-induced immunosuppression but do not affect PDT-induced regression of tumors may prove superior to PDT alone in promoting long-term antitumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabiha Yusuf
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Juzeniene A, Peng Q, Moan J. Milestones in the development of photodynamic therapy and fluorescence diagnosis. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:1234-45. [PMID: 18046478 DOI: 10.1039/b705461k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many reviews on PDT have been published. This field is now so large, and embraces so many sub-specialties, from laser technology and optical penetration through diffusing media to a number of medical fields including dermatology, gastroenterology, ophthalmology, blood sterilization and treatment of microbial-viral diseases, that it is impossible to cover all aspects in a single review. Here, we will concentrate on a few basic aspects, all important for the route of development leading PDT to its present state: early work on hematoporphyrin and hematoporphyrin derivative, second and third generation photosensitizers, 5-aminolevulinic acid and its derivatives, oxygen and singlet oxygen, PDT effects on cell organelles, mutagenic potential, the basis for tumour selectivity, cell cooperativity, photochemical internalization, light penetration into tissue and the significance of oxygen depletion, photobleaching of photosensitizers, optimal light sources, effects on the immune system, and, finally, future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Juzeniene
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, N-0310, Oslo, Norway.
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Kabingu E, Vaughan L, Owczarczak B, Ramsey KD, Gollnick SO. CD8+ T cell-mediated control of distant tumours following local photodynamic therapy is independent of CD4+ T cells and dependent on natural killer cells. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1839-48. [PMID: 17505510 PMCID: PMC2359961 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer survival rates decrease in the presence of disseminated disease. However, there are few therapies that are effective at eliminating the primary tumour while providing control of distant stage disease. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an FDA-approved modality that rapidly eliminates local tumours, resulting in cure of early disease and palliation of advanced disease. Numerous pre-clinical studies have shown that local PDT treatment of tumours enhances anti-tumour immunity. We hypothesised that enhancement of a systemic anti-tumour immune response might control the growth of tumours present outside the treatment field. To test this hypothesis we delivered PDT to subcutaneous (s.c.) tumours of mice bearing both s.c. and lung tumours and monitored the growth of the untreated lung tumours. Our results demonstrate that PDT of murine tumours provided durable inhibition of the growth of untreated lung tumours. The inhibition of the growth of tumours outside the treatment field was tumour-specific and dependent on the presence of CD8+ T cells. This inhibition was accompanied by an increase in splenic anti-tumour cytolytic activity and by an increase in CD8+ T cell infiltration into untreated tumours. Local PDT treatment led to enhanced anti-tumour immune memory that was evident 40 days after tumour treatment and was independent of CD4+ T cells. CD8+ T cell control of the growth of lung tumours present outside the treatment field following PDT was dependent upon the presence of natural killer (NK) cells. These results suggest that local PDT treatment of tumours lead to induction of an anti-tumour immune response capable of controlling the growth of tumours outside the treatment field and indicate that this modality has potential in the treatment of distant stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kabingu
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, PDT Center, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - L Vaughan
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, PDT Center, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - B Owczarczak
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, PDT Center, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - K D Ramsey
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, PDT Center, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - S O Gollnick
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, PDT Center, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- E-mail:
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Stott B, Korbelik M. Activation of complement C3, C5, and C9 genes in tumors treated by photodynamic therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:649-58. [PMID: 16947020 PMCID: PMC11030087 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0221-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer therapies, which deliver a rapidly induced massive tumor tissue injury, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), provoke a strong host response raised for dealing with the inflicted local trauma. Activated complement system was identified as an important element of host response elicited by tumor PDT. The expression of genes encoding complement proteins C3, C5, and C9 was studied following tumor PDT mediated by photosensitizer Photofrin using mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model. Treated tumors and the livers of host mice were collected at different times after PDT and the expression of the investigated genes was analyzed by RT-PCR. The results show a significant up-regulation of C3, C5, and C9 genes in PDT-treated tumors at 24 h after therapy, while no significant increase in the expression of these genes was found in the liver tissues. The expression of C3, C5, and C9 genes also became up-regulated in untreated tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) co-incubated in vitro with PDT-treated LLC cells. This effect was abolished or drastically reduced in the presence of antibodies blocking heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4, and specific peptide inhibitors of TIRAP adapter protein and transcription factor NF-kappaB. The presented study reveals that complement genes C3, C5, and C9 become up-regulated in tumors treated by PDT, but not in the host's liver. Tumor-localized up-regulation of these genes can be largely attributed to monocytes/macrophages invading the treated lesion after PDT. This effect appears to be induced by the recognition of danger signals from PDT-treated tumor cells such as HSP70 by TAMs that involve the TLR2- and TLR4-triggered signal transduction pathways leading to the activation of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Stott
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Mladen Korbelik
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC Canada V5Z 1L3
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The outcome of the treatment of solid tumors by photodynamic therapy (PDT) is critically dependent on the contribution from the host. This host response is provoked by the rapidly induced massive tumor tissue injury delivered by PDT that is experienced as a local trauma threatening the integrity and homeostasis at the affected site. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse tumor models were extensively employed in pre-clinical studies investigating various aspects of host-tumor interaction following PDT, but important input was also derived from clinical data. RESULTS The recognition of this PDT-inflicted insult by innate immune sensors detecting danger signals from the distressed/altered tumor tissue, triggers host-protecting responses dominantly manifested as acute inflammation that are elicited and orchestrated by the innate immune system. To secure the affected PDT-targeted site, the inflammatory reaction attacks tumor vasculature and then neutralizes the focal source of danger signals by eliminating the injured tumor cells. CONCLUSION The provoked highly intensified phagocytosis of dead tumor cells occurring in the context of a vigorous innate immune reaction emerges as a key factor responsible for the development of tumor antigen-specific adaptive immune response that contributes to the eradication of PDT-treated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Korbelik
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1L3.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy appears to be enhanced in the presence of an intact immune system and PDT has been shown to augment anti-tumor immunity. The mechanisms leading to the enhancement of the host immune response to tumor are unclear. Anti-tumor immunity depends upon the presence of activated antigen presenting cells (APCs). These cells are activated by their recognition of components released by pathogens, viruses, dead cells, and the presence of pro-inflammatory mediators. Activated APCs stimulate the generation of cytokine secreting effector cells. Therefore, we have hypothesized that PDT generated inflammatory mediators and components released from tumor cells killed by PDT results in the activation of APCs capable of stimulating effector T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine the effect of PDT on APCs, tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) of EMT6 or Colo 26 tumor bearing mice were isolated 24 hours after Photofrin-PDT and flow cytometry was used to detect the presence of APCs secreting the T cells stimulatory cytokine, IL-12. APCs were also isolated from TDLNs and used to stimulate T-cell proliferation and secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). RESULTS PDT results in an increase in IL-12 expressing APCs in the TDLN. This increase was accompanied by an increase in the ability of APCs isolated from TDLNs of PDT-treated mice to stimulate T-cell proliferation and T-cell secretion of IFN-gamma. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that APCs isolated from PDT-treated mice exhibit an enhanced ability to stimulate T-cell proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion, suggesting that PDT results in increased APC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra O Gollnick
- The Photodynamic Therapy Center, Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
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45
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Motta S, Monti M. Photodynamic therapy—a promising treatment option for autoimmune skin ulcers: a case report. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:1150-1. [DOI: 10.1039/b711920h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Abstract
The concept of skin cancer prevention with photodynamic therapy has evolved over the past few years to include large surface application of aminolevulinic acid or methyl aminolevulinate followed by light exposure to prevent the development of new lesions. Pre-clinical studies using various mouse models have shown that large surface photodynamic therapy can prevent the appearance of actinic keratoses, squamous cell carcinomas, and basal cell carcinomas. Recent clinical studies also suggest that large surface photodynamic therapy can prevent the development of actinic keratoses and possibly skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Bissonnette
- Innovaderm Research, 1851 Sherbrooke Street East, Suite 502, Montreal, QC H2K 4L5, Canada.
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Dhar S, Nethaji M, Chakravarty AR. DNA Cleavage on Photoexposure at the d−d Band in Ternary Copper(II) Complexes Using Red-Light Laser. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:11043-50. [PMID: 17173464 DOI: 10.1021/ic060328e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ternary copper(II) complexes [Cu(L1)B](ClO4) (1, 2) and [Cu(L2)B](ClO4) (3, 4), where HL1 and HL2 are tridentate NSO- and ONO-donor Schiff bases and B is a heterocyclic base, viz. dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq, 1 and 3) or dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz, 2 and 4), were prepared and their DNA binding and photoinduced DNA cleavage activity studied. Complex 1, structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, shows an axially elongated square-pyramidal (4 + 1) coordination geometry in which the monoanionic L1 binds at the equatorial plane. The NN-donor dpq ligand exhibits an axial-equatorial binding mode. The complexes display good binding propensity to calf thymus DNA, giving a relative order 2 (NSO-dppz) > 4 (ONO-dppz) > 1 (NSO-dpq) > 3 (ONO-dpq). They cleave supercoiled pUC19 DNA to its nicked circular form when treated with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) by formation of hydroxyl radicals as the cleavage active species under dark reaction conditions. The photoinduced DNA cleavage activity of the complexes was investigated using UV radiation of 365 nm and red light of 633, 647.1, and 676.4 nm (CW He-Ne and Ar-Kr mixed gas ion laser sources) in the absence of MPA. Complexes 1 and 2, having photoactive NSO-donor Schiff base and dpq/dppz ligands, show dual photosensitizing effects involving both the photoactive ligands in the ternary structure with significantly better cleavage properties when compared to those of 3 and 4, having only photoactive dpq/dppz ligands. Involvement of singlet oxygen in the light-induced DNA cleavage reactions is proposed. A significant enhancement of the red-light-induced DNA cleavage activity is observed for the dpq and dppz complexes containing the sulfur ligand when compared to their earlier reported phen (1,10-phenanthroline) analogue. Enhancement of the cleavage activity on photoexposure at the d-d band indicates the occurrence of metal-assisted photosensitization processes involving the LMCT and d-d band in the ternary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanta Dhar
- Department of Inorganic & Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses non-toxic photosensitizers and harmless visible light in combination with oxygen to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species that kill malignant cells by apoptosis and/or necrosis, shut down the tumour microvasculature and stimulate the host immune system. In contrast to surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy that are mostly immunosuppressive, PDT causes acute inflammation, expression of heat-shock proteins, invasion and infiltration of the tumour by leukocytes, and might increase the presentation of tumour-derived antigens to T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Castano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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49
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Castano AP, Liu Q, Hamblin MR. A green fluorescent protein-expressing murine tumour but not its wild-type counterpart is cured by photodynamic therapy. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:391-7. [PMID: 16421588 PMCID: PMC2361144 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ideal cancer treatment should both destroy the primary tumour and at the same time educate the immune system to recognise the tumour as foreign so that distant metastases will also be eradicated. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the i.v. administration of photosensitisers followed by illumination of the tumour with red light producing reactive oxygen species that eventually cause vascular shutdown and tumour cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. Anti-tumour immunity is stimulated after PDT due to the acute inflammatory response, generation of tumour-specific antigens, and induction of heat-shock proteins. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is used as an optical reporter to noninvasively image the progression of mouse tumours, and in addition, may act as a foreign (jellyfish) antigen. We asked whether GFP-expressing tumours could be used to monitor the response of tumour-bearing mice to PDT, and whether the tumour response differed when a nonimmunogenic tumour cell line was transduced with GFP. We injected RIF-1 or RIF-1 EGFP (stably transduced with a retroviral vector) cells in the leg of C3H/HeN mice and both the cells and tumour grew equally well. We used PDT with benzoporphyrin derivative and a short drug-light interval. There were complete cures and 100% mouse survival of RIF-1 EGFP while RIF-1 wild-type tumours all recurred. Cured mice were resistant to rechallenge with RIF-1 EGFP cells and a rechallenge with wild-type RIF-1 cells grew significantly slower. There was also slower RIF-1 EGFP rechallenge growth but no rejection when RIF-1 EGFP tumours were surgically removed. There was a low rate of PDT cure of tumours when RIF-1 cells were transduced with an empty retroviral vector. The presence of antibodies against EGFP in mouse serum suggests EGFP can act as a foreign antigen and PDT can then stimulate a long-term memory immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Castano
- BAR414, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Q Liu
- BAR414, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M R Hamblin
- BAR414, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- BAR414, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA. E-mail:
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