1
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Gol-Soltani M, Ghasemi-Fasaei R, Ronaghi A, Zarei M, Zeinali S, Haderlein SB. Natural solution for the remediation of multi-metal contamination: application of natural amino acids, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Micrococcus yunnanensis to increase the phytoremediation efficiency. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38949066 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2024.2372688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Natural amino acids (NAA) have been rarely investigated as chelators, despite their ability to chelate heavy metals (HMs). In the present research, the effects of extracted natural amino acids, as a natural and environmentally friendly chelate agent and the inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF) and Micrococcus yunnanensis (MY) bacteria were investigated on some responses of quinoa in a soil polluted with Pb, Ni, Cd, and Zn. Inoculation of PGPR bacteria enhanced plant growth and phytoremediation efficiency. Pb and Cd were higher in quinoa roots, while Ni and Zn were higher in the shoots. The highest efficiencies were observed with NAA treatment and simultaneous inoculation of PF and MY bacteria for Ni, Cd, Pb, and Zn. The highest values of phytoremediation efficiency and uptake efficiency of Ni, Cd, Pb, and Zn were 21.28, 19.11, 14.96 and 18.99 μg g-1, and 31.52, 60.78, 51.89, and 25.33 μg g-1, respectively. Results of present study well demonstrated NAA extracted from blood powder acted as strong chelate agent due to their diversity in size, solubilizing ability, abundant functional groups, and potential in the formation of stable complexes with Ni, Cd, Pb, and Zn, increasing metal availability in soil and improving phytoremediation efficiency in quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Ghasemi-Fasaei
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Ronaghi
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Zarei
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zeinali
- Department of Nanochemical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Stefan B Haderlein
- Department of Environmental Mineralogy, Center for Applied Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Brzeski J, Wyrzykowski D, Makowska J. Application of a modern theoretical approach to the study of the interaction of KR-12 peptides derived from human cathelicidins with Cu(II) ions. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9942-9951. [PMID: 38809157 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The human cationic antimicrobial protein (hCAP) corresponding to the overlapping sequences of 151-162 of hCAP named KR-12 peptide is the smallest portion of the only type of human Cathelicidin, which has been shown to be modifiable into a more effective antimicrobial. In this study, an in silico analysis, supported by potentiometric titration and isothermal titration calorimetry techniques, was performed to identify potential Cu(II) binding sites of KR-12. The analysis of the presented data at the given theoretical level (GFN2-xTB/ALPB) revealed which peptide chain fragments are involved in the most favourable KR-12-Cu(II) binding mode. Based on a quantum chemical approach, the most favourable coordination modes of Cu(II) to peptides are proposed together with the discussion of the chemical nature of the interactions. The presented results demonstrated that KR-12 interacts with metal ions mostly via the main chain's oxygen atoms; however, the two types of amino acids that are expected to be vital for the interaction of Cu(II) are D (aspartic acid) and R29 (arginine). It was demonstrated that in order to explain the complexity of the interaction process in peptide-metal ion systems, the use of theoretical methods is sometimes necessary to explain the details of the experimental results and provide an in-depth understanding of these dynamic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Brzeski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Wyrzykowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Joanna Makowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
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3
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Karan A, Sharma NS, Darder M, Su Y, Andrabi SM, Shahriar SMS, John JV, Luo Z, DeCoster MA, Zhang YS, Xie J. Copper-Cystine Biohybrid-Embedded Nanofiber Aerogels Show Antibacterial and Angiogenic Properties. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:9765-9781. [PMID: 38434900 PMCID: PMC10905775 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Copper-cystine-based high aspect ratio structures (CuHARS) possess exceptional physical and chemical properties and exhibit remarkable biodegradability in human physiological conditions. Extensive testing has confirmed the biocompatibility and biodegradability of CuHARS under diverse biological conditions, making them a viable source of essential Cu2+. These ions are vital for catalyzing the production of nitric oxide (NO) from the decomposition of S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) found in human blood. The ability of CuHARS to act as a Cu2+ donor under specific concentrations has been demonstrated in this study, resulting in the generation of elevated levels of NO. Consequently, this dual function makes CuHARS effective as both a bactericidal agent and a promoter of angiogenesis. In vitro experiments have shown that CuHARS actively promotes the migration and formation of complete lumens by redirecting microvascular endothelial cells. To maximize the benefits of CuHARS, they have been incorporated into biomimetic electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofiber aerogels. Through the regulated release of Cu2+ and NO production, these channeled aerogels not only provide antibacterial support but also promote angiogenesis. Taken together, the inclusion of CuHARS in biomimetic scaffolds could hold great promise in revolutionizing tissue regeneration and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik Karan
- Department
of Surgery-Transplant and Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Navatha Shree Sharma
- Department
of Surgery-Transplant and Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Margarita Darder
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Yajuan Su
- Department
of Surgery-Transplant and Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Syed Muntazir Andrabi
- Department
of Surgery-Transplant and Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - S M Shatil Shahriar
- Department
of Surgery-Transplant and Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Johnson V. John
- Terasaki
Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Zeyu Luo
- Division
of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mark A. DeCoster
- Biomedical
Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, United States
- Institute
for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71272, United States
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division
of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jingwei Xie
- Department
of Surgery-Transplant and Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Department
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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4
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Potok P, Kola A, Valensin D, Capdevila M, Potocki S. Copper Forms a PPII Helix-Like Structure with the Catalytic Domains of Bacterial Zinc Metalloproteases. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18425-18439. [PMID: 37909295 PMCID: PMC10647932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The rapid spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria continuously raises concerns about the future ineffectiveness of current antimicrobial treatments against infectious diseases. To address this problem, new therapeutic strategies and antimicrobial drugs with unique modes of action are urgently needed. Inhibition of metalloproteases, bacterial virulence factors, is a promising target for the development of antibacterial treatments. In this study, the interaction among Zn(II), Cu(II), and the metal-binding domains of two metalloproteases, AprA (Pseudomonas aureginosa) and CpaA (Acinetobacter baumanii), was investigated. The objective was to determine the coordination sphere of Zn(II) with a peptide model of two zinc-dependent metalloproteases. Additionally, the study explored the formation of Cu(II) complexes with the domains, as Cu(II) has been shown to inhibit metalloproteases. The third aim was to understand the role of nonbinding amino acids in stabilizing the metal complexes formed by these proteases. This work identified specific coordination patterns (HExxHxxxxxH) for both Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes, with AprA and CpaA exhibiting a higher affinity for Cu(II) compared to Zn(II). The study also found that the CpaA domain has greater stability for both Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes compared to AprA. The nonbinding amino acids of CpaA surrounding the metal ion contribute to the increased thermodynamic stability of the metal-peptide complex through various intramolecular interactions. These interactions can also influence the secondary structures of the peptides. The presence of certain amino acids, such as tyrosine, arginine, and glutamic acid, and their interactions contribute to the stability and, only in the case of Cu(II) complexes, the formation of a rare protein structure called a left-handed polyproline II helix (PPII), which is known to play a role in the stability and function of various proteins. These findings provide valuable insights into the coordination chemistry of bacterial metalloproteases and expand our understanding of potential mechanisms for inhibiting these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Potok
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Arian Kola
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Valensin
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Merce Capdevila
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sławomir Potocki
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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5
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Kola A, Nencioni F, Valensin D. Bioinorganic Chemistry of Micronutrients Related to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Molecules 2023; 28:5467. [PMID: 37513339 PMCID: PMC10385134 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal ions are fundamental to guarantee the regular physiological activity of the human organism. Similarly, vitamins play a key role in many biological functions of the metabolism, among which are coenzymes, redox mediators, and antioxidants. Due to their importance in the human organism, both metals and vitamins have been extensively studied for their involvement in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). However, the full potential of the interaction between vitamins and metal ions has not been fully explored by researchers yet, and further investigation on this topic is needed. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the scientific literature on the implications of vitamins and selected metal ions in two of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, vitamin-metal ion interactions are discussed in detail focusing on their bioinorganic chemistry, with the perspective of arousing more interest in this fascinating bioinorganic field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela Valensin
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy; (A.K.); (F.N.)
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6
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Truong DH, Lan Nguyen TH, Dao DQ. Revisiting the HO ●-initiated oxidation of L-proline amino acid in the aqueous phase: influence of transition metal ions. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230114. [PMID: 37293362 PMCID: PMC10245202 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of L-proline (Pro) by HO● radical in water and the influence of transition metal ions on this process has been revisited by using the density functional theory (DFT) method at the M05-2X/6-311 + + G(3df,3pd)//M05-2X/6-311 + + G(d,p) level of theory at the temperature of 298.15 K. The main reactive sites of the HO●-initiated oxidation of Pro via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions are at the β- and γ-carbon, with the branching ratios being 44.6% and 39.5%, respectively. The overall rate constant at 298.15 K is 6.04 × 108 M-1 s-1. In addition, Pro tends to form stable complexes with both Fe and Cu ions via the -COO functional group of dipole-salt form. The most stable Cu(II)-Pro complexes have high oxidant risks in enhancing the HO● formation in the presence of reducing agents. Besides this, the high oxidation state metal complexes, i.e. Fe(III)-Pro and Cu(II)-Pro, may be oxidized by HO● radical via HAT reactions but with a lower rate constant than that of free-Pro. By contrast, the low oxidation state metal complexes (i.e. Fe(II)-Pro and Cu(I)-Pro) have higher oxidation risks than the free ligands, and thus, the complexation enhances the oxidation of Pro amino acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Hieu Truong
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | | | - Duy Quang Dao
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
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7
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An optical and electrochemical sensor based on L-arginine functionalized reduced graphene oxide. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19398. [PMID: 36371538 PMCID: PMC9653396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical and photochemical properties of graphene derivatives could be significantly improved by modifications in the chemical structure. Herein, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was functionalized with L-arginine (L-Arg) by an amidation reaction between the support and amino acid. Deposition of a powerful ligand, L-Arg, on the optically active support generated an effective optical chemosensor for the determination of Cd(II), Co(II), Pb(II), and Cu(II). In addition, L-Arg-RGO was used as an electrode modifier to fabricate L-Arg-RGO modified glassy-carbon electrode (L-Arg-RGO/GCE) to be employed in the selective detection of Pb(II) ions by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DP-ASV). L-Arg-RGO/GCE afforded better results than the bare GCE, RGO/GCE, and L-Arg functionalized graphene quantum dot modified GCE. The nanostructure of RGO, modification by L-Arg, and homogeneous immobilization of resultant nanoparticles at the electrode surface are the reasons for outstanding results. The proposed electrochemical sensor has a wide linear range with a limit of detection equal to 0.06 nM, leading to the easy detection of Pb(II) in the presence of other cations. This research highlighted that RGO as a promising support of optical, and electrochemical sensors could be used in the selective, and sensitive determination of transition metals depends on the nature of the modifier. Moreover, L-Arg as an abundant amino acid deserves to perch on the support for optical, and electrochemical determination of transition metals.
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8
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Truong DH, Ngo TC, Nguyen THL, Dao DQ. Oxidation of l-leucine amino acid initiated by hydroxyl radical: are transition metal ions an enhancement factor? ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220316. [PMID: 36117865 PMCID: PMC9470255 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical (HO·) formation initiated by the Fenton-type reactions of Fe and Cu complexes of l-leucine (Leu) amino acid as well as its oxidation reaction by HO· was computationally investigated by using the density functional theory method at the M05-2X/6-311++G(3df,2pd)//M05-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory in the aqueous phase. The results showed that dipole-salt is the main form of Leu in the physiological condition. Leu exhibits high chelating potential towards both Fe(III)/Fe(II) and Cu(II)/Cu(I) ions with the most favourable coordinating positions at two oxygen atoms of the -COO functional group. Furthermore, the Leu-ions complexes show a high risk of HO· formation via Fenton-like reactions, especially when ascorbate anion exists in the environment as a reducing agent. Finally, the oxidation reaction of l-leucine by HO· demonstrated a relatively high overall apparent reaction rate, k overall, being 1.18 × 109 M-1 s-1, in which formal hydrogen transfer reactions of the dipole-salt form occur as the primary mechanism. Consequently, the Leu oxidation by HO· radical can be promoted by the Fenton reaction enhancement of its transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Hieu Truong
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Chinh Ngo
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | | | - Duy Quang Dao
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
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9
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Seijas LE, Belandria LM, Vivas PJ, Guillén M, Burgos JL, Fitch AN, Wright J, Rincón L, Delgado GE, Mora AJ. Two nickel (II) complexes with side chain isomeric ligands: L-leucine and L-isoleucine to study non-covalent interactions and metal-ligand bonding. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Augmenting apoptosis-mediated anticancer activity of lactoperoxidase and lactoferrin by nanocombination with copper and iron hybrid nanometals. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13153. [PMID: 35915221 PMCID: PMC9343395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need in the medicinal fields to discover biocompatible nanoformulations with low cytotoxicity, which provide new strategies for promising therapies for several types of tumors. Bovine lactoperoxidase (LP) and lactoferrin (LF) have recently attracted attention in medicine for their antitumor activities with recognized safety pattern. Both LP and LF are suitable proteins to be coated or adsorbed to Cu and Fe nanometals for developing stable nanoformulations that boost immunity and strong anticancer effects. New nanometals of Cu and Fe NPs embedded in LP and LF forming novel nanocombinations of LP-CNPs and LF-FNPs had a spherical shape with an average nanosize of about 21 nm. The combination of LP-CNPs and LF-FNPs significantly exhibited the highest growth inhibitory efficacy, in terms of effectively lowering the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values, against Caco-2, HepG2 and MCF7 cells comparing to nanometals, LP, LF and individual nanoproteins (LP-CNPs or LF-FNPs). The highest apoptotic effect of this nanocombination (LP-CNPs and LF-FNPs) was confirmed by the highest percentages of annexin-stained apoptotic cells and G0 population with the strongest alteration in the expression of two well-characterized apoptosis guards (p53 and Bcl-2) and the maximum suppression in the proliferation marker (Ki-67). Also, the in silico analysis predicted that LP-CNPs and LF-FNPs enhanced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK, p53 activator) activity and inhibited cancer migration-related proteases (cathepsin B and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9). Our results offer for the first time that these novel nanocombinations of LP and LF were superior in their selectivity and apoptosis-mediating anticancer activity to Cu and Fe nanometals as well as the free form of these proteins or their individual nanoforms.
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11
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Ghrayeb M, Chai L. Demonstrating Principle Aspects of Peptide‐ and Protein‐ Based Hydrogels Using Metallogels Examples. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mnar Ghrayeb
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Edmond J. Safra campus Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Liraz Chai
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Edmond J. Safra campus Jerusalem 91904 Israel
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12
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Bilal S, Nasir M, Hassan MM, Rehman MFU, Sami AJ, Hayat A. A novel construct of an electrochemical acetylcholinesterase biosensor for the investigation of malathion sensitivity to three different insect species using a NiCr 2O 4/g-C 3N 4 composite integrated pencil graphite electrode. RSC Adv 2022; 12:16860-16874. [PMID: 35754879 PMCID: PMC9171588 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01307j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, an electrochemical biosensor has been prepared to assess the sensitivity of an organophosphate insecticide, malathion, to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme of three insects including Apis mellifera (honeybee), Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle), and Zootermopsis nevadensis (dampwood termite). A composite of nickel chromite (NiCr2O4) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was prepared and characterized for its morphological, chemical and electrical properties. The NiCr2O4/g-C3N4 composite integrated pencil graphite electrodes were used to covalently immobilize insect AChE enzymes and amperometric response of bioelectrodes was determined through cyclic voltammetry. The prepared bioelectrodes exhibited high enzyme immobilization efficiency and electro-catalytic performance. The integrated bioelectrodes could efficiently detect malathion induced inhibition of insects' AChEs. The linear ranges for malathion were found to be 0.1–1.6 μM, 1–40 nM and 2–100 nM, and LODs were 2 nM, 0.86 nM and 2.3 nM for A. mellifera, T. castaneum, and Z. nevadensis, respectively. Additionally, the biosensing platform developed using A. mellifera AChE was found highly sensitive and effective for malathion recoveries from spiked wheat flour samples with high recovery rates. Moreover, the proposed method was adequately reproducible and selective. The results revealed that A. mellifera AChE is less sensitive to inhibition by malathion as compared to T. castaneum, and Z. nevadensis AChE. The experimental results were validated through computational docking of malathion with insect AChEs and the results were in correspondence to experimental outcomes. The proposed method can be a plausible alternate to conventional analytical methods to assess the pesticide sensitivity and toxicity of various compounds against insect enzymes. An innovative electrochemical assay has been established to determine pesticide sensitivity against acetylcholinesterase and possible toxicity against insects. The analytical efficiency of three common insect AChEs was determined through this method.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Bilal
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab Lahore 54000 Pakistan +92 3364318117.,Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nasir
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | - M Mudassir Hassan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus Lahore 54000 Pakistan
| | | | - Amtul Jamil Sami
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab Lahore 54000 Pakistan +92 3364318117.,Center for Biosensor Research and Development (CBRD), University of the Punjab Lahore 54000 Pakistan +92 3317648259
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus Lahore 54000 Pakistan
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13
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Tuck B, Watkin E, Somers A, Forsyth M, Machuca LL. Conditioning of metal surfaces enhances Shewanella chilikensis adhesion. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:207-222. [PMID: 35345940 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2022.2039349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbiologically influenced corrosion and biofouling of steels depend on the adsorption of a conditioning film and subsequent attachment of bacteria. Extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) and amino acids are biologically critical nutrient sources and are ubiquitous in marine environments. However, little is known about their role as conditioning film molecules in early biofilm formation on metallic surfaces. The present study evaluated the capacity for eDNA and amino acids to form a conditioning film on carbon steel (CS), and subsequently, the influence of these conditioning films on bacterial attachment using a marine bacterial strain. Conditioning films of eDNA or amino acids were formed on CS through physical adsorption. Biochemical and microscopic analysis of eDNA conditioning, amino acid conditioning and control CS surfaces demonstrated that organic conditioning surfaces promoted bacterial attachment. The results highlight the importance of conditioning the surface in initial bacterial attachment to steel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tuck
- Curtin Corrosion Centre, WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Watkin
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Somers
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura L Machuca
- Curtin Corrosion Centre, WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
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14
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Wojciechowska A, de Graaf C, Rojek T, Jerzykiewicz M, Malik M, Gągor A, Duczmal M. A Rare Diiodo−L−tyrosine Copper(II) Complexes – crystal and molecular structure of materials stabilized by weak interactions. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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π-π Stacking Interaction of Metal Phenoxyl Radical Complexes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031135. [PMID: 35164397 PMCID: PMC8840625 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
π-π stacking interaction is well-known to be one of the weak interactions. Its importance in the stabilization of protein structures and functionalization has been reported for various systems. We have focused on a single copper oxidase, galactose oxidase, which has the π-π stacking interaction of the alkylthio-substituted phenoxyl radical with the indole ring of the proximal tryptophan residue and catalyzes primary alcohol oxidation to give the corresponding aldehyde. This stacking interaction has been considered to stabilize the alkylthio-phenoxyl radical, but further details of the interaction are still unclear. In this review, we discuss the effect of the π-π stacking interaction of the alkylthio-substituted phenoxyl radical with an indole ring.
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Pryshchepa O, Sagandykova G, Rudnicka J, Pomastowski P, Sprynskyy M, Buszewski B. Synthesis and physicochemical characterization of zinc-lactoferrin complexes. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:1940-1958. [PMID: 35033339 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
One trend of the modern world is the search for new biologically active substances based on renewable resources. Milk proteins can be a solution for such purposes as they have been known for a long time as compounds that can be used for the manufacturing of multiple food and non-food products. Thus, the goal of the work was to investigate the parameters of Zn-bovine lactoferrin (bLTF) interactions, which enables the synthesis of Zn-rich protein complexes. Zinc-bLTF complexes can be used as food additives or wound-healing agents. Methodology of the study included bLTF characterization by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE, MALDI-TOF, and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry as well Zn-bLTF interactions by attenuated total reflection-Fourier-transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, scanning and transmission microscopy, and zeta potential measurements. The obtained results revealed that the factors that affect Zn-bLTF interactions most significantly were found to be pH and ionic strength of the solution and, in particular, the concentration of Zn2+. These findings imply that these factors should be considered when aiming at the synthesis of Zn-bLTF metallocomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandra Pryshchepa
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Gulyaim Sagandykova
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Joanna Rudnicka
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Myroslav Sprynskyy
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
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Nikitina MG, Pyreu DF. Thermodynamics of Mixed-Ligand Nickel(II) Complex Formation with Ornithine and Histidine in Aqueous Solutions. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023621100120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Pyreu DF, Nikitina MG. Thermodynamics of the Formation of Mixed Complexes of Nickel(II) Ions with Histidine and Diamines in an Aqueous Solution. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024421110169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lupaescu AV, Mocanu CS, Drochioiu G, Ciobanu CI. Zinc Binding to NAP-Type Neuroprotective Peptides: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies and Molecular Modeling. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101011. [PMID: 34681235 PMCID: PMC8541368 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is affecting an increasing number of people. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new pharmaceutical treatments which could be used to prevent the AD symptomatology. Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) was found to be deficient in AD, whereas NAP, an 8-amino-acid peptide (1NAPVSIPQ8) derived from ADNP, was shown to enhance cognitive function. The higher tendency of zinc ion to induce Aβ aggregation and formation of amorphous aggregates is also well-known in the scientific literature. Although zinc binding to Aβ peptides was extensively investigated, there is a shortage of knowledge regarding the relationship between NAP peptide and zinc ions. Therefore, here, we investigated the binding of zinc ions to the native NAP peptide and its analog obtained by replacing the serine residue in the NAP sequence with tyrosine (1NAPVYIPQ8) at various molar ratios and pH values by mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonancespectroscopy (NMR). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI ToF) mass spectrometry confirmed the binding of zinc ions to NAP peptides, while the chemical shift of Asp1, observed in 1H-NMR spectra, provided direct evidence for the coordinating role of zinc in the N-terminal region. In addition, molecular modeling has also contributed largely to our understanding of Zn binding to NAP peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuta-Veronica Lupaescu
- Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control (MANSiD), Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Cosmin Stefan Mocanu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (C.S.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Gabi Drochioiu
- Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania; (C.S.M.); (G.D.)
| | - Catalina-Ionica Ciobanu
- CERNESIM Centre, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence:
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Kuo SY, Chen PC, Huang KT, Huang CJ. Bio-inspired zwitterionic polymeric chelating assembly for treatment of copper-induced cytotoxicity and hemolysis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112367. [PMID: 34579886 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We developed a hemocompatible, bio-inspired, multivalent, polymeric-chelating assembly based on the poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine)-b-poly(serinyl acrylate) (PMPC-b-PserA) zwitterionic diblock copolymer. Functional PMPC-b-PserA was synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to catch and encapsulate free copper ions (Cu2+) in a solution. PMPC with an identical polar group to phospholipids exhibits high hydrophilicity and fouling resistance against non-specific adsorption, and inertness to the metal ions. On the other hand, PserA with pendant groups of amino acids possesses a strong capability to react with Cu2+ by coordination interaction. Therefore, when PMPC-b-PserA was brought into contact with Cu2+, a hydrophobic core with multiple coordination "bridges" between polymers and Cu2+ was formed, leading to self-assembly of core-shell polymer-metal nanoparticles. As a result, free Cu2+ ions can be removed from the solution to prevent damage to cells and tissues. The synthesis and chemical structure of PMPC-b-PserA were characterized, and the formation of self-assembled polymer-Cu2+ nanoparticles and colloidal stability were analyzed. More importantly, the detoxification of PMPC-b-PserA in presence of Cu2+ with fibroblast cells was demonstrated by increased cell viability >80%. In addition, the hemolysis, which occurred due to disruption of RBC membranes by free Cu2+, was effectively suppressed by adding PMPC-b-PserA. The bio-inspired and biocompatible chelating agent of PMPC-b-PserA provides a new treatment approach to encapsulate and detoxify heavy metals in complex media for chelation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Yu Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Jhong-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Chun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Jhong-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Ting Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Jhong-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan; Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhong-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jen Huang
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, National Central University, Jhong-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan; R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Rd., Chung-Li City 32023, Taiwan; NCU-DSM Research Center, National Central University, Jhong-Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan.
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21
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Gisbert-González JM, Ferre-Vilaplana A, Herrero E. Glutamate adsorption on gold electrodes at different pH values. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Yan T, Feringa BL, Barta K. Direct Catalytic N-Alkylation of α-Amino Acid Esters and Amides Using Alcohols with High Retention of Stereochemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2303-2307. [PMID: 33961350 PMCID: PMC8252633 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of naturally abundant chiral scaffolds such as α-amino acid esters or amides with widely abundant alcohols, without any racemization, is a demanding transformation that is of central importance for the synthesis of bio-active compounds. Herein a robust and general method was developed for the direct N-alkylation of α-amino acid esters and amides with alcohols. This powerful ruthenium-catalyzed methodology is atom-economic, base-free, and allowed for excellent retention of stereochemical integrity. The use of diphenylphosphate as additive was crucial for significantly enhancing reactivity and product selectivity. Notably, the only by-product was water and both substrates could be potentially derived from renewable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yan
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningen (TheNetherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningen (TheNetherlands
| | - Katalin Barta
- Stratingh Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningen (TheNetherlands
- Institute for ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28/II8010GrazAustria
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23
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Jiang V, Khare SD, Banta S. Computational structure prediction provides a plausible mechanism for electron transfer by the outer membrane protein Cyc2 from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1640-1652. [PMID: 33969560 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyc2 is the key protein in the outer membrane of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans that mediates electron transfer between extracellular inorganic iron and the intracellular central metabolism. This cytochrome c is specific for iron and interacts with periplasmic proteins to complete a reversible electron transport chain. A structure of Cyc2 has not yet been characterized experimentally. Here we describe a structural model of Cyc2, and associated proteins, to highlight a plausible mechanism for the ferrous iron electron transfer chain. A comparative modeling protocol specific for trans membrane beta barrel (TMBB) proteins in acidophilic conditions (pH ~ 2) was applied to the primary sequence of Cyc2. The proposed structure has three main regimes: Extracellular loops exposed to low-pH conditions, a TMBB, and an N-terminal cytochrome-like region within the periplasmic space. The Cyc2 model was further refined by identifying likely iron and heme docking sites. This represents the first computational model of Cyc2 that accounts for the membrane microenvironment and the acidity in the extracellular matrix. This approach can be used to model other TMBBs which can be critical for chemolithotrophic microbial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sagar D Khare
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Scott Banta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York, USA
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24
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Hall KA, Paing HW, Marcus RK. Quantitative trace metal determinations in cell culture media using LS-APGD-MS and ICP-OES with free/bound species differentiation following polymer fiber separations. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1945-1954. [PMID: 33913969 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00332a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge-mass spectrometry (LS-APGD-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) were employed for the quantification of trace metals in cell culture media and their capabilities compared. The LS-APGD is interfaced here to a compact mass spectrometer (Advion CMS) towards the development of an at-bioreactor process monitoring strategy. Both techniques have been previously employed for the quantification of trace metals in samples of various complexities, making them a natural choice for this application. They have also demonstrated comparable analytical figures of merit including limits of detection (LOD), matrix tolerance, etc. While cell culture media is a complex sample, the ICP-OES technique was unaffected by the matrix. However, the LS-APGD-MS suffered from increases in spectral background. Despite this, both techniques achieved appropriate LODs for all metals analyzed in this work (Cu, Fe, Zn, Co, Mn, Ni; LOD < 100 ng mL-1), except for Mn and Ni via LS-APGD-MS. To overcome the increased background seen on the LS-APGD-MS, a capillary channeled polymer (C-CP) polypropylene (PPY) fiber stationary phase was employed as an on-line separation for the removal of organic components prior to sample introduction into the plasma. It was further determined that Ni was retained on the column, preventing the detection of this element via LS-APGD-MS, and insights into metal speciation were discussed. Following implementation of this on-line separation strategy, the agreement between the techniques was acceptable for all analytes, and was excellent for Cu, Fe, and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja A Hall
- Clemson University, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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25
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Gawlig C, Jung J, Mollenhauer D, Schindler S. Synthesis and characterization of copper complexes with tripodal ligands bearing amino acid groups. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Gawlig
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Gießen Germany
| | - Jannis Jung
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Institut für Physikalische Chemie Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Gießen Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa) Justus-Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Doreen Mollenhauer
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Institut für Physikalische Chemie Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Gießen Germany
- Center for Materials Research (ZfM/LaMa) Justus-Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Siegfried Schindler
- Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Gießen Germany
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26
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Lu D, Peng M, Yu M, Jiang B, Wu H, Chen J. Effect of Enzymatic Hydrolysis on the Zinc Binding Capacity and in vitro Gastrointestinal Stability of Peptides Derived From Pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo L.) Seeds. Front Nutr 2021; 8:647782. [PMID: 33869265 PMCID: PMC8044297 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.647782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a crucial micronutrient for maintaining body immune system and metabolism function. However, insufficient intake from diet may lead to zinc deficiency and impair normal body function. In addition, conventional zinc salts supplementation has the disadvantage of low bioavailability since the zinc ions may be easily chelated by dietary fiber or phytate commonly found in diets rich in plants, and form precipitates that cannot be absorbed. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to prepare pumpkin seed derived peptides and to evaluate the effect of structure and surface properties on the zinc binding behavior of the pumpkin seed protein hydrolysate (PSPH), as well as their gastrointestinal stability. Briefly, different PSPHs were prepared using enzymatic hydrolysis method with bromelain, papain, flavourzyme, alcalase, and pepsin. The particle size, zeta potential, surface hydrophobicity, degree of hydrolysis, ATR-FTIR spectra, and zinc binding capacity were determined. The representative samples were chosen to characterize the binding energy and surface morphology of PSPH-Zn. At last, the in vitro gastrointestinal stability of PSPH and PSPH-Zn were evaluated. Our results showed that peptides hydrolyzed by papain had the largest average molecular weight, smallest particle size, highest hydrophobicity, and the greatest zinc binding capacity. Zinc showed better gastrointestinal stability in PSPHs chelates than in its salt. Meanwhile, PSPH-Zn with higher zinc binding capacity showed better stability. The result of this study indicated pumpkin seed hydrolyzed by papain may be used as a potential source for zinc fortification. The findings in this study may provide important implications for developing plant-based zinc chelating peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mengyao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Min Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Yang J, Li X, Du Y, Ma M, Zhang L, Zhang J, Li P. Colorimetric recognition of aromatic amino acid enantiomers by gluconic acid-capped gold nanoparticles. Amino Acids 2021; 53:195-204. [PMID: 33432455 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02939-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we prepared gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by employing gluconic acid (GlcA) as reducing-cum-stabilizing agent. The proposed GlcA-AuNPs successfully worked as a colorimetric sensor for visual chiral recognition of aromatic amino acid enantiomers, namely tyrosine (D/L-Tyr), phenylalanine (D/L-Phe), and tryptophan (D/L-Trp). After adding L-types to GlcA-AuNPs solution, the color of the mixture changed from red to purple (or gray), while no obvious color change occurred on the addition of D-types. The effect can be detected by naked eyes. The particles have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, the dynamic light scattering analysis as well as UV-Vis spectroscopy. This assay can be used to determine the enantiomeric excess of L-Trp in the range from 0 to + 100%. The method has advantages in simplicity, sensitivity, fast response, and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210028, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingxuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Paris C, Selmeczi K, Ebel B, Stefan L, Csire G, Cakir-Kiefer C, Desobry S, Canabady-Rochelle L, Chaimbault P. Metabolomics approach based on LC-HRMS for the fast screening of iron(II)-chelating peptides in protein hydrolysates. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:315-329. [PMID: 33386417 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Production of iron-chelating peptides from protein hydrolysates requires robust and adequate screening methods to optimize their purification and subsequently valorize their potential antioxidant properties. An original methodology was developed for direct and sensitive screening of iron(II)-chelating peptides based on ion-pair reverse phase liquid chromatography (IP-RPLC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Peptide mixture was first added to iron(II) solution to form iron(II)-peptide complexes. Then IP-RPLC-HRMS analysis was conducted on this iron-peptide mixture and on the iron-free peptide solution for comparative mass spectra analysis. This protocol, initially applied to a range of low molecular weight standard peptides, allowed detection of [(Peptide-H)+56FeII]+ complex ion for iron(II)-chelating peptides (GGH, EAH, DAH, βAH, DMH, DTH, DSH). GGH was added in complex peptide mixtures and targeted analysis of [(GGH-H)+56FeII]+ complex showed a limit of detection (LOD) below 0.77 mg L-1 of GGH. This protocol was finally tested in combination with metabolomics software and additional digital processing for non-targeted search for iron(II)-chelating peptides. Applicability of this new screening methodology has been validated by detection of GGH as iron(II)-chelating peptide when added at 0.77 mg L-1 in casein hydrolysate. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Paris
- Université de Lorraine, LIBio, 54000, Nancy, France.
- Université de Lorraine, PASM, 54000, Nancy, France.
| | | | - Bruno Ebel
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LRGP, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Loic Stefan
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Gizella Csire
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, 54000, Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPM, 54000, Nancy, France
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30
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Yamaguchi T, Akatsu M, Taborosi A, Kohzuma T. Unusual Protein Stability of the Met16Leu Pseudoazurin Variant. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Yamaguchi
- Institute of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
- Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Miyu Akatsu
- Institute of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Attila Taborosi
- Institute of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Kohzuma
- Institute of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
- Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Sciences, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
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Otis G, Nassir M, Zutta M, Saady A, Ruthstein S, Mastai Y. Enantioselective Crystallization of Chiral Inorganic Crystals of ϵ-Zn(OH) 2 with Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20924-20929. [PMID: 32776435 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many inorganic materials can form crystals, but little is known about their enantioselective crystallization. Herein, we report on the enantioselective crystallization of ϵ-Zn(OH)2 (Wulfingite) chiral crystals by using amino acids. Crystals of ϵ-Zn(OH)2 were crystallized from supersaturated sodium hydroxide and zinc nitrate aqueous solutions in the presence of l- or d-arginine. All of the chiral measurements, such as selective chiral adsorption by circular dichroism (CD), chiral chromatography, and polarimetry measurements, clearly show chiral discrimination during the crystallization of ϵ-Zn(OH)2 . In addition, a new method has been developed for identifying chirality in crystals by using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Although the values of chiral induction of the ϵ-Zn(OH)2 crystals obtained are somewhat low, these values are still significant because they demonstrate that enantioselectivity during the crystallization of chiral inorganic crystals with chiral additives can be achieved. The method can be applied to many chiral inorganic systems. Understanding and controlling the crystallization of chiral inorganic crystals is important for gaining knowledge on the interaction of chiral molecules with inorganic surfaces. This knowledge can lead to an understanding of basic scientific questions such as the evolution of homochirality in biomolecules and the development of chiral inorganic crystals for a variety of purposes such as asymmetric catalysis and optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Otis
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Molhm Nassir
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Michael Zutta
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Abed Saady
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Sharon Ruthstein
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Mastai
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel
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Otis G, Nassir M, Zutta M, Saady A, Ruthstein S, Mastai Y. Enantioselective Crystallization of Chiral Inorganic Crystals of ϵ‐Zn(OH)
2
with Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gil Otis
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Bar-Ilan University Ramat Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Molhm Nassir
- Department of Chemistry Bar-Ilan University Ramat Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Michael Zutta
- Department of Chemistry Bar-Ilan University Ramat Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Abed Saady
- Department of Chemistry Bar-Ilan University Ramat Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Sharon Ruthstein
- Department of Chemistry Bar-Ilan University Ramat Gan 5290002 Israel
| | - Yitzhak Mastai
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Bar-Ilan University Ramat Gan 5290002 Israel
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Sun X, Sarteshnizi RA, Boachie RT, Okagu OD, Abioye RO, Pfeilsticker Neves R, Ohanenye IC, Udenigwe CC. Peptide-Mineral Complexes: Understanding Their Chemical Interactions, Bioavailability, and Potential Application in Mitigating Micronutrient Deficiency. Foods 2020; 9:E1402. [PMID: 33023157 PMCID: PMC7601898 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron, zinc, and calcium are essential micronutrients that play vital biological roles to maintain human health. Thus, their deficiencies are a public health concern worldwide. Mitigation of these deficiencies involves micronutrient fortification of staple foods, a strategy that can alter the physical and sensory properties of foods. Peptide-mineral complexes have been identified as promising alternatives for mineral-fortified functional foods or mineral supplements. This review outlines some of the methods used in the determination of the mineral chelating activities of food protein-derived peptides and the approaches for the preparation, purification and identification of mineral-binding peptides. The structure-activity relationship of mineral-binding peptides and the potential use of peptide-mineral complexes as functional food ingredients to mitigate micronutrient deficiency are discussed in relation to their chemical interactions, solubility, gastrointestinal digestion, absorption, and bioavailability. Finally, insights on the current challenges and future research directions in this area are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Sun
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (X.S.); (R.A.S.); (R.T.B.); (I.C.O.)
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Roghayeh Amini Sarteshnizi
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (X.S.); (R.A.S.); (R.T.B.); (I.C.O.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Ruth T. Boachie
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (X.S.); (R.A.S.); (R.T.B.); (I.C.O.)
| | - Ogadimma D. Okagu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (O.D.O.); (R.O.A.); (R.P.N.)
| | - Raliat O. Abioye
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (O.D.O.); (R.O.A.); (R.P.N.)
| | - Renata Pfeilsticker Neves
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (O.D.O.); (R.O.A.); (R.P.N.)
| | - Ikenna Christian Ohanenye
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (X.S.); (R.A.S.); (R.T.B.); (I.C.O.)
| | - Chibuike C. Udenigwe
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (X.S.); (R.A.S.); (R.T.B.); (I.C.O.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (O.D.O.); (R.O.A.); (R.P.N.)
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Mahmoudian MR, Basirun WJ, Woi PM, Alias Y. Synthesis of polyaniline microtubes/Pt reduced N-graphene oxide in the presence of L-glutamine for the detection of Hg2+. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-020-01487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Zhang R, Tian Y. Characteristics of natural biopolymers and their derivative as sorbents for chromium adsorption: a review. JOURNAL OF LEATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s42825-020-00038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chromium is widely used in industry, and improper disposal of wastewater and industrial residues containing excessive chromium can contaminate water and soil, endangering both environmental and human health. Natural biopolymers and their derivatives have been investigated for removal of chromium (Cr) from wastewater. Cellulose, lignin, tannin, chitin, chitosan, and polypeptides are abundant in nature, and have high potential as adsorbents due to their easy access, low cost, and the recyclability of the captured heavy metals. In order to improve their mechanical strength, recyclability, specific surface area, binding site number, and adsorption rate as adsorbents, native materials have also been modified. This review discusses the source of chromium contamination and the main species of interest, as well as their toxicity. The structures of the aforementioned biopolymers were analyzed, and the adsorption mechanism of chromium and the main influencing factors on this process are discussed. The modification methods of various adsorbents and their adsorption effects on chromium are also detailed, and the developmental direction of research on the use of biopolymer adsorption remediation to control chromium contamination is discussed.
Graphical abstract
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36
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An electrochemical sensor based on Pt/g-C3N4/polyaniline nanocomposite for detection of Hg2+. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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37
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Oshita H, Shimazaki Y. Recent Advances in One-Electron-Oxidized Cu II -Diphenoxide Complexes as Models of Galactose Oxidase: Importance of the Structural Flexibility in the Active Site. Chemistry 2020; 26:8324-8340. [PMID: 32056294 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The phenoxyl radical plays important roles in biological systems as cofactors in some metalloenzymes, such as galactose oxidase (GO) catalyzing oxidation of primary alcohols to give the corresponding aldehydes. Many metal(II)-phenoxyl radical complexes have hitherto been studied for understanding the detailed properties and reactivities of GO, and thus the nature of GO has gradually become clearer. However, the effects of the subtle geometric and electronic structural changes at the active site of GO, especially the structural change in the catalytic cycle and the effect of the second coordination sphere, have not been fully discussed yet. In this Review, we focus on further details of the model studies of GO and discuss the importance of the structural change at the active site of GO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Oshita
- Faculty of Chemistry of Functional Molecules, Konan University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8501, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shimazaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo, Mito, 310-8512, Japan
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38
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Dolev N, Katz Z, Ludmer Z, Ullmann A, Brauner N, Goikhman R. Natural amino acids as potential chelators for soil remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109140. [PMID: 31999998 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The soils contaminated by toxic metals are often remediated using EDTA and similar non-biodegradable chelators. Most chelators are in fact synthetic amino acid derivatives, whereas natural proteinogenic amino acids (PAAs) have not been systematically explored as remediation agents, despite their well-known metal chelating abilities and environmental benefits. Our study represents a comprehensive research exploring 16 structurally and functionally different PAAs as potential remediating agents, applied to 3 different heavy metal-contaminated samples. The study was mostly focused on extracting Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn. The reaction parameters were screened and optimized. It was found that the efficiencies of extracting Cu, Ni, and Zn by Threonine, Aspartic acid and Histidine were comparable to those by EDTA, whereas non-polar side chain-containing PAAs demonstrated consistently lower PTM extraction rates compared to other PAAs. The sulfur-containing Cysteine appeared to be efficient to extract Cd (to some extent), Ni and Zn, but not Cu, due to chemical reasons. The structure-functional correlations were identified, described, and found to be independent on the specific samples. Possible molecular mechanisms of metal extraction from soils by PAAs are discussed. In contrast to EDTA, the soil-essential elements are almost not extracted by PAAs. This important feature of the PAAs, along with their availability, observed selectivity, competitive efficiency, non-toxicity and even fertilizing properties, make them particularly soil-friendly, and thus, potentially applicable chelators in certain remediation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Dolev
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Zhanna Katz
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Zvi Ludmer
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Amos Ullmann
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Neima Brauner
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Roman Goikhman
- Faculty of Agriculture Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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39
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Rodzik A, Pomastowski P, Sagandykova GN, Buszewski B. Interactions of Whey Proteins with Metal Ions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2156. [PMID: 32245108 PMCID: PMC7139725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey proteins tend to interact with metal ions, which have implications in different fields related to human life quality. There are two impacts of such interactions: they can provide opportunities for applications in food and nutraceuticals, but may lead to analytical challenges related to their study and outcomes for food processing, storage, and food interactions. Moreover, interactions of whey proteins with metal ions are complicated, requiring deep understanding, leading to consequences, such as metalloproteins, metallocomplexes, nanoparticles, or aggregates, creating a biologically active system. To understand the phenomena of metal-protein interactions, it is important to develop analytical approaches combined with studies of changes in the biological activity and to analyze the impact of such interactions on different fields. The aim of this review was to discuss chemistry of β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, and lactotransferrin, their interactions with different metal ions, analytical techniques used to study them and the implications for food and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rodzik
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (A.R.); (G.N.S.); (B.B.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Gulyaim N. Sagandykova
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (A.R.); (G.N.S.); (B.B.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (A.R.); (G.N.S.); (B.B.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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40
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Berestova TV, Khursan SL, Mustafin AG. Experimental and theoretical substantiation of differences of geometric isomers of copper(II) α-amino acid chelates in ATR-FTIR spectra. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 229:117950. [PMID: 31862653 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stereo and structural isomerism of the copper(II) chelate complexes define their biological activity. At the same time, the identification of the geometric isomers of such complexes is a nontrivial task of modern coordination chemistry. In the presented work we have studied the trans- and cis-isomers of chelates bis(S-valinato)copper(II), (R,S-valinato)copper(II) and other mixed ligand copper(II) amino acid complexes with the joint use of experimental by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and DFT simulations. Using DFT simulations (method M06/6 311+G(d)) the optimum conformers of the geometric isomers of copper(II) a-amino acid chelate complexes were found and their characteristic stretching vibrations were established in the mid-wave region of the IR spectra. The experimental ATR-FTIR bands of the compounds well agree with the theoretical estimates. Such a joint use allows to determine of cis- and trans-isomers of copper(II) N,O-amino acid chelates in the mid-wave region of the ATR-FTIR spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey L Khursan
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation
| | - Akhat G Mustafin
- Bashkir State University, Department of Chemistry, Ufa, Russian Federation; Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russian Federation
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41
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Effective Amendments on Cadmium, Arsenic, Chromium and Lead Contaminated Paddy Soil for Rice Safety. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of paddy soils with heavy metals and metalloids poses a risk to human health through the food chain. For safe agricultural production in contaminated paddy soils, “in situ” remediation through the unavailability of heavy metals from contaminated soils was investigated in order to develop cost-effective and eco-friendly approaches for soils contaminated with complexed heavy metals (HMs) and metalloids. In the present study, the effectiveness of different soil amendments, including sulfur-containing materials (hair or cysteine), manganese compounds as an antagonist and an oxidant, zeolite and iron oxide as adsorbents, and their combinations through coating or modification, was investigated by a pot experiment with rice plants and chemical analysis. Two levels of each treatment were made, termed X1 and X2, which were a single and double dose of each treatment respectively, while CaCO3 was used as a basal and pH enhancement amendment in all treatments to identify the best combination of the above treatments in the in situ remediation of heavy metals and metalloids. The rice plants were kept under the flooded condition. Results indicated that the bioavailability of As, Cd, Cr, and Pb in soil was significantly decreased with level two (X2) of iron oxide coated with modified hairs (T7X2) followed by level two (X2) of zeolite coated with KMnO4. The iron oxide coated with modified hairs (X2) decreased the concentrations of heavy metals and metalloids in rice plants in the order Pb ˃ As ˃ Cr ˃ Cd by 81%, 80%, 79% and 46%, respectively, followed by zeolite coated with KMnO4 (X2) in the order Pb ˃ As ˃ Cr ˃ Cd by 78%, 76%, 71%, and 31%, respectively, to control. The available content of these elements in soil was decreased in the order As > Cr> Pb > Cd by 67%, 66%, 64% and 60%, respectively, through iron oxide coated with modified hairs, followed by zeolite coated with KMnO4 in the order Pb ˃ Cr ˃ Cd ˃ As by 57%, 53%, 50%, and 46%, respectively, to control, which can explain the decreased bioavailability by these amendments. In addition, the maximum shoot dry and leaf area were noticed in the pots treated with iron oxide coated with modified hairs and zeolite coated with KMnO4. There is potential to use modified hairs (MHs) with iron oxide and KMnO4-coated zeolite as soil amendments to develop a cost-effective and efficient “in situ” remediation technology for As, Cd, Pb, and Cr-contaminated rice paddy soils, especially for the soils with complex contamination by Cd and As.
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Taborosi A, Yamaguchi T, Odani A, Yamauchi O, Kohzuma T. The Role for the Weak Interaction on the Stabilization of Copper-Containing Complex: DFT Investigation of Noncovalent Interactions in Ternary-Cu(II) (DA)(AA) Complexes (DA = Diamine and AA = Amino Acids) as a Model of Metalloprotein. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Taborosi
- Institute of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
| | - Takahide Yamaguchi
- Institute of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
- Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Science, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Akira Odani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furou-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Kohzuma
- Institute of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan
- Frontier Research Center for Applied Atomic Science, 162-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Naka, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
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Punt PM, Clever GH. Tailored Transition-Metal Coordination Environments in Imidazole-Modified DNA G-Quadruplexes. Chemistry 2019; 25:13987-13993. [PMID: 31468606 PMCID: PMC6899475 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Two types of imidazole ligands were introduced both at the end of tetramolecular and into the loop region of unimolecular DNA G‐quadruplexes. The modified oligonucleotides were shown to complex a range of different transition‐metal cations including NiII, CuII, ZnII and CoII, as indicated by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy and ion mobility mass spectrometry. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to obtain structural insight into the investigated systems. Variation of ligand number and position in the loop region of unimolecular sequences derived from the human telomer region (htel) allows for a controlled design of distinct coordination environments with fine‐tuned metal affinities. It is shown that CuII, which is typically square‐planar coordinated, has a higher affinity for systems offering four ligands, whereas NiII prefers G‐quadruplexes with six ligands. Likewise, the positioning of ligands in a square‐planar versus tetrahedral fashion affects binding affinities of CuII and ZnII cations, respectively. Gaining control over ligand arrangement patterns will spur the rational development of transition‐metal‐modified DNAzymes. Furthermore, this method is suited to combine different types of ligands, for example, those typically found in metalloenzymes, inside a single DNA architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Punt
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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Oshita H, Suzuki T, Kawashima K, Abe H, Tani F, Mori S, Yajima T, Shimazaki Y. The effect of π-π stacking interaction of the indole ring with the coordinated phenoxyl radical in a nickel(ii)-salen type complex. Comparison with the corresponding Cu(ii) complex. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:12060-12069. [PMID: 31250847 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01887e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to gain new insights into the effect of the π-π stacking interaction of the indole ring with the phenoxyl radical moiety as seen in the active form of galactose oxidase, we have prepared Ni(ii) complexes of a methoxy substituted salen-type ligand containing a pendent indole ring on the dinitrogen chelate backbone and characterized their one-electron oxidized forms. The X-ray crystal structure analysis and the other physicochemical experiments of the Ni(ii) complex revealed no significant intramolecular interaction of the indole ring with the coordination plane. On the other hand, the X-ray crystal structures of the oxidized Ni(ii) complex exhibited the π-π stacking interaction of the indole ring mainly with one of the two phenolate moieties. While the phenoxyl radical electron was delocalized on the two phenolate moieties in the Ni(ii)-salen coordination plane, the phenolate moiety in close contact with the indole moiety was considered to be the initial oxidation locus, indicating that the indole ring interacted with the phenoxyl radical by π-π stacking. The UV-vis-NIR spectrum of the oxidized Ni(ii) complex with the pendent indole ring was different from that of the complex without the side chain indole ring, but the differences were rather small in comparison with the oxidized Cu(ii)-salen complexes with the π-π stacking interaction of the indole ring. Such differences are due to the electronic structure difference, the localized radical electron on one of the phenolate moieties in the oxidized Cu(ii) complexes being more favorable for the π-π stacking interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Oshita
- Department of Chemistry of Functional Molecules, Konan University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo, Mito 310-8512, Japan.
| | - Kyohei Kawashima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo, Mito 310-8512, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Abe
- Institute of Materials Structure Science (IMSS), High Energy Accelerator Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan and Department of Materials Structure Science, School of High Energy Accelerator Science, SOKENDAI (the Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Fumito Tani
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Seiji Mori
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo, Mito 310-8512, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Yajima
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shimazaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Bunkyo, Mito 310-8512, Japan.
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Park D, Lee MS. Kinetic study of catalytic CO 2 hydration by metal-substituted biomimetic carbonic anhydrase model complexes. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190407. [PMID: 31598240 PMCID: PMC6731748 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The rapid rise of the CO2 level in the atmosphere has spurred the development of CO2 capture methods such as the use of biomimetic complexes that mimic carbonic anhydrase. In this study, model complexes with tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA) were synthesized using various transition metals (Zn2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+) to control the intrinsic proton-donating ability. The pKa of the water coordinated to the metal, which indicates its proton-donating ability, was determined by potentiometric pH titration and found to increase in the order [(TPA)Cu(OH2)]2+ < [(TPA)Ni(OH2)]2+ < [(TPA)Zn(OH2)]2+. The effect of pKa on the CO2 hydration rate was investigated by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Because the water ligand in [(TPA)Zn(OH2)]2+ had the highest pKa, it would be more difficult to deprotonate it than those coordinated to Cu2+ and Ni2+. It was, therefore, expected that the complex would have the slowest rate for the reaction of the deprotonated water with CO2 to form bicarbonate. However, it was confirmed that [(TPA)Zn(OH2)]2+ had the fastest CO2 hydration rate because the substitution of bicarbonate with water (bicarbonate release) occurred easily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Man Sig Lee
- Author for correspondence: Man Sig Lee e-mail:
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Oshita H, Suzuki T, Kawashima K, Abe H, Tani F, Mori S, Yajima T, Shimazaki Y. π-π Stacking Interaction in an Oxidized Cu II -Salen Complex with a Side-Chain Indole Ring: An Approach to the Function of the Tryptophan in the Active Site of Galactose Oxidase. Chemistry 2019; 25:7649-7658. [PMID: 30912194 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In order to gain new insights into the effect of the π-π stacking interaction of the indole ring with the CuII -phenoxyl radical as seen in the active form of galactose oxidase, we have prepared a CuII complex of a methoxy-substituted salen-type ligand, containing a pendent indole ring on the dinitrogen chelate backbone, and characterized its one-electron-oxidized forms. The X-ray crystal structures of the oxidized CuII complex exhibited the π-π stacking interaction of the indole ring mainly with one of the two phenolate moieties. The phenolate moiety in close contact with the indole moiety showed the characteristic phenoxyl radical structural features, indicating that the indole ring favors the π-π stacking interaction with the phenoxyl radical. The UV/Vis/NIR spectra of the oxidized CuII complex with the pendent indole ring was significantly different from those of the complex without the side-chain indole ring, and the absorption and CD spectra exhibited a solvent dependence, which is in line with the phenoxyl radical-indole stacking interaction in solution. The other physicochemical results and theoretical calculations strongly support that the indole ring, as an electron donor, stabilizes the phenoxyl radical by the π-π stacking interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Oshita
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan.,Present address: Department of Chemistry of Functional Molecules, Konan University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Kyohei Kawashima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Abe
- Photon Factory, Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Fumito Tani
- Institute for Material Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Seiji Mori
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Yajima
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, 564-8680, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shimazaki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
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Hemissi H, Nasri A, Rzaigui M. Chiral self-assembly of a novel (CuII/ReVII)-heterobimetallic l-Arginine complex: Crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis, spectroscopic properties and biochemical studies. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Mahmoudian MR, Basirun WJ, Woi PM, Hazarkhani H, Alias YB. Voltammetric sensing of formaldehyde by using a nanocomposite prepared by reductive deposition of palladium and platinum on polypyrrole-coated nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:369. [PMID: 31119482 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study presents the synthesis of polypyrrole-coated palladium platinum/nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (PdPt-PPy/N-rGO NC) via direct the reduction of Pd(II) and Pt(II) in the presence of pyrrole monomer, N-rGO and L-cysteine as the reducing agent. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of metallic Pd and Pt from the reduction of Pd and Pt cations. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed the presence of Pd, Pt and PPy deposition on N-rGO. Impedance spectroscopy results gave a decreased charge transfer resistance due to the presence of N-rGO. The nanocomposites were synthesized with different Pd/Pt ratios (2:1, 1:1 and 1:2). A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with the nanocomposite showed enhanced electrochemical sensing capability for formaldehyde in 0.1 M sulfuric acid solution. Cyclic voltammetry showed an increase in the formaldehyde oxidation peak current at the GCE modified with Pd2Pt1 PPy N-rGO. At a typical potential of 0.45 V (vs. SCE), the sensitivity in the linear segment was 345.8 μA.mM -1. cm-2. The voltammetric response was linear between 0.01 and 0.9 mM formaldehyde concentration range, with a 27 µM detection limit (at S/N = 3). Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of formaldehyde detection by Pd2Pt1-PPy/nitrogen-doped reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite (Pd2Pt1-PPy /N-Gr NC). The decrease of charge transfer resistance and the agglomeration of deposited metals in the presence of N-rGO enhance the current response of the electrochemical sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wan J Basirun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pei M Woi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Hazarkhani
- Department of Chemistry, Organization for Educational Research and Planning, Tehran, 11369, Iran
| | - Yatimah B Alias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Huang H, Shao KL, Duan SY, Zhong CY. Effect of copper corrosion products on the formation and speciation of haloacetamides and haloacetonitriles during chlorination. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shahraki S, Shiri F, Heidari Majd M, Dahmardeh S. Investigating the biological potency of novel lanthanum(III) amino acid complex: MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, BSA and β-LG as targets. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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