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Niu Q. Overview of the Relationship Between Aluminum Exposure and Health of Human Being. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1091:1-31. [PMID: 30315446 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1370-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum is a type of ubiquitously existing naturally and widely used metal in our world. It is combined with other elements and forms different compounds. In different pH and due to other conditions, it can be released into ions of different valence states. Our century is an "aluminum age"; aluminum is used in many fields of our daily life, such as vaccine adjuvant, antacids, food additives, skin care products, cosmetics, and cooking wares, and may be as elements or contaminants appeared in a lot of foods, including infant formulae, milk products, juice, wine, sea foods, and tea. It also appears in drinking water due to the water treatment process, or naturally coming from weathering rocks and soils, or released from rocks and soils caused by pollution-induced acid rain. Due to good physical and chemical property, aluminum is being tremendously utilized in many industries. In a lot of production and process procedures, aluminum particulates are seriously exposed by workers. Many factors, such as silicon, citrate, iron, calcium, fluoride, etc., can affect absorption of aluminum in human body. Human being ingests aluminum through the respiratory and digestive system and skin. Aluminum can affect our health, especially impair central nervous system. The important damage is cognitive impairment in Al-exposed peoples, Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders have been related with aluminum exposure, and aluminum has been proposed as etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Niu
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
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Morphology, chemical composition and nanostructure of single carbon-rich particles studied by transmission electron microscopy: source apportionment in workroom air of aluminium smelters. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1151-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Skaugset NP, Ellingsen DG, Notø H, Jordbekken L, Thomassen Y. Speciation of fluoride in workroom air during primary production of aluminium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:578-585. [PMID: 25599646 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00554f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fluorides (F(-)) and particulate matter (PM) was assessed by personal sampling with use of Respicon® sampler in Prebake and Søderberg pot rooms in seven aluminium smelters. The inhalable PM mass was dominated by the extra-thoracic aerosol sub-fraction, which contributed with around 70% for both Prebake and Søderberg pot room workers. Quantitative and qualitative differences in exposure were found between pot room workers in smelters using these two technologies. Prebake pot room workers were exposed to 1.4 to 1.7 times higher PM concentrations than Søderberg pot room workers, depending on aerosol sub-fraction. Prebake pot room workers were also exposed to 2.5 to 2.9 higher air concentrations of water-soluble F(-) (FWS(-)) and 2.8 to 5.3 higher air concentrations of non water-soluble F(-) (FAS(-)) than Søderberg pot room workers, depending on aerosol sub-fraction. However, exposure to hydrogen fluoride (HF) was 1.3 times higher among Søderberg pot room workers. The relative amount of FWS(-), however, was higher among Søderberg pot room workers, while the relative amount of particulate F(-) (sum of FWS(-) and FAS(-)) was higher among Prebake pot room workers (6.5 vs. 3.9%). Exposure to the same PM concentration yielded higher FWS(-) and FAS(-) air concentrations among Prebake compared to Søderberg pot room workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Petter Skaugset
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O.Box 8149 DEP, N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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Liu S, Noth EM, Dixon-Ernst C, Eisen EA, Cullen MR, Hammond SK. Particle Size Distribution in Aluminum Manufacturing Facilities. ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION (TORONTO, ONT.) 2014; 3:79-88. [PMID: 26478760 PMCID: PMC4607067 DOI: 10.5539/ep.v3n4p79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of exposure assessment for an ongoing epidemiologic study of heart disease and fine particle exposures in aluminum industry, area particle samples were collected in production facilities to assess instrument reliability and particle size distribution at different process areas. Personal modular impactors (PMI) and Minimicro-orifice uniform deposition impactors (MiniMOUDI) were used. The coefficient of variation (CV) of co-located samples was used to evaluate the reproducibility of the samplers. PM2.5 measured by PMI was compared to PM2.5 calculated from MiniMOUDI data. Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) and concentrations of sub-micrometer (PM1.0) and quasi-ultrafine (PM0.56) particles were evaluated to characterize particle size distribution. Most of CVs were less than 30%. The slope of the linear regression of PMI_PM2.5 versus MiniMOUDI_PM2.5 was 1.03 mg/m3 per mg/m3 (± 0.05), with correlation coefficient of 0.97 (± 0.01). Particle size distribution varied substantively in smelters, whereas it was less variable in fabrication units with significantly smaller MMADs (arithmetic mean of MMADs: 2.59 μm in smelters vs. 1.31 μm in fabrication units, p = 0.001). Although the total particle concentration was more than two times higher in the smelters than in the fabrication units, the fraction of PM10 which was PM1.0 or PM0.56 was significantly lower in the smelters than in the fabrication units (p < 0.001). Consequently, the concentrations of sub-micrometer and quasi-ultrafine particles were similar in these two types of facilities. It would appear, studies evaluating ultrafine particle exposure in aluminum industry should focus on not only the smelters, but also the fabrication facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Liu
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Noth
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Ellen A Eisen
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mark R Cullen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S Katharine Hammond
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND METHODS This review examines epidemiological evidence relating to cancers in the primary aluminum industry where most of what is known relates to Söderberg operations or to mixed Söderberg/prebake operations. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Increased lung and bladder cancer risks have been reported in Söderberg workers from several countries, but not in all. After adjustment for smoking, these cancer risks still increase with cumulative exposure to benzo(a)pyrene, used as an index of coal tar pitch volatiles exposure. Limited evidence has been gathered in several cohorts for an increased risk of tumors at other sites, including stomach, pancreas, rectum/rectosigmoid junction, larynx, buccal cavity/pharynx, kidney, brain/nervous system, prostate, and lymphatic/hematopoietic tissues (in particular non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin disease, and leukemia). Nevertheless, for most of these tumor sites, the relationship with specific exposures has not been demonstrated clearly and further follow-up of workers is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham W. Gibbs
- From the Safety Health Environment International Consultants Corporation (Dr Gibbs), Alberta; and L'Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauvé en Santé et en Sécurité du Travail (Dr Labrèche), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - France Labrèche
- From the Safety Health Environment International Consultants Corporation (Dr Gibbs), Alberta; and L'Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauvé en Santé et en Sécurité du Travail (Dr Labrèche), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Noth EM, Dixon-Ernst C, Liu S, Cantley L, Tessier-Sherman B, Eisen EA, Cullen MR, Hammond SK. Development of a job-exposure matrix for exposure to total and fine particulate matter in the aluminum industry. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2014; 24:89-99. [PMID: 24022670 PMCID: PMC4067135 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2013.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that exposure to particulate matter (PM) at environmental concentrations increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly PM with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM(2.5)). Despite this, the health impacts of higher occupational exposures to PM(2.5) have rarely been evaluated. In part, this research gap derives from the absence of information on PM(2.5) exposures in the workplace. To address this gap, we have developed a job-exposure matrix (JEM) to estimate exposure to two size fractions of PM in the aluminum industry. Measurements of total PM (TPM) and PM(2.5) were used to develop exposure metrics for an epidemiologic study. TPM exposures for distinct exposure groups (DEGs) in the JEM were calculated using 8385 personal TPM samples collected at 11 facilities (1980-2011). For eight of these facilities, simultaneous PM(2.5) and TPM personal monitoring was conducted from 2010 to 2011 to determine the percent of TPM that is composed of PM(2.5) (%PM(2.5)) in each DEG. The mean TPM from the JEM was then multiplied by %PM(2.5) to calculate PM(2.5) exposure concentrations in each DEG. Exposures in the smelters were substantially higher than in fabrication units; mean TPM concentrations in smelters and fabrication facilities were 3.86 and 0.76 mg/m(3), and the corresponding mean PM(2.5) concentrations were 2.03 and 0.40 mg/m(3). Observed occupational exposures in this study generally exceeded environmental PM(2.5) concentrations by an order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Noth
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Sa Liu
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Linda Cantley
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Ellen A. Eisen
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mark R. Cullen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - S. Katharine Hammond
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Characterisation of workplace aerosols in the manganese alloy production industry by electron microscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:1011-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Friesen MC, Demers PA, Spinelli JJ, Eisen EA, Lorenzi MF, Le ND. Chronic and acute effects of coal tar pitch exposure and cardiopulmonary mortality among aluminum smelter workers. Am J Epidemiol 2010; 172:790-9. [PMID: 20702507 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution causes several adverse cardiovascular and respiratory effects. In occupational studies, where levels of particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are higher, the evidence is inconsistent. The effects of acute and chronic PAH exposure on cardiopulmonary mortality were examined within a Kitimat, Canada, aluminum smelter cohort (n = 7,026) linked to a national mortality database (1957-1999). No standardized mortality ratio was significantly elevated compared with the province's population. Smoking-adjusted internal comparisons were conducted using Cox regression for male subjects (n = 6,423). Ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality (n = 281) was associated with cumulative benzo[a]pyrene (B(a)P) exposure (hazard ratio = 1.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.06, 2.46) in the highest category. A monotonic but nonsignificant trend was observed with chronic B(a)P exposure and acute myocardial infarction (n = 184). When follow-up was restricted to active employment, the hazard ratio for IHD was 2.39 (95% confidence interval: 0.95, 6.05) in the highest cumulative B(a)P category. The stronger associations observed during employment suggest that risk may not persist after exposure cessation. No associations with recent or current exposure were observed. IHD was associated with chronic (but not current) PAH exposure in a high-exposure occupational setting. Given the widespread workplace exposure to PAHs and heart disease's high prevalence, even modest associations produce a high burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Friesen
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.
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Weinbruch S, Benker N, Koch W, Ebert M, Drabløs PA, Skaugset NP, Ellingsen DG, Thomassen Y. Hygroscopic properties of the workroom aerosol in aluminium smelter potrooms: a case for transport of HF and SO2into the lower airways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:448-54. [DOI: 10.1039/b919142a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tagawa PT, Moruzzi DL, Cury JA. Concentração de fluoreto na vegetação próxima do pólo de fertilizantes de Cubatão, São Paulo, Brasil. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2009; 14:2205-8. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232009000600028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se a poluição por fluoreto observada em 1996 em Cubatão (SP), utilizando a vegetação como biomarcador, teve alterações nos últimos dez anos. Folhas de Terminalia cattappa (chapéu do sol), localizadas na região das indústrias de fertilizantes e na área urbana municipal, foram coletadas em 1996 e 2006. As folhas foram desidratadas, pulverizadas e fluoreto extraído com água foi analisado com eletrodo específico. A concentração de fluoreto encontrada nas folhas das árvores localizadas ao redor do pólo de fertilizantes foi doze vezes maior do que a naquelas da área urbana, tanto em 1996 como 2006. Sugere-se que a poluição ambiental por fluoreto em Cubatão não apresentou melhoria em dez anos.
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Friesen MC, Benke G, Del Monaco A, Dennekamp M, Fritschi L, de Klerk N, Hoving JL, MacFarlane E, Sim MR. Relationship between cardiopulmonary mortality and cancer risk and quantitative exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, fluorides, and dust in two prebake aluminum smelters. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20:905-16. [PMID: 19294522 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the risk of mortality and cancer incidence with quantitative exposure to benzene-soluble fraction (BSF), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), fluoride, and inhalable dust in two Australian prebake smelters. METHODS A total of 4,316 male smelter workers were linked to mortality and cancer incidence registries and followed from 1983 through 2002 (mean follow-up: 15.9 years, maximum: 20 years). Internal comparisons using Poisson regression were undertaken based on quantitative exposure levels. RESULTS Smoking-adjusted, monotonic relationships were observed between respiratory cancer and cumulative inhalable dust exposure (trend p = 0.1), cumulative fluoride exposure (p = 0.1), and cumulative BaP exposure (p = 0.2). The exposure-response trends were stronger when examined across the exposed categories (BaP p = 0.1; inhalable dust p = 0.04). A monotonic, but not statistically significant trend was observed between cumulative BaP exposure and stomach cancer (n = 14). Bladder cancer was not associated with BaP or BSF exposure. No other cancer and no mortality outcomes were associated with these smelter exposures. CONCLUSIONS The carcinogenicity of Söderberg smelter exposures is well established; in these prebake smelters we observed an association between smelter exposures and respiratory cancer, but not bladder cancer. The exploratory finding for stomach cancer needs confirmation. These results are preliminary due to the young cohort and short follow-up time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C Friesen
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Level 3, Monash University, 89 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC3004, Australia
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Krewski D, Yokel RA, Nieboer E, Borchelt D, Cohen J, Harry J, Kacew S, Lindsay J, Mahfouz AM, Rondeau V. Human health risk assessment for aluminium, aluminium oxide, and aluminium hydroxide. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2007; 10 Suppl 1:1-269. [PMID: 18085482 PMCID: PMC2782734 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701597766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krewski
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Thomassen Y, Koch W, Dunkhorst W, Ellingsen DG, Skaugset NP, Jordbekken L, Arne Drabløs P, Weinbruch S. Ultrafine particles at workplaces of a primary aluminium smelter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:127-33. [PMID: 16395469 DOI: 10.1039/b514939h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The number concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles in a Søderberg and a prebake potroom of an aluminium primary smelter have been measured using a scanning mobility particle spectrometer. The particle morphology was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The study shows the existence of elevated number concentrations of ultrafine particles in both potrooms. The main source of these particles is likely to be the process of anode changing. The ultrafine particles were measured directly at the source but could also be identified as episodes of high number concentrations in the general background air. Unlike the larger particles belonging to the 50-100 nm mode, the nanoparticle mode could not be detected in the TEM indicating that they may not be stable under the applied sampling conditions and/or the high vacuum in the instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yngvar Thomassen
- National Institute of Occupational Health, P.O. Box 8149 DEP, N-0033, Oslo, Norway.
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