1
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Kunnas P, de Jonge N, Patterson JP. The effect of nanochannel length on in situ loading times of diffusion-propelled nanoparticles in liquid cell electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 255:113865. [PMID: 37856919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy is a powerful tool for visualizing nanoparticle (NP) assemblies in liquid environments with nanometer resolution. However, it remains a challenge to control the NP concentration in the high aspect ratio liquid enclosure where the diffusion of dispersed NPs is affected by the exposed surface of the liquid cell walls. Here, we introduce a semi-empirical model based on the 1D diffusion equation, to predict the NP loading time as they pass through the nanochannel into the imaging volume of the liquid cell. We show that loading of NPs into the imaging volume of the liquid cell may take several days if NPs are prone to attach to the surface of the mm-long nanochannel when using an industry-standard flat microchip. As a means to facilitate mass transport via diffusion, we tested a liquid cell incorporating a microchannel geometry resulting in a NP loading time in the order minutes that allowed us to observe the formation of a randomly oriented self-assembled monolayer in situ using scanning transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kunnas
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, VCQ, Vienna A-1090, Austria; University of Vienna, Max Perutz Laboratories, Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Vienna A-1030, Austria
| | - Niels de Jonge
- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany; Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany; Bruker AXS, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, United States.
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2
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Altenburger B, Andersson C, Levin S, Westerlund F, Fritzsche J, Langhammer C. Label-Free Imaging of Catalytic H 2O 2 Decomposition on Single Colloidal Pt Nanoparticles Using Nanofluidic Scattering Microscopy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21030-21043. [PMID: 37847543 PMCID: PMC10655234 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Single-particle catalysis aims at determining factors that dictate the nanoparticle activity and selectivity. Existing methods often use fluorescent model reactions at low reactant concentrations, operate at low pressures, or rely on plasmonic enhancement effects. Hence, methods to measure single-nanoparticle activity under technically relevant conditions and without fluorescence or other enhancement mechanisms are still lacking. Here, we introduce nanofluidic scattering microscopy of catalytic reactions on single colloidal nanoparticles trapped inside nanofluidic channels to fill this gap. By detecting minuscule refractive index changes in a liquid flushed trough a nanochannel, we demonstrate that local H2O2 concentration changes in water can be accurately measured. Applying this principle, we analyze the H2O2 concentration profiles adjacent to single colloidal Pt nanoparticles during catalytic H2O2 decomposition into O2 and H2O and derive the particles' individual turnover frequencies from the growth rate of the O2 gas bubbles formed in their respective nanochannel during reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Altenburger
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Andersson
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sune Levin
- Department
of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of
Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Department
of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of
Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joachim Fritzsche
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Yamamoto K, Morikawa K, Imanaka H, Imamura K, Kitamori T. Kinetics of Enzymatic Reactions at the Solid/Liquid Interface in Nanofluidic Channels. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15686-15694. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki Yamamoto
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Kyojiro Morikawa
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan, ROC
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Imanaka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama700-8530, Japan
| | - Koreyoshi Imamura
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama700-8530, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu300044, Taiwan, ROC
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
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4
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Pan R, Wang D, Liu K, Chen HY, Jiang D. Electrochemical Molecule Trap-Based Sensing of Low-Abundance Enzymes in One Living Cell. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17558-17566. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Pan
- The State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Dengchao Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kang Liu
- The State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- The State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- The State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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5
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Kazoe Y, Shibata K, Kitamori T. Super-Resolution Defocusing Nanoparticle Image Velocimetry Utilizing Spherical Aberration for Nanochannel Flows. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13260-13267. [PMID: 34559530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding fluid flows and mass transport in nanospaces is becoming important with recent advances in nanofluidic analytical devices utilizing nanopores and nanochannels. In the present study, we developed a super-resolution and fast particle tracking method utilizing defocusing images with spherical aberration and demonstrated the measurement of nanochannel flow. Since the spherical aberration generates the defocusing nanoparticle image with diffraction rings, the position of fluorescent nanoparticles was determined from the radius of the diffraction ring. Effects of components of an optical system on the diffraction ring of the defocusing image were investigated and optimized to achieve the spatial resolution exceeding the optical diffraction limit. We found that there is an optimal magnitude of spherical aberration to enhance the spatial resolution. Furthermore, we confirmed that nanoparticles with diameters in the order of 101 nm, which is much smaller than the light wavelength, do not affect the defocusing images and the spatial resolution because such nanoparticles can be regarded as point light sources. At optimized conditions, we achieved a spatial resolution of 19 nm and a temporal resolution of 160 μs, which are sufficient for the nanochannel flow measurements. We succeeded in the measurement of pressure-driven flow in a nanochannel with a depth of 370 nm using 67 nm fluorescent nanoparticles. The measured nanoparticle velocities exhibited a parabolic flow profile with a slip velocity even at the hydrophilic glass surface but with an average velocity similar to the Hagen-Poiseuille law. The method will accelerate researches in the nanofluidics and other related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kazoe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Department of System Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuki Shibata
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.,Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan, ROC
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6
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Wang B, Davis LM. Diffusivity Measurement by Single-Molecule Recycling in a Capillary Microchannel. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:800. [PMID: 34357210 PMCID: PMC8306395 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices have been extensively investigated in recent years in fields including ligand-binding analysis, chromatographic separation, molecular dynamics, and DNA sequencing. To prolong the observation of a single molecule in aqueous buffer, the solution in a sub-micron scale channel is driven by a electric field and reversed after a fixed delay following each passage, so that the molecule passes back and forth through the laser focus and the time before irreversible photobleaching is extended. However, this practice requires complex chemical treatment to the inner surface of the channel to prevent unexpected sticking to the surface and the confined space renders features, such as a higher viscosity and lower dielectric constant, which slow the Brownian motion of the molecule compared to the bulk solution. Additionally, electron beam lithography used for the fabrication of the nanochannel substantially increases the cost, and the sub-micron dimensions make the molecule difficult to locate. In this paper, we propose a method of single-molecule recycling in a capillary microchannel. A commercial fused-silica capillary with an inner diameter of 2 microns is chopped into a 1-inch piece and is fixed onto a cover slip. Two o-rings on the sides used as reservoirs and an o-ring in the middle used as observation window are glued over the capillary. The inner surface of the capillary is chemically processed to reduce the non-specific sticking and to improve capillary effect. The device does not require high-precision fabrication and thus is less costly and easier to prepare than the nanochannel. 40 nm Fluospheres® in 50% methanol are used as working solution. The capillary is translated by a piezo stage to recycle the molecule, which diffuses freely through the capillary, and a confocal microscope is used for fluorescence collection. The passing times of the molecule through the laser focus are calculated by a real-time control system based on an FPGA, and the commands of translation are given to the piezo stage through a feedback algorithm. The larger dimensions of the capillary overcomes the strong sticking, the reduced diffusivity, and the difficulty of localizing the molecule. We have achieved a maximum number of recycles of more than 200 and developed a maximum-likelihood estimation of the diffusivity of the molecule, which attains results of the same magnitude as the previous report. This technique simplifies the overall procedure of the single-molecule recycling and could be useful for the ligand-binding studies in high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Center for Laser Application, University of Tennessee Space Institute, 411 B H Goethert Pkwy, Tullahoma, TN 37388, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1408 Circle Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Lloyd M. Davis
- Center for Laser Application, University of Tennessee Space Institute, 411 B H Goethert Pkwy, Tullahoma, TN 37388, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee Knoxville, 1408 Circle Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
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7
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Seo S, Ha D, Kim T. Evaporation-driven transport-control of small molecules along nanoslits. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1336. [PMID: 33637759 PMCID: PMC7910579 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the transport mechanisms of small molecules at the micro/nanoscales is vital because they provide a working principle for a variety of practical micro/nanofluidic applications. However, most precedent mechanisms still have remaining obstacles such as complicated fabrication processes, limitations of materials, and undesired damage on samples. Herein, we present the evaporation-driven transport-control of small molecules in gas-permeable and low-aspect ratio nanoslits, wherein both the diffusive and advective mass transports of solutes are affected by solvent evaporation through the nanoslit walls. The effect of the evaporation flux on the mass transport of small molecules in various nanoslit-integrated micro/nanofluidic devices is characterized, and dynamic transport along the nanoslit is investigated by conducting numerical simulations using the advection-diffusion equation. We further demonstrate that evaporation-driven, nanoslit-based transport-control can be easily applied to a micro/nanofluidic channel network in an independent and addressable array, offering a unique working principle for micro/nanofluidic applications and components such as molecule-valves, -concentrators, -pumps, and -filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjin Seo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dogyeong Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Yamamoto K, Ota N, Tanaka Y. Nanofluidic Devices and Applications for Biological Analyses. Anal Chem 2021; 93:332-349. [PMID: 33125221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koki Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ota
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yo Tanaka
- Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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9
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Westerbeek EY, Bomer JG, Olthuis W, Eijkel JCT, De Malsche W. Reduction of Taylor-Aris dispersion by lateral mixing for chromatographic applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3938-3947. [PMID: 32975255 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00773k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chromatographic columns are suffering from Taylor-Aris dispersion, especially for slowly diffusing molecules such as proteins. Since downscaling the channel size to reduce Taylor-Aris dispersion meets fundamental pressure limitations, new strategies are needed to further improve chromatography beyond its current limits. In this work we demonstrate a method to reduce Taylor-Aris dispersion by lateral mixing in a newly designed silicon AC-electroosmotic flow mixer. We obtained a reduction in κaris by a factor of three in a 40 μm × 20 μm microchannel, corresponding to a plate height gain of 2 to 3 under unretained conditions at low to high Pe values. We also demonstrate an improvement of a reverse-phase chromatographic separation of coumarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Y Westerbeek
- μFlow Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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10
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Bezrukov AN, Galyametdinov YG. Control of the phase formation process in solutions of anionic polyelectrolyte—cationic surfactant complexes in a microfluidic channel. Russ Chem Bull 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-020-2920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Wolff L, Jamali SH, Becker TM, Moultos OA, Vlugt TJH, Bardow A. Prediction of Composition-Dependent Self-Diffusion Coefficients in Binary Liquid Mixtures: The Missing Link for Darken-Based Models. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Wolff
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Seyed Hossein Jamali
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Tim M. Becker
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Othonas A. Moultos
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs J. H. Vlugt
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 39, 2628CB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - André Bardow
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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12
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Haghighi F, Talebpour Z, Nezhad AS. Towards fully integrated liquid chromatography on a chip: Evolution and evaluation. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Jamali SH, Wolff L, Becker TM, Bardow A, Vlugt TJH, Moultos OA. Finite-Size Effects of Binary Mutual Diffusion Coefficients from Molecular Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:2667-2677. [PMID: 29664633 PMCID: PMC5943679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were performed for the prediction of the finite-size effects of Maxwell-Stefan diffusion coefficients of molecular mixtures and a wide variety of binary Lennard-Jones systems. A strong dependency of computed diffusivities on the system size was observed. Computed diffusivities were found to increase with the number of molecules. We propose a correction for the extrapolation of Maxwell-Stefan diffusion coefficients to the thermodynamic limit, based on the study by Yeh and Hummer ( J. Phys. Chem. B , 2004 , 108 , 15873 - 15879 ). The proposed correction is a function of the viscosity of the system, the size of the simulation box, and the thermodynamic factor, which is a measure for the nonideality of the mixture. Verification is carried out for more than 200 distinct binary Lennard-Jones systems, as well as 9 binary systems of methanol, water, ethanol, acetone, methylamine, and carbon tetrachloride. Significant deviations between finite-size Maxwell-Stefan diffusivities and the corresponding diffusivities at the thermodynamic limit were found for mixtures close to demixing. In these cases, the finite-size correction can be even larger than the simulated (finite-size) Maxwell-Stefan diffusivity. Our results show that considering these finite-size effects is crucial and that the suggested correction allows for reliable computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hossein Jamali
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Leeghwaterstraat 39 , 2628CB Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Ludger Wolff
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics , RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Tim M Becker
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Leeghwaterstraat 39 , 2628CB Delft , The Netherlands
| | - André Bardow
- Institute of Technical Thermodynamics , RWTH Aachen University , 52056 Aachen , Germany
| | - Thijs J H Vlugt
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Leeghwaterstraat 39 , 2628CB Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Othonas A Moultos
- Engineering Thermodynamics, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Leeghwaterstraat 39 , 2628CB Delft , The Netherlands
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14
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Direct electrochemical observation of glucosidase activity in isolated single lysosomes from a living cell. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4087-4092. [PMID: 29610324 PMCID: PMC5910846 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719844115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantification of protein activity in individual lysosomes in living cells is realized using a nanocapillary designed to electrochemically analyze internal solution, in which a single lysosome is sorted from the cell and the target protein is reacted with the corresponding kit components to generate hydrogen peroxide for measurement. The ability to sort and assay multiple lysosomes from the same cell allows direct study of protein function at subcellular resolution and provides unprecedented information about the homogeneity within the lysosomal population of a single cell. The protein activity in individual intracellular compartments in single living cells must be analyzed to obtain an understanding of protein function at subcellular locations. The current methodology for probing activity is often not resolved to the level of an individual compartment, and the results provide an extent of reaction that is averaged from a group of compartments. To address this technological limitation, a single lysosome is sorted from a living cell via electrophoresis into a nanocapillary designed to electrochemically analyze internal solution. The activity of a protein specific to lysosomes, β-glucosidase, is determined by the electrochemical quantification of hydrogen peroxide generated from the reaction with its substrate and the associated enzymes preloaded in the nanocapillary. Sorting and assaying multiple lysosomes from the same cell shows the relative homogeneity of protein activity between different lysosomes, whereas the protein activity in single lysosomes from different cells of the same type is heterogeneous. Thus, this study for the analysis of protein activity within targeted cellular compartments allows direct study of protein function at subcellular resolution and provides unprecedented information about the homogeneity within the lysosomal population of a single cell.
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15
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Zhong J, Talebi S, Xu Y, Pang Y, Mostowfi F, Sinton D. Fluorescence in sub-10 nm channels with an optical enhancement layer. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:568-573. [PMID: 29372196 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01193h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy uniquely enables physical and biological research in micro- and nanofluidic systems. However, in channels with depths below 10 nm, the limited number of fluorophores results in fluorescence intensity below the detection limit of optical microscopes. To overcome this barrier, we applied Fabry-Pérot interference to enhance fluorescence intensity with a silicon nitride layer below the sub-10 nm channel. A silicon nitride layer of suitable thickness can selectively enhance both absorption and emission wavelengths, leading to a fluorescent signal that is enhanced 20-fold and readily imaged with traditional microscopes. To demonstrate this method, we studied the mass transport of a binary solution of ethanol and Rhodamin B in 8 nm nanochannels. The large molecular size of Rhodamin B (∼1.8 nm) relative to the channel depth results in both separation and reduced diffusivity, deviating from behavior at larger scales. This method extends the widely available suite of fluorescence analysis tools and infrastructure to unprecedented sub-10 nm scale with relevance to a wide variety of biomolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhong
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada.
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16
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Peters C, Wolff L, Haase S, Thien J, Brands T, Koß HJ, Bardow A. Multicomponent diffusion coefficients from microfluidics using Raman microspectroscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2768-2776. [PMID: 28660976 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00433h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion is slow. Thus, diffusion experiments are intrinsically time-consuming and laborious. Additionally, the experimental effort is multiplied for multicomponent systems as the determination of multicomponent diffusion coefficients typically requires several experiments. To reduce the experimental effort, we present the first microfluidic diffusion measurement method for multicomponent liquid systems. The measurement setup combines a microfluidic chip with Raman microspectroscopy. Excellent agreement between experimental results and literature data is achieved for the binary system cyclohexane + toluene and the ternary system 1-propanol + 1-chlorobutane + heptane. The Fick diffusion coefficients are obtained from fitting a multicomponent convection-diffusion model to the mole fractions measured in experiments. Ternary diffusion coefficients can be obtained from a single experiment; high accuracy is already obtained from two experiments. Advantages of the presented measurement method are thus short measurement times, reduced sample consumption, and less experiments for the determination of a multicomponent diffusion coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Peters
- Chair of Technical Thermodynamics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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17
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Zhao L, Zhong Y, Wei Y, Ortiz N, Chen F, Wang G. Microscopic Movement of Slow-Diffusing Nanoparticles in Cylindrical Nanopores Studied with Three-Dimensional Tracking. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5122-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Zhao
- Chemistry Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yaning Zhong
- Chemistry Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Yanli Wei
- Chemistry Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Nathalia Ortiz
- Chemistry Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Fang Chen
- Chemistry Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Gufeng Wang
- Chemistry Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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18
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A novel multiple headspace extraction gas chromatographic method for measuring the diffusion coefficient of methanol in water and in olive oil. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1385:124-8. [PMID: 25678320 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the determination of the diffusion coefficient (D) of methanol in water and olive oil has been developed. Based on multiple headspace extraction gas chromatography (MHE-GC), the methanol released from the liquid sample of interest in a closed sample vial was determined in a stepwise fashion. A theoretical model was derived to establish the relationship between the diffusion coefficient and the GC signals from MHE-GC measurements. The results showed that the present method has an excellent precision (RSD<1%) in the linear fitting procedure and good accuracy for the diffusion coefficients of methanol in both water and olive oil, when compared with data reported in the literature. The present method is simple and practical and can be a valuable tool for the determination of the diffusion coefficient of volatile analyte(s) into food simulants from food and beverage packaging material, both in research studies and in actual applications.
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Schembri F, Bodiguel H, Colin A. Velocimetry in microchannels using photobleached molecular tracers: a tool to discriminate solvent velocity in flows of suspensions. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:169-178. [PMID: 25376855 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02049a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the development and analysis of a velocimetry technique based on the short time displacement of molecular tracers, tagged thanks to photobleaching. We use confocal microscopy to achieve a good resolution transverse to the observation field in the direction of the velocity gradient. The intensity profiles are fitted by an approximate analytical model which accounts for hydrodynamic dispersion, and allow access to the local velocity. The method is validated using pressure driven flow in microfluidic slits having a thickness of a few tens of micrometers. We discuss the main drawbacks of this technique which is an overestimation of the velocity close to the walls due to the combination of molecular diffusion and shear. We demonstrate that this error, limited to a near wall region of a few micrometers thick, could be controlled by limiting the diffusion of fluorophore molecules or minimizing the bleaching time. The presented technique could be combined with standard particle imaging velocimetry to access velocity differences and allow particle trajectory analysis in microflows of suspensions.
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20
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Morikawa K, Tsukahara T. Investigation of Unique Protonic and Hydrodynamic Behavior of Aqueous Solutions Confined in Extended Nanospaces. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Carroll NJ, Jensen KH, Parsa S, Holbrook NM, Weitz DA. Measurement of flow velocity and inference of liquid viscosity in a microfluidic channel by fluorescence photobleaching. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:4868-4874. [PMID: 24730625 DOI: 10.1021/la404891g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple, noninvasive method for simultaneous measurement of flow velocity and inference of liquid viscosity in a microfluidic channel. We track the dynamics of a sharp front of photobleached fluorescent dye using a confocal microscope and measure the intensity at a single point downstream of the initial front position. We fit an exact solution of the advection diffusion equation to the fluorescence intensity recovery curve to determine the average flow velocity and the diffusion coefficient of the tracer dye. The dye diffusivity is correlated to solute concentration to infer rheological properties of the liquid. This technique provides a simple method for simultaneous elucidation of flow velocity and liquid viscosity in microchannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick J Carroll
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Physics, Harvard University , 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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22
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Mawatari K, Kazoe Y, Shimizu H, Pihosh Y, Kitamori T. Extended-nanofluidics: fundamental technologies, unique liquid properties, and application in chemical and bio analysis methods and devices. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4068-77. [PMID: 24689995 DOI: 10.1021/ac4026303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Engineering using liquids confined in channels 10-1000 nm in dimension, or "extended-nanofluidics," is the next target of microfluidic science. Liquid properties at this scale were unrevealed until recently because of the lack of fundamental technologies for investigating these ultrasmall spaces. In this article, the fundamental technologies are reviewed, and the emerging science and technology in the extended-nanospace are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Mawatari
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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23
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De Bruyne S, De Malsche W, Deridder S, Gardeniers H, Desmet G. In Situ Measurement of the Transversal Dispersion in Ordered and Disordered Two-Dimensional Pillar Beds for Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2947-54. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403147q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selm De Bruyne
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- MESA+ Research
Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wim De Malsche
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- MESA+ Research
Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Deridder
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Han Gardeniers
- MESA+ Research
Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Duan C, Wang W, Xie Q. Review article: Fabrication of nanofluidic devices. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:26501. [PMID: 23573176 PMCID: PMC3612116 DOI: 10.1063/1.4794973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to its unique features at the nanoscale, nanofluidics, the study and application of fluid flow in nanochannels/nanopores with at least one characteristic size smaller than 100 nm, has enabled the occurrence of many interesting transport phenomena and has shown great potential in both bio- and energy-related fields. The unprecedented growth of this research field is apparently attributed to the rapid development of micro/nanofabrication techniques. In this review, we summarize recent activities and achievements of nanofabrication for nanofluidic devices, especially those reported in the past four years. Three major nanofabrication strategies, including nanolithography, microelectromechanical system based techniques, and methods using various nanomaterials, are introduced with specific fabrication approaches. Other unconventional fabrication attempts which utilize special polymer properties, various microfabrication failure mechanisms, and macro/microscale machining techniques are also presented. Based on these fabrication techniques, an inclusive guideline for materials and processes selection in the preparation of nanofluidic devices is provided. Finally, technical challenges along with possible opportunities in the present nanofabrication for nanofluidic study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhua Duan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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25
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De Bruyne S, De Malsche W, Fekete V, Thienpont H, Ottevaere H, Gardeniers H, Desmet G. Exploring the speed limits of liquid chromatography using shear-driven flows through 45 and 85 nm deep nano-channels. Analyst 2013; 138:6127-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01325a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Zhang L, Majeed B, Lynen F, Van Hoof C, De Malsche W. Elution behavior of short dsDNA strands in silicon micropillar array columns in ion pair reversed-phase chromatography mode. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:3205-12. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frederic Lynen
- Department of Organic Chemistry; Ghent University; Ghent; Belgium
| | | | - Wim De Malsche
- μFlow,; Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Belgium
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27
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Cuenca A, Bodiguel H. Fluorescence photobleaching to evaluate flow velocity and hydrodynamic dispersion in nanoslits. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1672-1679. [PMID: 22422108 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21232c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Velocity measurement is a key issue when studying flows below the micron scale, due to the lack of sensitivity of conventional detection techniques. We present an approach based on fluorescence photobleaching to evaluate flow velocity at the nanoscale by direct visualization. Solutions containing a fluorescent dye are injected into nanoslits. A photobleached line, created through laser beam illumination, moves through the channel due to the fluid flow. The velocity and effective diffusion coefficient are calculated from the temporal data of the line position and width respectively. The measurable velocity range is only limited by the diffusion rate of the fluorescent dye for low velocities and by the apparition of Taylor dispersion for high velocities. By controlling the pressure drop and measuring the velocity, we determine the fluid viscosity. The photobleached line spreads in time due to molecular diffusion and Taylor hydrodynamic dispersion. By taking into account the finite spatial and temporal extensions of the bleaching under flow, we determine the effective diffusion coefficient, which we find to be in good agreement with the expression of the two dimensional Taylor-Aris dispersion coefficient. Finally we analyze and discuss the role of the finite width of the rectangular slit on hydrodynamic dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Cuenca
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Rhodia, LOF UMR 5258, Pessac, France
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28
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Ishibashi R, Mawatari K, Kitamori T. Highly efficient and ultra-small volume separation by pressure-driven liquid chromatography in extended nanochannels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:1237-1242. [PMID: 22354868 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly developing interest in nanofluidic analysis, which is used to examine liquids ranging in amounts from the attoliter to the femtoliter scale, correlates with the recent interest in decreased sample amounts, such as in the field of single-cell analysis. For general nanofluidic analysis, the fact that a pressure-driven flow does not limit the choice of solvents (aqueous or organic) is important. This study shows the first pressure-driven liquid chromatography technique that enables separation of atto- to femtoliter sample volumes, with a high separation efficiency within a few seconds. The apparent diffusion coefficient measurement of the unretentive sample suggests that there is no increase in the viscosity of toluene in the extended nanospace, unlike in aqueous solvents. Evaluation of the normal phase separation, therefore, should involve only the examination of the effect of the small size of the extended nanospace. Compared to a conventionally packed high-performance liquid chromatography column, the separation here results in a faster separation (4 s) by 2 orders of magnitude, a smaller injection volume (10(0) fL) by 9 orders, and a higher separation efficiency (440,000 plates/m) by 1 order. Moreover, the separation behavior agrees with the theory showing that this high efficiency was due to the small and controlled size of the separation channel, where the diffusion through the channel depth direction is fast enough to be neglected. Our chip-based platform should allow direct and real-time analysis or screening of ultralow volume of sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ishibashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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29
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Kang S, Mathwig K, Lemay SG. Response time of nanofluidic electrochemical sensors. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1262-1267. [PMID: 22361835 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21104a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanofluidic thin-layer cells count among the most sensitive electrochemical sensors built to date. Here we study both experimentally and theoretically the factors that limit the response time of these sensors. We find that the key limiting factor is reversible adsorption of the analyte molecules to the surfaces of the nanofluidic system, a direct consequence of its high surface-to-volume ratio. Our results suggest several means of improving the response time of the sensor, including optimizing the device geometry and tuning the electrode biasing scheme so as to minimize adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Kang
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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30
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Hoang HT, Segers-Nolten IM, Tas NR, van Honschoten JW, Subramaniam V, Elwenspoek MC. Analysis of single quantum-dot mobility inside 1D nanochannel devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:275201. [PMID: 21597152 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/27/275201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We visualized individual quantum dots using a combination of a confining nanochannel and an ultra-sensitive microscope system, equipped with a high numerical aperture lens and a highly sensitive camera. The diffusion coefficients of the confined quantum dots were determined from the experimentally recorded trajectories according to the classical diffusion theory for Brownian motion in two dimensions. The calculated diffusion coefficients were three times smaller than those in bulk solution. These observations confirm and extend the results of Eichmann et al (2008 Langmuir 24 714-21) to smaller particle diameters and more narrow confinement. A detailed analysis shows that the observed reduction in mobility cannot be explained by conventional hydrodynamic theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Hoang
- Transducers Science and Technology Group, MESA+ Research Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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31
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Grattoni A, Gill J, Zabre E, Fine D, Hussain F, Ferrari M. Device for Rapid and Agile Measurement of Diffusivity in Micro- and Nanochannels. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3096-103. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1033648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Grattoni
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street Suite 537A, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
- Department of Nanomedicine, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jaskaran Gill
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street Suite 537A, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
- Department of Nanomedicine, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Erika Zabre
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street Suite 537A, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
- Department of Nanomedicine, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Daniel Fine
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street Suite 537A, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
- Department of Nanomedicine, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Fazle Hussain
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street Suite 537A, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street Suite 537A, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States
- Department of Nanomedicine, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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32
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Amemiya F, Matsumoto H, Fuse K, Kashiwagi T, Kuroda C, Fuchigami T, Atobe M. Product selectivity control induced by using liquid–liquid parallel laminar flow in a microreactor. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:4256-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05174a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Rosenauer M, Vellekoop MJ. Characterization of a microflow cytometer with an integrated three-dimensional optofluidic lens system. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2010; 4:43005. [PMID: 21267437 PMCID: PMC3026027 DOI: 10.1063/1.3502672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a standard analytical method in cell biology and clinical diagnostics and is widely distributed for the experimental investigation of microparticle characteristics. In this work, the design, realization, and measurement results of a novel planar optofluidic flow cytometric device with an integrated three-dimensional (3D) adjustable optofluidic lens system for forward-scattering∕extinction-based biochemical analysis fabricated by silicon micromachining are presented. To our knowledge, this is the first planar cytometric system with the ability to focus light three-dimensionally on cells∕particles by the application of fluidic lenses. The single layer microfluidic platform enables versatile 3D hydrodynamic sample focusing to an arbitrary position in the channel and incorporates integrated fiber grooves for the insertion of glass fibers. To confirm the fluid dynamics and raytracing simulations and to characterize the sensor, different cell lines and sets of microparticles were investigated by detecting the extinction (axial light loss) signal, demonstrating the high sensitivity and sample discrimination capability of this analysis system. The unique features of this planar microdevice enable new biotechnological analysis techniques due to the highly increased sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rosenauer
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Vienna University of Technology, Gusshausstrasse 27-29/E366, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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34
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Illa X, De Malsche W, Gardeniers H, Desmet G, Romano-Rodríguez A. Experimental study of the depth influence on the band broadening effect in a cyclo-olefin polymer column containing an array of ordered pillars. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5817-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Lin Y, Yu X, Wang Z, Tu ST, Wang Z. Measurement of temperature-dependent diffusion coefficients using a confocal Raman microscope with microfluidic chips considering laser-induced heating effect. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 667:103-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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De Santo I, Causa F, Netti PA. Subdiffusive Molecular Motion in Nanochannels Observed by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2010; 82:997-1005. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902270k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria De Santo
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Via Morego, 30 Genoa, Italy, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Filippo Causa
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Via Morego, 30 Genoa, Italy, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Via Morego, 30 Genoa, Italy, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Graecia, Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
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37
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Durand NFY, Dellagiacoma C, Goetschmann R, Bertsch A, Märki I, Lasser T, Renaud P. Direct observation of transitions between surface-dominated and bulk diffusion regimes in nanochannels. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5407-12. [PMID: 19476366 DOI: 10.1021/ac900617b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The diffusion of charged proteins in liquid-filled nanometer-sized apertures with charged surfaces has been investigated with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). Based on a two-dimensional (2D) multicomponent diffusion model, key parameters such as the number of molecules diffusing freely inside the nanochannel or interacting with the surfaces, together with the specific diffusion parameters, could be extracted. Different regimes of diffusion have been observed and described by a model, which takes into account the steric exclusion, the reversible surface adsorption of the biomolecules, and the exclusion-enrichment effect that is due to the charge of the proteins and the ionic strength of the solution. Conditions where the diffusion of proteins through nanoconfined spaces can be of the same magnitude as in the bulk were both predicted and experimentally verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas F Y Durand
- Microsystems Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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38
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Illa X, De Malsche W, Bomer J, Gardeniers H, Eijkel J, Morante JR, Romano-Rodríguez A, Desmet G. An array of ordered pillars with retentive properties for pressure-driven liquid chromatography fabricated directly from an unmodified cyclo olefin polymer. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:1511-1516. [PMID: 19458856 DOI: 10.1039/b818918h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The current paper describes the development and characterization of a pillar array chip that is constructed out of a sandwich of cyclo olefin polymer (COP) sheets. The silicon master of a 5 cm long pillar array was embossed into the COP, yielding 4.3 microm deep pillars of 15.3 microm diameter with an external porosity of 43 % and a well designed sidewall region to avoid side wall induced band broadening. A closed channel configuration was obtained by pressure assisted thermal bonding to a non-processed COP lid. Injection of coumarin dye plugs and detection with a fluorescence microscope showed very close agreement of this channel configuration to theoretical expectations in terms of band broadening. This agreement is due to the low taper, the optimized sidewall region and the excellent bonding quality between the two polymer sheets, even at the pillar area. Under non-retained conditions (pure methanol as mobile phase), plate heights as low as 4 microm were obtained. Under retained conditions, using the native hydrophobic properties of the COP channel (in 70/30 v/v water/methanol mixture as mobile phase), a minimum plate height of 6 microm was obtained. A 4 component separation was successfully achieved, demonstrating that COP is a cheap and efficient alternative for silicon and silica based liquid chromatography formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavi Illa
- Universitat de Barcelona, Department of Electronics, IN2UB, Barcelona, Spain.
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39
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Ramalingam N, Liu HB, Dai CC, Jiang Y, Wang H, Wang Q, M Hui K, Gong HQ. Real-time PCR array chip with capillary-driven sample loading and reactor sealing for point-of-care applications. Biomed Microdevices 2009; 11:1007-20. [PMID: 19421862 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-009-9318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge for the lab-on-a-chip (LOC) community is to develop point-of-care diagnostic chips that do not use instruments. Such instruments include pumping or liquid handling devices for distribution of patient's nucleic-acid test sample among an array of reactors and microvalves or mechanical parts to seal these reactors. In this paper, we report the development of a primer pair pre-loaded PCR array chip, in which the loading of the PCR mixture into an array of reactors and subsequent sealing of the reactors were realized by a novel capillary-based microfluidics with a manual two-step pipetting operations. The chip is capable of performing simultaneous (parallel) analyses of multiple gene targets and its performance was tested by amplifying twelve different gene targets against cDNA template from human hepatocellular carcinoma using SYBR Green I fluorescent dye. The versatility and reproducibility of the PCR-array chip are demonstrated by real-time PCR amplification of the BNI-1 fragment of SARS cDNA cloned in a plasmid vector. The reactor-to-reactor diffusion of the pre-loaded primer pairs in the chip is investigated to eliminate the possibility of primer cross-contamination. Key technical issues such as PCR mixture loss in gas-permeable PDMS chip layer and bubble generation due to different PDMS-glass bonding methods are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Ramalingam
- BioMEMS Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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40
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Chikkaveeraiah BV, Liu H, Mani V, Papadimitrakopoulos F, Rusling JF. A microfluidic electrochemical device for high sensitivity biosensing: detection of nanomolar hydrogen peroxide. Electrochem commun 2009; 11:819-822. [PMID: 20161158 DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein a simple device for rapid biosensing consisting of a single microfluidic channel made from poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) coupled to an injector, and incorporating a biocatalytic sensing electrode, reference and counter electrodes. The sensing electrode was a gold wire coated with 5 nm glutathione-decorated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Sensitive detection of H(2)O(2) based on direct bioelectrocatalysis by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used for evaluation. HRP was covalently linked the glutathione-AuNPs. This electrode presented quasi-reversible cyclic voltammetry peaks at -0.01 V vs Ag/AgCl at pH 6.5 for the HRP heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) couple. Direct electrochemical activity of HRP was used to detect H(2)O(2) at high sensitivity with a detection limit of 5 nM in an unmediated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskara V Chikkaveeraiah
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
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Miyako E, Nagata H, Hirano K, Hirotsu T. Laser-triggered carbon nanotube microdevice for remote control of biocatalytic reactions. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:788-794. [PMID: 19255660 DOI: 10.1039/b816201h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a near-infrared laser-driven carbon nanotube (CNT) microdevice. Powerful photo-exothermy of CNT was coupled with a microdevice for remote control of temperature-dependent biocatalytic transformations. We succeeded in ultrafast temperature change (<0.03 s), wide range of controlled temperature (25-55 degrees C) and high-precision thermal cycle in a microspace owing to the following physical factors: (1) high efficiency of photothermal conversion of the CNTs; (2) high thermal conductivity of the CNTs; and (3) low heat capacity of the microspaces. Furthermore, this is the first report, supported by direct observations, of the optical control of biocatalytic reactions, such as DNA extension, DNA amplification and enzymatic cyclodextrin production, by employing a laser-triggered CNT microdevice. Our present work constitutes important progress for various lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eijiro Miyako
- Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan.
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42
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Mocanu D, Kolesnychenko A, Aarts S, Troost-Dejong A, Pierik A, Vossenaar E, Stapert H. Mass transfer effects on DNA hybridization in a flow-through microarray. J Biotechnol 2009; 139:179-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2008] [Revised: 08/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Eghbali H, Verdoold V, Vankeerberghen L, Gardeniers H, Desmet G. Experimental Investigation of the Band Broadening Arising from Short-Range Interchannel Heterogeneities in Chromatographic Beds under the Condition of Identical External Porosity. Anal Chem 2008; 81:705-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802124p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Eghbali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Verdoold
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lieselot Vankeerberghen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han Gardeniers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Enschede, The Netherlands
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44
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Sengupta B, Ritchie C, Buckman J, Johnsen K, Goodwin P, Petty J. Base-Directed Formation of Fluorescent Silver Clusters. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2008; 112:18776-18782. [PMID: 30319723 PMCID: PMC6178949 DOI: 10.1021/jp804031v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Small silver clusters that form with short oligonucleotides are distinguished by their strong fluorescence. Previous work showed that red and blue/green emitting species form with the cytosine oligonucleotide dC12. To understand how the bases and base sequence influence cluster formation, the blue/green emitting clusters that form with the thymine-containing oligonucleotides dT12, dT4C4T4, and dC4T4C4 are discussed. With dT12 and dT4C4T4, variations in the solution pH establish that the clusters associate with the N3 of thymine. The small clusters are bound to the larger DNA template, as demonstrated by fluorescence anisotropy, circular dichroism, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) studies. For dT4C4T4, FCS studies showed that approximately 50% of the strands are labeled with the fluorescent clusters. Absorption spectra and the gas dependence of the fluorescence show that nonfluorescent clusters also form following the reduction of the silver cation - oligonucleotide conjugates. Fluorescent cluster formation is favored by oxygen, thus indicating that the DNA-bound clusters are partially oxidized. To elaborate the sequence dependence of cluster formation, dC4T4C4 was studied. Cluster formation depends on the oligonucleotide concentration, and higher concentrations favor a red emitting species. A blue/green emissive species dominates at lower concentrations of dC4T4C4, and it has spectroscopic, physical, and chemical properties that are similar to those of the clusters that form with dT12 and dT4C4T4. These results suggest that cytosine- and thymine-containing oligonucleotides stabilize a preferred emissive silver cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613
| | - Caroline Ritchie
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613
| | - Jenna Buckman
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613
| | - Kenneth Johnsen
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613
| | - Peter Goodwin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Mail Stop M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - Jeffrey Petty
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, SC 29613
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45
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Musheev MU, Javaherian S, Okhonin V, Krylov SN. Diffusion as a Tool of Measuring Temperature inside a Capillary. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6752-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac8009406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael U. Musheev
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sahar Javaherian
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Victor Okhonin
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Sergey N. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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46
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Park HM, Lee WM. Effect of viscoelasticity on the flow pattern and the volumetric flow rate in electroosmotic flows through a microchannel. LAB ON A CHIP 2008; 8:1163-1170. [PMID: 18584093 DOI: 10.1039/b800185e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Many lab-on-a-chip based microsystems process biofluids such as blood and DNA solutions. These fluids are viscoelastic and show extraordinary flow behaviors, not existing in Newtonian fluids. Adopting appropriate constitutive equations these exotic flow behaviors can be modeled and predicted reasonably using various numerical methods. In the present paper, we investigate viscoelastic electroosmotic flows through a rectangular straight microchannel with and without pressure gradient. It is shown that the volumetric flow rates of viscoelastic fluids are significantly different from those of Newtonian fluids under the same external electric field and pressure gradient. Moreover, when pressure gradient is imposed on the microchannel there appear appreciable secondary flows in the viscoelastic fluids, which is never possible for Newtonian laminar flows through straight microchannels. The retarded or enhanced volumetric flow rates and secondary flows affect dispersion of solutes in the microchannel nontrivially.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea.
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47
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Malsche WD, Gardeniers H, Desmet G. Experimental Study of Porous Silicon Shell Pillars under Retentive Conditions. Anal Chem 2008; 80:5391-400. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800424q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wim De Malsche
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, and Research Programme Mesofluidics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MESA+ Research Institute, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han Gardeniers
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, and Research Programme Mesofluidics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MESA+ Research Institute, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium, and Research Programme Mesofluidics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MESA+ Research Institute, Enschede, The Netherlands
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48
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Fekete V, Clicq D, De Malsche W, Gardeniers H, Desmet G. Use of 120-nm deep channels for liquid chromatographic separations. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1189:2-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Continuous-flow thermal gradient PCR is a new DNA amplification technique that is characterized by periodic temperature ramping with no cyclic hold times. The device reported in this article represents the first demonstration of hold-less thermocycling within continuous-flow PCR microfluidics. This is also the first design in which continuous-flow PCR is performed within a single steady-state temperature zone. This allows for straightforward miniaturization of the channel footprint, shown in this device which has a cycle length of just 2.1 cm. With a linear thermal gradient established across the glass device, the heating and cooling ramp rates are dictated by the fluid velocity relative to the temperature gradient. Local channel orientation and cross-sectional area regulate this velocity. Thus, rapid thermocycling occurs while the PCR chip is maintained at steady state temperatures and flow rates. Glass PCR chips (25 x 75 x 2 mm) of both 30 and 40 serpentine cycles have been fabricated, and were used to amplify a variety of targets, including a 181-bp segment of a viral phage DNA (PhiX174) and a 108-bp segment of the Y-chromosome, amplified from human genomic DNA. With this unique combination of hold-less cycling and gradient temperature ramping, a 40-cycle PCR requires less than 9 min, with the resulting amplicon having high yield and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niel Crews
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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50
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Miyako E, Nagata H, Hirano K, Hirotsu T. Carbon Nanotube–Polymer Composite for Light-Driven Microthermal Control. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:3610-3. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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