1
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Aslam S, Zulfiqar F, Hameed W, Qureshi S, Zaroon, Bashir H. Fusion proteins development strategies and their role as cancer therapeutic agents. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024; 71:81-95. [PMID: 37822167 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer continues to be leading cause of morbidity and mortality despite decades of research and advancement in chemotherapy. Most tumors can be reduced via standard oncology treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical resection, and they frequently recur. Significant progress has been made since targeted cancer therapy inception in creation of medications that exhibit improved tumor-selective action. Particularly in preclinical and clinical investigations, fusion proteins have shown strong activity and improved treatment outcomes for a number of human cancers. Synergistically combining many proteins into one complex allows the creation of synthetic fusion proteins with enhanced characteristics or new capabilities. Signal transduction pathways are important for onset, development, and spread of cancer. As result, signaling molecules are desirable targets for cancer therapies, and significant effort has been made into developing fusion proteins that would act as inhibitors of these pathways. A wide range of biotechnological and medicinal applications are made possible by fusion of protein domains that improves bioactivities or creates new functional combinations. Such proteins may function as immune effectors cell recruiters to tumors or as decoy receptors for various ligands. In this review article, we have outlined the standard methods for creating fusion proteins and covered the applications of fusion proteins in treatment of cancer. This article also highlights the role of fusion proteins in targeting the signaling pathways involved in cancer for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakira Aslam
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Warda Hameed
- King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahnila Qureshi
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zaroon
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Bashir
- Center for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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2
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Chauhan P, V R, Kumar M, Molla R, Mishra SD, Basa S, Rai V. Chemical technology principles for selective bioconjugation of proteins and antibodies. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:380-449. [PMID: 38095227 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are multifunctional large organic compounds that constitute an essential component of a living system. Hence, control over their bioconjugation impacts science at the chemistry-biology-medicine interface. A chemical toolbox for their precision engineering can boost healthcare and open a gateway for directed or precision therapeutics. Such a chemical toolbox remained elusive for a long time due to the complexity presented by the large pool of functional groups. The precise single-site modification of a protein requires a method to address a combination of selectivity attributes. This review focuses on guiding principles that can segregate them to simplify the task for a chemical method. Such a disintegration systematically employs a multi-step chemical transformation to deconvolute the selectivity challenges. It constitutes a disintegrate (DIN) theory that offers additional control parameters for tuning precision in protein bioconjugation. This review outlines the selectivity hurdles faced by chemical methods. It elaborates on the developments in the perspective of DIN theory to demonstrate simultaneous regulation of reactivity, chemoselectivity, site-selectivity, modularity, residue specificity, and protein specificity. It discusses the progress of such methods to construct protein and antibody conjugates for biologics, including antibody-fluorophore and antibody-drug conjugates (AFCs and ADCs). It also briefs how this knowledge can assist in developing small molecule-based covalent inhibitors. In the process, it highlights an opportunity for hypothesis-driven routes to accelerate discoveries of selective methods and establish new targetome in the precision engineering of proteins and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Ragendu V
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Rajib Molla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Surya Dev Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Sneha Basa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
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3
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Voutyritsa E, Gryparis C, Theodorou A, Velonia K. Synthesis of Multifunctional Protein-Polymer Conjugates via Oxygen-tolerant, Aqueous Copper-Mediated Polymerization, and Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200976. [PMID: 37002553 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen-tolerant, aqueous copper-mediated polymerization approaches are combined with click chemistry in either a sequential or a simultaneous manner, to enable the synthesis of multifunctional protein-polymer conjugates. Propargyl acrylate (PgA) and propargyl methacrylate (PgMA) grafting from a bovine serum albumin (BSA) macroinitiator is thoroughly optimized to synthesize chemically addressable BSA-poly(propargyl acrylate) and BSA-poly(propargyl methacrylate) respectively. The produced multifunctional bioconjugates bear pendant terminal 1-alkynes which can be readily post-functionalized via both [3+2] Huisgen cycloaddition and thiol-yne click chemistry under mild reaction conditions. Simultaneous oxygen-tolerant, aqueous copper-catalyzed polymerization, and click chemistry mediate the in situ multiple chemical tailoring of biomacromolecules in excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Errika Voutyritsa
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 70013, Greece
| | - Charis Gryparis
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 70013, Greece
| | - Alexis Theodorou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 70013, Greece
| | - Kelly Velonia
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, 70013, Greece
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4
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Taylor RJ, Geeson MB, Journeaux T, Bernardes GJL. Chemical and Enzymatic Methods for Post-Translational Protein-Protein Conjugation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14404-14419. [PMID: 35912579 PMCID: PMC9389620 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fusion proteins play an essential role in the biosciences but suffer from several key limitations, including the requirement for N-to-C terminal ligation, incompatibility of constituent domains, incorrect folding, and loss of biological activity. This perspective focuses on chemical and enzymatic approaches for the post-translational generation of well-defined protein-protein conjugates, which overcome some of the limitations faced by traditional fusion techniques. Methods discussed range from chemical modification of nucleophilic canonical amino acid residues to incorporation of unnatural amino acid residues and a range of enzymatic methods, including sortase-mediated ligation. Through summarizing the progress in this rapidly growing field, the key successes and challenges associated with using chemical and enzymatic approaches are highlighted and areas requiring further development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J. Taylor
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Michael B. Geeson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Toby Journeaux
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Gonçalo J. L. Bernardes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, U.K.
- Instituto
de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisboa, Portugal
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5
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Johnson RL, Blaber HG, Evans T, Worthy HL, Pope JR, Jones DD. Designed Artificial Protein Heterodimers With Coupled Functions Constructed Using Bio-Orthogonal Chemistry. Front Chem 2021; 9:733550. [PMID: 34422774 PMCID: PMC8371201 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.733550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of protein complexes is central to biology, with oligomeric proteins more prevalent than monomers. The coupling of functionally and even structurally distinct protein units can lead to new functional properties not accessible by monomeric proteins alone. While such complexes are driven by evolutionally needs in biology, the ability to link normally functionally and structurally disparate proteins can lead to new emergent properties for use in synthetic biology and the nanosciences. Here we demonstrate how two disparate proteins, the haem binding helical bundle protein cytochrome b 562 and the β-barrel green fluorescent protein can be combined to form a heterodimer linked together by an unnatural triazole linkage. The complex was designed using computational docking approaches to predict compatible interfaces between the two proteins. Models of the complexes where then used to engineer residue coupling sites in each protein to link them together. Genetic code expansion was used to incorporate azide chemistry in cytochrome b 562 and alkyne chemistry in GFP so that a permanent triazole covalent linkage can be made between the two proteins. Two linkage sites with respect to GFP were sampled. Spectral analysis of the new heterodimer revealed that haem binding and fluorescent protein chromophore properties were retained. Functional coupling was confirmed through changes in GFP absorbance and fluorescence, with linkage site determining the extent of communication between the two proteins. We have thus shown here that is possible to design and build heterodimeric proteins that couple structurally and functionally disparate proteins to form a new complex with new functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Johnson
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley G. Blaber
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- The Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Exeter University, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Evans
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Harley L. Worthy
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- The Henry Wellcome Building for Biocatalysis, Exeter University, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob R. Pope
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - D. Dafydd Jones
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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6
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Moses ME, Lund PM, Bohr SSR, Iversen JF, Kæstel-Hansen J, Kallenbach AS, Iversen L, Christensen SM, Hatzakis NS. Single-Molecule Study of Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase in a Detergency Application System Reveals Diffusion Pattern Remodeling by Surfactants and Calcium. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:33704-33712. [PMID: 34235926 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipases comprise one of the major enzyme classes in biotechnology with applications within, e.g., baking, brewing, biocatalysis, and the detergent industry. Understanding the mechanisms of lipase function and regulation is therefore important to facilitate the optimization of their function by protein engineering. Advances in single-molecule studies in model systems have provided deep mechanistic insights on lipase function, such as the existence of functional states, their dependence on regulatory cues, and their correlation to activity. However, it is unclear how these observations translate to enzyme behavior in applied settings. Here, single-molecule tracking of individual Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) enzymes in a detergency application system allowed real-time direct observation of spatiotemporal localization, and thus diffusional behavior, of TLL enzymes on a lard substrate. Parallelized imaging of thousands of individual enzymes allowed us to observe directly the existence and quantify the abundance and interconversion kinetics between three diffusional states that we recently provided evidence to correlate with function. We observe redistribution of the enzyme's diffusional pattern at the lipid-water interface as well as variations in binding efficiency in response to surfactants and calcium, demonstrating that detergency effectors can drive the sampling of lipase functional states. Our single-molecule results combined with ensemble activity assays and enzyme surface binding efficiency readouts allowed us to deconvolute how application conditions can significantly alter protein functional dynamics and/or surface binding, both of which underpin enzyme performance. We anticipate that our results will inspire further efforts to decipher and integrate the dynamic nature of lipases, and other enzymes, in the design of new biotechnological solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias E Moses
- Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry & Nano-science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Philip M Lund
- Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry & Nano-science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Søren S-R Bohr
- Department of Chemistry & Nano-science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Josephine F Iversen
- Department of Chemistry & Nano-science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Kæstel-Hansen
- Department of Chemistry & Nano-science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Amalie S Kallenbach
- Department of Chemistry & Nano-science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars Iversen
- Novozymes A/S, Biologiens Vej 2, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Nikos S Hatzakis
- Department of Chemistry & Nano-science Center, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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7
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Better together: building protein oligomers naturally and by design. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1773-1780. [PMID: 31803901 PMCID: PMC6925524 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein oligomers are more common in nature than monomers, with dimers being the most prevalent final structural state observed in known structures. From a biological perspective, this makes sense as it conserves vital molecular resources that may be wasted simply by generating larger single polypeptide units, and allows new features such as cooperativity to emerge. Taking inspiration from nature, protein designers and engineers are now building artificial oligomeric complexes using a variety of approaches to generate new and useful supramolecular protein structures. Oligomerisation is thus offering a new approach to sample structure and function space not accessible through simply tinkering with monomeric proteins.
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8
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Bohr SSR, Lund PM, Kallenbach AS, Pinholt H, Thomsen J, Iversen L, Svendsen A, Christensen SM, Hatzakis NS. Direct observation of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase diffusional states by Single Particle Tracking and their remodeling by mutations and inhibition. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16169. [PMID: 31700110 PMCID: PMC6838188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipases are interfacially activated enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds and constitute prime candidates for industrial and biotechnological applications ranging from detergent industry, to chiral organic synthesis. As a result, there is an incentive to understand the mechanisms underlying lipase activity at the molecular level, so as to be able to design new lipase variants with tailor-made functionalities. Our understanding of lipase function primarily relies on bulk assay averaging the behavior of a high number of enzymes masking structural dynamics and functional heterogeneities. Recent advances in single molecule techniques based on fluorogenic substrate analogues revealed the existence of lipase functional states, and furthermore so how they are remodeled by regulatory cues. Single particle studies of lipases on the other hand directly observed diffusional heterogeneities and suggested lipases to operate in two different modes. Here to decipher how mutations in the lid region controls Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) diffusion and function we employed a Single Particle Tracking (SPT) assay to directly observe the spatiotemporal localization of TLL and rationally designed mutants on native substrate surfaces. Parallel imaging of thousands of individual TLL enzymes and HMM analysis allowed us to observe and quantify the diffusion, abundance and microscopic transition rates between three linearly interconverting diffusional states for each lipase. We proposed a model that correlate diffusion with function that allowed us to predict that lipase regulation, via mutations in lid region or product inhibition, primarily operates via biasing transitions to the active states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren S-R Bohr
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience Center, Thorvaldsensvej 40, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
- NovoNordisk center for protein research, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip M Lund
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience Center, Thorvaldsensvej 40, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
- NovoNordisk center for protein research, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amalie S Kallenbach
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience Center, Thorvaldsensvej 40, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
- NovoNordisk center for protein research, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Pinholt
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience Center, Thorvaldsensvej 40, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
- NovoNordisk center for protein research, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johannes Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience Center, Thorvaldsensvej 40, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
- NovoNordisk center for protein research, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Iversen
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjsvej 36, DK 2880, Bagværd, Denmark
| | - Allan Svendsen
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjsvej 36, DK 2880, Bagværd, Denmark
| | | | - Nikos S Hatzakis
- Department of Chemistry & Nanoscience Center, Thorvaldsensvej 40, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark.
- NovoNordisk center for protein research, Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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9
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Chrysin enhances anticancer drug-induced toxicity mediated by the reduction of claudin-1 and 11 expression in a spheroid culture model of lung squamous cell carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13753. [PMID: 31551535 PMCID: PMC6760125 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant expression of claudins (CLDNs), which are tight junctional proteins, is seen in various solid tumors, but the regulatory mechanisms and their pathophysiological role are not well understood. Both CLDN1 and CLDN11 were highly expressed in human lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Chrysin, found in high concentration in honey and propolis, decreased CLDN1 and CLDN11 expression in RERF-LC-AI cells derived from human lung SCC. The phosphorylation level of Akt was decreased by chrysin, but those of ERK1/2 and c-Jun were not. LY-294002, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and decreased the expression levels of CLDN1 and CLDN11. The association between phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) and Akt was inhibited by chrysin, but the phosphorylation of PDK1 was not. Immunoprecipitation and quartz-crystal microbalance assays revealed that biotinylated-chrysin binds directly to Akt. The knockdown of CLDN1 and CLDN11 using small interfering RNAs increased the transepithelial flux of doxorubicin (DXR), an anthracycline anticancer drug. Similarly, both chrysin and LY-294002 increased DXR flux. Neither CLDN1 knockdown, CLDN11 knockdown, nor chrysin changed the anticancer drug-induced cytotoxicity in a two-dimensional culture model, whereas they enhanced cytotoxicity in a spheroid culture model. Taken together, chrysin may bind to Akt and inhibit its phosphorylation, resulting in the elevation of anticancer drug-induced toxicity mediated by reductions in CLDN1 and CLDN11 expression in RERF-LC-AI cells. We suggest that chrysin may be useful as an adjuvant chemotherapy in lung SCC.
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10
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Worthy HL, Auhim HS, Jamieson WD, Pope JR, Wall A, Batchelor R, Johnson RL, Watkins DW, Rizkallah P, Castell OK, Jones DD. Positive functional synergy of structurally integrated artificial protein dimers assembled by Click chemistry. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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11
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Lauko J, Kouwer PH, Kasak P, Rowan AE. Tunable properties based on regioselectivity of 1,2,3-triazole units in axially chiral 2,2′-linked 1,1′-binaphthyl-based copolymers for ions and acid responsiveness. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Huang R, Li Z, Sheng Y, Yu J, Wu Y, Zhan Y, Chen H, Jiang B. N-Methyl-N-phenylvinylsulfonamides for Cysteine-Selective Conjugation. Org Lett 2018; 20:6526-6529. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Huang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yao Sheng
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jianghui Yu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yuexiong Zhan
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Biao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
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13
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Shinohara R, Yamada T, Schade B, Böttcher C, Sato T, Sugimura N, Shibue T, Komatsu T. Structural Insights into a Hemoglobin-Albumin Cluster in Aqueous Medium. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:819-824. [PMID: 28151688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A hemoglobin (Hb) wrapped covalently by three human serum albumins (HSAs) is a triangular protein cluster designed as an artificial O2-carrier and red blood cell substitute. We report the structural insights into this Hb-HSA3 cluster in aqueous medium revealed by 3D reconstruction based on cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) data and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements. Cryo-TEM observations showed individual particles with approximately 15 nm diameter in the vitrified ice layer. Subsequent image processing and 3D reconstruction proved the expected spatial arrangements of an Hb in the center and three HSAs at the periphery. SAXS measurements demonstrated the monodispersity of the Hb-HSA3 cluster having a molecular mass of 270 kDa. The pair-distance distribution function suggested the existence of oblate-like particles with a maximum dimeter of ∼17 nm. The supramolecular 3D structure reconstructed from the SAXS intensity using an ab initio procedure was similar to that obtained from cryo-TEM data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Shinohara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University , 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Taiga Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University , 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Boris Schade
- Research Center of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstrasse 36a, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Research Center of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Fabeckstrasse 36a, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Takaaki Sato
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University , 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda-shi, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Natsuhiko Sugimura
- Materials Characterization Central Laboratory, Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Shibue
- Materials Characterization Central Laboratory, Waseda University , 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Komatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University , 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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14
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Abstract
Over the last decade, femtoliter arrays have been used as a simple and robust way to encapsulate and monitor the kinetics of single enzyme molecules. Encapsulating individual enzyme molecules within a femtoliter-sized reaction chamber does not require immobilization of the enzyme molecules or fluorescent tagging of the enzyme molecules, which offers the unique advantage of observing unmodified single enzyme molecules free in solution. Several fascinating details about enzyme kinetics have been revealed using these femtoliter arrays, which were unattainable from traditional ensemble experiments. Here, we discuss various considerations to take into account when developing single-molecule enzyme assays in femtoliter arrays and the advantages and disadvantages of various protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D R Walt
- Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.
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15
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Lauko J, Kouwer PHJ, Rowan AE. 1
H
‐1,2,3‐Triazole: From Structure to Function and Catalysis. J Heterocycl Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ján Lauko
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Paul H. J. Kouwer
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Alan E. Rowan
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud University Nijmegen Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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16
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Moses M, Hedegård P, Hatzakis N. Quantification of Functional Dynamics of Membrane Proteins Reconstituted in Nanodiscs Membranes by Single Turnover Functional Readout. Methods Enzymol 2016; 581:227-256. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Dadová J, Vrábel M, Adámik M, Brázdová M, Pohl R, Fojta M, Hocek M. Azidopropylvinylsulfonamide as a New Bifunctional Click Reagent for Bioorthogonal Conjugations: Application for DNA–Protein Cross‐Linking. Chemistry 2015; 21:16091-102. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Dadová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Milan Vrábel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Matej Adámik
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno (Czech Republic)
| | - Marie Brázdová
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno (Czech Republic)
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Miroslav Fojta
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno (Czech Republic)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno (Czech Republic)
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2 (Czech Republic)
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18
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Yan Q, Zheng HN, Jiang C, Li K, Xiao SJ. EDC/NHS activation mechanism of polymethacrylic acid: anhydride versus NHS-ester. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13844b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Both stable intermediates of anhydride and NHS-ester were observed after EDC/NHS activation of PMAA, where NHS-ester waxes, while anhydride wanes complementarily with increasing fragmentation degree of PMAA blocks in PMAA-associated polymer blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Hong-Ning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
| | - Shou-Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing 210093
- China
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19
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Bavishi K, Hatzakis NS. Shedding light on protein folding, structural and functional dynamics by single molecule studies. Molecules 2014; 19:19407-34. [PMID: 25429564 PMCID: PMC6272019 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191219407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of advanced single molecule measurements unveiled a great wealth of dynamic information revolutionizing our understanding of protein dynamics and behavior in ways unattainable by conventional bulk assays. Equipped with the ability to record distribution of behaviors rather than the mean property of a population, single molecule measurements offer observation and quantification of the abundance, lifetime and function of multiple protein states. They also permit the direct observation of the transient and rarely populated intermediates in the energy landscape that are typically averaged out in non-synchronized ensemble measurements. Single molecule studies have thus provided novel insights about how the dynamic sampling of the free energy landscape dictates all aspects of protein behavior; from its folding to function. Here we will survey some of the state of the art contributions in deciphering mechanisms that underlie protein folding, structural and functional dynamics by single molecule fluorescence microscopy techniques. We will discuss a few selected examples highlighting the power of the emerging techniques and finally discuss the future improvements and directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krutika Bavishi
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy", Villum Research Center "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsenvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Nikos S Hatzakis
- Bio-Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Nano-Science Center, Lundbeck Foundation Center Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Yu K, Liu C, Kim BG, Lee DY. Synthetic fusion protein design and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2014; 33:155-164. [PMID: 25450191 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic fusion proteins can be designed to achieve improved properties or new functionality by synergistically incorporating multiple proteins into one complex. The fusion of two or more protein domains enhances bioactivities or generates novel functional combinations with a wide range of biotechnological and (bio)pharmaceutical applications. In this review, initially, we summarize the commonly used approaches for constructing fusion proteins. For each approach, the design strategy and desired properties are elaborated with examples of recent studies in the areas of biocatalysts, protein switches and bio-therapeutics. Subsequently, the progress in structural prediction of fusion proteins is presented, which can potentially facilitate the structure-based systematic design of fusion proteins toward identifying the best combinations of fusion partners. Finally, the current challenges and future directions in this field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Synthetic Biology Research Consortium, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Singapore 138668, Singapore
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151742, South Korea
| | - Dong-Yup Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Synthetic Biology Research Consortium, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore; Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, #06-01, Singapore 138668, Singapore.
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21
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Hvasanov D, Nam EV, Peterson JR, Pornsaksit D, Wiedenmann J, Marquis CP, Thordarson P. One-Pot Synthesis of High Molecular Weight Synthetic Heteroprotein Dimers Driven by Charge Complementarity Electrostatic Interactions. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9594-602. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501713t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jörg Wiedenmann
- National
Oceanography Center, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
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22
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Enzyme molecules in solitary confinement. Molecules 2014; 19:14417-45. [PMID: 25221867 PMCID: PMC6271441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190914417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Large arrays of homogeneous microwells each defining a femtoliter volume are a versatile platform for monitoring the substrate turnover of many individual enzyme molecules in parallel. The high degree of parallelization enables the analysis of a statistically representative enzyme population. Enclosing individual enzyme molecules in microwells does not require any surface immobilization step and enables the kinetic investigation of enzymes free in solution. This review describes various microwell array formats and explores their applications for the detection and investigation of single enzyme molecules. The development of new fabrication techniques and sensitive detection methods drives the field of single molecule enzymology. Here, we introduce recent progress in single enzyme molecule analysis in microwell arrays and discuss the challenges and opportunities.
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23
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Turunen P, Rowan AE, Blank K. Single-enzyme kinetics with fluorogenic substrates: lessons learnt and future directions. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3553-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Hardy JG, Pfaff A, Leal-Egaña A, Müller AHE, Scheibel TR. Glycopolymer Functionalization of Engineered Spider Silk Protein-based Materials for Improved Cell Adhesion. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:936-42. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John G. Hardy
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - André Pfaff
- Makromolekulare Chemie II; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Aldo Leal-Egaña
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Axel H. E. Müller
- Makromolekulare Chemie II; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Institute of Organic Chemistry; Duesbergweg 10-14 D-55099 Mainz Germany
| | - Thomas R. Scheibel
- Lehrstuhl Biomaterialien, Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
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25
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Laursen T, Singha A, Rantzau N, Tutkus M, Borch J, Hedegård P, Stamou D, Møller BL, Hatzakis NS. Single molecule activity measurements of cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase reveal the existence of two discrete functional states. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:630-4. [PMID: 24359083 DOI: 10.1021/cb400708v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron transfer between membrane spanning oxidoreductase enzymes controls vital metabolic processes. Here we studied for the first time with single molecule resolution the function of P450 oxidoreductase (POR), the canonical membrane spanning activator of all microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes. Measurements and statistical analysis of individual catalytic turnover cycles shows POR to sample at least two major functional states. This phenotype may underlie regulatory interactions with different cytochromes P450 but to date has remained masked in bulk kinetics. To ensure that we measured the inherent behavior of POR, we reconstituted the full length POR in "native like" membrane patches, nanodiscs. Nanodisc reconstitution increased stability by ∼2-fold as compared to detergent solubilized POR and showed significantly increased activity at biologically relevant ionic strength conditions, highlighting the importance of studying POR function in a membrane environment. This assay paves the way for studying the function of additional membrane spanning oxidoreductases with single molecule resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Laursen
- Plant
Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsenvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- bioSYNergy,
Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Aparajita Singha
- Bio-Nanotechnology
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Nano-Science Center, Lundbeck
Foundation Center Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- bioSYNergy,
Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Rantzau
- Bio-Nanotechnology
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Nano-Science Center, Lundbeck
Foundation Center Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- bioSYNergy,
Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marijonas Tutkus
- Bio-Nanotechnology
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Nano-Science Center, Lundbeck
Foundation Center Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- bioSYNergy,
Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Borch
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK−5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Per Hedegård
- Nano-Science
Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dimitrios Stamou
- Bio-Nanotechnology
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Nano-Science Center, Lundbeck
Foundation Center Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- bioSYNergy,
Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant
Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsenvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- bioSYNergy,
Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikos S. Hatzakis
- Bio-Nanotechnology
Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Nano-Science Center, Lundbeck
Foundation Center Biomembranes in Nanomedicine, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- bioSYNergy,
Center for Synthetic Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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26
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Hatzakis NS. Single molecule insights on conformational selection and induced fit mechanism. Biophys Chem 2014; 186:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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27
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Xu G, Xu P, Shi D, Chen M. Modification of graphene oxide by a facile coprecipitation method and click chemistry for use as a drug carrier. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02219j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A graphene oxide based ternary composite was synthesized for targeted drug carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi, China
| | - Pengwu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi, China
| | - Dongjian Shi
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi, China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Colloids and Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi, China
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28
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Xu A, Li F, Robinson H, Yeung ES. Can Protein Conformers Be Fractionated by Crystallization? Anal Chem 2013; 85:6372-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400762x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aoshuang Xu
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Fenglei Li
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Howard Robinson
- Biology Department, 463, Brookhaven National Laboratory,
Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Edward S. Yeung
- Ames Laboratory-USDOE and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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29
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Sharpless KB, Manetsch R. In situ click chemistry: a powerful means for lead discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 1:525-38. [PMID: 23506064 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.1.6.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial chemistry and parallel synthesis are important and regularly applied tools for lead identification and optimisation, although they are often accompanied by challenges related to the efficiency of library synthesis and the purity of the compound library. In the last decade, novel means of lead discovery approaches have been investigated where the biological target is actively involved in the synthesis of its own inhibitory compound. These fragment-based approaches, also termed target-guided synthesis (TGS), show great promise in lead discovery applications by combining the synthesis and screening of libraries of low molecular weight compounds in a single step. Of all the TGS methods, the kinetically controlled variant is the least well known, but it has the potential to emerge as a reliable lead discovery method. The kinetically controlled TGS approach, termed in situ click chemistry, is discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Barry Sharpless
- WM Keck Professor, Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC-315 La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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30
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Hatzakis NS, Wei L, Jorgensen SK, Kunding AH, Bolinger PY, Ehrlich N, Makarov I, Skjot M, Svendsen A, Hedegård P, Stamou D. Single enzyme studies reveal the existence of discrete functional states for monomeric enzymes and how they are "selected" upon allosteric regulation. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9296-302. [PMID: 22489643 DOI: 10.1021/ja3011429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric regulation of enzymatic activity forms the basis for controlling a plethora of vital cellular processes. While the mechanism underlying regulation of multimeric enzymes is generally well understood and proposed to primarily operate via conformational selection, the mechanism underlying allosteric regulation of monomeric enzymes is poorly understood. Here we monitored for the first time allosteric regulation of enzymatic activity at the single molecule level. We measured single stochastic catalytic turnovers of a monomeric metabolic enzyme (Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase) while titrating its proximity to a lipid membrane that acts as an allosteric effector. The single molecule measurements revealed the existence of discrete binary functional states that could not be identified in macroscopic measurements due to ensemble averaging. The discrete functional states correlate with the enzyme's major conformational states and are redistributed in the presence of the regulatory effector. Thus, our data support allosteric regulation of monomeric enzymes to operate via selection of preexisting functional states and not via induction of new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos S Hatzakis
- Bio-Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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31
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Terentyeva TG, Engelkamp H, Rowan AE, Komatsuzaki T, Hofkens J, Li CB, Blank K. Dynamic disorder in single-enzyme experiments: facts and artifacts. ACS NANO 2012; 6:346-54. [PMID: 22133314 DOI: 10.1021/nn203669r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Using a single-molecule fluorescence approach, the time series of catalytic events of an enzymatic reaction can be monitored, yielding a sequence of fluorescent "on"- and "off"-states. An accurate on/off-assignment is complicated by the intrinsic and extrinsic noise in every single-molecule fluorescence experiment. Using simulated data, the performance of the most widely employed binning and thresholding approach was systematically compared to change point analysis. It is shown that the underlying on- and off-histograms as well as the off-autocorrelation are not necessarily extracted from the "signal'' buried in noise. The shapes of the on- and off-histograms are affected by artifacts introduced by the analysis procedure and depend on the signal-to-noise ratio and the overall fluorescence intensity. For experimental data where the background intensity is not constant over time we consider change point analysis to be more accurate. When using change point analysis for data of the enzyme α-chymotrypsin, no characteristics of dynamic disorder was found. In light of these results, dynamic disorder might not be a general sign of enzymatic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana G Terentyeva
- Photochemistry & Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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32
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Schellinger JG, Kudupudi A, Natarajan A, Du W, DeNardo SJ, Gervay-Hague J. A general chemical synthesis platform for crosslinking multivalent single chain variable fragments. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 10:1521-6. [PMID: 22132412 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01259a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent single chain variable fragments (scFv) show increased affinity to tumor-associated antigens compared to monovalent scFv and intact monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Multivalent constructs can be derived from self-associating or covalent scFv with covalent constructs offering improved in vivo and in vitro stability. Covalent attachment of scFv can be achieved using genetically engineered expression vectors that afford scFv with site specific cysteine functionality. Expression vectors for di-scFv-C wherein the cysteine is located in the center of two scFv have also been developed for attaching chemically reactive linkers. In the example illustrated here, the di-scFv-C is derived from a mAb directed against the MUC1 epitope, which is presented on cancer cells. To achieve multivalency, a chemical crosslinking strategy utilizing various azide and multi-alkyne functionalized polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers was implemented. Conjugation was achieved by attachment of these linkers to the scFv thiol functionality. Chemoselective ligation was employed to covalently link different protein conjugates via copper(I) catalyzed azide alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) chemistry. Ligations were achieved in >70% yield using a specific set of linkers as determined by SDS-PAGE and densitometry. ELISA showed increased tumor binding of a tetravalent scFv providing a versatile chemical crosslinking strategy for construction of multivalent and bi-specific immunoconjugates that retain biological activity and have potential application in pre-targeted radioimmunotherapy and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan G Schellinger
- Chemistry Department, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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33
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Covalent linkage of CYP101 with the electrode enhances the electrocatalytic activity of the enzyme: Vectorial electron transport from the electrode. Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Moth-Poulsen K, Kofod-Hansen V, Kamounah FS, Hatzakis NS, Stamou D, Schaumburg K, Christensen JB. Optically induced linking of protein and nanoparticles to gold surfaces. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1056-61. [PMID: 20491443 DOI: 10.1021/bc900561m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of molecules and proteins to surfaces is of great interest for the development of a large variety of applications. We present herein a novel approach to efficiently couple a molecule of choice to biological building blocks. We synthesized and employed a new derivative of 5-bromo-7-nitroindoline to attach nucleophilic molecules and proteins to gold surfaces by photochemical activation. The reaction can be seen as a photoactivated alternative to the activated ester type chemistries that are commonly used to attach proteins or molecules to surfaces. We characterize the reaction by UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy, and as test of principle experiment, we show that we can attach proteins to surfaces and demonstrate that we can functionalize gold nanoparticles by this optically induced cross-linking reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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35
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Min W, Jiang L, Xie X. Complex Kinetics of Fluctuating Enzymes: Phase Diagram Characterization of a Minimal Kinetic Scheme. Chem Asian J 2010; 5:1129-38. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.200900627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Usai I, Krueger M, Einsiedel J, Hillen W, Gmeiner P. Click-Chemistry-Derived Tetracycline-Amino Acid Conjugates Exhibiting Exceptional Potency and Exclusive Recognition of the Reverse Tet Repressor. Chembiochem 2010; 11:703-12. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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37
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Claessen VI, Engelkamp H, Christianen PCM, Maan JC, Nolte RJM, Blank K, Rowan AE. Single-biomolecule kinetics: the art of studying a single enzyme. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2010; 3:319-340. [PMID: 20636045 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The potential of single-enzyme studies to unravel the complex energy landscape of these polymeric catalysts is the next critical step in enzymology. From its inception in Rotman's emulsion experiments in the 1960s, the field of single-molecule enzymology has now advanced into the time-resolved age. Technological advances have enabled individual enzymatic turnover reactions to be observed with a millisecond time resolution. A number of initial studies have revealed the underlying static and dynamic disorder in the catalytic rates originating from conformational fluctuations. Although these experiments are still in their infancy, they may be able to relate the topography of the energy landscape to the biological function and regulation of enzymes. This review summarizes some of the experimental techniques and data-analysis methods that have been used to study individual enzyme molecules in search of a deeper understanding of their kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor I Claessen
- Department of Molecular Materials, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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38
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Velonia K. Protein-polymer amphiphilic chimeras: recent advances and future challenges. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00362b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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39
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Kluger R, Foot JS, Vandersteen AA. Protein–protein coupling and its application to functional red cell substitutes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:1194-202. [DOI: 10.1039/b922694j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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40
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Yameen B, Ali M, Álvarez M, Neumann R, Ensinger W, Knoll W, Azzaroni O. A facile route for the preparation of azide-terminated polymers. “Clicking” polyelectrolyte brushes on planar surfaces and nanochannels. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00201d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Yang Y, Kluger R. Efficient CuAAC click formation of functional hemoglobin bis-tetramers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:7557-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc02023k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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42
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Elemans J, Lei S, De Feyter S. Molekulare und supramolekulare Netzwerke auf Oberflächen: vom zweidimensionalen Kristall-Engineering bis zur Reaktivität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200806339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Elemans J, Lei S, De Feyter S. Molecular and Supramolecular Networks on Surfaces: From Two-Dimensional Crystal Engineering to Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7298-332. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200806339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Reynhout IC, Cornelissen JJLM, Nolte RJM. Synthesis of polymer-biohybrids: from small to giant surfactants. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:681-92. [PMID: 19385643 DOI: 10.1021/ar800143a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphiles or surfactants, more popularly known as soaps, are among the oldest known chemical compounds used by man. Written text on a clay tablet dated to 2200 B.C. indicates that the Babylonians were familiar with soap-like substances. According to the Ebers papyrus (1550 B.C.), the ancient Egyptians bathed regularly in a mixture of animal oils, vegetable extracts, and alkaline salts, and a soap factory with bars of scented soap was found in the ruins of Pompeii (79 A.D.). In modern times, the use of soap has become universal, and we now understand reasonably well what happens when soap molecules are dispersed in aqueous solution and how the cleaning properties of soap work. The latter is related to the surface-active behavior of soap molecules, which is a result of their amphiphilic, also called amphipathic, character. Although the cleaning aspect is still an important issue, scientists are increasingly focusing on other properties of soaps, for example, self-assembling behavior and how this can be used in the design and non-covalent synthesis of new (macro)molecular architectures. These new molecules can be employed in nanotechnology and drug delivery, among other applications. This Account will focus on three different classes of amphiphiles. The first is the low molecular weight amphiphiles, also called classical amphiphiles in this context. A short overview will be given on the research carried out by our group and others on the self-assembly behavior and properties of these compounds; in particular, we focus on the ones that can be stabilized by polymerization (polymerized vesicles). Next, we will introduce the still relatively young field of superamphiphiles, macromolecules consisting of a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic polymeric block. Finally, and this constitutes the main part of this Account, we will provide an overview of a new class of amphiphiles, the so-called giant amphiphiles. These macromolecules have an enzyme or protein as the polar head group and a hydrophobic polymer as a tail. We will finish the Account with conclusions and an outlook to the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene C. Reynhout
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J. L. M. Cornelissen
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland J. M. Nolte
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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45
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Blank K, De Cremer G, Hofkens J. Fluorescence-based analysis of enzymes at the single-molecule level. Biotechnol J 2009; 4:465-79. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200800262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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46
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Heredia KL, Grover GN, Tao L, Maynard HD. Synthesis of Heterotelechelic Polymers for Conjugation of Two Different Proteins. Macromolecules 2009; 42:2360-2367. [PMID: 25378715 DOI: 10.1021/ma8022712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this report we describe a straightforward approach to synthesize polymers with end-groups that bind site-specifically to two different proteins. Telechelic biotin, maleimide poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) was synthesized for the formation of streptavidin (SAv)-bovine serum albumin (BSA) polymer conjugates. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of NIPAAm was conducted in the presence of biotinylated chain transfer agents (CTAs) with either ester or amide linkages, and the resultant α-biotinylated pNIPAAm were formed with low polydispersity indices (PDI ≤ 1.09). UV-Vis analysis of the trithiocarbonate chain-ends indicated 88% or greater retention of the group. A maleimide was introduced to the ω chain-end via a radical cross-coupling reaction with a functionalized azo-initiator. The polymer structures were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The resultant biotin-maleimide heterotelechelic polymer was used to form a SAv-BSA heterodimer conjugate. Bioconjugate formation was confirmed by gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina L Heredia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems Institute University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Gregory N Grover
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems Institute University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems Institute University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the California NanoSystems Institute University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
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47
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Foot JS, Lui FE, Kluger R. Hemoglobin bis-tetramers via cooperative azide–alkyne coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:7315-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b918860f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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48
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Seo YH, Carroll KS. Facile synthesis and biological evaluation of a cell-permeable probe to detect redox-regulated proteins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:356-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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49
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Martin AL, Bernas LM, Rutt BK, Foster PJ, Gillies ER. Enhanced Cell Uptake of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Functionalized with Dendritic Guanidines. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:2375-84. [DOI: 10.1021/bc800209u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Department of Medical Biophysics, and Imaging Research Laboratories—Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lisa M. Bernas
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Department of Medical Biophysics, and Imaging Research Laboratories—Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Brian K. Rutt
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Department of Medical Biophysics, and Imaging Research Laboratories—Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Paula J. Foster
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Department of Medical Biophysics, and Imaging Research Laboratories—Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Department of Medical Biophysics, and Imaging Research Laboratories—Robarts Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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50
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Nicolas J, Bensaid F, Desmaële D, Grogna M, Detrembleur C, Andrieux K, Couvreur P. Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) Nanoparticles by Means of Click Chemistry. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8013349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Nicolas
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France, Laboratoire Biocis, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8076, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France, and Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Fethi Bensaid
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France, Laboratoire Biocis, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8076, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France, and Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Didier Desmaële
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France, Laboratoire Biocis, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8076, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France, and Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mathurin Grogna
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France, Laboratoire Biocis, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8076, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France, and Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France, Laboratoire Biocis, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8076, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France, and Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Karine Andrieux
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France, Laboratoire Biocis, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8076, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France, and Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France, Laboratoire Biocis, Univ. Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8076, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France, and Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B6, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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