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Jessop JLP. A Practical Primer: Raman Spectroscopy for Monitoring of Photopolymerization Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3835. [PMID: 37765689 PMCID: PMC10534849 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Photopolymerization systems provide compelling advantages for industrial applications due to their fast reaction kinetics, wide selection of monomers for physical property development, and energy-efficient initiation via illumination. These same advantages can present challenges when attempting to monitor these reactions or characterize their resulting polymers; however, Raman spectroscopy can provide the flexibility and resolution needed. In this overview, Raman spectroscopy is compared to common characterization techniques, such as photo-differential scanning calorimetry and infrared spectroscopy, highlighting advantages of Raman spectroscopy. Examples are provided of how Raman spectroscopy has been used to monitor photopolymerizations and to provide insight on the impact of monomer chemistry and processing conditions, as well as paired with other techniques to elucidate physical properties. Finally, practical tips are provided for applying Raman spectroscopy and microscopy in photopolymerization systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L P Jessop
- Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
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2
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Huang C, Jiang Y, Li Y, Zhang H. Droplet Detection and Sorting System in Microfluidics: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2022; 14:mi14010103. [PMID: 36677164 PMCID: PMC9867185 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Since being invented, droplet microfluidic technologies have been proven to be perfect tools for high-throughput chemical and biological functional screening applications, and they have been heavily studied and improved through the past two decades. Each droplet can be used as one single bioreactor to compartmentalize a big material or biological population, so millions of droplets can be individually screened based on demand, while the sorting function could extract the droplets of interest to a separate pool from the main droplet library. In this paper, we reviewed droplet detection and active sorting methods that are currently still being widely used for high-through screening applications in microfluidic systems, including the latest updates regarding each technology. We analyze and summarize the merits and drawbacks of each presented technology and conclude, with our perspectives, on future direction of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842, USA
| | - Yuqian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842, USA
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77842, USA
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3
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Boodaghidizaji M, Milind Athalye S, Thakur S, Esmaili E, Verma MS, Ardekani AM. Characterizing viral samples using machine learning for Raman and absorption spectroscopy. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1336. [PMID: 36479629 PMCID: PMC9721089 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning methods can be used as robust techniques to provide invaluable information for analyzing biological samples in pharmaceutical industries, such as predicting the concentration of viral particles of interest in biological samples. Here, we utilized both convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and random forests (RFs) to predict the concentration of the samples containing measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella-zoster viruses (ProQuad®) based on Raman and absorption spectroscopy. We prepared Raman and absorption spectra data sets with known concentration values, then used the Raman and absorption signals individually and together to train RFs and CNNs. We demonstrated that both RFs and CNNs can make predictions with R2 values as high as 95%. We proposed two different networks to jointly use the Raman and absorption spectra, where our results demonstrated that concatenating the Raman and absorption data increases the prediction accuracy compared to using either Raman or absorption spectrum alone. Additionally, we further verified the advantage of using joint Raman-absorption with principal component analysis. Furthermore, our method can be extended to characterize properties other than concentration, such as the type of viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shreya Milind Athalye
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Sukirt Thakur
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Ehsan Esmaili
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Mohit S. Verma
- Department of Agricultural and Biological EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
- Birck Nanotechnology CenterPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Arezoo M. Ardekani
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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4
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Advances in droplet microfluidics for SERS and Raman analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 198:113822. [PMID: 34836710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy can realize qualitative and quantitative characterization, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can further enhance its detection sensitivity. In combination with droplet microfluidics, some significant but insurmountable limitations of SERS and Raman spectroscopy can be overcome to some extent, thus improving their detection capability and extending their application. During the past decade, these systems have constantly developed and demonstrated a great potential in more applications, but there is no new review systematically summarizing the droplet microfluidics-based Raman and SERS analysis system since the first related review was published in 2011. Thus, there is a great need for a new review to summarize the advances. In this review, we focus on droplet microfluidics-based Raman and SERS analysis, and summarize two mainstream research directions on this topic up to now. The one is SERS or Raman detection in the moving droplet microreactors, including analysis of molecules, single cells and chemical reaction processes. The other one is SERS active microparticle fabrication via microfluidic droplet templates covering polymer matrix and photonic crystal microparticles. We also comment on the advantages, disadvantage and correlation resolution of droplet microfluidics for SERS or Raman. Finally, we summarize these systems and illustrate our perspectives for future research directions in this field.
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5
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Maurya R, Gohil N, Bhattacharjee G, Alzahrani KJ, Ramakrishna S, Singh V. Microfluidics device for drug discovery, screening and delivery. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 187:335-346. [PMID: 35094780 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics and lab-on-chip are two progressive technologies widely used for drug discovery, screening and delivery. It has been designed in a way to act as a platform for sample preparations, culturing, incubation and screening through multi-channels. These devices require a small amount of reagent in about micro- to nanolitre volume. Microfluidics has the capacity to perform operations in a programmable manner and is easy to fine tune the size, shape and composition of drugs by changing flow rate and precise manipulations. Microfluidics platform comes with the advantage of mixing fluid in droplet reactors. Microfluidics is used in the field of chemistry, biomedical, biology and nanotechnology due to its high-throughput performance in various assays. It is potent enough to be used in microreactors for synthesis of particles and encapsulation of many biological entities for biological and drug delivery applications. Microfluidics therefore has the scope to be uplifted from basic to advanced diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Maurya
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Nisarg Gohil
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India
| | - Khalid J Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana, Gujarat, India.
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6
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Hartner NT, Wink K, Raddatz CR, Thoben C, Schirmer M, Zimmermann S, Belder D. Coupling Droplet Microfluidics with Ion Mobility Spectrometry for Monitoring Chemical Conversions at Nanoliter Scale. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13615-13623. [PMID: 34592821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We introduce the coupling of droplet microfluidics and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) to address the challenges of label-free and chemical-specific detection of compounds in individual droplets. In analogy to the established use of mass spectrometry, droplet-IMS coupling can be also achieved via electrospray ionization but with significantly less instrumental effort. Because IMS instruments do not require high-vacuum systems, they are very compact, cost-effective, and robust, making them an ideal candidate as a chemical-specific end-of-line detector for segmented flow experiments. Herein, we demonstrate the successful coupling of droplet microfluidics with a custom-built high-resolution drift tube IMS system for monitoring chemical reactions in nL-sized droplets in an oil phase. The analytes contained in each droplet were assigned according to their characteristic ion mobility with limit of detections down to 200 nM to 1 μM and droplet frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 Hz. Using a custom sheath flow electrospray interface, we have further achieved the chemical-specific monitoring of a biochemical transformation catalyzed by a few hundred yeast cells, at single droplet level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora T Hartner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Konstantin Wink
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian-Robert Raddatz
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Thoben
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Schirmer
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ Leipzig, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Appelstraße 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlev Belder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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7
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Kaven LF, Wolff HJM, Wille L, Wessling M, Mitsos A, Viell J. In-line Monitoring of Microgel Synthesis: Flow versus Batch Reactor. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luise F. Kaven
- AVT.SVT - Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hanna J. M. Wolff
- AVT.CVT - Chair of Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Wille
- AVT.SVT - Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- AVT.CVT - Chair of Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Mitsos
- AVT.SVT - Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- JARA-SOFT, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joern Viell
- AVT.SVT - Chair of Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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8
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Soheilmoghaddam F, Rumble M, Cooper-White J. High-Throughput Routes to Biomaterials Discovery. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10792-10864. [PMID: 34213880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many existing clinical treatments are limited in their ability to completely restore decreased or lost tissue and organ function, an unenviable situation only further exacerbated by a globally aging population. As a result, the demand for new medical interventions has increased substantially over the past 20 years, with the burgeoning fields of gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine showing promise to offer solutions for full repair or replacement of damaged or aging tissues. Success in these fields, however, inherently relies on biomaterials that are engendered with the ability to provide the necessary biological cues mimicking native extracellular matrixes that support cell fate. Accelerating the development of such "directive" biomaterials requires a shift in current design practices toward those that enable rapid synthesis and characterization of polymeric materials and the coupling of these processes with techniques that enable similarly rapid quantification and optimization of the interactions between these new material systems and target cells and tissues. This manuscript reviews recent advances in combinatorial and high-throughput (HT) technologies applied to polymeric biomaterial synthesis, fabrication, and chemical, physical, and biological screening with targeted end-point applications in the fields of gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Limitations of, and future opportunities for, the further application of these research tools and methodologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Soheilmoghaddam
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Madeleine Rumble
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Justin Cooper-White
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
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9
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Schütt J, Illing R, Volkov O, Kosub T, Granell PN, Nhalil H, Fassbender J, Klein L, Grosz A, Makarov D. Two Orders of Magnitude Boost in the Detection Limit of Droplet-Based Micro-Magnetofluidics with Planar Hall Effect Sensors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20609-20617. [PMID: 32832814 PMCID: PMC7439703 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Magnetofluidics is a dynamic research field, which requires novel sensor solutions to boost the detection limit of tiny quantities of magnetized objects. Here, we present a sensing strategy relying on planar Hall effect sensors in droplet-based micro-magnetofluidics for the detection of a multiphase liquid flow, i.e., superparamagnetic aqueous droplets in an oil carrier phase. The high resolution of the sensor allows the detection of nanoliter-sized superparamagnetic droplets with a concentration of 0.58 mg/cm3, even when they are biased in a geomagnetic field only. The limit of detection can be boosted another order of magnitude, reaching 0.04 mg/cm3 (1.4 million particles in a single 100 nL droplet) when a magnetic field of 5 mT is applied to bias the droplets. With this performance, our sensing platform outperforms the state-of-the-art solutions in droplet-based micro-magnetofluidics by a factor of 100. This allows us to detect ferrofluid droplets in clinically and biologically relevant concentrations and even below without the need of externally applied magnetic fields. These results open the route for new strategies of the utilization of ferrofluids in microfluidic geometries in, e.g., bio(-chemical) or medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schütt
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion
Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rico Illing
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion
Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksii Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion
Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Kosub
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion
Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pablo Nicolás Granell
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion
Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Escuela
de Ciencia y Tecnología, UNSAM, Campus Miguelete, B1650KNA San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto
Nacional de Tecnología Industrial, Av. Gral Paz 5445, B1650KNA San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hariharan Nhalil
- Department
of Physics & Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Jürgen Fassbender
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion
Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lior Klein
- Department
of Physics & Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Asaf Grosz
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba 84105, Israel
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion
Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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10
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Sattari A, Hanafizadeh P, Hoorfar M. Multiphase flow in microfluidics: From droplets and bubbles to the encapsulated structures. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 282:102208. [PMID: 32721624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic technologies have a unique ability to control more precisely and effectively on two-phase flow systems in comparison with macro systems. Controlling the size of the droplets and bubbles has led to an ever-increasing expansion of this technology in two-phase systems. Liquid-liquid and gas-liquid two-phase flows because of their numerous applications in different branches such as reactions, synthesis, emulsions, cosmetic, food, drug delivery, etc. have been the most critical two-phase flows in microfluidic systems. This review highlights recent progress in two-phase flows in microfluidic devices. The fundamentals of two-phase flows, including some essential dimensionless numbers, governing equations, and some most well-known numerical methods are firstly introduced, followed by a review of standard methods for producing segmented flows such as emulsions in microfluidic systems. Then various encapsulated structures, a common two-phase flow structure in microfluidic devices, and different methods of their production are reviewed. Finally, applications of two-phase microfluidic flows in drug-delivery, biotechnology, mixing, and microreactors are briefly discussed.
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11
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Payne EM, Holland-Moritz DA, Sun S, Kennedy RT. High-throughput screening by droplet microfluidics: perspective into key challenges and future prospects. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:2247-2262. [PMID: 32500896 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00347f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In two decades of development, impressive strides have been made for automating basic laboratory operations in droplet-based microfluidics, allowing the emergence of a new form of high-throughput screening and experimentation in nanoliter to femtoliter volumes. Despite advancements in droplet storage, manipulation, and analysis, the field has not yet been widely adapted for many high-throughput screening (HTS) applications. Broad adoption and commercial development of these techniques require robust implementation of strategies for the stable storage, chemical containment, generation of libraries, sample tracking, and chemical analysis of these small samples. We discuss these challenges for implementing droplet HTS and highlight key strategies that have begun to address these concerns. Recent advances in the field leave us optimistic about the future prospects of this rapidly developing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emory M Payne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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12
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Liu C, Li Y, Liu BF. Micromixers and their applications in kinetic analysis of biochemical reactions. Talanta 2019; 205:120136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Abstract
Droplet microfluidic systems have evolved as fluidic platforms that use much less sample volume and provide high throughput for biochemical analysis compared to conventional microfluidic devices. The variety of droplet fluidic applications triggered several detection techniques to be applied for analysis of droplets. In this review, we focus on label-free droplet detection techniques that were adapted to various droplet microfluidic platforms. We provide a classification of most commonly used droplet platform technologies. Then we discuss the examples of various label-free droplet detection schemes implemented for these platforms. While providing the research landscape for label-free droplet detection methods, we aim to highlight the strengths and shortcomings of each droplet platform so that a more targeted approach can be taken by researchers when selecting a droplet platform and a detection scheme for any given application.
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14
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LASHKARIPOUR ALI, MEHRIZI ALIABOUEI, GOHARIMANESH MASOUD, RASOULI MOHAMMADREZA, BAZAZ SAJADRAZAVI. SIZE-CONTROLLED DROPLET GENERATION IN A MICROFLUIDIC DEVICE FOR RARE DNA AMPLIFICATION BY OPTIMIZING ITS EFFECTIVE PARAMETERS. J MECH MED BIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519418500021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Versatility and portability of microfluidic devices play a dominant role in their widespread use by researchers. Droplet-based microfluidic devices have been extensively used due to their precise control over sample volume, and ease of manipulating and addressing each droplet on demand. Droplet-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) devices are particularly desirable in single DNA amplification. If the droplets are small enough to contain only one DNA molecule, single molecule amplification becomes possible, which can be advantageous in several cases such as early cancer detection. In this work, flow-focusing microfluidic droplet generation’s parameters are numerically investigated and optimized for generating the smallest droplet possible, while considering fabrication limits. Taguchi design of experiment method is used to study the effects of key parameters in droplet generation. By exploiting this approach, a droplet with a radius of 111[Formula: see text]nm is generated using a 3[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m orifice. Since the governing physics of the droplet generation process is not totally understood yet, by means of analysis of variance (ANOVA) analysis, a generalized linear model (GLM) is proposed to predict the droplet radius, given the values of eight major parameters affecting the droplet size. The proposed model shows a correlation of 95.3% and 64.95% for droplets of radius greater than and lower than 5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m, respectively. Finally, the source of this variation of behavior in different size scales is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- ALI LASHKARIPOUR
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran
| | - ALI ABOUEI MEHRIZI
- Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran
| | - MASOUD GOHARIMANESH
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
| | - MOHAMMADREZA RASOULI
- Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran
- Department of Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A2B4, Canada
| | - SAJAD RAZAVI BAZAZ
- Department of Life Sciences Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran
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15
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Chen X, Wang QM, Bu L. Monitor Polyimide Production from Diamine and Dianhydride Reactions Using a Combination of In Situ Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:2128-2135. [PMID: 28403637 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817700427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A two-step synthesis of polyimide reaction from dianhydride and diamine was followed by both infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy in situ in this case study. In the first step, the two reactants form poly(amide acid), which resulted in substantial spectral changes easily detected by both spectroscopic techniques. The reaction was found to occur rapidly and reached completion within tens of minutes at room temperature. In the second step, trimethylamine (catalyst) and acetic anhydride (dehydration agent) were added to form the five-member imide ring. Interestingly, different spectral changes were observed using IR and Raman spectroscopic methods due to their different responses toward the various functional groups involved. Conclusive evidence was also obtained based on the Raman results to demonstrate a long-lived intermediate species, which was harder to observe in the IR results. This work provides a good case study of the combined use of different vibrational spectroscopy techniques to extract maximum information from a reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Chen
- 1 Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | - Qing Min Wang
- 2 Electronic Materials, The Dow Chemical Company, Marlborough, MA, USA
| | - Luke Bu
- 2 Electronic Materials, The Dow Chemical Company, Marlborough, MA, USA
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16
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Abstract
Droplet microfluidics generates and manipulates discrete droplets through immiscible multiphase flows inside microchannels. Due to its remarkable advantages, droplet microfluidics bears significant value in an extremely wide range of area. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and in-depth insight into droplet microfluidics, covering fundamental research from microfluidic chip fabrication and droplet generation to the applications of droplets in bio(chemical) analysis and materials generation. The purpose of this review is to convey the fundamentals of droplet microfluidics, a critical analysis on its current status and challenges, and opinions on its future development. We believe this review will promote communications among biology, chemistry, physics, and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoran Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, China
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17
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Kim HS, Waqued SC, Nodurft DT, Devarenne TP, Yakovlev VV, Han A. Raman spectroscopy compatible PDMS droplet microfluidic culture and analysis platform towards on-chip lipidomics. Analyst 2017; 142:1054-1060. [PMID: 28294227 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02221a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipids produced by microalgae are viewed as a potential renewable alternative to fossil fuels, however, significant improvements in productivity are required for microalgal biofuels to become economically feasible. Here we present a method that allows for the use of Raman spectroscopy with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) droplet microfluidic devices, which not only overcomes the high Raman background of PDMS, but also achieves pairing of the high-throughput single-cell resolution advantages of droplet microfluidics with the direct, chemically specific, label-free, and non-destructive nature of Raman spectroscopy. The platform was successfully utilized for in situ characterization of microalgal lipid production over time within droplets, paving the way towards high-throughput microalgal lipidomics assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Soo Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
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18
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Braun F, Schwolow S, Seltenreich J, Kockmann N, Röder T, Gretz N, Rädle M. Highly Sensitive Raman Spectroscopy with Low Laser Power for Fast In-Line Reaction and Multiphase Flow Monitoring. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9368-9374. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Braun
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Institute
of Process Control and Innovative Energy Conversion, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schwolow
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Institute
of Chemical Process Engineering, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Seltenreich
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Institute
of Process Control and Innovative Energy Conversion, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- TU Dortmund University, Biochemical and Chemical
Engineering, Equipment Design, Emil-Figge-Straße 68, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thorsten Röder
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Institute
of Chemical Process Engineering, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Norbert Gretz
- Medical
Research Center, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Rädle
- Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Institute
of Process Control and Innovative Energy Conversion, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
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19
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Kara A, Reitz A, Mathault J, Mehou-Loko S, Amirdehi MA, Miled A, Greener J. Electrochemical imaging for microfluidics: a full-system approach. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1081-1087. [PMID: 26912254 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00077k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry is developed as a new chemical imaging modality for microfluidics. The technique is based on multipoint voltammetry using an embedded 20 × 10 miniature electrode array implemented on a customized printed circuit board. Electrode durability was enhanced by chemical modification of the electrode surfaces, which enabled continuous, stable use for over 2 months. A system-level approach enables automatic calibration, data acquisition and data processing through a graphical user interface. Following data processing, redox currents and peak positions are extracted from location-specific voltammograms and converted into pixels of an "electrochemical image". The system is validated by imaging steady-state and dynamic laminar flow patterns of flow-confined solutions of the redox pairs Fe(CN)6(3-/4-) or multi-redox environments that include coflowing Ru(NH3)6(2+/3+) solutions. The images obtained are compared with flow simulations and optical images for validation. A strategy to achieve measurements with spatial resolution smaller than the individual electrodes is also demonstrated as an avenue to enhance image spatial resolution. It is expected that this new approach to chemical imaging will expand the applicability of microfluidics in certain areas of chemistry and biology without requiring expertise in electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnane Kara
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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20
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Kise DP, Reddish MJ, Dyer RB. Sandwich-format 3D printed microfluidic mixers: a flexible platform for multi-probe analysis. JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING : STRUCTURES, DEVICES, AND SYSTEMS 2015; 25:124002. [PMID: 26855478 PMCID: PMC4737954 DOI: 10.1088/0960-1317/25/12/124002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on a microfluidic mixer fabrication platform that increases the versatility and flexibility of mixers for biomolecular applications. A sandwich-format design allows the application of multiple spectroscopic probes to the same mixer. A polymer spacer is 'sandwiched' between two transparent windows, creating a closed microfluidic system. The channels of the mixer are defined by regions in the polymer spacer that lack material and therefore the polymer need not be transparent in the spectral region of interest. Suitable window materials such as CaF2 make the device accessible to a wide range of optical probe wavelengths, from the deep UV to the mid-IR. In this study, we use a commercially available 3D printer to print the polymer spacers to apply three different channel designs into the passive, continuous-flow mixer, and integrated them with three different spectroscopic probes. All three spectroscopic probes are applicable to each mixer without further changes. The sandwich-format mixer coupled with cost-effective 3D printed fabrication techniques could increase the applicability and accessibility of microfluidic mixing to intricate kinetic schemes and monitoring chemical synthesis in cases where only one probe technique proves insufficient.
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21
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Real time monitoring of the quiescent suspension polymerization of methyl methacrylate in microreactors—Part 1. A kinetic study by Raman spectroscopy and evolution of droplet size. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2015.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Electrochemical droplet-based microfluidics using chip-based carbon paste electrodes for high-throughput analysis in pharmaceutical applications. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 883:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Visaveliya N, Lenke S, Groß A, Köhler JM. Microflow SERS Measurements Using Sensing Particles of Polyacrylamide/Silver Composite Materials. Chem Eng Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201500035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Mitic A, Gernaey KV. Process Intensification Tools in the Small-Scale Pharmaceutical Manufacturing of Small Molecules. Chem Eng Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201400765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Vogus DR, Mansard V, Rapp MV, Squires TM. Measuring concentration fields in microfluidic channels in situ with a Fabry-Perot interferometer. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1689-1696. [PMID: 25661262 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00095e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in microfluidic technology have allowed for the generation and control of complex chemical gradients; however, few general techniques can measure these spatio-temporal concentration profiles without fluorescent labeling. Here we describe a Fabry-Perot interferometric technique, capable of measuring concentration profiles in situ, without any chemical label, by tracking Fringes of Equal Chromatic Order (FECO). The technique has a sensitivity of 10(-5) RIU, which can be used to track local solute changes of ~0.05% (w/w). The technique is spatially resolved (1 μm) and easily measures evolving concentration fields with ~20 Hz rate. Here, we demonstrate by measuring the binary diffusion coefficients of various solutes and solvents (and their concentration-dependence) in both free solution and in polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Vogus
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.
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26
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Liszka BM, Rho HS, Yang Y, Lenferink ATM, Terstappen LWMM, Otto C. A microfluidic chip for high resolution Raman imaging of biological cells. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05185a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A microfluidic chip was designed, prepared and tested for integration with a confocal Raman imaging spectrometer with the specific purpose of enabling studies of individual biological cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M. Liszka
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics
- MIRA Institute
- University of Twente Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Hoon Suk Rho
- Department of Mesoscale Chemical Systems
- MESA+ Institute
- University of Twente Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Yoonsun Yang
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics
- MIRA Institute
- University of Twente Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Aufried T. M. Lenferink
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics
- MIRA Institute
- University of Twente Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Cees Otto
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics
- MIRA Institute
- University of Twente Enschede
- The Netherlands
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27
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Meier TA, Beulig RJ, Klinge E, Fuss M, Ohla S, Belder D. On-chip monitoring of chemical syntheses in microdroplets via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8588-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09595b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An approach for inline monitoring of organic syntheses in a microfluidic droplet chip via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is presented. In a proof of concept it was successfully applied to follow thiazole syntheses in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.-A. Meier
- Institut für Analytische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- D-04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - R. J. Beulig
- Institut für Analytische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- D-04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - E. Klinge
- Institut für Analytische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- D-04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - M. Fuss
- Institut für Analytische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- D-04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - S. Ohla
- Institut für Analytische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- D-04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - D. Belder
- Institut für Analytische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- D-04103 Leipzig
- Germany
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28
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Luther SK, Will S, Braeuer A. Phase-specific Raman spectroscopy for fast segmented microfluidic flows. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2910-2913. [PMID: 24920388 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00428k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An intensifier based Raman measuring strategy is introduced which allows for a phase-specific signal detection of one single phase in segmented flows at droplet generation frequencies of potentially up to several kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Luther
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Thermodynamik (LTT) and Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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29
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Müller T, Ruggeri FS, Kulik AJ, Shimanovich U, Mason TO, Knowles TPJ, Dietler G. Nanoscale spatially resolved infrared spectra from single microdroplets. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1315-1319. [PMID: 24519414 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51219c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics has emerged as a powerful platform allowing a large number of individual reactions to be carried out in spatially distinct microcompartments. Due to their small size, however, the spectroscopic characterisation of species encapsulated in such systems remains challenging. In this paper, we demonstrate the acquisition of infrared spectra from single microdroplets containing aggregation-prone proteins. To this effect, droplets are generated in a microfluidic flow-focussing device and subsequently deposited in a square array onto a ZnSe prism using a micro stamp. After drying, the solutes present in the droplets are illuminated locally by an infrared laser through the prism, and their thermal expansion upon absorption of infrared radiation is measured with an atomic force microscopy tip, granting nanoscale resolution. Using this approach, we resolve structural differences in the amide bands of the spectra of monomeric and aggregated lysozyme from single microdroplets with picolitre volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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30
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Yadav AK, Krell M, Hergeth WD, de la Cal JC, Barandiaran MJ. Monitoring Polymerization Kinetics in Microreactors by Confocal Raman Microscopy. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201300193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar Yadav
- Institute for Polymer Materials (POLYMAT); University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Etorbidea 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | | | | | - José Carlos de la Cal
- Institute for Polymer Materials (POLYMAT); University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Etorbidea 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - María Jesús Barandiaran
- Institute for Polymer Materials (POLYMAT); University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU; Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Etorbidea 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
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31
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Paquet-Mercier F, Aznaveh NB, Safdar M, Greener J. A microfluidic bioreactor with in situ SERS imaging for the study of controlled flow patterns of biofilm precursor materials. SENSORS 2013; 13:14714-27. [PMID: 24172286 PMCID: PMC3871105 DOI: 10.3390/s131114714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic bioreactor with an easy to fabricate nano-plasmonic surface is demonstrated for studies of biofilms and their precursor materials via Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). The system uses a novel design to induce sheath flow confinement of a sodium citrate biofilm precursor stream against the SERS imaging surface to measure spatial variations in the concentration profile. The unoptimised SERS enhancement was approximately 2.5 × 104, thereby improving data acquisition time, reducing laser power requirements and enabling a citrate detection limit of 0.1 mM, which was well below the concentrations used in biofilm nutrient solutions. The flow confinement was observed by both optical microscopy and SERS imaging with good complementarity. We demonstrate the new bioreactor by growing flow-templated biofilms on the microchannel wall. This work opens the way for in situ spectral imaging of biofilms and their biochemical environment under dynamic flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Paquet-Mercier
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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32
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Serra CA, Cortese B, Khan IU, Anton N, de Croon MHJM, Hessel V, Ono T, Vandamme T. Coupling Microreaction Technologies, Polymer Chemistry, and Processing to Produce Polymeric Micro and Nanoparticles with Controlled Size, Morphology, and Composition. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201300101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe A. Serra
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Ecole de Chimie Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) - UMR 7515 CNRS, Groupe d'Intensification et d'Intégration des Procédés Polymères (G2IP); F-67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Bruno Cortese
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Micro Flow Chemistry/Chemical Reaction Engineering Groups- Eindhoven; The Netherlands
| | - Ikram Ullah Khan
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Ecole de Chimie Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM), Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES) - UMR 7515 CNRS, Groupe d'Intensification et d'Intégration des Procédés Polymères (G2IP); F-67087 Strasbourg France
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique - CNRS 7199; 74 route du Rhin BP 60024 F-67401 Illkirch Cedex France
- College of Pharmacy, Government College University; Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique - CNRS 7199; 74 route du Rhin BP 60024 F-67401 Illkirch Cedex France
| | - Mart H. J. M. de Croon
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Micro Flow Chemistry/Chemical Reaction Engineering Groups- Eindhoven; The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Micro Flow Chemistry/Chemical Reaction Engineering Groups- Eindhoven; The Netherlands
| | - Tsutomu Ono
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Thierry Vandamme
- Université de Strasbourg (UdS), Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, Equipe de Pharmacie Biogalénique - CNRS 7199; 74 route du Rhin BP 60024 F-67401 Illkirch Cedex France
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33
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Zhu Y, Fang Q. Analytical detection techniques for droplet microfluidics—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 787:24-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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34
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Nunes JK, Tsai SSH, Wan J, Stone HA. Dripping and jetting in microfluidic multiphase flows applied to particle and fiber synthesis. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 2013; 46:114002. [PMID: 23626378 PMCID: PMC3634598 DOI: 10.1088/0022-3727/46/11/114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Dripping and jetting regimes in microfluidic multiphase flows have been investigated extensively, and this review summarizes the main observations and physical understandings in this field to date for three common device geometries: coaxial, flow-focusing and T-junction. The format of the presentation allows for simple and direct comparison of the different conditions for drop and jet formation, as well as the relative ease and utility of forming either drops or jets among the three geometries. The emphasis is on the use of drops and jets as templates for microparticle and microfiber syntheses, and a description is given of the more common methods of solidification and strategies for achieving complex multicomponent microparticles and microfibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Nunes
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
| | - S S H Tsai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
| | - J Wan
- Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623 USA
| | - H A Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
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35
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Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidics or digital microfluidics is a subclass of microfluidic devices, wherein droplets are generated using active or passive methods. The active method for generation of droplets involves the use of an external factor such as an electric field for droplet generation. Two techniques that fall in this category are dielectrophoresis (DEP) and electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD). In passive methods, the droplet generation depends on the geometry and dimensions of the device. T-junction and flow focusing methods are examples of passive methods used for generation of droplets. In this chapter the methods used for droplet generation, mixing of contents of droplets, and the manipulation of droplets are described in brief. A review of the applications of digital microfluidics with emphasis on the last decade is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv Sharma
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Department of Chemistry, Imperial College, London, UK.
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36
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Yue J, Schouten JC, Nijhuis TA. Integration of Microreactors with Spectroscopic Detection for Online Reaction Monitoring and Catalyst Characterization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301258j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yue
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap C. Schouten
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - T. Alexander Nijhuis
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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37
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Voicu D, Scholl C, Li W, Jagadeesan D, Nasimova I, Greener J, Kumacheva E. Kinetics of Multicomponent Polymerization Reaction Studied in a Microfluidic Format. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300444k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Voicu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Clement Scholl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dinesh Jagadeesan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Irina Nasimova
- Department of Physics, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Jesse Greener
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- FlowJEM, Inc., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Biomaterials and Biomedical
Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto,
Ontario M5S 3G9,
Canada
- FlowJEM, Inc., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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38
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Biswas S, Miller JT, Li Y, Nandakumar K, Kumar CSSR. Developing a millifluidic platform for the synthesis of ultrasmall nanoclusters: ultrasmall copper nanoclusters as a case study. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:687-698. [PMID: 22298499 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The future of lab-on-a-chip devices for the synthesis of nanomaterials hinges on the successful development of high-throughput methods with better control over their size. While significant effort in this direction mainly focuses on developing "difficult to fabricate" complex microfluidic reactors, scant attention has been paid to the "easy to fabricate" and simple millifluidic systems that could provide the required control as well as high throughput. By utilizing numerical simulation of fluids within the millifluidic space at different flow rates, the results presented here show velocity profiles and residence time distributions similar to the case of microfluidics. By significantly reducing the residence time and residence time distribution, a continuous flow synthesis of ultrasmall copper nanoclusters (UCNCs) with exceptional colloidal stability is achieved. In-situ synchrotron-radiation-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) reveal that the as-prepared clusters are about 1 nm, which is further supported by transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy studies. The clusters reported here are the smallest ever produced using a lab-on-a-chip platform. When supported on silica, they are found to efficiently catalyze C-H oxidation reactions, hitherto unknown to be catalyzed by Cu. This work suggests that a millifluidic platform can be an inexpensive, versatile, easy-to-use, and powerful tool for nanoparticle synthesis in general, and more specifically for ultrasmall nanoclusters (UNCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Biswas
- Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD), Louisiana State University, 6980 Jefferson Highway, Baton Rouge, LA 70816, USA
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39
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Syme CD, Martino C, Yusvana R, Sirimuthu NMS, Cooper JM. Quantitative Characterization of Individual Microdroplets using Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1491-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202705a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Syme
- Advanced Medical Diagnostics
group, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, Scotland,
U.K
| | - Chiara Martino
- Advanced Medical Diagnostics
group, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, Scotland,
U.K
| | - Rama Yusvana
- Advanced Medical Diagnostics
group, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, Scotland,
U.K
| | - Narayana M. S. Sirimuthu
- Advanced Medical Diagnostics
group, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, Scotland,
U.K
| | - Jonathan M. Cooper
- Advanced Medical Diagnostics
group, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, Scotland,
U.K
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40
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Hunley MT, Bhangale AS, Kundu S, Johnson PM, Waters MS, Gross RA, Beers KL. In situ monitoring of enzyme-catalyzed (co)polymerizations by Raman spectroscopy. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00447f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Seemann R, Brinkmann M, Pfohl T, Herminghaus S. Droplet based microfluidics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2012; 75:016601. [PMID: 22790308 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/75/1/016601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Droplet based microfluidics is a rapidly growing interdisciplinary field of research combining soft matter physics, biochemistry and microsystems engineering. Its applications range from fast analytical systems or the synthesis of advanced materials to protein crystallization and biological assays for living cells. Precise control of droplet volumes and reliable manipulation of individual droplets such as coalescence, mixing of their contents, and sorting in combination with fast analysis tools allow us to perform chemical reactions inside the droplets under defined conditions. In this paper, we will review available drop generation and manipulation techniques. The main focus of this review is not to be comprehensive and explain all techniques in great detail but to identify and shed light on similarities and underlying physical principles. Since geometry and wetting properties of the microfluidic channels are crucial factors for droplet generation, we also briefly describe typical device fabrication methods in droplet based microfluidics. Examples of applications and reaction schemes which rely on the discussed manipulation techniques are also presented, such as the fabrication of special materials and biophysical experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Seemann
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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42
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Microfluidic Raman Spectroscopy for Bio-chemical Sensing and Analysis. SPRINGER SERIES ON CHEMICAL SENSORS AND BIOSENSORS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25498-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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43
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Greener J, Tumarkin E, Debono M, Kwan CH, Abolhasani M, Guenther A, Kumacheva E. Development and applications of a microfluidic reactor with multiple analytical probes. Analyst 2011; 137:444-50. [PMID: 22108956 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15940b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a versatile microfluidic (MF) reactor with multiple analytical probes, which can be used for (i) quantitative characterisation of molecular vibrational signatures of reactants or products, (ii) the localised real-time monitoring of temperature and (iii) site-specific measurements of pH of the reaction system. The analytical probes utilised for in situ reaction analysis include an ATR-FTIR probe, a temperature probe, and a pH probe. We demonstrate the applications of the MF reactor with integrated probes for the parallel monitoring of multiple variables in acid/base neutralisation reaction, of changes in buffer pH, temperature, and vibrational absorption bands, and for monitoring the kinetics of the reaction between CO(2) and a buffer system with therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Greener
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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44
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März A, Henkel T, Cialla D, Schmitt M, Popp J. Droplet formation via flow-through microdevices in Raman and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy--concepts and applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3584-3592. [PMID: 21964776 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20638a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines concepts and applications of droplet formation via flow-through microdevices in Raman and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as well as the advantages of the approach. Even though the droplet-based flow-through technique is utilized in various fields, the review focuses on implementing droplet-based fluidic systems in Raman and SERS as these highly specific detection methods are of major interest in the field of analytics. With the combination of Raman or SERS with droplet-based fluidics, it is expected to achieve novel opportunities for analytics. Besides the approach of using droplet-based microfluidic devices as a detection platform, the unique properties of flow-through systems for the formation of droplets are capitalized to produce SERS active substrates and to accomplish uniform sample preparation. Within this contribution, previous reported applications on droplet-based flow-through Raman and SERS approaches and the additional benefit with regard to the importance in the field of analytics are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne März
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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45
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Ashok PC, Singh GP, Rendall HA, Krauss TF, Dholakia K. Waveguide confined Raman spectroscopy for microfluidic interrogation. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:1262-70. [PMID: 21225053 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00462f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report the first implementation of the fiber based microfluidic Raman spectroscopic detection scheme, which can be scaled down to micrometre dimensions, allowing it to be combined with other microfluidic functional devices. This novel Raman spectroscopic detection scheme, which we termed as Waveguide Confined Raman Spectroscopy (WCRS), is achieved through embedding fibers on-chip in a geometry that confines the Raman excitation and collection region which ensures maximum Raman signal collection. This results in a microfluidic chip with completely alignment-free Raman spectroscopic detection scheme, which does not give any background from the substrate of the chip. These features allow a WCRS based microfluidic chip to be fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) which is a relatively cheap material but has inherent Raman signatures in fingerprint region. The effects of length, collection angle, and fiber core size on the collection efficiency and fluorescence background of WCRS were investigated. The ability of the device to predict the concentration was studied using urea as a model analyte. A major advantage of WCRS is its scalability that allows it to be combined with many existing microfluidic functional devices. The applicability of WCRS is demonstrated through two microfluidic applications: reaction monitoring in a microreactor and detection of analyte in a microdroplet based microfluidic system. The WCRS approach may lead to wider use of Raman spectroscopy based detection in microfluidics, and the development of portable, alignment-free microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen C Ashok
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, Fife KY16 9SS, UK.
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46
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Lorber N, Sarrazin F, Guillot P, Panizza P, Colin A, Pavageau B, Hany C, Maestro P, Marre S, Delclos T, Aymonier C, Subra P, Prat L, Gourdon C, Mignard E. Some recent advances in the design and the use of miniaturized droplet-based continuous process: applications in chemistry and high-pressure microflows. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:779-87. [PMID: 21157611 DOI: 10.1039/c0lc00058b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review focuses on two different miniaturizing approaches: the first one describes the generation and use of droplets flowing within a millifluidic tool as individual batch microreactors. The second one reports the use of high pressure microflows in chemistry. Millifluidics is an inexpensive, versatile and easy to use approach which is upscaled from microfluidics. It enables one to produce hierarchically organized multiple emulsions or particles with a good control over sizes and shapes, as well as to provide a convenient data acquisition platform dedicated to slow or rather fast chemical reactions, i.e., from hours to a few minutes. High-pressure resistant devices were recently fabricated and used to generate stable droplets from pressurized fluids such as supercritical fluid-liquid systems. We believe that supercritical microfluidics is a promising tool to develop sustainable processes in chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lorber
- CNRS-Rhodia-Université Bordeaux 1 UMR5258 Laboratoire du Futur, 178 Av. Dr Albert Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac Cedex, France
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47
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Mozharov S, Nordon A, Littlejohn D, Wiles C, Watts P, Dallin P, Girkin JM. Improved method for kinetic studies in microreactors using flow manipulation and noninvasive Raman spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:3601-8. [PMID: 21341771 DOI: 10.1021/ja1102234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel method has been devised to derive kinetic information about reactions in microfluidic systems. Advantages have been demonstrated over conventional procedures for a Knoevenagel condensation reaction in terms of the time required to obtain the data (fivefold reduction) and the efficient use of reagents (tenfold reduction). The procedure is based on a step change from a low (e.g., 0.6 μL min(-1)) to a high (e.g., 14 μL min(-1)) flow rate and real-time noninvasive Raman measurements at the end of the flow line, which allows location-specific information to be obtained without the need to move the measurement probe along the microreactor channel. To validate the method, values of the effective reaction order n were obtained employing two different experimental methodologies. Using these values of n, rate constants k were calculated and compared. The values of k derived from the proposed method at 10 and 40 °C were 0.0356 ± 0.0008 mol(-0.3) dm(0.9) s(-1) (n = 1.3) and 0.24 ± 0.018 mol(-0.1) dm(0.3) s(-1) (n = 1.1), respectively, whereas the values obtained using a more laborious conventional methodology were 0.0335 ± 0.0032 mol(-0.4) dm(1.2) s(-1) (n = 1.4) at 10 °C and 0.244 ± 0.032 mol(-0.3) dm(0.9) s(-1) (n = 1.3) at 40 °C. The new approach is not limited to analysis by Raman spectrometry and can be used with different techniques that can be incorporated into the end of the flow path to provide rapid measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Mozharov
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and CPACT, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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48
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Zeng S, Liu X, Xie H, Lin B. Basic Technologies for Droplet Microfluidics. MICROFLUIDICS 2011; 304:69-90. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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49
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Zagnoni M, Cooper JM. Droplet microfluidics for high-throughput analysis of cells and particles. Methods Cell Biol 2011; 102:25-48. [PMID: 21704834 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374912-3.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Droplet microfluidics (DM) is an area of research which combines lab-on-a-chip (LOC) techniques with emulsion compartmentalization to perform high-throughput, chemical and biological assays. The key issue of this approach lies in the generation, over tens of milliseconds, of thousands of liquid vessels which can be used either as a carrier, to transport encapsulated particles and cells, or as microreactors, to perform parallel analysis of a vast number of samples. Each compartment comprises a liquid droplet containing the sample, surrounded by an immiscible fluid. This microfluidic technique is capable of generating subnanoliter and highly monodispersed liquid droplets, which offer many opportunities for developing novel single-cell and single-molecule studies, as well as high-throughput methodologies for the detection and sorting of encapsulated species in droplets. The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of the features of DM in a broad microfluidic context, as well as to show the advantages and limitations of the technology in the field of LOC analytical research. Examples are reported and discussed to show how DM can provide novel systems with applications in high-throughput, quantitative cell and particle analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Zagnoni
- Centre for Microsystems and Photonics, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XW, UK.
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50
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Mozharov S, Nordon A, Girkin JM, Littlejohn D. Non-invasive analysis in micro-reactors using Raman spectrometry with a specially designed probe. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2101-2107. [PMID: 20544108 DOI: 10.1039/c004248j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An optical interface has been designed to maximise the sensitivity and spatial resolution required when Raman spectrometry is used to monitor a reaction in a micro-reactor, revealing advantages over a conventional commercial probe. A miniature aspheric lens was shown to be better than microscope objectives to focus the probing laser beam onto the sample. The diameters of the exciting and collection optical fibres were also shown to have a significant influence on sensitivity and the signal-to-background ratio, with 62.5 microm diameter 0.28 numerical aperture (NA) fibres found to be best for analysis of liquids in the 150 microm deep channel in the micro-reactor used. With a spectral measurement time of 2 s, it was shown that the probe could monitor the progress of an esterification reaction in real time and quickly optimise the reagent flow rates. The fast response time revealed features related to short-term pump instabilities and micro-reactor rheology effects that would not have been identified without rapid real-time measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Mozharov
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and CPACT, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
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