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Cunha AB, Schuelke C, Mesri A, Ruud SK, Aizenshtadt A, Ferrari G, Heiskanen A, Asif A, Keller SS, Ramos-Moreno T, Kalvøy H, Martínez-Serrano A, Krauss S, Emnéus J, Sampietro M, Martinsen ØG. Development of a Smart Wireless Multisensor Platform for an Optogenetic Brain Implant. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:575. [PMID: 38257668 PMCID: PMC11154348 DOI: 10.3390/s24020575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Implantable cell replacement therapies promise to completely restore the function of neural structures, possibly changing how we currently perceive the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. One of the major clinical hurdles for the routine implementation of stem cell therapies is poor cell retention and survival, demanding the need to better understand these mechanisms while providing precise and scalable approaches to monitor these cell-based therapies in both pre-clinical and clinical scenarios. This poses significant multidisciplinary challenges regarding planning, defining the methodology and requirements, prototyping and different stages of testing. Aiming toward an optogenetic neural stem cell implant controlled by a smart wireless electronic frontend, we show how an iterative development methodology coupled with a modular design philosophy can mitigate some of these challenges. In this study, we present a miniaturized, wireless-controlled, modular multisensor platform with fully interfaced electronics featuring three different modules: an impedance analyzer, a potentiostat and an optical stimulator. We show the application of the platform for electrical impedance spectroscopy-based cell monitoring, optical stimulation to induce dopamine release from optogenetically modified neurons and a potentiostat for cyclic voltammetry and amperometric detection of dopamine release. The multisensor platform is designed to be used as an opto-electric headstage for future in vivo animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- André B. Cunha
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 24, 0371 Oslo, Norway; (A.B.C.); (C.S.); (S.K.R.)
| | - Christin Schuelke
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 24, 0371 Oslo, Norway; (A.B.C.); (C.S.); (S.K.R.)
- Hybrid Technology Hub—Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 1110 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (A.A.); (S.K.)
| | - Alireza Mesri
- Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (G.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Simen K. Ruud
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 24, 0371 Oslo, Norway; (A.B.C.); (C.S.); (S.K.R.)
| | - Aleksandra Aizenshtadt
- Hybrid Technology Hub—Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 1110 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (A.A.); (S.K.)
| | - Giorgio Ferrari
- Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (G.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Arto Heiskanen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (A.H.); (A.A.); (J.E.)
| | - Afia Asif
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (A.H.); (A.A.); (J.E.)
| | - Stephan S. Keller
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Tania Ramos-Moreno
- Lund Stem Cell Center, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Håvard Kalvøy
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Alberto Martínez-Serrano
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Center of Molecular Biology ‘Severo Ochoa’, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Stefan Krauss
- Hybrid Technology Hub—Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 1110 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (A.A.); (S.K.)
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jenny Emnéus
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (A.H.); (A.A.); (J.E.)
| | - Marco Sampietro
- Department of Electronics Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (G.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Ørjan G. Martinsen
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Sem Sælands vei 24, 0371 Oslo, Norway; (A.B.C.); (C.S.); (S.K.R.)
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
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Gupta P, Shinde A, Illath K, Kar S, Nagai M, Tseng FG, Santra TS. Microfluidic platforms for single neuron analysis. Mater Today Bio 2022; 13:100222. [PMID: 35243297 PMCID: PMC8866890 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single-neuron actions are the basis of brain function, as clinical sequelae, neuronal dysfunction or failure for most of the central nervous system (CNS) diseases and injuries can be identified via tracing single-neurons. The bulk analysis methods tend to miscue critical information by assessing the population-averaged outcomes. However, its primary requisite in neuroscience to analyze single-neurons and to understand dynamic interplay of neurons and their environment. Microfluidic systems enable precise control over nano-to femto-liter volumes via adjusting device geometry, surface characteristics, and flow-dynamics, thus facilitating a well-defined micro-environment with spatio-temporal control for single-neuron analysis. The microfluidic platform not only offers a comprehensive landscape to study brain cell diversity at the level of transcriptome, genome, and/or epigenome of individual cells but also has a substantial role in deciphering complex dynamics of brain development and brain-related disorders. In this review, we highlight recent advances of microfluidic devices for single-neuron analysis, i.e., single-neuron trapping, single-neuron dynamics, single-neuron proteomics, single-neuron transcriptomics, drug delivery at the single-neuron level, single axon guidance, and single-neuron differentiation. Moreover, we also emphasize limitations and future challenges of single-neuron analysis by focusing on key performances of throughput and multiparametric activity analysis on microfluidic platforms.
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3
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Gillis KD, Liu XA, Marcantoni A, Carabelli V. Electrochemical measurement of quantal exocytosis using microchips. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:97-112. [PMID: 28866728 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-fiber electrodes (CFEs) are the gold standard for quantifying the release of oxidizable neurotransmitters from single vesicles and single cells. Over the last 15 years, microfabricated devices have emerged as alternatives to CFEs that offer the possibility of higher throughput, subcellular spatial resolution of exocytosis, and integration with other techniques for probing exocytosis including microfluidic cell handling and solution exchange, optical imaging and stimulation, and electrophysiological recording and stimulation. Here we review progress in developing electrochemical electrode devices capable of resolving quantal exocytosis that are fabricated using photolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Gillis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Xin A Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug Science and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- Department of Drug Science and "NIS" Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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4
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Ganesana M, Lee ST, Wang Y, Venton BJ. Analytical Techniques in Neuroscience: Recent Advances in Imaging, Separation, and Electrochemical Methods. Anal Chem 2017; 89:314-341. [PMID: 28105819 PMCID: PMC5260807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, PO Box 400319, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904
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5
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Matteucci M, Heiskanen A, Zór K, Emnéus J, Taboryski R. Comparison of Ultrasonic Welding and Thermal Bonding for the Integration of Thin Film Metal Electrodes in Injection Molded Polymeric Lab-on-Chip Systems for Electrochemistry. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16111795. [PMID: 27801809 PMCID: PMC5134454 DOI: 10.3390/s16111795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We compare ultrasonic welding (UW) and thermal bonding (TB) for the integration of embedded thin-film gold electrodes for electrochemical applications in injection molded (IM) microfluidic chips. The UW bonded chips showed a significantly superior electrochemical performance compared to the ones obtained using TB. Parameters such as metal thickness of electrodes, depth of electrode embedding, delivered power, and height of energy directors (for UW), as well as pressure and temperature (for TB), were systematically studied to evaluate the two bonding methods and requirements for optimal electrochemical performance. The presented technology is intended for easy and effective integration of polymeric Lab-on-Chip systems to encourage their use in research, commercialization and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Matteucci
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
| | - Arto Heiskanen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
| | - Kinga Zór
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
| | - Jenny Emnéus
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
| | - Rafael Taboryski
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
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6
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Picollo F, Battiato A, Bernardi E, Marcantoni A, Pasquarelli A, Carbone E, Olivero P, Carabelli V. Microelectrode Arrays of Diamond-Insulated Graphitic Channels for Real-Time Detection of Exocytotic Events from Cultured Chromaffin Cells and Slices of Adrenal Glands. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7493-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Picollo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 10125 Torino, Italy
- Physics
Department, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- “Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces” Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Torino Unit, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alfio Battiato
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 10125 Torino, Italy
- Physics
Department, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- “Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces” Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Torino Unit, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Ettore Bernardi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 10125 Torino, Italy
- Physics
Department, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- “Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces” Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Torino Unit, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- “Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces” Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Torino Unit, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Pasquarelli
- Institute
of Electron Devices and Circuits, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Emilio Carbone
- “Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces” Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Torino Unit, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Olivero
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), 10125 Torino, Italy
- Physics
Department, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- “Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces” Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Torino Unit, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Carabelli
- “Nanostructured
Interfaces and Surfaces” Inter-departmental Centre, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM), Torino Unit, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Department
of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
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7
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Wang L, Xu SW, Xu HR, Song YL, Liu JT, Luo JP, Cai XX. Spatio-temporally resolved measurement of quantal exocytosis from single cells using microelectrode array modified with poly l-lysine and poly dopamine. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Li Y, Meunier A, Fulcrand R, Sella C, Amatore C, Thouin L, Lemaître F, Guille-Collignon M. Multi-chambers Microsystem for Simultaneous and Direct Electrochemical Detection of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Released by Cell Populations. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201501157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie; Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR; 24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Anne Meunier
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie; Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR; 24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Rémy Fulcrand
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie; Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR; 24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Catherine Sella
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie; Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR; 24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Christian Amatore
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie; Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR; 24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Laurent Thouin
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie; Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR; 24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Frédéric Lemaître
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie; Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR; 24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
| | - Manon Guille-Collignon
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, Département de Chimie; Sorbonne Universités - UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8640 PASTEUR; 24, rue Lhomond 75005 Paris France
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9
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Wang L, Xu H, Song Y, Luo J, Wei W, Xu S, Cai X. Highly sensitive detection of quantal dopamine secretion from pheochromocytoma cells using neural microelectrode array electrodeposited with polypyrrole graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:7619-7626. [PMID: 25804204 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
For the measurement of events of dopamine (DA) release as well as the coordinating neurotransmission in the nerve system, a neural microelectrode array (nMEA) electrodeposited directionally with polypyrrole graphene (PG) nanocomposites was fabricated. The deposited graphene significantly increased the surface area of working electrode, which led to the nMEA (with diameter of 20 μm) with excellent selectivity and sensitivity to DA. Furthermore, PG film modification exhibited low detection limit (4 nM, S/N = 3.21), high sensitivity, and good linearity in the presence of ascorbic acid (e.g., 13933.12 μA mM(-1) cm(-2) in the range of 0.8-10 μM). In particular, the nMEA combined with the patch-clamp system was used to detect quantized DA release from pheochromocytoma cells under 100 mM K(+) stimulation. The nMEA that integrates 60 microelectrodes is novel for detecting a large number of samples simultaneously, which has potential for neural communication research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- †State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- ‡University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huiren Xu
- †State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- ‡University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yilin Song
- †State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jinping Luo
- †State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenjing Wei
- †State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- ‡University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shengwei Xu
- †State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- †State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- ‡University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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10
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Lemaître F, Guille Collignon M, Amatore C. Recent advances in Electrochemical Detection of Exocytosis. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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11
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Ges IA, Brindley RL, Currie KPM, Baudenbacher FJ. A microfluidic platform for chemical stimulation and real time analysis of catecholamine secretion from neuroendocrine cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:4663-73. [PMID: 24126415 PMCID: PMC3892771 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50779c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Release of neurotransmitters and hormones by calcium-regulated exocytosis is a fundamental cellular process that is disrupted in a variety of psychiatric, neurological, and endocrine disorders. As such, there is significant interest in targeting neurosecretion for drug and therapeutic development, efforts that will be aided by novel analytical tools and devices that provide mechanistic insight coupled with increased experimental throughput. Here, we report a simple, inexpensive, reusable, microfluidic device designed to analyze catecholamine secretion from small populations of adrenal chromaffin cells in real time, an important neuroendocrine component of the sympathetic nervous system and versatile neurosecretory model. The device is fabricated by replica molding of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using patterned photoresist on silicon wafer as the master. Microfluidic inlet channels lead to an array of U-shaped "cell traps", each capable of immobilizing single or small groups of chromaffin cells. The bottom of the device is a glass slide with patterned thin film platinum electrodes used for electrochemical detection of catecholamines in real time. We demonstrate reliable loading of the device with small populations of chromaffin cells, and perfusion/repetitive stimulation with physiologically relevant secretagogues (carbachol, PACAP, KCl) using the microfluidic network. Evoked catecholamine secretion was reproducible over multiple rounds of stimulation, and graded as expected to different concentrations of secretagogue or removal of extracellular calcium. Overall, we show this microfluidic device can be used to implement complex stimulation paradigms and analyze the amount and kinetics of catecholamine secretion from small populations of neuroendocrine cells in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Ges
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 5824 Stevenson Center, Nashville, TN 37235-1631, USA.
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12
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Sasso L, Heiskanen A, Diazzi F, Dimaki M, Castillo-León J, Vergani M, Landini E, Raiteri R, Ferrari G, Carminati M, Sampietro M, Svendsen WE, Emnéus J. Doped overoxidized polypyrrole microelectrodes as sensors for the detection of dopamine released from cell populations. Analyst 2013; 138:3651-9. [PMID: 23628978 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A surface modification of interdigitated gold microelectrodes (IDEs) with a doped polypyrrole (PPy) film for detection of dopamine released from populations of differentiated PC12 cells is presented. A thin PPy layer was potentiostatically electropolymerized from an aqueous pyrrole solution onto electrode surfaces. The conducting polymer film was doped during electropolymerization by introducing counter-ions in the monomer solution. Several counter-ions were tested and the resulting electrode modifications were characterized electrochemically to find the optimal dopant that increases sensitivity in dopamine detection. Overoxidation of the PPy films was shown to contribute to a significant enhancement in sensitivity to dopamine. The changes caused by overoxidation in the electrochemical behavior and electrode morphology were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and SEM as well as AFM, respectively. The optimal dopant for dopamine detection was found to be polystyrene sulfonate anion (PSS(-)). Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells, a suitable model to study exocytotic dopamine release, were differentiated on IDEs functionalized with an overoxidized PSS(-)-doped PPy film. The modified electrodes were used to amperometrically detect dopamine released by populations of cells upon triggering cellular exocytosis with an elevated K(+) concentration. A comparison between the generated current on bare gold electrodes and gold electrodes modified with overoxidized doped PPy illustrates the clear advantage of the modification, yielding 2.6-fold signal amplification. The results also illustrate how to use cell population based dopamine exocytosis measurements to obtain biologically significant information that can be relevant in, for instance, the study of neural stem cell differentiation into dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Sasso
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads 345E, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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Carminati M, Ferrari G, Bianchi D, Sampietro M. Femtoampere integrated current preamplifier for low noise and wide bandwidth electrochemistry with nanoelectrodes. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Hu H, Li Z, Zhang X, Xu C, Guo Y. Rapid determination of catecholamines in urine samples by nonaqueous microchip electrophoresis with LIF detection. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3419-25. [PMID: 24038935 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for the rapid separation of catecholamines by nonaqueous microchip electrophoresis (NAMCE) with LIF detection, A homemade pump-free negative pressure sampling device was used for rapid bias-free sampling in NAMCE, the injection time was 0.5 s and the electrophoresis separation conditions were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the samples were separated completely in <1 min. The average migration times of the epinephrine (E), dopamine (DA), and norepinephrine (NE) were 34.26, 43.81, and 50.07 s, with an RSD of 1.05, 1.26, and 0.89% (n = 7), respectively. The linearity of the method ranged from 0.0125 to 2.0 mg/L for E and 0.025~4.0 mg/L for DA and NE, with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.9978 and 0.9986. The detection limits of E, DA, and NE were 2.5, 5.0, and 5.0 μg/L, respectively. The recoveries of E, DA, and NE in spiked urine samples were between 86 and 103%, with RSDs of 4.5~6.8% (n = 5). The proposed NAMCE with LIF detection combined with a pump-free negative pressure sampling device is a simple, inexpensive, energy efficient, miniaturized system that can be successfully applied for the determination of catecholamines in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Hu
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fishery Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, China
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15
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Ghosh J, Liu X, Gillis KD. Electroporation followed by electrochemical measurement of quantal transmitter release from single cells using a patterned microelectrode. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2083-2090. [PMID: 23598689 PMCID: PMC3698871 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc41324a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical microelectrode located immediately adjacent to a single neuroendocrine cell can record spikes of amperometric current that result from exocytosis of oxidizable transmitter from individual vesicles, i.e., quantal exocytosis. Here, we report the development of an efficient method where the same electrochemical microelectrode is used to electropermeabilize an adjacent chromaffin cell and then measure the consequent quantal catecholamine release using amperometry. Trains of voltage pulses, 5-7 V in amplitude and 0.1-0.2 ms in duration, were used to reliably trigger release from cells using gold electrodes. Amperometric spikes induced by electropermeabilization had similar areas, peak heights and durations as amperometric spikes elicited by depolarizing high K(+) solutions, therefore release occurs from individual secretory granules. Uptake of trypan blue stain into cells demonstrated that the plasma membrane is permeabilized by the voltage stimulus. Voltage pulses did not degrade the electrochemical sensitivity of the electrodes assayed using a test analyte. Surprisingly, robust quantal release was elicited upon electroporation in the absence of Ca(2+) in the bath solution (0 Ca(2+)/5 mM EGTA). In contrast, electropermeabilization-induced transmitter release required Cl(-) in the bath solution in that bracketed experiments demonstrated a steep dependence of the rate of electropermeabilization-induced transmitter release on [Cl(-)] between 2 and 32 mM. Using the same electrochemical electrode to electroporate and record quantal release of catecholamines from an individual chromaffin cell allows precise timing of the stimulus, stimulation of a single cell at a time, and can be used to load membrane-impermeant substances into a cell.
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Gao C, Sun X, Gillis KD. Fabrication of two-layer poly(dimethyl siloxane) devices for hydrodynamic cell trapping and exocytosis measurement with integrated indium tin oxide microelectrodes arrays. Biomed Microdevices 2013; 15:445-51. [PMID: 23329291 PMCID: PMC5002351 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-013-9744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The design, fabrication and test of a microfluidic cell trapping device to measure single cell exocytosis were reported. Procedures on the patterning of double layer template based on repetitive standard photolithography of AZ photoresist were investigated. The replicated poly(dimethyl siloxane) devices with 2.5 μm deep channels were proved to be efficient for stopping cells. Quantal exocytosis measurement can be achieved by targeting single or small clumps of chromaffin cells on top of the 10 μm × 10 μm indium tin oxide microelectrodes arrays with the developed microdevice. And about 72 % of the trapping sites can be occupied by cells with hydrodynamic trapping method and the recorded amperometric signals are comparable to the results with traditional carbon fiber microelectrodes. The method of manufacturing the microdevices is simple, low-cost and easy to perform. The manufactured device offers a platform for the high throughput detection of quantal catecholamine exocytosis from chromaffin cells with sufficient sensitivity and broad application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlu Gao
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, China
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17
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Yakushenko A, Kätelhön E, Wolfrum B. Parallel On-Chip Analysis of Single Vesicle Neurotransmitter Release. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5483-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4006183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Yakushenko
- Institute of Bioelectronics
(PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich,
Germany
| | - Enno Kätelhön
- Institute of Bioelectronics
(PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich,
Germany
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Institute of Bioelectronics
(PGI-8/ICS-8) and JARA—Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich,
Germany
- IV. Institute of
Physics, RWTH Aachen University, 52074
Aachen, Germany
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18
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Taskin MB, Sasso L, Dimaki M, Svendsen WE, Castillo-León J. Combined cell culture-biosensing platform using vertically aligned patterned peptide nanofibers for cellular studies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:3323-8. [PMID: 23537161 DOI: 10.1021/am400390g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This Article presents the development of a combined cell culture-biosensing platform using vertically aligned self-assembled peptide nanofibers. Peptide nanofibers were patterned on a microchip containing gold microelectrodes to provide the cells with a 3D environment enabling them to grow and proliferate. Gold microelectrodes were functionalized with conductive polymers for the electrochemical detection of dopamine released from PC12 cells. The combined cell culture-biosensing platform assured a close proximity of the release site, the cells and the active surface of the sensor, thereby rendering it possible to avoid a loss of sensitivity because of the diffusion of the sample. The obtained results showed that the peptide nanofibers were suitable as a cell culturing substrate for PC12 cells. The peptide nanofibers could be employed as an alternative biological material to increase the adherence properties of PC12 cells. Dopamine was amperometrically detected at a value of 168 fmole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet B Taskin
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsted Plads 345B. 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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19
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Abstract
Background current noise is often a significant limitation when using constant-potential amperometry for biosensor application such as amperometric recordings of transmitter release from single cells through exocytosis. In this paper, we fabricated thin-film electrodes of gold and conductive polymers and measured the current noise in physiological buffer solution for a wide range of different electrode areas. The noise measurements could be modeled by an analytical expression, representing the electrochemical cell as a resistor and capacitor in series. The studies revealed three domains; for electrodes with low capacitance, the amplifier noise dominated, for electrodes with large capacitances, the noise from the resistance of the electrochemical cell was dominant, while in the intermediate region, the current noise scaled with electrode capacitance. The experimental results and the model presented here can be used for choosing an electrode material and dimensions and when designing chip-based devices for low-noise current measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T Larsen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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Yao J, Gillis KD. Quantification of noise sources for amperometric measurement of quantal exocytosis using microelectrodes. Analyst 2012; 137:2674-81. [PMID: 22540116 PMCID: PMC4915109 DOI: 10.1039/c2an35157a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical microelectrodes are commonly used to record amperometric spikes of current that result from oxidation of transmitter released from individual vesicles during exocytosis. Whereas the exquisite sensitivity of these measurements is well appreciated, a better understanding of the noise sources that limit the resolution of the technique is needed to guide the design of next-generation devices. We measured the current power spectral density (S(I)) of electrochemical microelectrodes to understand the physical basis of dominant noise sources and to determine how noise varies with the electrode material and geometry. We find that the current noise is thermal in origin in that S(I) is proportional to the real part of the admittance of the electrode. The admittance of microelectrodes is well described by a constant phase element model such that both the real and imaginary admittance increase with frequency raised to a power of 0.84-0.96. Our results demonstrate that the current standard deviation is proportional to the square root of the area of the working electrode, increases ∼linearly with the bandwidth of the recording, and varies with the choice of the electrode material with Au ≈ carbon fiber > nitrogen-doped diamond-like carbon > indium-tin-oxide. Contact between a cell and a microelectrode does not appreciably increase noise. Surface-patterned microchip electrodes can have a noise performance that is superior to that of carbon-fiber microelectrodes of the same area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yao
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65201, Fax:573 884 4232; Tel: 01 573 882 1475
- 134 Research Park Drive, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kevin D. Gillis
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65201, Fax:573 884 4232; Tel: 01 573 882 1475
- 134 Research Park Drive, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri,65201, USA. Fax:573 884 4232; Tel: 01 573 884 8805
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21
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Larsen ST, Vreeland RF, Heien ML, Taboryski R. Characterization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):tosylate conductive polymer microelectrodes for transmitter detection. Analyst 2012; 137:1831-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an16288a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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22
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Li LM, Wang W, Zhang SH, Chen SJ, Guo SS, Français O, Cheng JK, Huang WH. Integrated Microdevice for Long-Term Automated Perfusion Culture without Shear Stress and Real-Time Electrochemical Monitoring of Cells. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9524-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202302t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Français
- SATIE, UMR 8029 CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 61 Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan cedex, France
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg, S-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
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24
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Ryan D, Ren K, Wu H. Single-cell assays. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:21501. [PMID: 21559238 PMCID: PMC3089644 DOI: 10.1063/1.3574448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of literature that describes the applications of microfluidics to assay individual cells. We quantify the content of an individual mammalian cell, so that we can understand what criteria a single-cell assay must satisfy to be successful. We put in context the justification for single-cell assays and identify the characteristics that are relevant to single-cell assays. We review the literature from the past 24 months that describe the methods that use microfabrication-conventional or otherwise-and microfluidics in particular to study individual cells, and we present our views on how an increasing emphasis on three-dimensional cell culture and the demonstration of the first chemically defined cell might impact single-cell assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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25
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Huang Y, Cai D, Chen P. Micro- and Nanotechnologies for Study of Cell Secretion. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4393-406. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200358b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinxi Huang
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457
| | - Dong Cai
- Biology Department, Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Peng Chen
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457
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Liu X, Barizuddin S, Shin W, Mathai CJ, Gangopadhyay S, Gillis KD. Microwell device for targeting single cells to electrochemical microelectrodes for high-throughput amperometric detection of quantal exocytosis. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2445-51. [PMID: 21355543 DOI: 10.1021/ac1033616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical microelectrodes are commonly used to detect spikes of amperometric current that correspond to exocytosis of oxidizable transmitter from individual vesicles, i.e., quantal exocytosis. We are developing transparent multielectrochemical electrode arrays on microchips in order to automate measurement of quantal exocytosis. Here, we report development of an improved device to target individual cells to each microelectrode in an array. Efficient targeting (~75%) is achieved using cell-sized microwell traps fabricated in SU-8 photoresist together with patterning of poly(l-lysine) in register with electrodes to promote cell adhesion. The surface between electrodes is made resistant to cell adhesion using poly(ethylene glycol) in order to facilitate movement of cells to electrode "docking sites". We demonstrate the activity of the electrodes using the test analyte ferricyanide and perform recordings of quantal exocytosis from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells on the device. Multiple cell recordings on a single device demonstrate the consistency of spike measurements, and multiple recordings from the same electrodes demonstrate that the device can be cleaned and reused without degradation of performance. The new device will enable high-throughput studies of quantal exocytosis and may also find application in rapidly screening drugs or toxins for effects on exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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27
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Monitoring of Cellular Dynamics with Electrochemical Detection Techniques. MODERN ASPECTS OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0347-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Barizuddin S, Liu X, Mathai JC, Hossain M, Gillis KD, Gangopadhyay S. Automated targeting of cells to electrochemical electrodes using a surface chemistry approach for the measurement of quantal exocytosis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1:590-597. [PMID: 21113333 DOI: 10.1021/cn1000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a method to fabricate a multi-channel high-throughput microchip device for measurement of quantal transmitter release from individual cells. Instead of bringing carbon-fiber electrodes to cells, the device uses a surface chemistry approach to bring cells to an array of electrochemical microelectrodes. The microelectrodes are small and "cytophilic" in order to promote adhesion of a single cell whereas all other areas of the chip are covered with a thin "cytophobic" film to block cell attachement and facilitate movement of cells to electrodes. This cytophobic film also insulates unused areas of the conductive film, thus the alignment of cell docking sites to working electrodes is automatic. Amperometric spikes resulting from single-granule fusion events were recorded on the device and had amplitudes and kinetics similar to those measured using carbon-fiber microelectrodes. Use of this device will increase the pace of basic neuroscience research and may also find applications in drug discovery or validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Barizuddin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Xin Liu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center
| | | | | | - Kevin, D. Gillis
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center
- Department of Biological Engineering
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology
| | - Shubhra Gangopadhyay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center
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29
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Sivagnanam V, Song B, Vandevyver C, Bünzli JCG, Gijs MAM. Selective breast cancer cell capture, culture, and immunocytochemical analysis using self-assembled magnetic bead patterns in a microfluidic chip. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:6091-6. [PMID: 20364860 DOI: 10.1021/la9045572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Separation and subsequent culturing of MCF-7 breast cancer cells on self-assembled protein-coated magnetic beads in a microfluidic chip is demonstrated. The beads were patterned in situ inside a sealed microfluidic channel using magnetic-field-assisted electrostatic self-assembly. Hereafter, they were grafted by exposure to a solution of 5D10 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and fibronectin (FN), with the first being used for immunospecific cell capture and the latter being used for cell adhesion and growth. A solution of target MCF-7 cells mixed with Jurkat cells was brought inside the microchannel, leading to specific MCF-7 cell capture; the latter were then cultured and evidenced by cell immuno-luminescence.
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30
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31
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Dittami GM, Rabbitt RD. Electrically evoking and electrochemically resolving quantal release on a microchip. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:30-35. [PMID: 20024047 PMCID: PMC3000936 DOI: 10.1039/b911763f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A microchip was applied to electrically depolarize rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells and to simultaneously detect exocytotic catecholamine release amperometrically. Results demonstrate exocytosis elicited by flowing cells through an electric field generated by a potentiostat circuit in a microchannel, as well as exocytosis triggered by application of an extracellular voltage pulse across. Electrical finite element model (FEM) analysis illustrated that larger cells experienced greater depolarizing excitation from the extracellular electric fields due to the smaller shunt path and higher resistance to current flow in the channel around the cell. Consistent with these simulations, data recorded from cell clusters and large cells exhibited increased release rates relative to data from the smaller cells. Overall, the system was capable of resolving single vesicle quantal release, in the zeptomole range, as well as the kinetics associated with the vesicle fusion process. Analysis of spike population statistics suggested detection of catecholamines from multiple release sites around the cells. The potential for such a device to be used in flow cytometry to evoke and detect exocytosis was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M Dittami
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84118, USA.
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32
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Gao Y, Bhattacharya S, Chen X, Barizuddin S, Gangopadhyay S, Gillis KD. A microfluidic cell trap device for automated measurement of quantal catecholamine release from cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:3442-6. [PMID: 19904414 DOI: 10.1039/b913216c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Neurons and endocrine cells secrete neurotransmitter and hormones in discrete packets in a process called quantal exocytosis. Electrochemical microelectrodes can detect spikes in current resulting from the oxidation of individual quanta of transmitter only if the electrodes are small and directly adjacent to release sites on the cell. Here we report development of a microchip device that uses microfluidic traps to automatically target individual or small groups of cells to small electrochemical electrodes. Microfluidic channels and traps were fabricated by multi-step wet etch of a silicon wafer whereas Pt electrodes were patterned in register with the trap sites. We demonstrate high-resolution amperometric measurement of quantal exocytosis of catecholamines from chromaffin cells on the device. This reusable device is a step towards developing high-throughput lab-on-a-chip instruments for recording quantal exocytosis to increase the pace of basic neuroscience research and to enable screening of drugs that target exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, 243 Engineering Bldg. West, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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33
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Kostesha N, Heiskanen A, Spégel C, Hahn-Hägerdal B, Gorwa-Grauslund MF, Emnéus J. Real-time detection of cofactor availability in genetically modified living Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells — Simultaneous probing of different geno- and phenotypes. Bioelectrochemistry 2009; 76:180-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Monitoring of vesicular exocytosis from single cells using micrometer and nanometer-sized electrochemical sensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:17-32. [PMID: 19274456 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 02/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Communication between cells by release of specific chemical messengers via exocytosis plays crucial roles in biological process. Electrochemical detection based on ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) has become one of the most powerful techniques in real-time monitoring of an extremely small number of released molecules during very short time scales, owing to its intrinsic advantages such as fast response, excellent sensitivity, and high spatiotemporal resolution. Great successes have been achieved in the use of UME methods to obtain quantitative and kinetic information about released chemical messengers and to reveal the molecular mechanism in vesicular exocytosis. In this paper, we review recent developments in monitoring exocytosis by use of UMEs-electrochemical-based techniques including electrochemical detection using micrometer and nanometer-sized sensors, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), and UMEs implemented in lab-on-a-chip (LOC) microsystems. These advances are of great significance in obtaining a better understanding of vesicular exocytosis and chemical communications between cells, and will facilitate developments in many fields, including analytical chemistry, biological science, and medicine. Furthermore, future developments in electrochemical probing of exocytosis are also proposed.
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Sen A, Barizuddin S, Hossain M, Polo-Parada L, Gillis KD, Gangopadhyay S. Preferential cell attachment to nitrogen-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC:N) for the measurement of quantal exocytosis. Biomaterials 2009; 30:1604-12. [PMID: 19124153 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical measurement of transmitter or hormone release from individual cells on microchips has applications both in basic science and drug screening. High-resolution measurement of quantal exocytosis requires the working electrode to be small (cell-sized) and located in immediate proximity to the cell. We examined the ability of candidate electrode materials to promote the attachment of two hormone-secreting cell types as a mechanism for targeting cells for to recording electrodes with high precision. We found that nitrogen-doped diamond-like carbon (DLC:N) promoted cell attachment relative to other materials tested in the rank order of DLC:N>In(2)O(3)/SnO(2) (ITO), Pt>Au. In addition, we found that treating candidate electrode materials with polylysine did not increase attachment of chromaffin cells to DLC:N, but promoted cell attachment to the other tested materials. We found that hormone-secreting cells did not attach readily to Teflon AF as a potential insulating material, and demonstrated that patterning of Teflon AF leads to selective cell targeting to DLC:N "docking sites". These results will guide the design of the next generation of biochips for automated and high-throughput measurement of quantal exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Sen
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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36
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Amatore C, Arbault S, Guille M, Lemaître F. Electrochemical Monitoring of Single Cell Secretion: Vesicular Exocytosis and Oxidative Stress. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2585-621. [DOI: 10.1021/cr068062g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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