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Tran HV, Ngo NM, Medhi R, Srinoi P, Liu T, Rittikulsittichai S, Lee TR. Multifunctional Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:503. [PMID: 35057223 PMCID: PMC8779542 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to their good magnetic properties, excellent biocompatibility, and low price, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are the most commonly used magnetic nanomaterials and have been extensively explored in biomedical applications. Although magnetic IONPs can be used for a variety of applications in biomedicine, most practical applications require IONP-based platforms that can perform several tasks in parallel. Thus, appropriate engineering and integration of magnetic IONPs with different classes of organic and inorganic materials can produce multifunctional nanoplatforms that can perform several functions simultaneously, allowing their application in a broad spectrum of biomedical fields. This review article summarizes the fabrication of current composite nanoplatforms based on integration of magnetic IONPs with organic dyes, biomolecules (e.g., lipids, DNAs, aptamers, and antibodies), quantum dots, noble metal NPs, and stimuli-responsive polymers. We also highlight the recent technological advances achieved from such integrated multifunctional platforms and their potential use in biomedical applications, including dual-mode imaging for biomolecule detection, targeted drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, and magnetic hyperthermia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Vu Tran
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA; (H.-V.T.); (N.M.N.); (R.M.); (T.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Nhat M. Ngo
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA; (H.-V.T.); (N.M.N.); (R.M.); (T.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Riddhiman Medhi
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA; (H.-V.T.); (N.M.N.); (R.M.); (T.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Pannaree Srinoi
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA; (H.-V.T.); (N.M.N.); (R.M.); (T.L.); (S.R.)
| | - Supparesk Rittikulsittichai
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA; (H.-V.T.); (N.M.N.); (R.M.); (T.L.); (S.R.)
| | - T. Randall Lee
- Department of Chemistry and the Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA; (H.-V.T.); (N.M.N.); (R.M.); (T.L.); (S.R.)
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2
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Kreissl P, Holm C, Weeber R. Frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility of magnetic nanoparticles in a polymer solution: a simulation study. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:174-183. [PMID: 33165470 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01554g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic composite materials i.e. elastomers, polymer gels, or polymer solutions with embedded magnetic nanoparticles are useful for many technical and bio-medical applications. However, the microscopic details of the coupling mechanisms between the magnetic properties of the particles and the mechanical properties of the (visco)elastic polymer matrix remain unresolved. Here we study the response of a single-domain spherical magnetic nanoparticle that is suspended in a polymer solution to alternating magnetic fields. As interactions we consider only excluded volume interactions with the polymers and hydrodynamic interactions mediated through the solvent. The AC susceptibility spectra are calculated using a linear response Green-Kubo approach, and the influences of changing polymer concentration and polymer length are investigated. Our data is compared to recent measurements of the AC susceptibility for a typical magnetic composite system [Roeben et al., Colloid Polym. Sci., 2014, 2013-2023], and demonstrates the importance of hydrodynamic coupling in such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kreissl
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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3
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Orhan H, Evli S, Dabanca MB, Başbülbül G, Uygun M, Uygun DA. Bacteria killer enzyme attached magnetic nanoparticles. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 94:558-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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4
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Le Fer G, Wirotius AL, Brûlet A, Garanger E, Lecommandoux S. Self-Assembly of Stimuli-Responsive Biohybrid Synthetic-b-Recombinant Block Copolypeptides. Biomacromolecules 2018; 20:254-272. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Le Fer
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (UMR5629), Pessac, France
| | - Anne-Laure Wirotius
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (UMR5629), Pessac, France
| | - Annie Brûlet
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin, UMR 12 CEA−CNRS, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Elisabeth Garanger
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (UMR5629), Pessac, France
| | - Sébastien Lecommandoux
- Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey-Berland, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (UMR5629), Pessac, France
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Jauregui R, Srinivasan S, Vojtech LN, Gammill HS, Chiu DT, Hladik F, Stayton PS, Lai JJ. Temperature-Responsive Magnetic Nanoparticles for Enabling Affinity Separation of Extracellular Vesicles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33847-33856. [PMID: 30152229 PMCID: PMC6538933 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Small magnetic nanoparticles that have surfaces decorated with stimuli-responsive polymers can be reversibly aggregated via a stimulus, such as temperature, to enable efficient and rapid biomarker separation. To fully realize the potential of these particles, the synthesis needs to be highly reproducible and scalable to large quantity. We have developed a new synthesis for temperature-responsive magnetic nanoparticles via an in situ co-precipitation process of Fe2+/Fe3+ salts at room temperature with poly(acrylic acid)- block-poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) diblock co-polymer template, synthesized via the reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization method. These particles were 56% polymer by weight with a 6.5:1 Fe/COOH ratio and demonstrated remarkable stability over a 2 month period. The hydrodynamic diameter remained constant at ∼28 nm with a consistent transition temperature of 34 °C, and the magnetic particle separation efficiency at 40 °C was ≥95% over the 2 month span. These properties were maintained for all large-scale synthesis batches. To demonstrate the practical utility of the stimuli-responsive magnetic nanoparticles, the particles were incorporated into a temperature-responsive binary reagent system and efficiently separated a model protein biomarker (mouse IgG) as well as purified extracellular vesicles derived from a human biofluid, seminal plasma. The ease of using these particles will prove beneficial for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Jauregui
- Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lucia N. Vojtech
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hilary S. Gammill
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Daniel T. Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - James J. Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Hyperthermia-Triggered Gemcitabine Release from Polymer-Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10030269. [PMID: 30966304 PMCID: PMC6415114 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work a combined, multifunctional platform, which was devised for the simultaneous application of magnetic hyperthermia and the delivery of the antitumor drug gemcitabine, is described and tested in vitro. The system consists of magnetite particles embedded in a polymer envelope, designed to make them biocompatible, thanks to the presence of poly (ethylene glycol) in the polymer shell. The commercial particles, after thorough cleaning, are provided with carboxyl terminal groups, so that at physiological pH they present negative surface charge. This was proved by electrophoresis, and makes it possible to electrostatically adsorb gemcitabine hydrochloride, which is the active drug of the resulting nanostructure. Both electrophoresis and infrared spectroscopy are used to confirm the adsorption of the drug. The gemcitabine-loaded particles are tested regarding their ability to release it while heating the surroundings by magnetic hyperthermia, in principle their chances as antitumor agents. The release, with first-order kinetics, is found to be faster when carried out in a thermostated bath at 43 °C than at 37 °C, as expected. But, the main result of this investigation is that while the particles retain their hyperthermia response, with reasonably high heating power, they release the drug faster and with zeroth-order kinetics when they are maintained at 43 °C under the action of the alternating magnetic field used for hyperthermia.
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Osypova A, Magnin D, Sibret P, Aqil A, Jérôme C, Dupont-Gillain C, Pradier CM, Demoustier-Champagne S, Landoulsi J. Dual stimuli-responsive coating designed through layer-by-layer assembly of PAA-b-PNIPAM block copolymers for the control of protein adsorption. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:8154-8164. [PMID: 26338028 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01545f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the successful construction, characteristics and interaction with proteins of stimuli-responsive thin nanostructured films prepared by layer-by-layer (LbL) sequential assembly of PNIPAM-containing polyelectrolytes and PAH. PAA-b-PNIPAM block copolymers were synthesized in order to benefit from (i) the ionizable properties of PAA, to be involved in the LbL assembly, and (ii) the sensitivity of PNIPAM to temperature stimulus. The impact of parameters related to the structure and size of the macromolecules (their molecular weight and the relative degree of polymerization of PAA and PNIPAM), and the interaction with proteins under physico-chemical stimuli, such as pH and temperature, are carefully investigated. The incorporation of PAA-b-PNIPAM into multilayered films is shown to be successful whatever the block copolymer used, resulting in slightly thicker films than the corresponding (PAA/PAH)n film. Importantly, the protein adsorption studies demonstrate that it is possible to alter the adsorption behavior of proteins on (PAA-b-PNIPAM/PAH)n surfaces by varying the temperature and/or the pH of the medium, which seems to be intimately related to two key factors: (i) the ability of PNIPAM units to undergo conformational changes and (ii) the structural changes of the film made of weak polyelectrolytes. The simplicity of construction of these PNIPAM block copolymer-based LbL coatings on a large range of substrates, combined with their highly tunable features, make them ideal candidates to be employed for various biomedical applications requiring the control of protein adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Osypova
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Bio & Soft Matter, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1 (L7.04.01), 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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8
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Kakwere H, Leal MP, Materia ME, Curcio A, Guardia P, Niculaes D, Marotta R, Falqui A, Pellegrino T. Functionalization of strongly interacting magnetic nanocubes with (thermo)responsive coating and their application in hyperthermia and heat-triggered drug delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:10132-45. [PMID: 25840122 DOI: 10.1021/am5088117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we prepare nanohybrids by incorporating iron oxide nanocubes (cubic-IONPs) within a thermoresponsive polymer shell that can act as drug carriers for doxorubicin(doxo). The cubic-shaped nanoparticles employed are at the interface between superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic behavior and have an exceptionally high specific absorption rate (SAR), but their functionalization is extremely challenging compared to bare superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as they strongly interact with each other. By conducting the polymer grafting reaction using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in a viscous solvent medium, we have here developed a facile approach to decorate the nanocubes with stimuli-responsive polymers. When the thermoresponsive shell is composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-polyethylene glycolmethyl ether acrylate), nanohybrids have a phase transition temperature, the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), above 37 °C in physiological conditions. Doxo loaded nanohybrids exhibited a negligible drug release below 37 °C but showed a consistent release of their cargo on demand by exploiting the capability of the nanocubes to generate heat under an alternating magnetic field (AMF). Moreover, the drug free nanocarrier does not exhibit cytotoxicity even when administered at high concentration of nanocubes (1g/L of iron) and internalized at high extent (260 pg of iron per cell). We have also implemented the synthesis protocol to decorate the surface of nanocubes with poly(vinylpyridine) polymer and thus prepare pH-responsive shell coated nanocubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton Kakwere
- †Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16143, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Alberto Curcio
- †Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16143, Genova, Italy
| | - Pablo Guardia
- †Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16143, Genova, Italy
| | - Dina Niculaes
- †Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16143, Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Marotta
- †Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16143, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Falqui
- †Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16143, Genova, Italy
- ‡King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), BESE division, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Teresa Pellegrino
- †Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16143, Genova, Italy
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9
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Rana S, Jadhav NV, Barick KC, Pandey BN, Hassan PA. Polyaniline shell cross-linked Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles for heat activated killing of cancer cells. Dalton Trans 2015; 43:12263-71. [PMID: 24948377 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00898g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles are appealing materials for heat activated killing of cancer cells. Here, we report a novel method to enhance the heat activated killing of cancer cells under an AC magnetic field (AMF) by introducing a polyaniline impregnated shell onto the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. These polyaniline shell cross-linked magnetic nanoparticles (PSMN) were prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline hydrochloride on the surface of carboxyl PEGylated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. XRD and TEM analyses revealed the formation of single phase inverse spinel Fe3O4 nanoparticles of a size of about 10 nm. The successful growth of the polyaniline shell on the surface of carboxyl PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles (CPMN) is evident from FTIR spectra, DLS, TGA, zeta-potential and magnetic measurements. Both CPMN and PSMN show good colloidal stability, superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature and excellent heating efficacy under AMF. It has been observed that the heating efficacy of PSMN under AMF was slightly reduced as compared to that of CPMN. The enhanced toxicity of PSMN to cancer cells under AMF suggests their strong potential for magnetic hyperthermia. Furthermore, PSMN shows high loading affinity for an anticancer drug (doxorubicin), its sustained release and substantial internalization in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Rana
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai-400085, India.
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10
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Zhang H, Wang H, Du K, Ma X, Wang J. Constructing nanosized CdTe nanocrystal clusters with thermo-responsive photoluminescence characteristics. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20111j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoluminescence clusters of CdTe nanocrystals self-assembled by PNAEAM-b-PNIPAM copolymers represent sensitive and reversible thermo-responsive properties in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hucheng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
| | - Huili Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
| | - Kelu Du
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
| | - Xinxin Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
| | - Jianji Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
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11
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Liu J, Debuigne A, Detrembleur C, Jérôme C. Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam): a thermoresponsive macromolecule with promising future in biomedical field. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1941-68. [PMID: 25354338 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL) is a thermoresponsive and biocompatible polymer that raises an increasing interest in the biomedical area, especially in drug delivery systems (DDS) that include micelles, hydrogels, and hybrid particles. The thermoresponsiveness of PNVCL, used alone or in combination with other stimuli- responsive polymers or particles (pH, magnetic field, or chemicals), is often key in the loading and/or release process in these DDS. The renewed focus on this polymer, which is known for decades, is to a large extent due to recent progress in synthetic strategies. Especially, the advent of efficient controlled radical polymerization (CRP) methods for NVCL monomer gives now access to unprecedented well-defined NVCL-based copolymers with unique properties. This Review article addresses up-to-date synthetic aspects, biological features, and biomedical applications of the latest NVCL-containing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); University of Liege (ULg); Sart-Tilman B6A B-4000 Liege Belgium
| | - Antoine Debuigne
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); University of Liege (ULg); Sart-Tilman B6A B-4000 Liege Belgium
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); University of Liege (ULg); Sart-Tilman B6A B-4000 Liege Belgium
| | - Christine Jérôme
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM); University of Liege (ULg); Sart-Tilman B6A B-4000 Liege Belgium
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12
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Lim EK, Kim T, Paik S, Haam S, Huh YM, Lee K. Nanomaterials for Theranostics: Recent Advances and Future Challenges. Chem Rev 2014; 115:327-94. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300213b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 916] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Lim
- Department
of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Korea
- BioNanotechnology
Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Taekhoon Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
- Electronic
Materials Laboratory, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Mt. 14-1,
Nongseo-Ri, Giheung-Eup, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 449-712, Korea
| | - Soonmyung Paik
- Severance
Biomedical Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-749, Korea
- Division
of Pathology, NSABP Foundation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212, United States
| | - Seungjoo Haam
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Yong-Min Huh
- Department
of Radiology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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13
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Joseph A, Mathew S. Ferrofluids: Synthetic Strategies, Stabilization, Physicochemical Features, Characterization, and Applications. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Eyiler E, Walters KB. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles grafted with poly(itaconic acid)-block-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide). Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Liu J, Detrembleur C, Debuigne A, De Pauw-Gillet MC, Mornet S, Vander Elst L, Laurent S, Labrugère C, Duguet E, Jérôme C. Poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(vinyl alcohol) anchored maghemite nanoparticles designed for multi-stimuli triggered drug release. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11464-11477. [PMID: 24091428 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02861e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Original core/corona nanoparticles composed of a maghemite core and a stimuli-responsive polymer coating made of poly(acrylic acid)-block-poly(vinyl alcohol) macromolecules were fabricated for drug delivery system (DDS) application. This kind of DDS aims to combine the advantage of stimuli-responsive polymer coating, in order to regulate the drug release behaviours under different conditions and furthermore, improve the biocompatibility and in vivo circulation half-time of the maghemite nanoparticles. Drug loading capacity was evaluated with methylene blue (MB), a cationic model drug. The triggered release of MB was studied under various stimuli such as pH, ionic strength and temperature. Local heating generated under alternating magnetic field (AMF) application was studied, and remotely AMF-triggered release was also confirmed, while a mild heating-up of the release medium was observed. Furthermore, their potential application as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents was explored via relaxivity measurements and acquisition of T2-weighted images. Preliminary studies on the cytotoxicity against mouse fibroblast-like L929 cell line and also their cellular uptake within human melanoma MEL-5 cell line were carried out. In conclusion, this kind of stimuli-responsive nanoparticles appears to be promising carriers for delivering drugs to some tumour sites or into cellular compartments with an acidic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Liu
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, B6a Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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16
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Chiper M, Hervé Aubert K, Augé A, Fouquenet JF, Soucé M, Chourpa I. Colloidal stability and thermo-responsive properties of iron oxide nanoparticles coated with polymers: advantages of Pluronic® F68-PEG mixture. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:395605. [PMID: 24013614 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/39/395605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are recognized to be an attractive platform for developing novel drug delivery approaches and thus several types of functionalized magnetic nanocarriers based on SPIONs have been synthesized and studied. The coating of the metal oxide surface was achieved in a one-pot synthesis with biocompatible polyethylene glycol (PEG) and thermo-responsive modified Pluronic® F68. The resulting thermo-responsive magnetic nanocarriers can incorporate water insoluble drugs into their hydrophobic compartment and later release them in a temperature dependent manner. Here we report novel magnetic nanocarriers with significant improvements regarding the colloidal stability and critical temperature obtained by mixing various molar ratios of hydrophilic PEG with thermo-responsive Pluronic® F68 bearing different end group functionalities. Various methods have been employed to characterize the magnetic nanocarriers, such as photon correlation spectroscopy (DLS), atomic absorption, FT-IR spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The transition temperature that determines changes in the conformation of the block copolymer chain was studied by DLS as a function of temperature. Moreover, the drug loading properties of SPION-(F68-OMe)-(F68-FA) and SPION-PEG-F68-FA were analyzed with a hydrophobic fluorescent dye, DID oil. The behavior of the encapsulated DID into the nanocarrier shell was studied as a function of temperature via fluorescence spectroscopy. These results offer original insights into the enhanced colloidal stability and thermo-sensitive properties of the novel synthesized magnetic nanocarriers.
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17
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Kelley EG, Albert JNL, Sullivan MO, Epps TH. Stimuli-responsive copolymer solution and surface assemblies for biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7057-71. [PMID: 23403471 PMCID: PMC3703495 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs35512h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymeric materials is one of the fastest growing fields of the 21st century, with the annual number of papers published more than quadrupling in the last ten years. The responsiveness of polymer solution assemblies and surfaces to biological stimuli (e.g. pH, reduction-oxidation, enzymes, glucose) and externally applied triggers (e.g. temperature, light, solvent quality) shows particular promise for various biomedical applications including drug delivery, tissue engineering, medical diagnostics, and bioseparations. Furthermore, the integration of copolymer architectures into stimuli-responsive materials design enables exquisite control over the locations of responsive sites within self-assembled nanostructures. The combination of new synthesis techniques and well-defined copolymer self-assembly has facilitated substantial developments in stimuli-responsive materials in recent years. In this tutorial review, we discuss several methods that have been employed to synthesize self-assembling and stimuli-responsive copolymers for biomedical applications, and we identify common themes in the response mechanisms among the targeted stimuli. Additionally, we highlight parallels between the chemistries used for generating solution assemblies and those employed for creating copolymer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G. Kelley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. Tel: +1 302 831 0215; Fax: +1 302 831 1048
| | - Julie N. L. Albert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Millicent O. Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. Tel: +1 302 831 0215; Fax: +1 302 831 1048
| | - Thomas H. Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. Tel: +1 302 831 0215; Fax: +1 302 831 1048
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Andreu I, Natividad E. Accuracy of available methods for quantifying the heat power generation of nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia. Int J Hyperthermia 2013; 29:739-51. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.826825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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19
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Yang L, Liu H. Stimuli-responsive magnetic particles and their applications in biomedical field. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Wu L, Zhou H, Sun HJ, Zhao Y, Yang X, Cheng SZD, Yang G. Thermoresponsive Bacterial Cellulose Whisker/Poly(NIPAM-co-BMA) Nanogel Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1078-84. [DOI: 10.1021/bm3019664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- National Engineering Research
Center for Nano-Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan,
430074, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- National Engineering Research
Center for Nano-Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan,
430074, China
| | - Hao-Jan Sun
- College of
Polymer Science and
Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Yanbing Zhao
- National Engineering Research
Center for Nano-Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan,
430074, China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research
Center for Nano-Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan,
430074, China
| | - Stephen Z. D. Cheng
- College of
Polymer Science and
Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Guang Yang
- National Engineering Research
Center for Nano-Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan,
430074, China
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21
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Gregory A, Stenzel MH. Complex polymer architectures via RAFT polymerization: From fundamental process to extending the scope using click chemistry and nature's building blocks. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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GhoshMitra S, Diercks DR, Mills NC, Hynds DL, Ghosh S. Role of engineered nanocarriers for axon regeneration and guidance: current status and future trends. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:110-25. [PMID: 22240258 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are approximately 1.5 million people who experience traumatic injuries to the brain and 265,000 who experience traumatic injuries to the spinal cord each year in the United States. Currently, there are few effective treatments for central nervous system (CNS) injuries because the CNS is refractory to axonal regeneration and relatively inaccessible to many pharmacological treatments. Smart, remotely tunable, multifunctional micro- and nanocarriers hold promise for delivering treatments to the CNS and targeting specific neurons to enhance axon regeneration and synaptogenesis. Furthermore, assessing the efficacy of treatments could be enhanced by biocompatible nanovectors designed for imaging in vivo. Recent developments in nanoengineering offer promising alternatives for designing biocompatible micro- and nanovectors, including magnetic nanostructures, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dot-based systems for controlled release of therapeutic and diagnostic agents to targeted CNS cells. This review highlights recent achievements in the development of smart nanostructures to overcome the existing challenges for treating CNS injuries.
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23
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Barick KC, Hassan PA. Glycine passivated Fe3O4 nanoparticles for thermal therapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 369:96-102. [PMID: 22209576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a single-step facile approach for the synthesis of glycine (amino acid) passivated Fe(3)O(4) magnetic nanoparticles (GMNPs) using soft chemical route. The surface passivation of Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles with glycine molecules was evident from infrared spectroscopy, thermal and elemental analyses, and light scattering measurements. These nanoparticles show better colloidal stability, good magnetization, excellent self-heating capacity under external AC magnetic field and cytocompatibility with cell lines. Further, the active functional groups (-NH(2)) present on the surface of Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles can be accessible for routine conjugation of biomolecules/biolabelling through well-developed bioconjugation chemistry. Specifically, a new colloidal glycine passivated biocompatible Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles with excellent specific absorption rate (SAR) have been fabricated, which can be used as an effective heating source for hyperthermia treatment of cancer (thermal therapy).
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Barick
- Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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24
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Badruddoza AZM, Junwen L, Hidajat K, Uddin MS. Selective recognition and separation of nucleosides using carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin functionalized hybrid magnetic nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 92:223-31. [PMID: 22177539 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel magnetic nanoadsorbent (CMCD-APTS-MNPs) containing the superparamagnetic and molecular recognition properties was synthesized by grafting carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) on 3-aminopropyltriethoxysile (APTS) modified Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles. The feasibility of using CMCD-APTS-MNPs as magnetic nanoadsorbent for selective adsorption of adenosine (A) and guanosine (G) based on inclusion and molecular recognition was demonstrated. The as-synthesized magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, FTIR and TGA analyses. The effects of pH and initial nucleoside concentrations on the adsorption behavior were studied. The complexation of CMCD-APTS-MNPs with both nucleosides was found to follow the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The CMCD-APTS-MNPs showed a higher adsorption ability and selectivity for G than A under identical experimental conditions, which results from the ability of selective binding and recognition of the immobilized CM-β-CD towards G. The driving force of the separation between G and A is through the different weak interaction with grafted CM-β-CD, i.e., hydrogen bond interaction, which is evidenced by different inclusion equilibrium constants and FTIR analyses of inclusion complexes between grafted cyclodextrin and the guest molecules. Our results indicated that this nanoadsorbent would be a promising tool for easy, fast and selective separation, analysis of nucleosides and nucleotides in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Z M Badruddoza
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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25
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Kumar CSSR, Mohammad F. Magnetic nanomaterials for hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:789-808. [PMID: 21447363 PMCID: PMC3138885 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 777] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous attempts to review the literature on magnetic nanomaterials for hyperthermia-based therapy focused primarily on magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) using mono metallic/metal oxide nanoparticles. The term "hyperthermia" in the literature was also confined only to include use of heat for therapeutic applications. Recently, there have been a number of publications demonstrating magnetic nanoparticle-based hyperthermia to generate local heat resulting in the release of drugs either bound to the magnetic nanoparticle or encapsulated within polymeric matrices. In this review article, we present a case for broadening the meaning of the term "hyperthermia" by including thermotherapy as well as magnetically modulated controlled drug delivery. We provide a classification for controlled drug delivery using hyperthermia: Hyperthermia-based controlled drug delivery through bond breaking (DBB) and hyperthermia-based controlled drug delivery through enhanced permeability (DEP). The review also covers, for the first time, core-shell type magnetic nanomaterials, especially nanoshells prepared using layer-by-layer self-assembly, for the application of hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug delivery. The highlight of the review article is to portray potential opportunities for the combination of hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug release paradigms--towards successful application in personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Challa S S R Kumar
- Center for Advanced Microstructures & Devices, Louisiana State University, 6980 Jefferson Highway, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA.
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26
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Beija M, Marty JD, Destarac M. RAFT/MADIX polymers for the preparation of polymer/inorganic nanohybrids. Prog Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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28
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Moad G, Chen M, Häussler M, Postma A, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. Functional polymers for optoelectronic applications by RAFT polymerization. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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29
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Oh JK, Park JM. Iron oxide-based superparamagnetic polymeric nanomaterials: Design, preparation, and biomedical application. Prog Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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30
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Yang L, Guo C, Jia L, Xie K, Shou Q, Liu H. Fabrication of Biocompatible Temperature- and pH-Responsive Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Reversible Agglomeration in Aqueous Milieu. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie100587e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangrong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Lianwei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Keng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Qinghui Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Huizhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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31
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Jain N, Wang Y, Jones SK, Hawkett BS, Warr GG. Optimized steric stabilization of aqueous ferrofluids and magnetic nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:4465-4472. [PMID: 19950943 DOI: 10.1021/la903513v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The preparation and properties of an aqueous ferrofluid consisting of a concentrated (>65 wt %) dispersion of sterically stabilized superparamagnetic, iron oxide (maghemite) nanoparticles stable for several months at high ionic strength and over a broad pH range is described. The 6-8 nm diameter nanoparticles are individually coated with a short poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(acrylamide) copolymer, designed to form the thinnest possible steric stabilizing layer while remaining strongly attached to the iron oxide surface over a wide range of nanoparticle concentrations. Thermogravimetric analysis yields an iron oxide content of 76 wt % in the dried particles, consistent with a dry polymer coating of approximately 1 nm in thickness, while the poly(acrylamide) chain length indicated by electrospray mass spectrometry is consistent with the 4-5 nm increase in the hydrodynamic radius observed by light scattering when the poly(acrylamide) stabilizing chains are solvated. Saturation magnetization experiments indicate nonmagnetic surface layers resulting from the strong chemical attachment of the poly(acrylic acid) block to the particle surface, also observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmesh Jain
- School of Chemistry and Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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32
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Boyer C, Bulmus V, Davis TP, Ladmiral V, Liu J, Perrier S. Bioapplications of RAFT Polymerization. Chem Rev 2009; 109:5402-36. [DOI: 10.1021/cr9001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, and Key Centre for Polymers & Colloids, School of Chemistry, Building F11, Eastern Avenue, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Volga Bulmus
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, and Key Centre for Polymers & Colloids, School of Chemistry, Building F11, Eastern Avenue, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, and Key Centre for Polymers & Colloids, School of Chemistry, Building F11, Eastern Avenue, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Vincent Ladmiral
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, and Key Centre for Polymers & Colloids, School of Chemistry, Building F11, Eastern Avenue, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jingquan Liu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, and Key Centre for Polymers & Colloids, School of Chemistry, Building F11, Eastern Avenue, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences & Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia, and Key Centre for Polymers & Colloids, School of Chemistry, Building F11, Eastern Avenue, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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