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Cafolla C, Philpott-Robson J, Elbourne A, Voïtchovsky K. Quantitative Detection of Biological Nanovesicles in Drops of Saliva Using Microcantilevers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:44-53. [PMID: 38157306 PMCID: PMC10788824 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular nanovesicles (EVs) are lipid-based vesicles secreted by cells and are present in all bodily fluids. They play a central role in communication between distant cells and have been proposed as potential indicators for the early detection of a wide range of diseases, including different types of cancer. However, reliable quantification of a specific subpopulation of EVs remains challenging. The process is typically lengthy and costly and requires purification of relatively large quantities of biopsy samples. Here, we show that microcantilevers operated with sufficiently small vibration amplitudes can successfully quantify a specific subpopulation of EVs directly from a drop (0.1 mL) of unprocessed saliva in less than 20 min. Being a complex fluid, saliva is highly non-Newtonian, normally precluding mechanical sensing. With a combination of standard rheology and microrheology, we demonstrate that the non-Newtonian properties are scale-dependent, enabling microcantilever measurements with a sensitivity identical to that in pure water when operating at the nanoscale. We also address the problem of unwanted sensor biofouling by using a zwitterionic coating, allowing efficient quantification of EVs at concentrations down to 0.1 μg/mL, based on immunorecognition of the EVs' surface proteins. We benchmark the technique on model EVs and illustrate its potential by quantifying populations of natural EVs commonly present in human saliva. The method effectively bypasses the difficulty of targeted detection in non-Newtonian fluids and could be used for various applications, from the detection of EVs and viruses in bodily fluids to the detection of molecular clusters or nanoparticles in other complex fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aaron Elbourne
- School
of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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Dongiovanni P, Meroni M, Casati S, Goldoni R, Thomaz DV, Kehr NS, Galimberti D, Del Fabbro M, Tartaglia GM. Salivary biomarkers: novel noninvasive tools to diagnose chronic inflammation. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:27. [PMID: 37386003 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several chronic disorders including type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, heart disease and cancer are preceded by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. Biomarkers for the early assessment of chronic disorders encompass acute phase proteins (APP), cytokines and chemokines, pro-inflammatory enzymes, lipids and oxidative stress mediators. These substances enter saliva through the blood flow and, in some cases, there is a close relation between their salivary and serum concentration. Saliva can be easily collected and stored with non-invasive and cost-saving procedures, and it is emerging the concept to use it for the detection of inflammatory biomarkers. To this purpose, the present review aims to discuss the advantages and challenges of using standard and cutting-edge techniques to discover salivary biomarkers which may be used in diagnosis/therapy of several chronic diseases with inflammatory consequences with the pursuit to possibly replace conventional paths with detectable soluble mediators in saliva. Specifically, the review describes the procedures used for saliva collection, the standard approaches for the measurement of salivary biomarkers and the novel methodological strategies such as biosensors to improve the quality of care for chronically affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dongiovanni
- Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Casati
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Goldoni
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Douglas Vieira Thomaz
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Nermin Seda Kehr
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe Kampüsü, Urla İzmir, Turkey
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurology-Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca M Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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3
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Wentland L, Cook JM, Minzlaff J, Ramsey SA, Johnston ML, Fu E. Field-use device for the electrochemical quantification of carbamazepine levels in a background of human saliva. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Chen H, Feng S, Zhou W, Li Z, Richard-Greenblatt M, Wang P. Pretreatment Methods for Human Nasopharyngeal Swabs to Increase the Signal to Noise Ratio of High Sensitivity Immunoassays. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:414-421. [PMID: 36785662 PMCID: PMC9885992 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mucous samples collected through nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs are considered gold standard specimens for the detection of respiratory pathogens. Matrices of these highly viscous samples often cause significant background noises in immunoassays, especially immunoassays with high sensitivity. We demonstrated such nonspecific background signals in both a chemiluminescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a novel highly sensitive immunoassay called Microbubbling SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Assay (MSAA). We developed and demonstrated the effectiveness of two quick sample pretreatment methods, filtration and preadsorption, to decrease nonspecific signals and increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Using these pretreatment methods, the SNR (at 3.6 × 104 copies/mL of inactivated SARS-CoV-2) was increased by 42.4-fold (95% CI 41.0-43.8) and 67.1-fold (95% CI 57.9-76.3) in the MSAA, and 1.3-fold (95% CI 0.9-1.7) and 1.8-fold (95% CI 1.6-2.0) in the chemiluminescence ELISA assay. Sample pretreatment methods developed in this study are broadly adaptable for the development of immunoassays for highly viscous samples.
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Wentland L, Downs C, Fu E. Comparison of signal enhancement strategies for carbamazepine detection in undiluted human saliva using an electrochemical sensor with stencil-printed carbon electrodes. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3103-3114. [PMID: 35916648 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00926a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ), a drug prescribed to prevent seizures in people with epilepsy, has a narrow therapeutic range such that patients would greatly benefit from personalized drug dosage recommendations. Saliva is an excellent sample for personalized monitoring of CBZ levels because saliva CBZ concentration correlates with the free concentration of CBZ in blood, and can be collected non-invasively. CBZ level quantification using electrochemical detection has been demonstrated in a variety of electrode systems and samples, however, human saliva presents a particular challenge in terms of its complex composition that can result in signal interference via a high background current at the potentials of interest for CBZ detection. Previous demonstrations of electrochemical detection of CBZ in saliva have included rigorous pre-treatment of the sample using centrifugation and high levels of dilution, which is not compatible with lower-resource field settings for patient monitoring of CBZ levels. In this work, we systematically investigate several strategies to improve the detection of CBZ in a background of undiluted human saliva using polymeric laminate-based devices with stencil-printed carbon electrodes; (i) adding the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate to the saliva, (ii) filtering saliva to remove larger molecular weight species, (iii) plasma pretreatment of the device electrodes, and (iv) incubation of the sample on the electrodes. These methods enabled the quantification of therapeutically-relevant concentrations of CBZ in a background of human saliva without the need for saliva preprocessing like dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lael Wentland
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Corey Downs
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Elain Fu
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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6
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Chen H, Li Z, Feng S, Richard-Greenblatt M, Hutson E, Andrianus S, Glaser LJ, Rodino KG, Qian J, Jayaraman D, Collman RG, Glascock A, Bushman FD, Lee JS, Cherry S, Fausto A, Weiss SR, Koo H, Corby PM, Oceguera A, O’Doherty U, Garfall AL, Vogl DT, Stadtmauer EA, Wang P. Femtomolar SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Detection Using the Microbubbling Digital Assay with Smartphone Readout Enables Antigen Burden Quantitation and Tracking. Clin Chem 2021; 68:230-239. [PMID: 34383886 PMCID: PMC8436368 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-sensitivity severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen assays are desirable to mitigate false negative results. Limited data are available to quantify and track SARS-CoV-2 antigen burden in respiratory samples from different populations. METHODS We developed the Microbubbling SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Assay (MSAA) with smartphone readout, with a limit of detection of 0.5 pg/mL (10.6 fmol/L) nucleocapsid antigen or 4000 copies/mL inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus in nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs. We developed a computer vision and machine learning-based automatic microbubble image classifier to accurately identify positives and negatives and quantified and tracked antigen dynamics in intensive care unit coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inpatients and immunocompromised COVID-19 patients. RESULTS Compared to qualitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction methods, the MSAA demonstrated a positive percentage agreement of 97% (95% CI 92%-99%) and a negative percentage agreement of 97% (95% CI 94%-100%) in a clinical validation study with 372 residual clinical NP swabs. In immunocompetent individuals, the antigen positivity rate in swabs decreased as days-after-symptom-onset increased, despite persistent nucleic acid positivity. Antigen was detected for longer and variable periods of time in immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies. Total microbubble volume, a quantitative marker of antigen burden, correlated inversely with cycle threshold values and days-after-symptom-onset. Viral sequence variations were detected in patients with long duration of high antigen burden. CONCLUSIONS The MSAA enables sensitive and specific detection of acute infections and quantification and tracking of antigen burden and may serve as a screening method in longitudinal studies to identify patients who are likely experiencing active rounds of ongoing replication and warrant close viral sequence monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Emily Hutson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stefen Andrianus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laurel J Glaser
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kyle G Rodino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jianing Qian
- Department of Computer and Information Science and GRASP Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dinesh Jayaraman
- Department of Computer and Information Science and GRASP Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ronald G Collman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abigail Glascock
- Department of Microbiology and Penn Center for Research on Coronavirus and Other Emerging Pathogens, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology and Penn Center for Research on Coronavirus and Other Emerging Pathogens, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alejandra Fausto
- Department of Microbiology and Penn Center for Research on Coronavirus and Other Emerging Pathogens, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan R Weiss
- Department of Microbiology and Penn Center for Research on Coronavirus and Other Emerging Pathogens, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hyun Koo
- Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community of Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patricia M Corby
- Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community of Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alfonso Oceguera
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Una O’Doherty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alfred L Garfall
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dan T Vogl
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Shi Y, Ye P, Yang K, Meng J, Guo J, Pan Z, Zhao W, Guo J. Application of centrifugal microfluidics in immunoassay, biochemical analysis and molecular diagnosis. Analyst 2021; 146:5800-5821. [PMID: 34570846 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00629k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis plays a vital role in daily life and is effective in reducing treatment costs and increasing curability, especially in remote areas with limited availability of resources. Among the various common methods of rapid diagnosis, centrifugal microfluidics has many unique advantages, such as less sample consumption, more precise valve control for sequential loading of samples, and accurately separated module design in a microfluidic network to minimize cross-contamination. Therefore, in recent years, centrifugal microfluidics has been extensively researched, and it has been found to play important roles in biology, chemistry, and medicine. Here, we review the latest developments in centrifugal microfluidic platforms in immunoassays, biochemical analyses, and molecular diagnosis, in recent years. In immunoassays, we focus on the application of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); in biochemical analysis, we introduce the application of plasma and blood cell separation; and in molecular diagnosis, we highlight the application of nucleic acid amplification tests. Additionally, we discuss the characteristics of the methods under each platform as well as the enhancement of the corresponding performance parameters, such as the limit of detection, separation efficiency, etc. Finally, we discuss the limitations associated with the existing applications and potential breakthroughs that can be achieved in this field in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Shi
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Peng Ye
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Kuojun Yang
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Jie Meng
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Jiuchuan Guo
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Zhixiang Pan
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Wenhao Zhao
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Jinhong Guo
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
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8
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Ryzhkov NV, Nikolaev KG, Ivanov AS, Skorb EV. Infochemistry and the Future of Chemical Information Processing. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2021; 12:63-95. [PMID: 33909470 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-122120-023514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, information processing is based on semiconductor (e.g., silicon) devices. Unfortunately, the performance of such devices has natural limitations owing to the physics of semiconductors. Therefore, the problem of finding new strategies for storing and processing an ever-increasing amount of diverse data is very urgent. To solve this problem, scientists have found inspiration in nature, because living organisms have developed uniquely productive and efficient mechanisms for processing and storing information. We address several biological aspects of information and artificial models mimicking corresponding bioprocesses. For instance, we review the formation of synchronization patterns and the emergence of order out of chaos in model chemical systems. We also consider molecular logic and ion fluxes as information carriers. Finally, we consider recent progress in infochemistry, a new direction at the interface of chemistry, biology, and computer science, considering unconventional methods of information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Ryzhkov
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; , , ,
| | - Konstantin G Nikolaev
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; , , ,
| | - Artemii S Ivanov
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; , , ,
| | - Ekaterina V Skorb
- Infochemistry Scientific Center of ITMO University, 191002 Saint Petersburg, Russia; , , ,
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9
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Chen H, Li Z, Feng S, Wang A, Richard-Greenblatt M, Hutson E, Andrianus S, Glaser LJ, Rodino KG, Qian J, Jayaraman D, Collman RG, Glascock A, Bushman FD, Lee JS, Cherry S, Fausto A, Weiss SR, Koo H, Corby PM, O’Doherty U, Garfall AL, Vogl DT, Stadtmauer EA, Wang P. Femtomolar SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Detection Using the Microbubbling Digital Assay with Smartphone Readout Enables Antigen Burden Quantitation and Dynamics Tracking. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.03.17.21253847. [PMID: 33791710 PMCID: PMC8010739 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.17.21253847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Little is known about the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 antigen burden in respiratory samples in different patient populations at different stages of infection. Current rapid antigen tests cannot quantitate and track antigen dynamics with high sensitivity and specificity in respiratory samples. Methods We developed and validated an ultra-sensitive SARS-CoV-2 antigen assay with smartphone readout using the Microbubbling Digital Assay previously developed by our group, which is a platform that enables highly sensitive detection and quantitation of protein biomarkers. A computer vision-based algorithm was developed for microbubble smartphone image recognition and quantitation. A machine learning-based classifier was developed to classify the smartphone images based on detected microbubbles. Using this assay, we tracked antigen dynamics in serial swab samples from COVID patients hospitalized in ICU and immunocompromised COVID patients. Results The limit of detection (LOD) of the Microbubbling SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Assay was 0.5 pg/mL (10.6 fM) recombinant nucleocapsid (N) antigen or 4000 copies/mL inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus in nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs, comparable to many rRT-PCR methods. The assay had high analytical specificity towards SARS-CoV-2. Compared to EUA-approved rRT-PCR methods, the Microbubbling Antigen Assay demonstrated a positive percent agreement (PPA) of 97% (95% confidence interval (CI), 92-99%) in symptomatic individuals within 7 days of symptom onset and positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid results, and a negative percent agreement (NPA) of 97% (95% CI, 94-100%) in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals with negative nucleic acid results. Antigen positivity rate in NP swabs gradually decreased as days-after-symptom-onset increased, despite persistent nucleic acid positivity of the same samples. The computer vision and machine learning-based automatic microbubble image classifier could accurately identify positives and negatives, based on microbubble counts and sizes. Total microbubble volume, a potential marker of antigen burden, correlated inversely with Ct values and days-after-symptom-onset. Antigen was detected for longer periods of time in immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies, compared to immunocompetent individuals. Simultaneous detectable antigens and nucleic acids may indicate the presence of replicating viruses in patients with persistent infections. Conclusions The Microbubbling SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Assay enables sensitive and specific detection of acute infections, and quantitation and tracking of antigen dynamics in different patient populations at various stages of infection. With smartphone compatibility and automated image processing, the assay is well-positioned to be adapted for point-of-care diagnosis and to explore the clinical implications of antigen dynamics in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Anni Wang
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Emily Hutson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stefen Andrianus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Laurel J. Glaser
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kyle G. Rodino
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jianing Qian
- Department of Computer and Information Science and GRASP Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dinesh Jayaraman
- Department of Computer and Information Science and GRASP Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Abigail Glascock
- Department of Microbiology and Penn Center for Research on Coronavirus and Other Emerging Pathogens, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Microbiology and Penn Center for Research on Coronavirus and Other Emerging Pathogens, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alejandra Fausto
- Department of Microbiology and Penn Center for Research on Coronavirus and Other Emerging Pathogens, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Susan R. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology and Penn Center for Research on Coronavirus and Other Emerging Pathogens, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hyun Koo
- Department of Orthodontics, Divisions of Pediatric Dentistry and Community of Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Patricia M. Corby
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Una O’Doherty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alfred L. Garfall
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Dan T. Vogl
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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10
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Drexelius A, Hoellrich A, Jajack A, Gomez E, Brothers M, Hussain S, Kim S, Heikenfeld J. Analysis of pressure-driven membrane preconcentration for point-of-care assays. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:054101. [PMID: 32922588 PMCID: PMC7467750 DOI: 10.1063/5.0013987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care diagnostic devices for both physicians and patients themselves are now ubiquitous, but often not sensitive enough for highly dilute analytes (e.g., pre-symptomatic viral detection). Two primary methods to address this challenge include (1) increasing the sensitivity of molecular recognition elements with greater binding affinity to the analyte or (2) increasing the concentration of the analyte being detected in the sample itself (preconcentration). The latter approach, preconcentration, is arguably more attractive if it can be made universally applicable to a wide range of analytes. In this study, pressure-driven membrane preconcentration devices were developed, and their performance was analyzed for detecting target analytes in biofluids in the form of point-of-care lateral-flow assays (LFAs). The demonstrated prototypes utilize negative or positive pressure gradients to move both water and small interferents (salt, pH) through a membrane filter, thereby concentrating the analyte of interest in the remaining sample fluid. Preconcentration up to 33× is demonstrated for influenza A nucleoprotein with a 5 kDa pore polyethersulfone membrane filter. LFA results are obtained within as short as several minutes and device operation is simple (very few user steps), suggesting that membrane preconcentration can be preferable to more complex and slow conventional preconcentration techniques used in laboratory practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Drexelius
- Novel Devices Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - A. Hoellrich
- Novel Devices Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - A. Jajack
- Novel Devices Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - E. Gomez
- UES, Inc., Beavercreek, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - M. Brothers
- 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - S. Hussain
- 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - S. Kim
- 711 Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - J. Heikenfeld
- Novel Devices Laboratory, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
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11
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Mathur P, Fomitcheva Khartchenko A, deMello AJ, Kaigala GV. Open Space Diffusive Filter for Simultaneous Species Retrieval and Separation. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11548-11552. [PMID: 32635720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel method for the local retrieval of surface bound species and their rapid in-line separation using an open space microfluidic device. Separation can be performed in less than 30 s using the difference in diffusivities within parallel microfluidic flows. As a proof-of-principle, we report the rapid and efficient filtration of polystyrene beads from small molecules and surface bound red blood cells from dimethyl sulfoxide for antigen typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerit Mathur
- IBM Research Europe, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland.,Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH-Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Fomitcheva Khartchenko
- IBM Research Europe, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland.,Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH-Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Dept. of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH-Zürich), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Govind V Kaigala
- IBM Research Europe, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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12
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Farshidfar N, Hamedani S. The Potential Role of Smartphone-Based Microfluidic Systems for Rapid Detection of COVID-19 Using Saliva Specimen. Mol Diagn Ther 2020; 24:371-373. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1007/s40291-020-00477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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13
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The Potential Role of Smartphone-Based Microfluidic Systems for Rapid Detection of COVID-19 Using Saliva Specimen. Mol Diagn Ther 2020; 24:371-373. [PMID: 32529418 PMCID: PMC7288261 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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14
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Farshidfar N, Hamedani S. The Potential Role of Smartphone-Based Microfluidic Systems for Rapid Detection of COVID-19 Using Saliva Specimen. Mol Diagn Ther 2020. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40291-020-00477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Johannsen B, Müller L, Baumgartner D, Karkossa L, Früh SM, Bostanci N, Karpíšek M, Zengerle R, Paust N, Mitsakakis K. Automated Pre-Analytic Processing of Whole Saliva Using Magnet-Beating for Point-of-Care Protein Biomarker Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E833. [PMID: 31801193 PMCID: PMC6952956 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Saliva offers many advantages for point-of-care (PoC) diagnostic applications due to non-invasive, easy, and cost-effective methods of collection. However, the complex matrix with its non-Newtonian behavior and high viscosity poses handling challenges. Several tedious and long pre-analytic steps, incompatible with PoC use, are required to liquefy and homogenize saliva samples before protein analysis can be performed. We apply magnet-beating to reduce hands-on time and to simplify sample preparation. A magnet in a chamber containing the whole saliva is actuated inside a centrifugal microfluidic cartridge by the interplay of centrifugal and magnetic forces. Rigorous mixing, which homogenizes the saliva sample, is then initiated. Consequently, fewer manual steps are required to introduce the whole saliva into the cartridge. After 4 min of magnet-beating, the processed sample can be used for protein analysis. The viscosity of whole saliva has been reduced from 10.4 to 2.3 mPa s. Immunoassay results after magnet-beating for three salivary periodontal markers (MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-1) showed a linear correlation with a slope of 0.99 when compared to results of reference method treated samples. Conclusively, magnet-beating has been shown to be a suitable method for the pre-analytic processing of whole saliva for fully automated PoC protein analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Johannsen
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (L.M.); (D.B.); (L.K.); (S.M.F.); (R.Z.); (N.P.)
| | - Lara Müller
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (L.M.); (D.B.); (L.K.); (S.M.F.); (R.Z.); (N.P.)
| | - Desirée Baumgartner
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (L.M.); (D.B.); (L.K.); (S.M.F.); (R.Z.); (N.P.)
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena Karkossa
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (L.M.); (D.B.); (L.K.); (S.M.F.); (R.Z.); (N.P.)
| | - Susanna M. Früh
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (L.M.); (D.B.); (L.K.); (S.M.F.); (R.Z.); (N.P.)
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nagihan Bostanci
- Section of Periodontology and Dental Prevention, Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 14104 Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Michal Karpíšek
- BioVendor—Laboratorní medicína a.s., Research & Diagnostic Products Division, Karasek 1767/1, Reckovice, 62100 Brno, Czech Republic;
- University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Faculty of Pharmacy, Palackeho trida 1946/1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roland Zengerle
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (L.M.); (D.B.); (L.K.); (S.M.F.); (R.Z.); (N.P.)
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nils Paust
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (L.M.); (D.B.); (L.K.); (S.M.F.); (R.Z.); (N.P.)
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Mitsakakis
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; (L.M.); (D.B.); (L.K.); (S.M.F.); (R.Z.); (N.P.)
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK—Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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16
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DEP-on-a-Chip: Dielectrophoresis Applied to Microfluidic Platforms. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10060423. [PMID: 31238556 PMCID: PMC6630590 DOI: 10.3390/mi10060423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric particles in a non-uniform electric field are subject to a force caused by a phenomenon called dielectrophoresis (DEP). DEP is a commonly used technique in microfluidics for particle or cell separation. In comparison with other separation methods, DEP has the unique advantage of being label-free, fast, and accurate. It has been widely applied in microfluidics for bio-molecular diagnostics and medical and polymer research. This review introduces the basic theory of DEP, its advantages compared with other separation methods, and its applications in recent years, in particular, focusing on the different electrode types integrated into microfluidic chips, fabrication techniques, and operation principles.
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17
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Salivary Exosome and Cell-Free DNA for Cancer Detection. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9070340. [PMID: 30424273 PMCID: PMC6082266 DOI: 10.3390/mi9070340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liquid biopsies are easier to acquire patient derived samples than conventional tissue biopsies, and their use enables real-time monitoring of the disease through continuous sampling after initial diagnosis, resulting in a paradigm shift to customized treatment according to the patient’s prognosis. Among the various liquid biopsy samples, saliva is easily obtained by spitting or swab sucking without needing an expert for sample collection. In addition, it is known that disease related biomarkers that exist in the blood and have undergone extensive research exist in saliva even at a lower concentration than the blood. Thus, interest in the use of saliva as a liquid biopsy has increased. In this review, we focused on the salivary exosome and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) among the various biomarkers in saliva. Since the exosome and cfDNA in saliva are present at lower concentrations than the biomarkers in blood, it is important to separate and concentrate them before conducting down-stream analyses such as exosome cargo analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and sequencing. However, saliva is difficult to apply directly to microfluidics-based systems for separation because of its high viscosity and the presence of various foreign substances. Therefore, we reviewed the microfluidics-based saliva pretreatment method and then compared the commercially available kit and the microfluidic chip for isolation and enrichment of the exosome and cfDNA in saliva.
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18
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Cai D, Yi Q, Shen C, Lan Y, Urban G, Du W. Direct enrichment of pathogens from physiological samples of high conductivity and viscosity using H-filter and positive dielectrophoresis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:014109. [PMID: 29430274 PMCID: PMC5780277 DOI: 10.1063/1.5016413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The full potential of microfluidic techniques as rapid and accurate methods for the detection of disease-causing agents and foodborne pathogens is critically limited by the complex sample preparation process, which commonly comprises the enrichment of bacterial cells to detectable levels. In this manuscript, we describe a microfluidic device which integrates H-filter desalination with positive dielectrophoresis (pDEP) for direct enrichment of bacterial cells from physiological samples of high conductivity and viscosity, such as cow's milk and whole human blood. The device contained a winding channel in which electrolytes in the samples continuously diffused into deionized (DI) water (desalination), while the bacterial cells remained in the samples. The length of the main channel was optimized by numerical simulation and experimentally evaluated by the diffusion of fluorescein into DI water. The effects of another three factors on H-filter desalination were also investigated, including (a) the flow rate ratio between the sample and DI water, (b) sample viscosity, and (c) non-Newtonian fluids. After H-filter desalination, the samples were withdrawn into the dielectrophoresis chamber in which the bacterial cells were captured by pDEP. The feasibility of the device was demonstrated by the direct capture of the bacterial cells in 1× PBS buffer, cow's milk, and whole human blood after H-filter desalination, with the capture efficiencies of 70.7%, 90.0%, and 80.2%, respectively. We believe that this simple method can be easily integrated into portable microfluidic diagnosis devices for rapid and accurate detection of disease-causing agents and foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chaohua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gerald Urban
- Laboratory for Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79110, Germany
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19
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Direct protein quantification in complex sample solutions by surface-engineered nanorod probes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4752. [PMID: 28684848 PMCID: PMC5500566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04970-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Detecting biomarkers from complex sample solutions is the key objective of molecular diagnostics. Being able to do so in a simple approach that does not require laborious sample preparation, sophisticated equipment and trained staff is vital for point-of-care applications. Here, we report on the specific detection of the breast cancer biomarker sHER2 directly from serum and saliva samples by a nanorod-based homogeneous biosensing approach, which is easy to operate as it only requires mixing of the samples with the nanorod probes. By careful nanorod surface engineering and homogeneous assay design, we demonstrate that the formation of a protein corona around the nanoparticles does not limit the applicability of our detection method, but on the contrary enables us to conduct in-situ reference measurements, thus further strengthening the point-of-care applicability of our method. Making use of sandwich assays on top of the nanorods, we obtain a limit of detection of 110 pM and 470 pM in 10-fold diluted spiked saliva and serum samples, respectively. In conclusion, our results open up numerous applications in direct protein biomarker quantification, specifically in point-of-care settings where resources are limited and ease-of-use is of essence.
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Riedel T, Hageneder S, Surman F, Pop-Georgievski O, Noehammer C, Hofner M, Brynda E, Rodriguez-Emmenegger C, Dostálek J. Plasmonic Hepatitis B Biosensor for the Analysis of Clinical Saliva. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2972-2977. [PMID: 28192973 PMCID: PMC5343552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A biosensor
for the detection of hepatitis B antibodies in clinical
saliva was developed. Compared to conventional analysis of blood serum,
it offers the advantage of noninvasive collection of samples. Detection
of biomarkers in saliva imposes two major challenges associated with
the low analyte concentration and increased surface fouling. The detection
of minute amounts of hepatitis B antibodies was performed by plasmonically
amplified fluorescence sandwich immunoassay. To have access to specific
detection, we prevented the nonspecific adsorption of biomolecules
present in saliva by brushes of poly[(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)
methacrylamide)-co-(carboxybetaine methacrylamide)]
grafted from the gold sensor surface and post modified with hepatitis
B surface antigen. Obtained results were validated against the response
measured with ELISA at a certified laboratory using serum from the
same patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Riedel
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR v.v.i. , Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Simone Hageneder
- Biosensor Technologies, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - František Surman
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR v.v.i. , Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ognen Pop-Georgievski
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR v.v.i. , Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Christa Noehammer
- Molecular Diagnostics, Health and Environment Department, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Hofner
- Molecular Diagnostics, Health and Environment Department, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eduard Brynda
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR v.v.i. , Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Cesar Rodriguez-Emmenegger
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry AS CR v.v.i. , Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jakub Dostálek
- Biosensor Technologies, AIT-Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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21
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Alhusban AA, Breadmore MC, Gueven N, Guijt RM. Capillary electrophoresis for automated on-line monitoring of suspension cultures: Correlating cell density, nutrients and metabolites in near real-time. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 920:94-101. [PMID: 27114228 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly stringent demands on the production of biopharmaceuticals demand monitoring of process parameters that impact on their quality. We developed an automated platform for on-line, near real-time monitoring of suspension cultures by integrating microfluidic components for cell counting and filtration with a high-resolution separation technique. This enabled the correlation of the growth of a human lymphocyte cell line with changes in the essential metabolic markers, glucose, glutamine, leucine/isoleucine and lactate, determined by Sequential Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis (SI-CE). Using 8.1 mL of media (41 μL per run), the metabolic status and cell density were recorded every 30 min over 4 days. The presented platform is flexible, simple and automated and allows for fast, robust and sensitive analysis with low sample consumption and high sample throughput. It is compatible with up- and out-scaling, and as such provides a promising new solution to meet the future demands in process monitoring in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala A Alhusban
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia; Australian Center of Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Tasmania, Australia; School of Medicine and ACROSS, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Center of Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nuri Gueven
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rosanne M Guijt
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia; School of Medicine and ACROSS, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia.
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22
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Abstract
Fast and reliable diagnoses are invaluable in clinical care. Samples (e.g., blood, urine, and saliva) are collected and analyzed for various biomarkers to quickly and sensitively assess disease progression, monitor response to treatment, and determine a patient's prognosis. Processing conventional samples entails many manual time-consuming steps. Consequently, clinical specimens must be processed by skilled technicians before antigens or nucleic acids are detected, and these are often present at dilute concentrations. Recently, several automated microchip technologies have been developed that potentially offer many advantages over traditional bench-top extraction methods. The smaller length scales and more refined transport mechanisms that characterize these microfluidic devices enable faster and more efficient biomarker enrichment and extraction. Additionally, they can be designed to perform multiple tests or experimental steps on one integrated, automated platform. This review explores the current research on microfluidic methods of sample preparation that are designed to aid diagnosis, and covers a broad spectrum of extraction techniques and designs for various types of samples and analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Cui
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912;
| | - Minsoung Rhee
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969
| | - Anup Singh
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551-0969
| | - Anubhav Tripathi
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912;
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Schoenitz M, Grundemann L, Augustin W, Scholl S. Fouling in microstructured devices: a review. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8213-28. [PMID: 25750979 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07849g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microstructured devices are widely used for manufacturing products that benefit from process intensification, with pharmaceutical products or specialties of the chemical industry being prime examples. These devices are ideally used for processing pure fluids. Where particulate or non-pure flows are involved, processes are treated with utmost caution since related fouling and blocking issues present the greatest barrier to operating microstructured devices effectively. Micro process engineering is a relatively new research field and there is limited understanding of fouling in these dimensions and its underlying processes and phenomena. A comprehensive review on fouling in microstructured devices would be helpful in this regard, but is currently lacking. This paper attempts to review recent developments of fouling in micro dimensions for all fouling categories (crystallization, particulate, chemical reaction, corrosion and biological growth fouling) and the sequential events involved (initiation, transport, attachment, removal and aging). Compared to fouling in macro dimensions, an additional sixth category is suggested: clogging by gas bubbles. Most of the reviewed papers present very specific fouling investigations making it difficult to derive general rules and parameter dependencies, and comparative or critical considerations of the studies were difficult. We therefore used a statistical approach to evaluate the research in the field of fouling in microchannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schoenitz
- Institute for Chemical and Thermal Process Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 7, Braunschweig, Germany.
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24
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Bunyakul N, Baeumner AJ. Combining electrochemical sensors with miniaturized sample preparation for rapid detection in clinical samples. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 15:547-64. [PMID: 25558994 PMCID: PMC4327035 DOI: 10.3390/s150100547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinical analyses benefit world-wide from rapid and reliable diagnostics tests. New tests are sought with greatest demand not only for new analytes, but also to reduce costs, complexity and lengthy analysis times of current techniques. Among the myriad of possibilities available today to develop new test systems, amperometric biosensors are prominent players-best represented by the ubiquitous amperometric-based glucose sensors. Electrochemical approaches in general require little and often enough only simple hardware components, are rugged and yet provide low limits of detection. They thus offer many of the desirable attributes for point-of-care/point-of-need tests. This review focuses on investigating the important integration of sample preparation with (primarily electrochemical) biosensors. Sample clean up requirements, miniaturized sample preparation strategies, and their potential integration with sensors will be discussed, focusing on clinical sample analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natinan Bunyakul
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Antje J Baeumner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany.
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25
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Electrokinetics for sample preparation of biological molecules in biological samples using microfluidic systems. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1961-74. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sample preparation is the first part of every analytical method, but is often considered only after the optimization of the method. It is traditionally performed using a range of techniques requiring extensive manual handling, with solid-phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction, protein precipitation and ultracentrfiguation, among others, being used depending on the targets and the application. In this article, we will focus on alternatives based on electrokinetics for applications including sample clean-up, concentration and derivatization of large biological molecules (DNA, peptides and proteins) of diagnostic importance, as well as small molecules as a tool for therapeutic drug monitoring. This article describes these approaches in terms of mechanisms, applicability and potential to be integrated into a lab-on-a-chip device for directly processing biological samples. Examples dealing with treated or clean samples have been excluded except where they show exceptionally high value.
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Wägli P, Chang YC, Hans K, Homsy A, Hvozdara L, Herzig HP, Sigrist M, de Rooij NF. Microfluidic droplet-based liquid-liquid extraction and on-chip IR spectroscopy detection of cocaine in human saliva. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7558-65. [PMID: 23815182 DOI: 10.1021/ac401606p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a portable microsystem to quantitatively detect cocaine in human saliva. In this system, we combine a microfluidic-based multiphase liquid-liquid extraction method to transfer cocaine continuously from IR-light-absorbing saliva to an IR-transparent solvent (tetrachloroethylene) with waveguide IR spectroscopy (QC-laser, waveguide, detector) to detect the cocaine on-chip. For the fabrication of the low-cost polymer microfluidic chips a simple rapid prototyping technique based on Scotch-tape masters was further developed and applied. To perform the droplet-based liquid-liquid extraction, we designed and integrated a simple and robust droplet generation method based on the capillary focusing effect within the device. Compared to well-characterized and commonly used microfluidic H-filters, our system showed at least two times higher extraction efficiencies with potential for further improvements. The current liquid-liquid extraction method alone can efficiently extract cocaine and pre-concentrate the analytes in a new solvent. Our fully integrated optofluidic system successfully detected cocaine in real saliva samples spiked with the drug (500 μg/mL) and allowed real time measurements, which makes this approach suitable for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wägli
- Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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27
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Oblath EA, Henley WH, Alarie JP, Ramsey JM. A microfluidic chip integrating DNA extraction and real-time PCR for the detection of bacteria in saliva. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1325-32. [PMID: 23370016 PMCID: PMC3617581 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc40961a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic chip integrating DNA extraction, amplification, and detection for the identification of bacteria in saliva is described. The chip design integrated a monolithic aluminum oxide membrane (AOM) for DNA extraction with seven parallel reaction wells for real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) amplification of the extracted DNA. Samples were first heated to lyse target organisms and then added to the chip and filtered through the nanoporous AOM to extract the DNA. PCR reagents were added to each of the wells and the chip was thermocycled. Identification of Streptococcus mutans in a saliva sample is demonstrated along with the detection of 300 fg (100-125 copies) of both methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) genomic DNA (gDNA) spiked into a saliva sample. Multiple target species and strains of bacteria can be simultaneously identified in the same sample by varying the primers and probes used in each of the seven reaction wells. In initial tests, as little as 30 fg (8-12 copies) of MSSA gDNA in buffer has been successfully amplified and detected with this device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Oblath
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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28
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Rogers ML, Boutelle MG. Real-time clinical monitoring of biomolecules. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2013; 6:427-453. [PMID: 23772662 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.anchem.111808.073648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Continuous monitoring of clinical biomarkers offers the exciting possibility of new therapies that use biomarker levels to guide treatment in real time. This review explores recent progress toward this goal. We initially consider measurements in body fluids by a range of analytical methods. We then discuss direct tissue measurements performed by implanted sensors; sampling techniques, including microdialysis and ultrafiltration; and noninvasive methods. A future directions section considers analytical methods at the cusp of clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Rogers
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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Liang YH, Chang CC, Chen CC, Chu-Su Y, Lin CW. Development of an Au/ZnO thin film surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor immunoassay for the detection of carbohydrate antigen 15-3 in human saliva. Clin Biochem 2012; 45:1689-93. [PMID: 22981930 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) system for the direct measurement of tumor marker carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) in human saliva. DESIGN AND METHODS We measured the presence of the tumor marker carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) in human saliva using 2 different surface plasmon resonance (SPR) systems. To compare the sensitivity of an SPR biosensor based on thin-film Au/ZnO and the Biacore SPR system, we prepared CA15-3 samples in saliva and analyzed intensity responses to the samples at various concentrations of CA15-3. RESULTS The linear detection range of CA15-3 in human saliva with the SPR system based on thin-film Au/ZnO was 2.5-20 U/mL (the cut-off point in cancer patients is around 4 U/mL). The linear range with the Biacore SPR system was 40-300 U/mL. CONCLUSIONS These results show that thin-film Au/ZnO-based SPR systems have higher sensitivity and can be used for measuring the levels of CA15-3 in human saliva without concentrating the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hung Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Lee CJ, Jung JH, Seo TS. 3D Porous Sol–Gel Matrix Incorporated Microdevice for Effective Large Volume Cell Sample Pretreatment. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4928-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3005549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Robinson T, Dittrich PS. Microfluidic technology for molecular diagnostics. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 133:89-114. [PMID: 22864841 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics have helped to improve the lives of millions of patients worldwide by allowing clinicians to diagnose patients earlier as well as providing better ongoing therapies. Point-of-care (POC) testing can bring these laboratory-based techniques to the patient in a home setting or to remote settings in the developing world. However, despite substantial progress in the field, there still remain many challenges. Progress in molecular diagnostics has benefitted greatly from microfluidic technology. This chapter aims to summarise the more recent advances in microfluidic-based molecular diagnostics. Sections include an introduction to microfluidic technology, the challenges of molecular diagnostics, how microfluidic advances are working to solve these issues, some alternative design approaches, and detection within these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Robinson
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Gervais L, de Rooij N, Delamarche E. Microfluidic chips for point-of-care immunodiagnostics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:H151-76. [PMID: 21567479 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201100464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We might be at the turning point where research in microfluidics undertaken in academia and industrial research laboratories, and substantially sponsored by public grants, may provide a range of portable and networked diagnostic devices. In this Progress Report, an overview on microfluidic devices that may become the next generation of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics is provided. First, we describe gaps and opportunities in medical diagnostics and how microfluidics can address these gaps using the example of immunodiagnostics. Next, we conceptualize how different technologies are converging into working microfluidic POC diagnostics devices. Technologies are explained from the perspective of sample interaction with components of a device. Specifically, we detail materials, surface treatment, sample processing, microfluidic elements (such as valves, pumps, and mixers), receptors, and analytes in the light of various biosensing concepts. Finally, we discuss the integration of components into accurate and reliable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Gervais
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, CH-8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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Sin MLY, Gao J, Liao JC, Wong PK. System Integration - A Major Step toward Lab on a Chip. J Biol Eng 2011; 5:6. [PMID: 21612614 PMCID: PMC3117764 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-5-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics holds great promise to revolutionize various areas of biological engineering, such as single cell analysis, environmental monitoring, regenerative medicine, and point-of-care diagnostics. Despite the fact that intensive efforts have been devoted into the field in the past decades, microfluidics has not yet been adopted widely. It is increasingly realized that an effective system integration strategy that is low cost and broadly applicable to various biological engineering situations is required to fully realize the potential of microfluidics. In this article, we review several promising system integration approaches for microfluidics and discuss their advantages, limitations, and applications. Future advancements of these microfluidic strategies will lead toward translational lab-on-a-chip systems for a wide spectrum of biological engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy LY Sin
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shandong Polytechnic University, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Joseph C Liao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, S-287, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Biomedical Engineering and Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Osborn JL, Lutz B, Fu E, Kauffman P, Stevens DY, Yager P. Microfluidics without pumps: reinventing the T-sensor and H-filter in paper networks. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:2659-65. [PMID: 20680208 PMCID: PMC4892122 DOI: 10.1039/c004821f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional microfluidic devices typically require highly precise pumps or pneumatic control systems, which add considerable cost and the requirement for power. These restrictions have limited the adoption of microfluidic technologies for point-of-care applications. Paper networks provide an extremely low-cost and pumpless alternative to conventional microfluidic devices by generating fluid transport through capillarity. We revisit well-known microfluidic devices for hydrodynamic focusing, sized-based extraction of molecules from complex mixtures, micromixing, and dilution, and demonstrate that paper-based devices can replace their expensive conventional microfluidic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Osborn
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Small molecule immunosensing using surface plasmon resonance. SENSORS 2010; 10:7323-46. [PMID: 22163605 PMCID: PMC3231171 DOI: 10.3390/s100807323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors utilize refractive index changes to sensitively detect mass changes at noble metal sensor surface interfaces. As such, they have been extensively applied to immunoassays of large molecules, where their high mass and use of sandwich immunoassay formats can result in excellent sensitivity. Small molecule immunosensing using SPR is more challenging. It requires antibodies or high-mass or noble metal labels to provide the required signal for ultrasensitive assays. Also, it can suffer from steric hindrance between the small antigen and large antibodies. However, new studies are increasingly meeting these and other challenges to offer highly sensitive small molecule immunosensor technologies through careful consideration of sensor interface design and signal enhancement. This review examines the application of SPR transduction technologies to small molecule immunoassays directed to different classes of small molecule antigens, including the steroid hormones, toxins, drugs and explosives residues. Also considered are the matrix effects resulting from measurement in chemically complex samples, the construction of stable sensor surfaces and the development of multiplexed assays capable of detecting several compounds at once. Assay design approaches are discussed and related to the sensitivities obtained.
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