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von Beck T, Navarrete K, Arce NA, Gao M, Dale GA, Davis-Gardner ME, Floyd K, Mena Hernandez L, Mullick N, Vanderheiden A, Skountzou I, Kuchipudi SV, Saravanan R, Li R, Skolnick J, Suthar MS, Jacob J. A wild boar cathelicidin peptide derivative inhibits severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 and its drifted variants. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14650. [PMID: 37670110 PMCID: PMC10480232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a clear threat to humanity. It has infected over 200 million and killed 4 million people worldwide, and infections continue with no end in sight. To control the pandemic, multiple effective vaccines have been developed, and global vaccinations are in progress. However, the virus continues to mutate. Even when full vaccine coverage is achieved, vaccine-resistant mutants will likely emerge, thus requiring new annual vaccines against drifted variants analogous to influenza. A complimentary solution to this problem could be developing antiviral drugs that inhibit SARS CoV-2 and its drifted variants. Host defense peptides represent a potential source for such an antiviral as they possess broad antimicrobial activity and significant diversity across species. We screened the cathelicidin family of peptides from 16 different species for antiviral activity and identified a wild boar peptide derivative that inhibits SARS CoV-2. This peptide, which we named Yongshi and means warrior in Mandarin, acts as a viral entry inhibitor. Following the binding of SARS-CoV-2 to its receptor, the spike protein is cleaved, and heptad repeats 1 and 2 multimerize to form the fusion complex that enables the virion to enter the cell. A deep learning-based protein sequence comparison algorithm and molecular modeling suggest that Yongshi acts as a mimetic to the heptad repeats of the virus, thereby disrupting the fusion process. Experimental data confirm the binding of Yongshi to the heptad repeat 1 with a fourfold higher affinity than heptad repeat 2 of SARS-CoV-2. Yongshi also binds to the heptad repeat 1 of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. Interestingly, it inhibits all drifted variants of SARS CoV-2 that we tested, including the alpha, beta, gamma, delta, kappa and omicron variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy von Beck
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Karla Navarrete
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Nicholas A Arce
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Mu Gao
- Center for the Study of Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Gordon A Dale
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Meredith E Davis-Gardner
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Katharine Floyd
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Luis Mena Hernandez
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Nikita Mullick
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Abigail Vanderheiden
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Suresh V Kuchipudi
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rathi Saravanan
- Centre of Regulatory Excellence (CoRE), Duke-NUS Medical School, Level 6, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Renhao Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jeffrey Skolnick
- Center for the Study of Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 950 Atlantic Drive, NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Joshy Jacob
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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Leite ML, Duque HM, Rodrigues GR, da Cunha NB, Franco OL. The LL-37 domain: a clue to cathelicidin immunomodulatory response? Peptides 2023; 165:171011. [PMID: 37068711 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are naturally occurring polypeptide sequences that, in addition to being active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other parasites, may stimulate immunomodulatory responses. Cathelicidins, a family of HDPs, are produced by diverse animal species, such as mammals, fish, birds, amphibians, and reptiles, to protect them against pathogen infections. These peptides have variable C-terminal domains responsible for their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities and a highly conserved N-terminal pre-pro region homologous to cathelin. Although cathelicidins are the major components of innate immunity, the molecular basis by which they induce an immune response is still unclear. In this review, we will address the role of the LL-37 domain and its SK-24, IV-20, FK-13 and LL-37 fragments in the immunity response. Other cathelicidins also share structural and functional characteristics with the LL-37 domain, suggesting that these fragments may be responsible for interaction between these peptides and receptors in humans. Fragments of the LL-37 domain can give us clues about how homologous cathelicidins, in general, induce an immune response. AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL: No data was used for the research described in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lopes Leite
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Harry Morales Duque
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Gisele Regina Rodrigues
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nicolau Brito da Cunha
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brasil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil.
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3
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Duarte-Mata DI, Salinas-Carmona MC. Antimicrobial peptides´ immune modulation role in intracellular bacterial infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1119574. [PMID: 37056758 PMCID: PMC10086130 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular bacteria cause a wide range of diseases, and their intracellular lifestyle makes infections difficult to resolve. Furthermore, standard therapy antibiotics are often unable to eliminate the infection because they have poor cellular uptake and do not reach the concentrations needed to kill bacteria. In this context, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising therapeutic approach. AMPs are short cationic peptides. They are essential components of the innate immune response and important candidates for therapy due to their bactericidal properties and ability to modulate host immune responses. AMPs control infections through their diverse immunomodulatory effects stimulating and/or boosting immune responses. This review focuses on AMPs described to treat intracellular bacterial infections and the known immune mechanisms they influence.
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4
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Morio KA, Sternowski RH, Brogden KA. Induction of Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides to Prevent or Treat Oral Infection and Inflammation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020361. [PMID: 36830272 PMCID: PMC9952314 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are often used to treat oral infections. Unfortunately, excessive antibiotic use can adversely alter oral microbiomes and promote the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, which can be difficult to treat. An alternate approach could be to induce the local transcription and expression of endogenous oral antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). To assess the feasibility and benefits of this approach, we conducted literature searches to identify (i) the AMPs expressed in the oral cavity; (ii) the methods used to induce endogenous AMP expression; and (iii) the roles that expressed AMPs may have in regulating oral inflammation, immunity, healing, and pain. Search results identified human neutrophil peptides (HNP), human beta defensins (HBD), and cathelicidin AMP (CAMP) gene product LL-37 as prominent AMPs expressed by oral cells and tissues. HNP, HBD, and LL-37 expression can be induced by micronutrients (trace elements, elements, and vitamins), nutrients, macronutrients (mono-, di-, and polysaccharides, amino acids, pyropeptides, proteins, and fatty acids), proinflammatory agonists, thyroid hormones, and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, red light, or near infrared radiation (NIR). Localized AMP expression can help reduce infection, inflammation, and pain and help oral tissues heal. The use of a specific inducer depends upon the overall objective. Inducing the expression of AMPs through beneficial foods would be suitable for long-term health protection. Additionally, the specialized metabolites or concentrated extracts that are utilized as dosage forms would maintain the oral and intestinal microbiome composition and control oral and intestinal infections. Inducing AMP expression using irradiation methodologies would be applicable to a specific oral treatment area in addition to controlling local infections while regulating inflammatory and healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim A. Brogden
- College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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Leiba J, Özbilgiç R, Hernández L, Demou M, Lutfalla G, Yatime L, Nguyen-Chi M. Molecular Actors of Inflammation and Their Signaling Pathways: Mechanistic Insights from Zebrafish. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020153. [PMID: 36829432 PMCID: PMC9952950 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a hallmark of the physiological response to aggressions. It is orchestrated by a plethora of molecules that detect the danger, signal intracellularly, and activate immune mechanisms to fight the threat. Understanding these processes at a level that allows to modulate their fate in a pathological context strongly relies on in vivo studies, as these can capture the complexity of the whole process and integrate the intricate interplay between the cellular and molecular actors of inflammation. Over the years, zebrafish has proven to be a well-recognized model to study immune responses linked to human physiopathology. We here provide a systematic review of the molecular effectors of inflammation known in this vertebrate and recapitulate their modes of action, as inferred from sterile or infection-based inflammatory models. We present a comprehensive analysis of their sequence, expression, and tissue distribution and summarize the tools that have been developed to study their function. We further highlight how these tools helped gain insights into the mechanisms of immune cell activation, induction, or resolution of inflammation, by uncovering downstream receptors and signaling pathways. These progresses pave the way for more refined models of inflammation, mimicking human diseases and enabling drug development using zebrafish models.
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Kayongo A, Robertson NM, Siddharthan T, Ntayi ML, Ndawula JC, Sande OJ, Bagaya BS, Kirenga B, Mayanja-Kizza H, Joloba ML, Forslund SK. Airway microbiome-immune crosstalk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1085551. [PMID: 36741369 PMCID: PMC9890194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1085551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) has significantly contributed to global mortality, with three million deaths reported annually. This impact is expected to increase over the next 40 years, with approximately 5 million people predicted to succumb to COPD-related deaths annually. Immune mechanisms driving disease progression have not been fully elucidated. Airway microbiota have been implicated. However, it is still unclear how changes in the airway microbiome drive persistent immune activation and consequent lung damage. Mechanisms mediating microbiome-immune crosstalk in the airways remain unclear. In this review, we examine how dysbiosis mediates airway inflammation in COPD. We give a detailed account of how airway commensal bacteria interact with the mucosal innate and adaptive immune system to regulate immune responses in healthy or diseased airways. Immune-phenotyping airway microbiota could advance COPD immunotherapeutics and identify key open questions that future research must address to further such translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kayongo
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda,Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda,Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda,Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | | | - Trishul Siddharthan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Moses Levi Ntayi
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda,Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda,Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Josephine Caren Ndawula
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Obondo J. Sande
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard S. Bagaya
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bruce Kirenga
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses L. Joloba
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sofia K. Forslund
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité - Universitatsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany,Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,*Correspondence: Sofia K. Forslund,
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7
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Dong J, Wang W, Zhou W, Zhang S, Li M, Li N, Pan G, Zhang X, Bai J, Zhu C. Immunomodulatory biomaterials for implant-associated infections: from conventional to advanced therapeutic strategies. Biomater Res 2022; 26:72. [PMID: 36471454 PMCID: PMC9721013 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Implant-associated infection (IAI) is increasingly emerging as a serious threat with the massive application of biomaterials. Bacteria attached to the surface of implants are often difficult to remove and exhibit high resistance to bactericides. In the quest for novel antimicrobial strategies, conventional antimicrobial materials often fail to exert their function because they tend to focus on direct bactericidal activity while neglecting the modulation of immune systems. The inflammatory response induced by host immune cells was thought to be a detrimental force impeding wound healing. However, the immune system has recently received increasing attention as a vital player in the host's defense against infection. Anti-infective strategies based on the modulation of host immune defenses are emerging as a field of interest. This review explains the importance of the immune system in combating infections and describes current advanced immune-enhanced anti-infection strategies. First, the characteristics of traditional/conventional implant biomaterials and the reasons for the difficulty of bacterial clearance in IAI were reviewed. Second, the importance of immune cells in the battle against bacteria is elucidated. Then, we discuss how to design biomaterials that activate the defense function of immune cells to enhance the antimicrobial potential. Based on the key premise of restoring proper host-protective immunity, varying advanced immune-enhanced antimicrobial strategies were discussed. Finally, current issues and perspectives in this field were offered. This review will provide scientific guidance to enhance the development of advanced anti-infective biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Dong
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Siming Zhang
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China ,grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Medical College, Soochow University, 215006 Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- grid.440785.a0000 0001 0743 511XInstitute for Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 212013 Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xianzuo Zhang
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Medical College, Soochow University, 215006 Suzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhu
- grid.411395.b0000 0004 1757 0085Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, 230001 Hefei, Anhui P. R. China
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8
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S100 Proteins as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Psoriasis and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196640. [PMID: 36235175 PMCID: PMC9572071 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases affecting about 1-3% of the population. One of the characteristic abnormalities in psoriasis is the excessive production of antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which play an essential role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Antimicrobial peptides and proteins can be expressed differently in normal and diseased skin, reflecting their usefulness as diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, due to their very important functions in innate immunity, members of host defense peptides and proteins are currently considered to be promising new therapeutic targets for many inflammatory diseases. Koebnerisin (S100A15) belongs to an S100 family of antimicrobial proteins, which constitute the multigenetic group of calcium-binding proteins involved in ion-dependent cellular functions and regulation of immune mechanisms. S100A15 was first discovered to be overexpressed in 'koebnerized' psoriatic skin, indicating its involvement in the disease phenotype and the same promising potential as a new therapeutic target. This review describes the involvement of antimicrobial peptides and proteins in inflammatory diseases' development and therapy. The discussion focuses on S100 proteins, especially koebnerisin, which may be involved in the underlying mechanism of the Köebner phenomenon in psoriasis, as well as other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases described in the last decade.
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9
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Moeinabadi-Bidgoli K, Rezaee M, Rismanchi H, Mohammadi MM, Babajani A. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Anti-Neoplastic Agents: New Insight into Anticancer Mechanisms of Stem Cells and Exosomes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:900418. [PMID: 35874827 PMCID: PMC9298847 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.900418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as adult multipotent cells, possess considerable regenerative and anti-neoplastic effects, from inducing apoptosis in the cancer cells to reducing multidrug resistance that bring them up as an appropriate alternative for cancer treatment. These cells can alter the behavior of cancer cells, the condition of the tumor microenvironment, and the activity of immune cells that result in tumor regression. It has been observed that during inflammatory conditions, a well-known feature of the tumor microenvironment, the MSCs produce and release some molecules called “antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)” with demonstrated anti-neoplastic effects. These peptides have remarkable targeted anticancer effects by attaching to the negatively charged membrane of neoplastic cells, disrupting the membrane, and interfering with intracellular pathways. Therefore, AMPs could be considered as a part of the wide-ranging anti-neoplastic effects of MSCs. This review focuses on the possible anti-neoplastic effects of MSCs-derived AMPs and their mechanisms. It also discusses preconditioning approaches and using exosomes to enhance AMP production and delivery from MSCs to cancer cells. Besides, the clinical administration of MSCs-derived AMPs, along with their challenges in clinical practice, were debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Moeinabadi-Bidgoli
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastroenterology Disorders Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Rezaee
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Rismanchi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amirhesam Babajani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Huang C, Sun Y, Qiu X, Huang J, Wang A, Zhang Q, Pang S, Huang Q, Zhou R, Li L. The Intracellular Interaction of Porcine β-Defensin 2 with VASH1 Alleviates Inflammation via Akt Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2795-2805. [PMID: 35688466 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Defensins are a major class of antimicrobial peptides that facilitate the immune system to resist pathogen infection. To date, only β-defensins have been identified in pigs. In our previous studies, porcine β-defensin 2 (PBD-2) was shown to have both bactericidal activity and modulatory roles on inflammation. PBD-2 can interact with the cell surface TLR4 and interfere with the NF-κB signaling pathway to suppress the inflammatory response. In this study, the intracellular functions of PBD-2 were investigated. The fluorescently labeled PBD-2 could actively enter mouse macrophage cells. Proteomic analysis indicated that 37 proteins potentially interacted with PBD-2, among which vasohibin-1 (VASH1) was further tested. LPS, an inflammation inducer, suppressed the expression of VASH1, whereas PBD-2 inhibited this effect. PBD-2 inhibited LPS-induced activation of Akt, expression and release of the inflammatory mediators vascular endothelial growth factor and NO, and cell damage. A follow-up VASH1 knockdown assay validated the specificity of the above observations. In addition, PBD-2 inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation via Akt. The inhibition effects of PBD-2 on LPS triggered suppression of VASH1 and activation of Akt, and NF-κB and inflammatory cytokines were also confirmed using pig alveolar macrophage 3D4/21 cells. Therefore, the data indicate that PBD-2 interacts with intracellular VASH1, which inhibits the LPS-induced Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in suppression of inflammatory responses. Together with our previous findings, we conclude that PBD-2 interacts with both the cell surface receptor (TLR4) and also with the intracellular receptor (VASH1) to control inflammation, thereby providing insights into the immunomodulatory roles of defensins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiuxiu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and
| | - Antian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Siqi Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China;
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
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11
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Rai A, Ferrão R, Marta D, Vilaça A, Lino M, Rondão T, Ji J, Paiva A, Ferreira L. Antimicrobial Peptide-Tether Dressing Able to Enhance Wound Healing by Tissue Contact. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24213-24228. [PMID: 35584375 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
No effective therapeutic dressings are currently available in the market that can prevent bacterial infection and simultaneously promote skin regeneration in diabetic patients. The lack of re-epithelization, prevalence of inflammation, and high risk of infection are hallmarks of non-healing wounds. Here, we have evaluated the antimicrobial and pro-regenerative effect of a relatively non-leaching LL37 peptide immobilized in polyurethane (PU)-based wound dressings (PU-adhesive-LL37 dressing). The PU-adhesive-LL37 (63 μg LL37NPs/cm2) dressing killed Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in human serum without inducing bacterial resistance after 16 antimicrobial test cycles in contrast to commercially available dressings with the capacity to release antimicrobial Ag ions. Importantly, type II diabetic mice (db/db mice) treated with the PU-adhesive-LL37 dressing for different periods of time (6 or 14 days) showed enhanced wound healing and re-epithelialization (i.e., high keratin 14/5 levels) and lower macrophage infiltration in the wounds compared to animals treated with PU. The wounds treated with PU-adhesive-LL37 dressings showed also low expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL6 after 6 days of treatment, indicating that they act as an anti-inflammatory dressing. Additionally, PU-adhesive-LL37 dressings do not induce acute inflammatory responses in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after 3 days of exposure, in contrast to controls. Taken together, PU-adhesive-LL37NP dressings might prevent the bacterial infections and facilitate wound healing by tissue contact, inducing re-epithelialization and anti-inflammatory processes in diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Rai
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-354, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Rafaela Ferrão
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-354, Portugal
| | - Denise Marta
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Andreia Vilaça
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Miguel Lino
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Tiago Rondão
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Jian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Artur Paiva
- Unidade de Gestão Operacional de Citometria, Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra 3001-301, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Polo III-Health Sciences Campus, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal
- ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Ciências Biomédicas Laboratoriais, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra 3040-854, Portugal
| | - Lino Ferreira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3000-354, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
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12
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Host Defence Peptides: A Potent Alternative to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040475. [PMID: 35453226 PMCID: PMC9032040 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges facing the medical community today is the ever-increasing trajectory of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is being compounded by the decrease in our antimicrobial armamentarium. From their initial discovery to the current day, antibiotics have seen an exponential increase in their usage, from medical to agricultural use. Benefits aside, this has led to an exponential increase in AMR, with the fear that over 10 million lives are predicted to be lost by 2050, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). As such, medical researchers are turning their focus to discovering novel alternatives to antimicrobials, one being Host Defence Peptides (HDPs). These small cationic peptides have shown great efficacy in being used as an antimicrobial therapy for currently resistant microbial variants. With the sudden emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 variant and the subsequent global pandemic, the great versatility and potential use of HDPs as an alternative to conventional antibiotics in treating as well as preventing the spread of COVID-19 has been reviewed. Thus, to allow the reader to have a full understanding of the multifaceted therapeutic use of HDPs, this literature review shall cover the association between COVID-19 and AMR whilst discussing and evaluating the use of HDPs as an answer to antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
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13
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Martell EM, González-Garcia M, Ständker L, Otero-González AJ. Host defense peptides as immunomodulators: The other side of the coin. Peptides 2021; 146:170644. [PMID: 34464592 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) exhibit a broad range of antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. In this sense, both functions are like different sides of the same coin. The direct antimicrobial side was discovered first, and widely studied for the development of anti-infective therapies. In contrast, the immunomodulatory side was recognized later and in the last 20 years the interest in this field has been continuously growing. Different to their antimicrobial activities, the immunomodulatory activities of host defense peptides are more effective in vivo. They offer a great opportunity for new therapeutic applications in the fields of anti-infective therapy, chronic inflammatory diseases treatment, novel vaccine adjuvants development and anticancer immunotherapy. These immune related functions of HDPs includes chemoattraction of leukocytes, modulation of inflammation, enhancement of antigen presentation and polarization of adaptive immune responses. Our attempt with this review is to make a careful evaluation of different aspects of the less explored, but attractive immunomodulatory side of the HDP functional coin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto M Martell
- Center for Protein Studies, Faculty of Biology, Havana University, Cuba
| | | | - Ludger Ständker
- Core Facility Functional Peptidomics (CFP), Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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14
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Li J, Yu S, Pan X, Zhang M, Lv Z, Pan LL, Sun J. Recombinant CRAMP-producing Lactococcus lactis attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by colonic colonization and inhibiting p38/NF-κB signaling. Food Nutr Res 2021; 65:5570. [PMID: 34650393 PMCID: PMC8494263 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v65.5570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are generally characterized by persistent abdominal pain and diarrhea caused by chronic inflammation in the intestine. Cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides with pleiotropic roles in anti-infection, wound healing, and immune modulation. However, the sensitivity to the acidic environment and short half-life of cathelicidins limit their application in IBD treatment. Recombinant cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP)-producing Lactococcus lactis may represent a potential approach for IBD therapy. Objective The aim of this study was to develop recombinant CRAMP-producing L. lactis NZ9000 and explore the role and mechanism of recombinant L. lactis NZ9000 expressing CRAMP in colitis. Design We constructed two strains of CRAMP-producing L. lactis NZ9000 with different plasmids pMG36e (L.L-pMU45CR) or pNZ8148 (L.L-pNU45CR), which use a Usp45 secretion signal to drive the secretion of CRAMP. Bacterial suspensions were orally supplemented to mice with a syringe for 4 days after dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment. Body weight change, disease active score, colon length, and colonic histology were determined. The expression of tight junction (ZO-1, ZO-2, and Occludin) and cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10) in colon was performed by qPCR. The expression of p-ERK, p-p38, and p-p65 was determined by Western blot analysis. Results Both CRAMP-producing L. lactis NZ9000 strains protected against colitis, as shown by reduced weight loss and disease activity score, improved colon shortening, and histopathological injury. In addition, CRAMP-producing L. lactis NZ9000 restored gut barrier by upregulating ZO-1, ZO-2, and occludin. Moreover, CRAMP-producing L. lactis NZ9000 regulated the colonic cytokines profile with reduced IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α production, and increased IL-10 production. By further analysis, we found that CRAMP-producing L. lactis NZ9000 reduced the expression of p-p38 and p-p65. Conclusions Together, our data suggested that CRAMP-secreting L. lactis NZ9000 attenuated dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by colonic colonization and inhibiting p38/NF-κB signaling. Orally administered recombinant CRAMP-secreting L. lactis NZ9000 represents a potential strategy for colitis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shiwen Yu
- Department of Obstetrics, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhuwu Lv
- Department of Obstetrics, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, P. R. China
| | - Li-Long Pan
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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15
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Are Host Defense Peptides and Their Derivatives Ready to be Part of the Treatment of the Next Coronavirus Pandemic? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2021; 69:25. [PMID: 34529143 PMCID: PMC8444179 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-021-00630-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The term host defense peptides arose at the beginning to refer to those peptides that are part of the host’s immunity. Because of their broad antimicrobial capacity and immunomodulatory activity, nowadays, they emerge as a hope to combat resistant multi-drug microorganisms and emerging viruses, such as the case of coronaviruses. Since the beginning of this century, coronaviruses have been part of different outbreaks and a pandemic, and they will be surely part of the next pandemics, this review analyses whether these peptides and their derivatives are ready to be part of the treatment of the next coronavirus pandemic.
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16
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Immunomodulatory Properties of Host Defence Peptides in Skin Wound Healing. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11070952. [PMID: 34203393 PMCID: PMC8301823 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous wound healing is a vital biological process that aids skin regeneration upon injury. Wound healing failure results from persistent inflammatory conditions observed in diabetes, or autoimmune diseases like psoriasis. Chronic wounds are incurable due to factors like poor oxygenation, aberrant function of peripheral sensory nervature, inadequate nutrients and blood tissue supply. The most significant hallmark of chronic wounds is heavily aberrant immune skin function. The immune response in humans relies on a large network of signalling molecules and their interactions. Research studies have reported on the dual role of host defence peptides (HDPs), which are also often called antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Their duality reflects their potential for acting as antibacterial peptides, and as immunodulators that assist in modulating several biological signalling pathways related to processes such as wound healing, autoimmune disease, and others. HDPs may differentially control gene regulation and alter the behaviour of epithelial and immune cells, resulting in modulation of immune responses. In this review, we shed light on the understanding and most recent advances related to molecular mechanisms and immune modulatory features of host defence peptides in human skin wound healing. Understanding their functional role in skin immunity may further inspire topical treatments for chronic wounds.
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17
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Rajasekaran S, Chitraa T, Dilip Chand Raja S, Raveendran M, Sharon Miracle N, Sri Vijayanand KS, Ajoy Prasad S, Rishi Mugesh K. Subclinical infection can be an initiator of inflammaging leading to degenerative disk disease: evidence from host-defense response mechanisms. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2021; 30:2586-2604. [PMID: 33835272 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-021-06826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is considerable controversy on the role of genetics, mechanical and environmental factors, and, recently, on subclinical infection in triggering inflammaging leading to disk degeneration. The present study investigated sequential molecular events in the host, analyzing proteome level changes that will reveal triggering factors of inflammaging and degeneration. METHODS Ten MRI normal disks (ND) from braindead organ donors and 17 degenerated disks (DD) from surgery were subjected to in-gel-based label-free ESI-LC-MS/MS analysis. Bacterial-responsive host-defense response proteins/pathways leading to Inflammaging were identified and compared between ND and DD. RESULTS Out of the 263 well-established host-defense response proteins (HDRPs), 243 proteins were identified, and 64 abundantly expressed HDRPs were analyzed further. Among the 21 HDRPs common to both ND and DD, complement factor 3 (C3) and heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2) were significantly upregulated, and lysozyme (LYZ), superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3), phospholipase-A2 (PLA2G2A), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP-3) were downregulated in DD. Forty-two specific HDRPs mainly, complement proteins, apolipoproteins, and antimicrobial proteins involved in the complement cascade, neutrophil degranulation, and oxidative-stress regulation pathways representing an ongoing host response to subclinical infection and uncontrolled inflammation were identified in DD. Protein-Protein interaction analysis revealed cross talk between most of the expressed HDRPs, adding evidence to bacterial presence and stimulation of these defense pathways. CONCLUSIONS The predominance of HDRPs involved in complement cascades, neutrophil degranulation, and oxidative-stress regulation indicated an ongoing infection mediated inflammatory process in DD. Our study has documented increasing evidence for bacteria's role in triggering the innate immune system leading to chronic inflammation and degenerative disk disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajasekaran
- Department of Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, 313, Mettupalayam road, Coimbatore, India.
| | - Tangavel Chitraa
- Ganga Research Centre, No 91, Mettupalayam road, Coimbatore, 641030, India
| | - S Dilip Chand Raja
- Department of Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, 313, Mettupalayam road, Coimbatore, India
| | - M Raveendran
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | | | - K S Sri Vijayanand
- Department of Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, 313, Mettupalayam road, Coimbatore, India
| | - Shetty Ajoy Prasad
- Department of Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, 313, Mettupalayam road, Coimbatore, India
| | - Kanna Rishi Mugesh
- Department of Orthopaedics and Spine Surgery, Ganga Hospital, 313, Mettupalayam road, Coimbatore, India
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18
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Modulation of Human Beta-Defensin 2 Expression by Pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis and Commensal Lactobacilli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02002-20. [PMID: 33468461 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02002-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play an important role in the defense against pathogens by targeting and killing invading microbes. Some pathogenic bacteria have been shown to negatively regulate AMP expression, while several commensals may induce AMP expression. The expression of certain AMPs, such as human beta-defensin 2 (hBD2), can be induced via nuclear factor NF-κB, which, in turn, is negatively controlled by tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3, or A20). In this work, we examined the expression of hBD1 and hBD2 during coincubation of pharyngeal epithelial cells with pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis and commensal lactobacilli. The Lactobacillus strains induced hBD2 expression in human pharyngeal cells, while the pathogen N. meningitidis did not. In coincubation experiments, meningococci were able to dampen the AMP expression induced by lactobacilli. We found that N. meningitidis induced the NF-κB inhibitor A20. Further, RNA silencing of A20 resulted in increased hBD2 expression after meningococcal infection. Since it is known that induction of A20 reduces NF-κB activity and thus hBD2 levels, meningococcal-mediated A20 induction could be a way for the pathogen to dampen AMP expression. Finally, treatment of N. meningitidis and lactobacilli with synthetic hBD2 reduced N. meningitidis viability more efficiently than Lactobacillus reuteri, explaining why maintaining low AMP levels is important for the survival of the pathogen.
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19
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Cai J, Li X, Wang X, Jiang C, Shen D, Cui X, Xie K, Ji C, Cao Y. A human β-casein-derived peptide BCCY-1 modulates the innate immune response. Food Chem 2021; 348:129111. [PMID: 33516994 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report a novel peptide corresponding to the sequence of human β-casein (named BCCY-1), which was identified in our previous peptidome analysis of human milk and has great immunomodulatory activity. The results revealed that peptide BCCY-1, but not the scrambled version, enhanced monocyte migration without obvious toxicities. This selective effect was mediated via increased production of chemokines by peptide stimulated monocytes. Moreover, BCCY-1 exerted its modulatory effects by activating nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. The abundances of peptide BCCY-1 and the peptides partially encompassing its fragment were found to be lower in preterm milk than in term milk. Our study may lead to new insights into the immunoregulatory effects of casein-derived peptides and facilitate the discovery of novel peptide-based food and pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Cai
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengfei Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xianwei Cui
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaipeng Xie
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenbo Ji
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yan Cao
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing 210004, Jiangsu, China.
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20
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Kan HL, Wang CC, Cheng YH, Yang CL, Chang HS, Chen IS, Lin YC. Cinnamtannin B1 attenuates rosacea-like signs via inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and down-regulation of the MAPK pathway. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10548. [PMID: 33391878 PMCID: PMC7759128 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rosacea is a common inflammatory disease of facial skin. Dysregulation of innate immunity with enhanced inflammation and increased abundance of LL-37 at the epidermal site is a characteristic feature of rosacea. Cinnamtannin B1 (CB1) is a condensed tannin with anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. The aims of the study were to evaluate the potential of CB1 as a therapy for rosacea and to characterize the potential mechanisms of action. Methods We intraperitoneally administered 20 mg/kg CB1 once daily for 2 days into the LL-37-induced mouse model of rosacea. The effects of CB1 in vivo were evaluated by the observations of lesions, histology, immunohistochemistry, and the transcription and translation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Human keratinocyte HaCaT and monocyte THP-1 were used to characterize the effects of CB1 on LL-37-induced inflammation in vitro. The changes in pro-inflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the expressions of genes involved were determined by Western blotting. Results CB1 attenuated local redness, inflammation, and neutrophil recruitment in the mouse model of rosacea in vivo. CB1 suppressed myeloperoxidase (MPO) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) production, a functional homolog of interleukin-8 (IL-8), at the lesions. In vitro experiments confirmed that CB1 reversed the LL-37-induced IL-8 production in human keratinocytes HaCaT and monocyte THP-1 cells. CB1 inhibited IL-8 production through downregulating the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Conclusion CB1 attenuated LL-37-induced inflammation, specifically IL-8 production, through inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK. CB1 has potential as a treatment for rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Lin Kan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Wang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hua Cheng
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Lung Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Shuo Chang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ih-Sheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chi Lin
- Doctoral Degree Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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21
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Holani R, Babbar A, Blyth GAD, Lopes F, Jijon H, McKay DM, Hollenberg MD, Cobo ER. Cathelicidin-mediated lipopolysaccharide signaling via intracellular TLR4 in colonic epithelial cells evokes CXCL8 production. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1785802. [PMID: 32658599 PMCID: PMC7524372 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1785802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin has a physiological role in regulating gut inflammatory homeostasis. We determined that cathelicidin synergizes with LPS to facilitate its internalization and signaling via endosomic TLR4 in colonic epithelium, evoking synthesis of the human neutrophil chemoattractant, CXCL8 (or murine homolog, CXCL1). Interaction of cathelicidin with LPS in the control of CXCL8/CXCL1 synthesis was assessed in human colon epithelial cells, murine colonoids and cathelicidin-null mice (Camp-/- ). Mechanistically, human cathelicidin (LL-37), as an extracellular complex with LPS, interacted with lipid raft-associated GM1 gangliosides to internalize and activate intracellular TLR4. Two signaling pathways converged on CXCL8/CXCL1 production: (1) a p38MAPK-dependent pathway regulated by Src-EGFR kinases; and, (2) a p38MAPK-independent, NF-κB-dependent pathway, regulated by MEK1/2-MAPK. Increased cathelicidin-dependent CXCL8 secretion in the colonic mucosa activated human blood-derived neutrophils. These cathelicidin effects occurred in vitro at concentrations well below those needed for microbicidal function. The important immunomodulatory role of cathelicidins was evident in cathelicidin-null/Camp-/- mice, which had diminished colonic CXCL1 secretion, decreased neutrophil recruitment-activation and reduced bacterial clearance when challenged with the colitis-inducing murine pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. We conclude that in addition to its known microbicidal action, cathelicidin has a unique pathogen-sensing role, facilitating LPS-mediated intestinal responses, including the production of CXCL8/CXCL1 that would contribute to an integrated tissue response to recruit neutrophils during colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Holani
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anshu Babbar
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Graham A. D. Blyth
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Fernando Lopes
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Humberto Jijon
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Derek M. McKay
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Morley D. Hollenberg
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Eduardo R. Cobo
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada,CONTACT Eduardo R. Cobo Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, ABT2N 4N1, Canada
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22
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Kazemzadeh-Narbat M, Cheng H, Chabok R, Alvarez MM, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Phillips KS, Khademhosseini A. Strategies for antimicrobial peptide coatings on medical devices: a review and regulatory science perspective. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 41:94-120. [PMID: 33070659 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1828810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Indwelling and implanted medical devices are subject to contamination by microbial pathogens during surgery, insertion or injection, and ongoing use, often resulting in severe nosocomial infections. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics to reduce the incidence of such infections, as they exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, microbial biofilms, fungi, and viruses. In this review-perspective, we first provide an overview of the progress made in this field over the past decade with an emphasis on the local release of AMPs from implant surfaces and immobilization strategies for incorporating these agents into a wide range of medical device materials. We then provide a regulatory science perspective addressing the characterization and testing of AMP coatings based on the type of immobilization strategy used with a focus on the US market regulatory niche. Our goal is to help narrow the gulf between academic studies and preclinical testing, as well as to support a future literature base in order to develop the regulatory science of antimicrobial coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Kazemzadeh-Narbat
- Office of Device Evaluation, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Hao Cheng
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rosa Chabok
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
| | - Mario Moisés Alvarez
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Microsystems Technologies Laboratories, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Institute for Computational Science, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Scott Phillips
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Alford MA, Baquir B, Santana FL, Haney EF, Hancock REW. Cathelicidin Host Defense Peptides and Inflammatory Signaling: Striking a Balance. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1902. [PMID: 32982998 PMCID: PMC7481365 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-defense peptides (HDPs) are vital components of innate immunity in all vertebrates. While their antibacterial activity toward bacterial cells was the original focus for research, their ability to modulate immune and inflammatory processes has emerged as one of their major functions in the host and as a promising approach from which to develop novel therapeutics targeting inflammation and innate immunity. In this review, with particular emphasis on the cathelicidin family of peptides, the roles of natural HDPs are examined in managing immune activation, cellular recruitment, cytokine responses, and inflammation in response to infection, as well as their contribution(s) to various inflammatory disorders and autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, we discuss current efforts to develop synthetic HDPs as therapeutics aimed at restoring balance to immune responses that are dysregulated and contribute to disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan A. Alford
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Beverlie Baquir
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Felix L. Santana
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Evan F. Haney
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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24
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Hemshekhar M, Piyadasa H, Mostafa D, Chow LNY, Halayko AJ, Mookherjee N. Cathelicidin and Calprotectin Are Disparately Altered in Murine Models of Inflammatory Arthritis and Airway Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1932. [PMID: 32973796 PMCID: PMC7468387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic host defense peptides (CHDP) are immunomodulatory molecules that control infections and contribute to immune homeostasis. CHDP such as cathelicidin and calprotectin expression is altered in the arthritic synovium, and in the lungs of asthma and COPD patients. Recent studies suggest a link between airway inflammation and the immunopathology of arthritis. Therefore, in this study we compared the abundance of mouse cathelicidin (CRAMP), defensins, and calprotectin subunits (S100A8 and S100A9) in murine models of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and allergen house dust mite (HDM)-challenged airway inflammation. CRAMP, S100A8, and S100A9 abundance were significantly elevated in the joint tissues of CIA mice, whereas these were decreased in the lung tissues of HDM-challenged mice, compared to naïve. We further compared the effects of administration of two different synthetic immunomodulatory peptides, IG-19 and IDR-1002, on cathelicidin and calprotectin abundance in the two models. Administration of IG-19, which controls disease progression and inflammation in CIA mice, significantly decreased CRAMP, S100A8, and S100A9 levels to baseline in the joints of the CIA mice, which correlated with the decrease in cellular influx in the joints. However, administration of IDR-1002, which suppresses HDM-induced airway inflammation, did not prevent the decrease in the levels of cathelicidin and calprotectin in the lungs of HDM-challenged mice. Cathelicidin and calprotectin levels did not correlate with leukocyte accumulation in the lungs of the HDM-challenged mice. Results of this study suggest that endogenous cathelicidin and calprotectin abundance are disparately altered, and may be differentially regulated, within local tissues in airway inflammation compared to arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadevappa Hemshekhar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hadeesha Piyadasa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Dina Mostafa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Leola N Y Chow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Group, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Neeloffer Mookherjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Biology of Breathing Group, The Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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25
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Dhillon BK, Smith M, Baghela A, Lee AHY, Hancock REW. Systems Biology Approaches to Understanding the Human Immune System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1683. [PMID: 32849587 PMCID: PMC7406790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems biology is an approach to interrogate complex biological systems through large-scale quantification of numerous biomolecules. The immune system involves >1,500 genes/proteins in many interconnected pathways and processes, and a systems-level approach is critical in broadening our understanding of the immune response to vaccination. Changes in molecular pathways can be detected using high-throughput omics datasets (e.g., transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) by using methods such as pathway enrichment, network analysis, machine learning, etc. Importantly, integration of multiple omic datasets is becoming key to revealing novel biological insights. In this perspective article, we highlight the use of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks as a multi-omics integration approach to unravel information flow and mechanisms during complex biological events, with a focus on the immune system. This involves a combination of tools, including: InnateDB, a database of curated interactions between genes and protein products involved in the innate immunity; NetworkAnalyst, a visualization and analysis platform for InnateDB interactions; and MetaBridge, a tool to integrate metabolite data into PPI networks. The application of these systems techniques is demonstrated for a variety of biological questions, including: the developmental trajectory of neonates during the first week of life, mechanisms in host-pathogen interaction, disease prognosis, biomarker discovery, and drug discovery and repurposing. Overall, systems biology analyses of omics data have been applied to a variety of immunology-related questions, and here we demonstrate the numerous ways in which PPI network analysis can be a powerful tool in contributing to our understanding of the immune system and the study of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavjinder K. Dhillon
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maren Smith
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Arjun Baghela
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Amy H. Y. Lee
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Molecular Biology & Biochemistry Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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26
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Mitri C, Xu Z, Bardin P, Corvol H, Touqui L, Tabary O. Novel Anti-Inflammatory Approaches for Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease: Identification of Molecular Targets and Design of Innovative Therapies. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1096. [PMID: 32848733 PMCID: PMC7396676 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common genetic disorder among Caucasians, estimated to affect more than 70,000 people in the world. Severe and persistent bronchial inflammation and chronic bacterial infection, along with airway mucus obstruction, are hallmarks of CF lung disease and participate in its progression. Anti-inflammatory therapies are, therefore, of particular interest for CF lung disease. Furthermore, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in airway infection and inflammation in CF has led to the development of new therapeutic approaches that are currently under evaluation by clinical trials. These new strategies dedicated to CF inflammation are designed to treat different dysregulated aspects such as oxidative stress, cytokine secretion, and the targeting of dysregulated pathways. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to abnormal lung inflammation in CF, as well as the new anti-inflammatory strategies proposed to CF patients by exploring novel molecular targets and novel drug approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Mitri
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France.,Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Pauline Bardin
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Harriet Corvol
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France.,Département de Pédiatrie Respiratoire, Hôpital Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France.,Equipe Mucoviscidose et Bronchopathies Chroniques, Département Santé Globale, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Tabary
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
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27
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Chessa C, Bodet C, Jousselin C, Wehbe M, Lévêque N, Garcia M. Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Properties of Antimicrobial Peptides Produced by Human Keratinocytes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1155. [PMID: 32582097 PMCID: PMC7283518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocytes, the main cells of the epidermis, are the first site of replication as well as the first line of defense against many viruses such as arboviruses, enteroviruses, herpes viruses, human papillomaviruses, or vaccinia virus. During viral replication, these cells can sense virus associated molecular patterns leading to the initiation of an innate immune response composed of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides. Human keratinocytes produce and secrete at least nine antimicrobial peptides: human cathelicidin LL-37, types 1–4 human β-defensins, S100 peptides such as psoriasin (S100A7), calprotectin (S100A8/9) and koebnerisin (S100A15), and RNase 7. These peptides can exert direct antiviral effects on the viral particle or its replication cycle, and indirect antiviral activity, by modulating the host immune response. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge of antiviral and immunomodulatory properties of human keratinocyte antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Chessa
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Charles Bodet
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Clément Jousselin
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Michel Wehbe
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Lévêque
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Magali Garcia
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, LITEC EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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28
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Kang MJ, Jang AR, Park JY, Ahn JH, Lee TS, Kim DY, Jung DH, Song EJ, Hong JJ, Park JH. Cathelicidin-related Antimicrobial Peptide Contributes to Host Immune Responses Against Pulmonary Infection with Acinetobacter baumannii in Mice. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e25. [PMID: 32655973 PMCID: PMC7327154 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is known for its multidrug antibiotic resistance. New approaches to treating drug-resistant bacterial infections are urgently required. Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) is a murine antimicrobial peptide that exerts diverse immune functions, including both direct bacterial cell killing and immunomodulatory effects. In this study, we sought to identify the role of CRAMP in the host immune response to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Wild-type (WT) and CRAMP knockout mice were infected intranasally with the bacteria. CRAMP−/− mice exhibited increased bacterial colony-forming units (CFUs) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid after A. baumannii infection compared to WT mice. The loss of CRAMP expression resulted in a significant decrease in the recruitment of immune cells, primarily neutrophils. The levels of IL-6 and CXCL1 were lower, whereas the levels of IL-10 were significantly higher in the BAL fluid of CRAMP−/− mice compared to WT mice 1 day after infection. In an in vitro assay using thioglycollate-induced peritoneal neutrophils, the ability of bacterial phagocytosis and killing was impaired in CRAMP−/− neutrophils compared to the WT cells. CRAMP was also essential for the production of cytokines and chemokines in response to A. baumannii in neutrophils. In addition, the A. baumannii-induced inhibitor of κB-α degradation and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK were impaired in CRAMP−/− neutrophils, whereas ERK and JNK phosphorylation was upregulated. Our results indicate that CRAMP plays an important role in the host defense against pulmonary infection with A. baumannii by promoting the antibacterial activity of neutrophils and regulating the innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Kang
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Jang
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Hun Ahn
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Tae-Sung Lee
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dong-Yeon Kim
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Do-Hyeon Jung
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Song
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung Joo Hong
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk 28116, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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29
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Yang B, Good D, Mosaiab T, Liu W, Ni G, Kaur J, Liu X, Jessop C, Yang L, Fadhil R, Yi Z, Wei MQ. Significance of LL-37 on Immunomodulation and Disease Outcome. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8349712. [PMID: 32509872 PMCID: PMC7246396 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8349712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
LL-37, also called cathelicidin, is an important part of the human immune system, which can resist various pathogens. A plethora of experiments have demonstrated that it has the multifunctional effects of immune regulation, in addition to antimicrobial activity. Recently, there have been increasing interest in its immune function. It was found that LL-37 can have two distinct functions in different tissues and different microenvironments. Thus, it is necessary to investigate LL-37 immune functions from the two sides of the same coin. On the one side, LL-37 promotes inflammation and immune response and exerts its anti-infective and antitumor effects; on the other side, it has the ability to inhibit inflammation and promote carcinogenesis. This review presents a brief summary of its expression, structure, and immunomodulatory effects as well as brief discussions on the role of this small peptide as a key factor in the development and treatment of various inflammation-related diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Yang
- School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - David Good
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
- School of Allied Health, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Qld 4014, Australia
| | - Tamim Mosaiab
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Guoying Ni
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
- The First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Qld 4558, Australia
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital/School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Qld 4558, Australia
- Cancer Research Institute, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Calvin Jessop
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Rushdi Fadhil
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
| | - Zhengjun Yi
- School of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in Universities of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Ming Q. Wei
- School of Medical Science & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld 4215, Australia
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30
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Dai J, Zheng J, Ou W, Xu W, Ai Q, Zhang W, Niu J, Zhang Y, Mai K. The effect of dietary cecropin AD on intestinal health, immune response and disease resistance of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 100:117-125. [PMID: 32109613 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cecropin AD (CAD) is a commercial cationic antimicrobial peptide that has been seldom studied in marine fish. This study investigated the effects of dietary CAD on intestinal health, immune response, disease resistance, and growth performance of turbot. A diet using fishmeal and plant protein as the main protein resources was used as the control (crude protein 53%, crude lipid 12%). CAD was supplemented into the control diet at the level of 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg kg-1 to formulate four experimental diets, C1, C2, C3, and C4, respectively. No significant difference was observed in fish growth performance, feed utilization efficiency and whole-body composition among all groups. Dietary CAD significantly increased the activity of lysozyme and complement component 3 level in both serum and distal intestine (DI), as well as the immunoglobulin M content in DI. The gene expression of immune cytokines such as IFN-γ, IL-1β, and chemokine SmCCL19, and the goblet cell number in DI were also significantly increased by dietary CAD supplementation. Compared with the control group, the microbiota analysis indicated group C4 showed significantly decreased α-diversity, obvious alternation in dominant bacteria composition at phylum level, different clustering, and significantly decreased relative abundance of Lactobacillus. Besides, the relative abundance of Bacteroides was significantly decreased in groups C1, C3, and C4. In addition, the lowest mortality of turbot challenged with Edwardsiella tarda was observed in fish fed diets C2 and C3. In conclusion, moderate levels of CAD in diet of turbot improved the intestinal immune response without disrupting the intestinal bacterial community, and enhanced the disease resistance. However, dietary CAD at 1000 mg kg-1 greatly affected the intestinal bacterial composition and showed potentially inhibitory effects towards Lactobacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Dai
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Weihao Ou
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wenbing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yanjiao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Kangsen Mai
- The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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31
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Cai J, Li X, Du H, Jiang C, Xu S, Cao Y. Immunomodulatory significance of natural peptides in mammalians: Promising agents for medical application. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151936. [PMID: 32209241 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of immune responses by immunoregulatory agents, such as the natural or synthetic immunomodulatory peptides, has been suggested as a potential strategy to modulate immune system against infection and other immune-related diseases. These compositionally simple peptides have attracted much attention for many drug developers, due to their high activity, low toxicity and clear target specificity. Host defence peptides and milk-derived peptides are two kinds of natural immunomodulatory peptides which have been widely studied in mammalians. They could participate at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity by regulating immune effector cells. This review summarizes the recent advances in host defence peptides and milk-derived peptides as well as their general characteristics, immunomodulatory functions and possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongming Du
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengfei Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Institute, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, China.
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Immunomodulatory Functions of the Human Cathelicidin LL-37 (aa 13-31)-Derived Peptides are Associated with Predicted α-Helical Propensity and Hydrophobic Index. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090501. [PMID: 31540479 PMCID: PMC6769993 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-endotoxin activity of the cationic peptide LL-37 and its derivative IG-19 is attributed to electrostatic interaction of the peptides’ positive charge with negatively charged bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and in part to the alteration of intracellular mechanisms independent of peptide binding to LPS. We examined the immunomodulatory responses induced by IG-19 and four IG-19-derived scrambled peptides (IG-19a–d), in the presence and absence of LPS, in macrophages and peripheral blood-derived mononuclear cells. All peptides had identical net charge (+5) and amino acid composition, but different hydrophobicity and α-helical propensity. Peptide IG-19 suppressed LPS-induced cytokine/chemokine production by >90%, IG-19a and IG-19b suppressed it by 40–50%, and IG-19c and IG-19d did not suppress cytokine/chemokine production at all. In silico prediction algorithms and the peptide retention time (RT) on a C18 RP HPLC column indicated a linear association between α-helical propensity and hydrophobicity with the ability of the peptides to inhibit LPS-induced responses. Peptide RT exhibited a significant correlation (>70%) between the suppression of LPS-induced cytokine/chemokine production and peptide-induced production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA. These results indicate that RT on a C18 column can be used as a predictor for the immunomodulatory functions of cationic peptides. Overall, we demonstrated that the immunomodulatory functions of LL-37-derived peptides with identical positive charge and amino acid composition are directly associated with the predicted α-helical propensity and hydrophobicity of the peptides.
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Antimicrobial Host Defence Peptides: Immunomodulatory Functions and Translational Prospects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1117:149-171. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-3588-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Spänig S, Heider D. Encodings and models for antimicrobial peptide classification for multi-resistant pathogens. BioData Min 2019; 12:7. [PMID: 30867681 PMCID: PMC6399931 DOI: 10.1186/s13040-019-0196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are part of the inherent immune system. In fact, they occur in almost all organisms including, e.g., plants, animals, and humans. Remarkably, they show effectivity also against multi-resistant pathogens with a high selectivity. This is especially crucial in times, where society is faced with the major threat of an ever-increasing amount of antibiotic resistant microbes. In addition, AMPs can also exhibit antitumor and antiviral effects, thus a variety of scientific studies dealt with the prediction of active peptides in recent years. Due to their potential, even the pharmaceutical industry is keen on discovering and developing novel AMPs. However, AMPs are difficult to verify in vitro, hence researchers conduct sequence similarity experiments against known, active peptides. Unfortunately, this approach is very time-consuming and limits potential candidates to sequences with a high similarity to known AMPs. Machine learning methods offer the opportunity to explore the huge space of sequence variations in a timely manner. These algorithms have, in principal, paved the way for an automated discovery of AMPs. However, machine learning models require a numerical input, thus an informative encoding is very important. Unfortunately, developing an appropriate encoding is a major challenge, which has not been entirely solved so far. For this reason, the development of novel amino acid encodings is established as a stand-alone research branch. The present review introduces state-of-the-art encodings of amino acids as well as their properties in sequence and structure based aggregation. Moreover, albeit a well-chosen encoding is essential, performant classifiers are required, which is reflected by a tendency towards specifically designed models in the literature. Furthermore, we introduce these models with a particular focus on encodings derived from support vector machines and deep learning approaches. Albeit a strong focus has been set on AMP predictions, not all of the mentioned encodings have been elaborated as part of antimicrobial research studies, but rather as general protein or peptide representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Spänig
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Heider
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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LL-37 treatment on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells modulates immune response and promotes regulatory T-cells generation. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1584-1590. [PMID: 30372860 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
LL-37 is a host-defense peptide (HDP) and exerts a broad spectrum of microbicidal activity against bacteria, fungi, and viral pathogens. This peptide also interacts with human cells and influences their behavior, promoting angiogenesis, wound healing, immunomodulation, and affecting apoptosis. Lately, significant advances have been achieved regarding the elucidation of underlying mechanisms related to LL-37 effects over neutrophil and monocytes. However, how T-cells respond to LL-37 stimulation is still largely unknown. Here, we used flow cytometry to evaluate the effects of LL-37 over peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) viability, T-cell proliferation, T-cell activation, as well as the generation of regulatory T-cells (Tregs). Those aspects were assessed both in immune homeostatic and inflammatory milieu. Furthermore, we investigated the transcript levels of the inflammatory factors INF-γ, TNF-ɑ, and TGF-β in these conditions. Interestingly, our data revealed that the treatment of PBMCs with LL-37 enhanced the viability of these cells and exerted wide effects over T cell response. Upon activation, LL-37 treated T-cells presented lower proliferation and also increased generation of Tregs. Finally, while non-stimulated cells increased the expression of inflammatory factors when treated with LL-37, activated cells treated with LL-37 presented a decreased production of the same inflammatory mediators. These results are important for the immunotherapy field, and indicate that the use of LL-37 must be carefully evaluated in both homeostatic and inflammatory scenarios, since the microenvironment clearly plays a crucial role in determining how T-cells respond to LL-37.
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Juárez E, Ruiz A, Cortez O, Sada E, Torres M. Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity induced by loperamide in mycobacterial infections. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 65:29-36. [PMID: 30268801 PMCID: PMC7185470 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Loperamide modulates macrophages immune responses towards mycobacteria. Loperamide is an immunoregulator of inflammation during mycobacterial infection. Loperamide induces immunomodulatory responses and bactericidal mechanisms. The activation of opioid receptors by loperamide is involved in its immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Juárez
- Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, México City 1408, Mexico
| | - Andy Ruiz
- Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, México City 1408, Mexico
| | - Omar Cortez
- Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, México City 1408, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Sada
- Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, México City 1408, Mexico
| | - Martha Torres
- Investigación en Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Sección XVI, México City 1408, Mexico.
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37
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Hemshekhar M, Choi KYG, Mookherjee N. Host Defense Peptide LL-37-Mediated Chemoattractant Properties, but Not Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine IL-1RA Production, Is Selectively Controlled by Cdc42 Rho GTPase via G Protein-Coupled Receptors and JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1871. [PMID: 30158931 PMCID: PMC6104452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human host defense peptide LL-37 promotes immune activation such as induction of chemokine production and recruitment of leukocytes. Conversely, LL-37 also mediates anti-inflammatory responses such as production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., IL-1RA, and the control of pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., TNF. The mechanisms regulating these disparate immunomodulatory functions of LL-37 are not completely understood. Rho GTPases are GTP-binding proteins that promote fundamental immune functions such as chemokine production and recruitment of leukocytes. However, recent studies have shown that distinct Rho proteins can both negatively and positively regulate inflammation. Therefore, we interrogated the role of Rho GTPases in LL-37-mediated immunomodulation. We demonstrate that LL-37-induced production of chemokines, e.g., GRO-α and IL-8 is largely dependent on Cdc42/Rac1 Rho GTPase, but independent of the Ras pathway. In contrast, LL-37-induced production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA is not dependent on either Cdc42/Rac1 RhoGTPase or Ras GTPase. Functional studies confirmed that LL-37-induced recruitment of leukocytes (monocytes and neutrophils) is also dependent on Cdc42/Rac1 RhoGTPase activity. We demonstrate that Cdc42/Rac1-dependent bioactivity of LL-37 involves G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, but not p38 or ERK MAPK signaling. We further show that LL-37 specifically enhances the activity of Cdc42 Rho GTPase, and that the knockdown of Cdc42 suppresses LL-37-induced production of chemokines without altering the peptide's ability to induce IL-1RA. This is the first study to demonstrate the role of Rho GTPases in LL-37-mediated responses. We demonstrate that LL-37 facilitates chemokine production and leukocyte recruitment engaging Cdc42/Rac1 Rho GTPase via GPCR and the JNK MAPK pathway. In contrast, LL-37-mediated anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA production is independent of either Rho or Ras GTPase. The results of this study suggest that Cdc42 Rho GTPase may be the molecular switch that controls the opposing functions of LL-37 in the process of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadevappa Hemshekhar
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ka-Yee Grace Choi
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Neeloffer Mookherjee
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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van Dijk A, Hedegaard CJ, Haagsman HP, Heegaard PMH. The potential for immunoglobulins and host defense peptides (HDPs) to reduce the use of antibiotics in animal production. Vet Res 2018; 49:68. [PMID: 30060758 PMCID: PMC6066942 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0558-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate defense mechanisms are aimed at quickly containing and removing infectious microorganisms and involve local stromal and immune cell activation, neutrophil recruitment and activation and the induction of host defense peptides (defensins and cathelicidins), acute phase proteins and complement activation. As an alternative to antibiotics, innate immune mechanisms are highly relevant as they offer rapid general ways to, at least partially, protect against infections and enable the build-up of a sufficient adaptive immune response. This review describes two classes of promising alternatives to antibiotics based on components of the innate host defense. First we describe immunoglobulins applied to mimic the way in which they work in the newborn as locally acting broadly active defense molecules enforcing innate immunity barriers. Secondly, the potential of host defense peptides with different modes of action, used directly, induced in situ or used as vaccine adjuvants is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert van Dijk
- Division Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J. Hedegaard
- Innate Immunology Group, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henk P. Haagsman
- Division Molecular Host Defence, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M. H. Heegaard
- Innate Immunology Group, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Abstract
More than a decade has passed since the conceptualization of the "alarmin" hypothesis. The alarmin family has been expanding in terms of both number and the concept. It has recently become clear that alarmins play important roles as initiators and participants in a diverse range of physiological and pathophysiological processes such as host defense, regulation of gene expression, cellular homeostasis, wound healing, inflammation, allergy, autoimmunity, and oncogenesis. Here, we provide a general view on the participation of alarmins in the induction of innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as their contribution to tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Yang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Zhen Han
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Joost J Oppenheim
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
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De Lorenzi E, Chiari M, Colombo R, Cretich M, Sola L, Vanna R, Gagni P, Bisceglia F, Morasso C, Lin JS, Lee M, McGeer PL, Barron AE. Evidence that the Human Innate Immune Peptide LL-37 may be a Binding Partner of Amyloid-β and Inhibitor of Fibril Assembly. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:1213-1226. [PMID: 28731438 PMCID: PMC5611894 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying physiologically relevant binding partners of amyloid-β (Aβ) that modulate in vivo fibril formation may yield new insights into Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology. Human cathelicidin peptide, LL-37, is an innate immune effector and modulator, ubiquitous in human tissues and expressed in myriad cell types. OBJECTIVE We present in vitro experimental evidence and discuss findings supporting a novel hypothesis that LL-37 binds to Aβ42 and can modulate Aβ fibril formation. METHODS Specific interactions between LL-37 and Aβ (with Aβ in different aggregation states, assessed by capillary electrophoresis) were demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi). Morphological and structural changes were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Neuroinflammatory and cytotoxic effects of LL-37 alone, Aβ42 alone, and LL-37/Aβ complexes were evaluated in human microglia and neuroblastoma cell lines (SH-SY5Y). RESULTS SPRi shows binding specificity between LL-37 and Aβ, while TEM shows that LL-37 inhibits Aβ42 fibril formation, particularly Aβ's ability to form long, straight fibrils characteristic of AD. CD reveals that LL-37 prevents Aβ42 from adopting its typical β-type secondary structure. Microglia-mediated toxicities of LL-37 and Aβ42 to neurons are greatly attenuated when the two peptides are co-incubated prior to addition. We discuss the complementary biophysical characteristics and AD-related biological activities of these two peptides. CONCLUSION Based on this body of evidence, we propose that LL-37 and Aβ42 may be natural binding partners, which implies that balanced (or unbalanced) spatiotemporal expression of the two peptides could impact AD initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcella Chiari
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marina Cretich
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Sola
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition, Milan, Italy
| | - Renzo Vanna
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics (LABION), Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Gagni
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemistry of Molecular Recognition, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Morasso
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics (LABION), Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milano, Italy
| | - Jennifer S Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Moonhee Lee
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Patrick L McGeer
- Kinsmen Laboratory of Neurological Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Annelise E Barron
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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41
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Cathelicidin LL-37 Affects Surface and Intracellular Toll-Like Receptor Expression in Tissue Mast Cells. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7357162. [PMID: 29670923 PMCID: PMC5836302 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7357162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Undoubtedly, mast cells take part in host defense against microorganisms as they are numerous at the portal of infection, they release many proinflammatory and antimicrobial mediators, and they express pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs. These receptors play a key role in recognition and binding molecules associated with microorganisms and molecules associated with damage. Cathelicidins exhibit direct antimicrobial activities against a broad spectrum of microbes by perturbing their cell membranes. Accumulating evidence suggests a role for these molecules in supporting cell activation. We examined the impact of human cathelicidin LL-37 on tissue mast cell TLR expression and distribution. Depending on context, we show that LL-37 stimulation resulted in minor to major effects on TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, and TLR9 expression. Confocal microscopy analysis showed that, upon stimulation, TLRs may translocate from the cell interior to the surface and conversely. FPR2 and EGFR inhibitors reduced the increase in expression of selected receptors. We also established that LL-37 acts as a powerful inducer of CCL3 and ROS generation. These results showed that in response to LL-37, mast cells enhance the capability to detect invading pathogens by modulation of TLR expression in what may be involved FPR2 or EGFR molecules.
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42
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Lima SMF, Freire MS, Gomes ALO, Cantuária APC, Dutra FRP, Magalhães BS, Sousa MGC, Migliolo L, Almeida JA, Franco OL, Rezende TMB. Antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activity of host defense peptides, clavanins and LL-37, in vitro: An endodontic perspective. Peptides 2017; 95:16-24. [PMID: 28712894 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Endodontic treatment is mainly based on root canal disinfection and its failure may be motivated by microbial resistance. Endodontic therapy can be benefitted by host defense peptides (HDPs), which are multifunctional molecules that act against persistent infection and inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial, cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activity of several HDPs, namely clavanin A, clavanin A modified (MO) and LL-37, compared to intracanal medication Ca(OH)2. HDPs and Ca(OH)2 were evaluated by: (1) antimicrobial assays against Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis, (2) cytotoxicity assays and (3) cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 and nitric oxide (NO) production by RAW 264.7 cells incubated with or without heat-killed (HK) C. albicans or E. faecalis combined or not with interferon-γ. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was established only for E. faecalis (LL-37, 57μM). Considering cytotoxicity, clavanin MO was able to reduce cell viability in many groups and demonstrated lowest LC50. The Ca(OH)2 up-regulated the production of MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-6 and down-regulated IL-1α, IL-10 and NO. Clavanins up-regulated the TNF-α and NO and down-regulated IL-10 production. LL-37 demonstrated up-regulation of IL-6 and TNF-α production and down-regulation in IL-10 and NO production. In conclusion, LL-37 demonstrated better antibacterial potential. In addition, Ca(OH)2 demonstrated a proinflammatory response, while the HDPs modulated the inflammatory response from non-interference with the active cytokines in the osteoclastogenesis process, probably promoting the health of periradicular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Maris F Lima
- Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I, QS 07 Lote 01 EPCT, 71966-700, Águas Claras, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus Avançado Asa Norte, SGAN 916 Módulo B Avenida W5, 70790-160, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Mirna S Freire
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus Avançado Asa Norte, SGAN 916 Módulo B Avenida W5, 70790-160, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil; Programa de Doutorado da Rede Centro-Oeste, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ana Luisa O Gomes
- Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I, QS 07 Lote 01 EPCT, 71966-700, Águas Claras, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus Avançado Asa Norte, SGAN 916 Módulo B Avenida W5, 70790-160, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula C Cantuária
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus Avançado Asa Norte, SGAN 916 Módulo B Avenida W5, 70790-160, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Flávia Rodrigues P Dutra
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus Avançado Asa Norte, SGAN 916 Módulo B Avenida W5, 70790-160, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S Magalhães
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus Avançado Asa Norte, SGAN 916 Módulo B Avenida W5, 70790-160, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil; Grupo de Engenharia Metabólica Aplicada a Bioprocessos, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Maurício Gonçalves C Sousa
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus Avançado Asa Norte, SGAN 916 Módulo B Avenida W5, 70790-160, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Ludovico Migliolo
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus Avançado Asa Norte, SGAN 916 Módulo B Avenida W5, 70790-160, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil; S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Av. Tamandaré, 6000, Jardim Seminário, 79117-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jeeser A Almeida
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, Cidade Universitária, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Octávio L Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus Avançado Asa Norte, SGAN 916 Módulo B Avenida W5, 70790-160, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil; Programa de Doutorado da Rede Centro-Oeste, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, 70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil; S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Av. Tamandaré, 6000, Jardim Seminário, 79117-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Taia Maria B Rezende
- Curso de Odontologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus I, QS 07 Lote 01 EPCT, 71966-700, Águas Claras, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus Avançado Asa Norte, SGAN 916 Módulo B Avenida W5, 70790-160, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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Kraaij MD, van Dijk A, Haagsman HP. CATH-2 and LL-37 increase mannose receptor expression, antigen presentation and the endocytic capacity of chicken mononuclear phagocytes. Mol Immunol 2017; 90:118-125. [PMID: 28715682 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidins display in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory activities and are part of the innate immune system. Previously, we found that in ovo treatment with chicken cathelicidin CATH-2 partially protects young broilers against respiratory E. coli infection. To determine the cellular aspects of this protection, we investigated immunomodulatory effects of CATH-2 and the human cathelicidin LL-37 on primary chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Treatment of chicken PBMCs with L-CATH-2, D-CATH-2 or LL-37 increased the percentage of mononuclear phagocytes, but decreased that of B cells. L-CATH-2, D-CATH-2 and LL-37 treatment of chicken PBMCs also enhanced the expression levels of mannose receptor MRC1 and antigen presentation markers MHCII, CD40 and CD86 on mononuclear phagocytes, indicating increased antigen presentation capacity. Concomitantly, L-CATH-2, D-CATH-2 and LL-37 neutralized LPS-induced cytokine production, while increasing the endocytic capacity. We conclude that L-CATH-2, D-CATH-2 and LL-37 can modulate the immune response of primary chicken immune cells by increasing mannose receptor expression, antigen presentation, endocytosis and neutralizing LPS-induced cytokine production and as a result augment activation of the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina D Kraaij
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Dept. of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van Dijk
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Dept. of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henk P Haagsman
- Division of Molecular Host Defence, Dept. of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Interspecies cathelicidin comparison reveals divergence in antimicrobial activity, TLR modulation, chemokine induction and regulation of phagocytosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40874. [PMID: 28102367 PMCID: PMC5244392 DOI: 10.1038/srep40874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins are short cationic peptides initially described as antimicrobial peptides, which can also modulate the immune system. Because most findings have been described in the context of human LL-37 or murine CRAMP, or have been investigated under varying conditions, it is unclear which functions are cathelicidin specific and which functions are general cathelicidin properties. This study compares 12 cathelicidins from 6 species under standardized conditions to better understand the conservation of cathelicidin functions. Most tested cathelicidins had strong antimicrobial activity against E. coli and/or MRSA. Interestingly, while more physiological culture conditions limit the antimicrobial activity of almost all cathelicidins against E. coli, activity against MRSA is enhanced. Seven out of 12 cathelicidins were able to neutralize LPS and another 7 cathelicidins were able to neutralize LTA; however, there was no correlation found with LPS neutralization. In contrast, only 4 cathelicidins enhanced DNA-induced TLR9 activation. In conclusion, these results provide new insight in the functional differences of cathelicidins both within and between species. In addition, these results underline the importance not to generalize cathelicidin functions and indicates that caution should be taken in extrapolating results from LL-37- or CRAMP-related studies to other animal settings.
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LL-37 immunomodulatory activity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4495-503. [PMID: 26351280 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00936-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the most important infectious diseases worldwide. The susceptibility to this disease depends to a great extent on the innate immune response against mycobacteria. Host defense peptides (HDP) are one of the first barriers to counteract infection. Cathelicidin (LL-37) is an HDP that has many immunomodulatory effects besides its weak antimicrobial activity. Despite advances in the study of the innate immune response in tuberculosis, the immunological role of LL-37 during M. tuberculosis infection has not been clarified. Monocyte-derived macrophages were infected with M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv and then treated with 1, 5, or 15 μg/ml of exogenous LL-37 for 4, 8, and 24 h. Exogenous LL-37 decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) while inducing anti-inflammatory IL-10 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) production. Interestingly, the decreased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines did not reduce antimycobacterial activity. These results are consistent with the concept that LL-37 can modulate the expression of cytokines during mycobacterial infection and this activity was independent of the P2X7 receptor. Thus, LL-37 modulates the response of macrophages during infection, controlling the expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Cathelicidin impact on inflammatory cells. Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:225-35. [PMID: 26557038 PMCID: PMC4637384 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.51359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins, like other antimicrobial peptides, exhibit direct antimicrobial activities against a broad spectrum of microbes, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, enveloped viruses, and fungi. These host-derived peptides kill the invaded pathogens by perturbing their cell membranes and can neutralize biological activities of endotoxin. Nowadays, more and more data indicate that these peptides, in addition to their antimicrobial properties, possess various immunomodulatory activities. Cathelicidins have the potential to influence and modulate, both directly and indirectly, the activity of various cell populations involved in inflammatory processes and in host defense against invading pathogens. They induce migration of neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, eosinophils, and mast cells and prolong the lifespan of neutrophils. These peptides directly activate inflammatory cells to production and release of different pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory mediators, cytokines, and chemokines, however cathelicidins might mediate the generation of anti-inflammatory cytokines as well. Cathelicidins also modulate epithelial cell/keratinocyte responses to infecting pathogens. What is more, they affect activity of monocytes, dendritic cells, keratinocytes, or epithelial cells acting in synergy with cytokines or β-defensins. In addition, these peptides indirectly balance TLR-mediated responses of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, and keratinocytes. This review discusses the role and significance of cathelicidins in inflammation and innate immunity against pathogens.
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Zhang H, Xia X, Han F, Jiang Q, Rong Y, Song D, Wang Y. Cathelicidin-BF, a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide from Bungarus fasciatus, Attenuates Disease in a Dextran Sulfate Sodium Model of Colitis. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1648-61. [PMID: 25807257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are molecules of innate immunity. Cathelicidin-BF is the first cathelicidin peptide found in reptiles. However, the immunoregulatory and epithelial barrier protective properties of C-BF have not been reported. Inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, can lead to colon cancer, the third most common malignant tumor. The objective is to develop the new found cathelicidin-BF as a therapeutic to patients of ulcerative colitis. The morphology of the colon epithelium was observed by H&E staining; apoptosis index and infiltration of inflammatory cells in colonic epithelium were measured by TUNEL and immunohistochemistry; the expression level of endogenous mCRAMP was analyzed by immunofluorescence; and phosphorylation of the transcription factors c-jun and NF-κB in colon were analyzed by Western blot. Our results showed that the morphology of the colon epithelium in the C-BF+DSS group was improved compared with the DSS group. Apoptosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells in colonic epithelium were also significantly attenuated in the C-BF+DSS group compared with the DSS group, and the expression level of endogenous mCRAMP in the DSS group was significantly higher than other groups. DSS-induced phosphorylation level of c-jun and NF-κB while C-BF effectively inhibited phosphorylation of NF-κB (p65). The barrier protective effect of C-BF was still excellent. In conclusion, C-BF effectively attenuated inflammation and improved disrupted barrier function. Notably, this is the first report to demonstrate that C-BF attenuates DSS-induced UC both through the regulation of intestinal immune and retention of barrier function, and the exact pathway was through NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Hua Dong), Ministry of Agriculture College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Hua Dong), Ministry of Agriculture College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Feifei Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Hua Dong), Ministry of Agriculture College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Hua Dong), Ministry of Agriculture College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yili Rong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Hua Dong), Ministry of Agriculture College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Deguang Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Hua Dong), Ministry of Agriculture College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Hua Dong), Ministry of Agriculture College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Guo FF, Fang JY. Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 and gastrointestinal diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:5454-5459. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i35.5454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defense antimicrobial peptides are key components of the human innate immunity that plays an indispensable role in human health. Cathelicidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides in mammals. LL-37, the only cathelicidin described so far in humans, plays a critical role in host defense against pathogen invasion, as well as regulating the functions of anti-inflammation, anti-tumorigenesis and tissue repair. Emerging evidence suggests that LL-37 is related to several kinds of gastrointestinal diseases, and its application to the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases has become a growing concern. This review aims to elucidate the structure and biological activity of LL-37 and discuss the recent progress in understanding the relationship between LL-37 and gastrointestinal diseases.
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Complexity of antimicrobial peptide regulation during pathogen-host interactions. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 45:447-54. [PMID: 25532742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a key component of the immune system and are expressed by a large variety of organisms. AMPs are capable of eliminating a broad range of micro-organisms, illustrated by murine models where lack of AMP expression resulted in enhanced susceptibility to infection. Despite the importance of AMPs in immune defences, it is not clear whether a change in AMP expression is pathogen-specific or reflects a general response to groups of pathogens. Furthermore, it is unclear how the evoked change in AMP expression affects the host. To fully exploit the therapeutic potential of AMPs - by direct application of peptides or by using AMP-inducers - it is crucial to gain an insight into the complexity involved in pathogen-mediated regulation of AMP expression. This review summarises current knowledge on how AMP expression is affected by pathogens. In addition, the relevance and specificity of these changes in AMPs during infection will be discussed.
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