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Zwiehoff S, Johny J, Behrends C, Landmann A, Mentzel F, Bäumer C, Kröninger K, Rehbock C, Timmermann B, Barcikowski S. Enhancement of Proton Therapy Efficiency by Noble Metal Nanoparticles Is Driven by the Number and Chemical Activity of Surface Atoms. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106383. [PMID: 34921500 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Proton-based radiotherapy is a modern technique for the treatment of solid tumors with significantly reduced side effects to adjacent tissues. Biocompatible nanoparticles (NPs) with high atomic numbers are known to serve as sensitizers and to enhance treatment efficacy, which is commonly believed to be attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, little systematic knowledge is available on how either physical effects due to secondary electron generation or the particle surface chemistry affect ROS production. Thereto, ligand-free colloidal platinum (Pt) and gold (Au) NPs with well-controlled particle size distributions and defined total surface area are proton-irradiated. A fluorescence-based assay is developed to monitor the formation of ROS using terephthalic acid as a cross-effect-free dye. The findings indicate that proton irradiation (PI)-induced ROS formation sensitized by noble metal NPs is driven by the total available particle surface area rather than particle size or mass. Furthermore, a distinctive material effect with Pt being more active than Au is observed which clearly indicates that the chemical reactivity of the NP surface is a main contributor to ROS generation upon PI. These results pave the way towards an in-depth understanding of the NP-induced sensitizing effects upon PI and hence a well-controlled enhanced therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Zwiehoff
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I, (CENIDE), (ZMB), 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Jacob Johny
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I, (CENIDE), (ZMB), 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Carina Behrends
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Physics, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), West German Cancer Centre (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Alina Landmann
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Physics, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Florian Mentzel
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Physics, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Bäumer
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Physics, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), West German Cancer Centre (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Kröninger
- TU Dortmund University, Department of Physics, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christoph Rehbock
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I, (CENIDE), (ZMB), 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Beate Timmermann
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), West German Cancer Centre (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Department of Particle Therapy, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Barcikowski
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Technical Chemistry I, (CENIDE), (ZMB), 45141, Essen, Germany
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Deokar RG, Barik A. Transient species of esculetin produced in pulse radiolysis: experimental and quantum chemical investigations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18573-18584. [PMID: 32785355 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03130e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Radiation chemical studies of esculetin (E), a dihydroxycoumarin derivative, were performed using a pulse radiolysis technique employing kinetic spectrometer and quantum chemical calculations. Both the oxidizing radicals, hydroxyl (˙OH) and azide (N3˙) radicals, and the reducing radical hydrated electron (eaq-) and hydrogen atom (H˙) reactions of E were used for the present study. The reaction of ˙OH and N3˙ radicals with E produced transients that absorbed at 410 nm; additionally, another broad band at 510 nm was observed for the ˙OH radical reaction. The reaction of ˙OH radicals with E formed the phenoxyl radical and ˙OH-adducts. It was revealed that 32% of the ˙OH radical reaction products of E were oxidizing in nature and 47% were reducing in nature. The carbonyl group of E was reduced by eaq- and subsequently converted to a neutral radical adduct upon protonation. Similarly, the H˙ atom reaction with E yielded a neutral adduct along with H˙ atom addition products. The transient product absorbed at 380 nm when E was reduced by eaq- and the H˙ atom; additionally, the H˙ atom addition product absorbed at 500 nm. In the case of E, the oxidizing radicals were reactive towards the aromatic ring and the phenolic OH group, whereas the reducing radicals were reactive towards the carbonyl group of E. Quantum chemical calculations using DFT and TD-DFT methods have supported the experimental observation. There was good agreement between the experimental and theoretical data on a number of occasions. Based on the energetics of the transients, it was suggested that the addition products were exothermic in nature. In the addition reaction with the ˙OH radical, there was a slight increase in the C-C bond length adjacent to the addition site compared to the remaining bonds. During the reduction process through the carbonyl group, the [double bond splayed left]C[double bond, length as m-dash]O bond length was increased from 1.221 Å to 1.358 Å. There was an excellent correlation between the calculated and experimentally observed absorption maximum for the oxidized product of E. Overall, these redox studies may find application in developing hydroxycoumarin derivatives as an antioxidant or as an electron transporting agent in biochemical processes. In addition, this information will be helpful for understanding the mechanism of removing pollutant dyes by advanced oxidation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali G Deokar
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
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Derbalah A, Sunday M, Kato R, Takeda K, Sakugawa H. Photoformation of reactive oxygen species and their potential to degrade highly toxic carbaryl and methomyl in river water. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125464. [PMID: 31790988 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) including singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxylradicals (OH) photogenerated in natural waters play important roles in indirect photolysis of man-made pollutants. This study was conducted to investigate how the generation of these two ROS influences the degradation of two highly toxic insecticides (methomyl and carbaryl) in river water. To accomplish this, the reaction rate constants of 1O2 and OH with carbaryl and methomyl were determined; the degradation rate constants of the tested insecticides in ultrapure water (direct photolysis) and in river water in the presence and absence of 1O2 and OH scavengers were also measured. The rate constants for the reaction of OH with carbaryl and methomyl were found to be (14.8 ± 0.64) × 109 and (4.68 ± 0.52) × 109 M-1 s-1, respectively. The reaction rate constant of 1O2 with carbaryl (2.98 ± 0.10) × 105 M-1 s-1, was much higher than that of methomyl (<104 M-1 s-1). Indirect photolysis by OH accounted for 63% and 62%, while 1O2 accounted for 26% and 30% and direct photolysis accounted for 1.4% and 7% of methomyl and carbaryl degradation, respectively. The high degradation rate in river water demonstrated by both insecticides suggests that indirect photolysis mediated by OH is an important means of their degradation in river water. In addition, kinetic calculations of OH-mediated degradation rate constants of the compounds agrees with their experimentally-determined values thereby confirming the importance of OH towards their degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aly Derbalah
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan; Pesticides Chemistry and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Michael Sunday
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, P.M.B 704, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Ryota Kato
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takeda
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakugawa
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
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Maeyama T, Hase S. Nanoclay gel-based radio-fluorogenic gel dosimeters using various fluorescence probes. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Hydroxyl radical generation with a high power ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) and application for determination of hydroxyl radical reaction rate constants. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sicard-Roselli C, Brun E, Gilles M, Baldacchino G, Kelsey C, McQuaid H, Polin C, Wardlow N, Currell F. A new mechanism for hydroxyl radical production in irradiated nanoparticle solutions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:3338-46. [PMID: 24863679 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The absolute yield of hydroxyl radicals per unit of deposited X-ray energy is determined for the first time for irradiated aqueous solutions containing metal nanoparticles based on a "reference" protocol. Measurements are made as a function of dose rate and nanoparticle concentration. Possible mechanisms for hydroxyl radical production are considered in turn: energy deposition in the nanoparticles followed by its transport into the surrounding environment is unable to account for observed yield whereas energy deposition in the water followed by a catalytic-like reaction at the water-nanoparticle interface can account for the total yield and its dependence on dose rate and nanoparticle concentration. This finding is important because current models used to account for nanoparticle enhancement to radiobiological damage only consider the primary interaction with the nanoparticle, not with the surrounding media. Nothing about the new mechanism appears to be specific to gold, the main requirements being the formation of a structured water layer in the vicinity of the nanoparticle possibly through the interaction of its charge and the water dipoles. The massive hydroxyl radical production is relevant to a number of application fields, particularly nanomedicine since the hydroxyl radical is responsible for the majority of radiation-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Sicard-Roselli
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique CNRS UMR8000, Université Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
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Feig M, Sugita Y. Reaching new levels of realism in modeling biological macromolecules in cellular environments. J Mol Graph Model 2013; 45:144-56. [PMID: 24036504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies are aimed at modeling cellular environments in a comprehensive and realistic fashion. A major challenge in these efforts is how to bridge spatial and temporal scales over many orders of magnitude. Furthermore, there are additional challenges in integrating different aspects ranging from questions about biomolecular stability in crowded environments to the description of reactive processes on cellular scales. In this review, recent studies with models of biomolecules in cellular environments at different levels of detail are discussed in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. In particular, atomistic models, implicit representations of cellular environments, coarse-grained and spheroidal models of biomolecules, as well as the inclusion of reactive processes via reaction-diffusion models are described. Furthermore, strategies for integrating the different models into a comprehensive description of cellular environments are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Feig
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, BCH 218, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, International Medical Device Alliance (IMDA) 6F, 1-6-5 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.
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Yamashita S, Baldacchino G, Maeyama T, Taguchi M, Muroya Y, Lin M, Kimura A, Murakami T, Katsumura Y. Mechanism of radiation-induced reactions in aqueous solution of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid: Effects of concentration, gas and additive on fluorescent product yield. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:861-71. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.684879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Fukuto JM, Carrington SJ, Tantillo DJ, Harrison JG, Ignarro LJ, Freeman BA, Chen A, Wink DA. Small molecule signaling agents: the integrated chemistry and biochemistry of nitrogen oxides, oxides of carbon, dioxygen, hydrogen sulfide, and their derived species. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:769-93. [PMID: 22263838 PMCID: PMC4061765 DOI: 10.1021/tx2005234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several small molecule species formally known primarily as toxic gases have, over the past 20 years, been shown to be endogenously generated signaling molecules. The biological signaling associated with the small molecules NO, CO, H₂S (and the nonendogenously generated O₂), and their derived species have become a topic of extreme interest. It has become increasingly clear that these small molecule signaling agents form an integrated signaling web that affects/regulates numerous physiological processes. The chemical interactions between these species and each other or biological targets is an important factor in their roles as signaling agents. Thus, a fundamental understanding of the chemistry of these molecules is essential to understanding their biological/physiological utility. This review focuses on this chemistry and attempts to establish the chemical basis for their signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Fukuto
- Department of Chemistry, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California 94928, USA.
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Abstract
The hydroxyl radical is the primary mediator of DNA damage by the indirect effect of ionizing radiation. It is a powerful oxidizing agent produced by the radiolysis of water and is responsible for a significant fraction of the DNA damage associated with ionizing radiation. There is therefore an interest in the development of sensitive assays for its detection. The hydroxylation of aromatic groups to produce fluorescent products has been used for this purpose. We have examined four different chromophores which produce fluorescent products when hydroxylated. Of these, the coumarin system suffers from the fewest disadvantages. We have therefore examined its behavior when linked to a cationic peptide ligand designed to bind strongly to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky J Tang
- Department of Radiology, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0610
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Beljaars CP, Balk JM, Bast A, Haenen GRMM. Prevention of a systematic underestimation of antioxidant activity in competition assays. The impact of unspecific reactions of the reactive species. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 392:346-350. [PMID: 20067762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In antioxidant competition assays, an antioxidant (A) and a detector compound (D) compete for a reactive species (R). In the evaluation of these assays, it is tacitly assumed that all of R is captured by either D or A. Due to the - by definition - high reactivity of R, unspecific reactions of R are likely to occur and neglecting these reactions will result in a systematic underestimation of antioxidant activity. It was shown that in the standard hydroxyl radical scavenging assay this was indeed the case; the inaccurate mathematical evaluation resulted in an underestimation of antioxidant activity of 25% in this competition assay. The systematic underestimation of antioxidant activity can be prevented by using an adjusted Stern-Volmer equation that takes into account that only part of R is captured by D or A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan P Beljaars
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Balk JM, Bast A, Haenen GRMM. Evaluation of the accuracy of antioxidant competition assays: incorrect assumptions with major impact. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:135-44. [PMID: 19362587 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The activity of antioxidants is frequently determined in competition assays. In these assays an antioxidant (A) and a detector molecule (D) compete for the reactive species (R). The competitive inhibitory effect of A on the reaction of D with R is a measure of the antioxidant activity of A. In determining the activity of A, it is in general incorrectly assumed that the concentrations of A and D remain equal to the initial concentration. However, the principle of the assay is that some A and D is consumed and consequently the concentrations of A and D will decrease during a competition assay, resulting in a deviation in the observed antioxidant activity. Computer modeling was used to obtain a graphical tool to estimate the extent of the deviation caused by the incorrect assumption that the concentrations of A and D do not decrease. Several competition assays were evaluated using this graphical tool, demonstrating that frequently inaccurate antioxidant activities have been reported. In general, differences between antioxidants are underestimated and the activity of all antioxidants shifts toward the antioxidant activity of D. A strategy is provided to improve the accuracy of a competition assay. To obtain accurate results in a competition assay, the reaction rate constant of the detector molecule with the reactive species should be comparable to that of the antioxidant. In addition, the concentration of the reactive species should be as low as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiska M Balk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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