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Lai JJ, Chau ZL, Chen S, Hill JJ, Korpany KV, Liang N, Lin L, Lin Y, Liu JK, Liu Y, Lunde R, Shen W. Exosome Processing and Characterization Approaches for Research and Technology Development. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103222. [PMID: 35332686 PMCID: PMC9130923 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that share components of their parent cells and are attractive in biotechnology and biomedical research as potential disease biomarkers as well as therapeutic agents. Crucial to realizing this potential is the ability to manufacture high-quality exosomes; however, unlike biologics such as proteins, exosomes lack standardized Good Manufacturing Practices for their processing and characterization. Furthermore, there is a lack of well-characterized reference exosome materials to aid in selection of methods for exosome isolation, purification, and analysis. This review informs exosome research and technology development by comparing exosome processing and characterization methods and recommending exosome workflows. This review also provides a detailed introduction to exosomes, including their physical and chemical properties, roles in normal biological processes and in disease progression, and summarizes some of the on-going clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Lai
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Zoe L. Chau
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Sheng‐You Chen
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - John J. Hill
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | | | - Nai‐Wen Liang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
| | - Li‐Han Lin
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringNational Taiwan UniversityTaipei City10617Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Hsuan Lin
- Department of Engineering and System ScienceNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
| | - Joanne K. Liu
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Yu‐Chung Liu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
| | - Ruby Lunde
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Wei‐Ting Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental SciencesNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
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2
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Sharma S, Bhatia V. Magnetic nanoparticles in microfluidics-based diagnostics: an appraisal. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1329-1342. [PMID: 34027677 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in microfluidics based diagnostics is a classic case of micro-, nano- and bio-technology coming together to design extremely controllable, reproducible, and scalable nano and micro 'on-chip bio sensing systems.' In this review, applications of MNPs in microfluidics ranging from molecular diagnostics and immunodiagnostics to clinical uses have been examined. In addition, microfluidic mixing and capture of analytes using MNPs, and MNPs as carriers in microfluidic devices has been investigated. Finally, the challenges and future directions of this upcoming field have been summarized. The use of MNP-based microfluidic devices, will help in developing decentralized or 'point of care' testing globally, contributing to affordable healthcare, particularly, for middle- and low-income developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, India
| | - Vinayak Bhatia
- ICARE Eye Hospital & Postgraduate Institute, Noida, U.P., India
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3
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Abstract
Stimulus-responsive polymers have been used in improving the efficacy of medical diagnostics through different approaches including enhancing the contrast in imaging techniques and promoting the molecular recognition in diagnostic assays. This review overviews the mechanisms of stimulus-responsive polymers in response to external stimuli including temperature, pH, ion, light, etc. The applications of responsive polymers in magnetic resonance imaging, capture and purification of biomolecules through protein-ligand recognition and lab-on-a-chip technology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divambal Appavoo
- NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, FL 32826, USA.
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4
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Khizar S, Ben Halima H, Ahmad NM, Zine N, Errachid A, Elaissari A. Magnetic nanoparticles in microfluidic and sensing: From transport to detection. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1206-1224. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Khizar
- Université de Lyon LAGEP, UMR‐5007, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, 5007 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918 Villeurbanne F‐69622 France
- Polymer Research Lab School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) H‐12 Sector Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Hamdi Ben Halima
- Université de Lyon Institut des Science Analytiques UMR 5280, CNRS Université Lyon 1 ENS Lyon-5, rue de la Doua Villeurbanne F‐69100 France
| | - Nasir M. Ahmad
- Polymer Research Lab School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) H‐12 Sector Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Nadia Zine
- Université de Lyon Institut des Science Analytiques UMR 5280, CNRS Université Lyon 1 ENS Lyon-5, rue de la Doua Villeurbanne F‐69100 France
| | - Abdelhamid Errachid
- Université de Lyon Institut des Science Analytiques UMR 5280, CNRS Université Lyon 1 ENS Lyon-5, rue de la Doua Villeurbanne F‐69100 France
| | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- Université de Lyon LAGEP, UMR‐5007, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, 5007 43 Bd 11 Novembre 1918 Villeurbanne F‐69622 France
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5
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Hoffman AS, Stayton PS. Applications of “Smart Polymers” as Biomaterials. Biomater Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816137-1.00016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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6
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Li X, Huffman J, Ranganathan N, He Z, Li P. Acoustofluidic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) platform enabled by coupled acoustic streaming. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1079:129-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Seyfoori A, Seyyed Ebrahimi SA, Yousefi A, Akbari M. Efficient targeted cancer cell detection, isolation and enumeration using immuno-nano/hybrid magnetic microgels. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:3359-3372. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00552h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nano/hybrid structures have drawn ample attention in the field of biotechnology due to their excellent magnetic properties and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Seyfoori
- Advanced Magnetic Materials Research Center
- College of Engineering
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - S. A. Seyyed Ebrahimi
- Advanced Magnetic Materials Research Center
- College of Engineering
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Arman Yousefi
- Advanced Magnetic Materials Research Center
- College of Engineering
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Victoria
- Canada
- Center for Biomedical Research
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8
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Alam MK, Koomson E, Zou H, Yi C, Li CW, Xu T, Yang M. Recent advances in microfluidic technology for manipulation and analysis of biological cells (2007–2017). Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1044:29-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Jauregui R, Srinivasan S, Vojtech LN, Gammill HS, Chiu DT, Hladik F, Stayton PS, Lai JJ. Temperature-Responsive Magnetic Nanoparticles for Enabling Affinity Separation of Extracellular Vesicles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33847-33856. [PMID: 30152229 PMCID: PMC6538933 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b09751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Small magnetic nanoparticles that have surfaces decorated with stimuli-responsive polymers can be reversibly aggregated via a stimulus, such as temperature, to enable efficient and rapid biomarker separation. To fully realize the potential of these particles, the synthesis needs to be highly reproducible and scalable to large quantity. We have developed a new synthesis for temperature-responsive magnetic nanoparticles via an in situ co-precipitation process of Fe2+/Fe3+ salts at room temperature with poly(acrylic acid)- block-poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) diblock co-polymer template, synthesized via the reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization method. These particles were 56% polymer by weight with a 6.5:1 Fe/COOH ratio and demonstrated remarkable stability over a 2 month period. The hydrodynamic diameter remained constant at ∼28 nm with a consistent transition temperature of 34 °C, and the magnetic particle separation efficiency at 40 °C was ≥95% over the 2 month span. These properties were maintained for all large-scale synthesis batches. To demonstrate the practical utility of the stimuli-responsive magnetic nanoparticles, the particles were incorporated into a temperature-responsive binary reagent system and efficiently separated a model protein biomarker (mouse IgG) as well as purified extracellular vesicles derived from a human biofluid, seminal plasma. The ease of using these particles will prove beneficial for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Jauregui
- Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lucia N. Vojtech
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Hilary S. Gammill
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Daniel T. Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Florian Hladik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - James J. Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Stolarczyk JK, Meledandri CJ, Clarke SP, Brougham DF. Size selectable nanoparticle assemblies with magnetic anisotropy tunable across the superparamagnetic to ferromagnetic range. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:13337-13340. [PMID: 27709207 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05871j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel approach for the preparation of magnetic nanoparticle clusters of controlled size and selectable magnetic anisotropy, which provides materials with properties selectable for biomedical applications and as components in magnetically responsive nanocomposites. The assembly process is based on a ligand desorption strategy and allows selection of nanoparticle size and temporal control over final cluster size. Detailed NMR analysis of the suspensions pinpoints the role of particle size in controlling the interparticle interactions, within the clusters, which effectively determine the anisotropy. Colloidal interaction modelling confirms this interpretation and provides a means to predict both colloidal stability and magnetic anisotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek K Stolarczyk
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Department of Physics and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 Munich, Germany and Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Carla J Meledandri
- Department of Chemistry and MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah P Clarke
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Dermot F Brougham
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Purkait MK, Sinha MK, Mondal P, Singh R. Magnetic-Responsive Membranes. INTERFACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813961-5.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Ta DT, Vanella R, Nash MA. Magnetic Separation of Elastin-like Polypeptide Receptors for Enrichment of Cellular and Molecular Targets. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7932-7939. [PMID: 29087202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs) are promising tools for a variety of biomedical applications, from immunoassays and biosensors to theranostics and drug-delivery. In such applications, conjugation of affinity proteins (e.g., antibodies) to the nanoparticle surface many times compromises biological activity and specificity, leading to increased reagent consumption and decreased assay performance. To address this problem, we engineered a biomolecular magnetic separation system that eliminates the need to chemically modify nanoparticles with the capture biomolecules or synthetic polymers of any kind. The system consists of (i) thermoresponsive magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles displaying poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm), and (ii) an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) fused with the affinity protein Cohesin (Coh). Proper design of pNIPAm-mNPs and ELP-Coh allowed for efficient cross-aggregation of the two distinct nanoparticle types under collapsing stimuli, which enabled magnetic separation of ELP-Coh aggregates bound to target Dockerin (Doc) molecules. Selective resolubilization of the ELP-Coh/Doc complexes was achieved under intermediate conditions under which only the pNIPAm-mNPs remained aggregated. We show that ELP-Coh is capable of magnetically separating and purifying nanomolar quantities of Doc as well as eukaryotic whole cells displaying the complementary Doc domain from diluted human plasma. This modular system provides magnetic enrichment and purification of captured molecular targets and eliminates the requirement of biofunctionalization of magnetic nanoparticles to achieve bioseparations. Our streamlined and simplified approach is amenable for point-of-use applications and brings the advantages of ELP-fusion proteins to the realm of magnetic particle separation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Tien Ta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) , 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Vanella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) , 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Nash
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) , 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Magnetic-Responsive Microparticles that Switch Shape at 37 °C. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7111203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Nehilla BJ, Hill JJ, Srinivasan S, Chen YC, Schulte TH, Stayton PS, Lai JJ. A Stimuli-Responsive, Binary Reagent System for Rapid Isolation of Protein Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10404-10410. [PMID: 27686335 PMCID: PMC6750004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic microbeads exhibit rapid separation characteristics and are widely employed for biomolecule and cell isolations in research laboratories, clinical diagnostics assays, and cell therapy manufacturing. However, micrometer particle diameters compromise biomarker recognition, which leads to long incubation times and significant reagent demands. Here, a stimuli-responsive binary reagent system is presented that combines the nanoscale benefits of efficient biomarker recognition and the microscale benefits of rapid magnetic separation. This system comprises magnetic nanoparticles and polymer-antibody (Ab) conjugates that transition from hydrophilic nanoscale reagents to microscale aggregates in response to temperature stimuli. The binary reagent system was benchmarked against Ab-labeled Dynabeads in terms of biomarker isolation kinetics, assay speed, and reagent needs. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements showed that polymer conjugation did not significantly alter the Ab's binding affinity or kinetics. ELISA analysis showed that the unconjugated Ab, polymer-Ab conjugates, and Ab-labeled Dynabeads exhibited similar equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd), ∼2 nM. However, the binary reagent system isolated HIV p24 antigen from spiked serum specimens (150 pg/mL) much more quickly than Dynabeads, which resulted in shorter binding times by tens of minutes, or about 30-50% shorter overall assay times. The binary reagent system showed improved performance because the Ab molecules were not conjugated to large, solid microparticle surfaces. This stimuli-responsive binary reagent system illustrates the potential advantages of nanoscale reagents in molecule and cell isolations for both research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John J. Hill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Yen-Chi Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Thomas H. Schulte
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - James J. Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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15
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Phan JC, Nehilla BJ, Srinivasan S, Coombs RW, Woodrow KA, Lai JJ. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Separation and Enrichment via the Combination of Antiviral Lectin Recognition and a Thermoresponsive Reagent System. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2411-20. [PMID: 27401412 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1980-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In order to improve the detection limit of existing HIV diagnostic assays, we explored the use of a temperature-responsive magnetic nanoparticle reagent system in conjunction with cyanovirin-N for HIV recognition to rapidly and efficiently concentrate viral particles from larger sample volumes, ~ 1 ml. METHODS Cyanovirin-N (CVN) mutant, Q62C, was expressed, biotinylated, and then complexed with a thermally responsive polymer-streptavidin conjugate. Confirmation of protein expression/activity was performed using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and a TZM-bl HIV inhibition assay. Biotinylated CVN mutant recognition with gp120 was characterized using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Virus separation and enrichment using a thermoresponsive magnetic nanoparticle reagent system were measured using RT-PCR. RESULTS Biotinylated Q62C exhibited a KD of 0.6 nM to gp120. The temperature-responsive binary reagent system achieved a maximum viral capture of nearly 100% HIV, 1 × 10(5) virus copies in 100 μl, using pNIPAAm-Q62C within 30 minutes. Additionally, the same reagent system achieved nearly 9-fold enrichment by processing a 10-times larger sample of 1000 μl (Fig. 3). CONCLUSION This work demonstrated a temperature-responsive reagent system that provides enrichment of HIV using antiviral lectin CVN for recognition, which is potentially amenable for use in point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Phan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Barrett J Nehilla
- Nexgenia, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd., Fluke Hall, Suite 312-1, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Selvi Srinivasan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Robert W Coombs
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98104, USA
| | - Kim A Woodrow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.
| | - James J Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 355061, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA.
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16
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Alhusban AA, Breadmore MC, Gueven N, Guijt RM. Capillary electrophoresis for automated on-line monitoring of suspension cultures: Correlating cell density, nutrients and metabolites in near real-time. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 920:94-101. [PMID: 27114228 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly stringent demands on the production of biopharmaceuticals demand monitoring of process parameters that impact on their quality. We developed an automated platform for on-line, near real-time monitoring of suspension cultures by integrating microfluidic components for cell counting and filtration with a high-resolution separation technique. This enabled the correlation of the growth of a human lymphocyte cell line with changes in the essential metabolic markers, glucose, glutamine, leucine/isoleucine and lactate, determined by Sequential Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis (SI-CE). Using 8.1 mL of media (41 μL per run), the metabolic status and cell density were recorded every 30 min over 4 days. The presented platform is flexible, simple and automated and allows for fast, robust and sensitive analysis with low sample consumption and high sample throughput. It is compatible with up- and out-scaling, and as such provides a promising new solution to meet the future demands in process monitoring in the biopharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala A Alhusban
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia; Australian Center of Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Tasmania, Australia; School of Medicine and ACROSS, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Center of Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nuri Gueven
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rosanne M Guijt
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia; School of Medicine and ACROSS, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Australia.
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Shields CW, Reyes CD, López GP. Microfluidic cell sorting: a review of the advances in the separation of cells from debulking to rare cell isolation. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1230-49. [PMID: 25598308 PMCID: PMC4331226 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and high throughput cell sorting is a critical enabling technology in molecular and cellular biology, biotechnology, and medicine. While conventional methods can provide high efficiency sorting in short timescales, advances in microfluidics have enabled the realization of miniaturized devices offering similar capabilities that exploit a variety of physical principles. We classify these technologies as either active or passive. Active systems generally use external fields (e.g., acoustic, electric, magnetic, and optical) to impose forces to displace cells for sorting, whereas passive systems use inertial forces, filters, and adhesion mechanisms to purify cell populations. Cell sorting on microchips provides numerous advantages over conventional methods by reducing the size of necessary equipment, eliminating potentially biohazardous aerosols, and simplifying the complex protocols commonly associated with cell sorting. Additionally, microchip devices are well suited for parallelization, enabling complete lab-on-a-chip devices for cellular isolation, analysis, and experimental processing. In this review, we examine the breadth of microfluidic cell sorting technologies, while focusing on those that offer the greatest potential for translation into clinical and industrial practice and that offer multiple, useful functions. We organize these sorting technologies by the type of cell preparation required (i.e., fluorescent label-based sorting, bead-based sorting, and label-free sorting) as well as by the physical principles underlying each sorting mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wyatt Shields
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Lai JJ, Stayton PS. Improving lateral-flow immunoassay (LFIA) diagnostics via biomarker enrichment for mHealth. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1256:71-84. [PMID: 25626532 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2172-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Optical detection technologies based on mobile devices can be utilized to enable many mHealth applications, including a reader for lateral-flow immunoassay (LFIA). However, an intrinsic challenge associated with LFIA for clinical diagnostics is the limitation in sensitivity. Therefore, rapid and simple specimen processing strategies can directly enable more sensitive LFIA by purifying and concentrating biomarkers. Here, a binary reagent system is presented for concentrating analytes from a larger volume specimen to improve the malaria LFIA's limit of detection (LOD). The biomarker enrichment process utilizes temperature-responsive gold-streptavidin conjugates, biotinylated antibodies, and temperature-responsive magnetic nanoparticles. The temperature-responsive gold colloids were synthesized by modifying the citrate-stabilized gold colloids with a diblock copolymer, containing a thermally responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) segment and a gold-binding block composed of NIPAAm-co-N,N-dimethylaminoethylacrylamide. The gold-streptavidin conjugates were synthesized by conjugating temperature-responsive gold colloids with streptavidin via covalent linkages using carbodiimide chemistry chemistry. The gold conjugates formed half-sandwiches, gold labeled biomarker, by complexing with biotinylated antibodies that were bound to Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2), a malaria antigen. When a thermal stimulus was applied in conjunction with a magnetic field, the half-sandwiches and temperature-responsive magnetic nanoparticles that were both decorated with pNIPAAm formed large aggregates that were efficiently magnetically separated from human plasma. The binary reagent system was applied to a large volume (500 μL) specimen for concentrating biomarker 50-fold into a small volume and applied directly to an off-the-shelf malaria LFIA to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Hoffman JM, Stayton PS, Hoffman AS, Lai JJ. Stimuli-responsive reagent system for enabling microfluidic immunoassays with biomarker purification and enrichment. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 26:29-38. [PMID: 25405605 PMCID: PMC4306508 DOI: 10.1021/bc500522k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Immunoassays
have been translated into microfluidic device formats,
but significant challenges relating to upstream sample processing
still limit their applications. Here, stimuli-responsive polymer–antibody
conjugates are utilized in a microfluidic immunoassay to enable rapid
biomarker purification and enrichment as well as sensitive detection.
The conjugates were constructed by covalently grafting poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), a thermally responsive
polymer, to the lysine residues of anti-prostate specific antigen
(PSA) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) using carbodiimide chemistry via the
polymer end-carboxylate. The antibody-PNIPAAm (capture) conjugates
and antibody-alkaline phosphatase (detection) conjugates formed sandwich
immunocomplexes via PSA binding in 50% human plasma. The complexes
were loaded into a recirculating poly(dimethylsiloxane) microreactor,
equipped with micropumps and transverse flow features, for subsequent
separation, enrichment, and quantification. The immunocomplexes were
captured by heating the solution to 39 °C, mixed over the transverse
features for 2 min, and washed with warm buffer. In one approach,
the assay utilized immunocomplex solution that was contained in an
80 nL microreactor, which was loaded with solution at room temperature
and subsequently heated to 39 °C. The assay took 25 min and resulted
in 37 pM PSA limit of detection (LOD), which is comparable to a plate
ELISA employing the same antibody pair. In another approach, the microreactor
was preheated to 39 °C, and immunocomplex solution was flowed
through the reactor, mixed, and washed. When the specimen volume was
increased to 7.5 μL by repeating the capture process three times,
the higher specimen volume led to immunocomplex enrichment within
the microreactor. The resulting assay LOD was 0.5 pM, which is 2 orders
of magnitude lower than the plate ELISA. Both approaches generate
antigen specific signal over a clinically significant range. The sample
processing capabilities and subsequent utility in a biomarker assay
demonstrate the opportunity for stimuli-responsive polymer–protein
conjugates in novel diagnostic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Hoffman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Berenguel-Alonso M, Granados X, Faraudo J, Alonso-Chamarro J, Puyol M. Magnetic actuator for the control and mixing of magnetic bead-based reactions on-chip. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6607-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kedia N, Roy SG, De P, Bagchi S. Synthesis of a polymer bearing several coumarin dyes along the side chain and study of its fluorescence in pure and binary solvent mixtures as well as aqueous surfactant solutions. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:4683-92. [PMID: 24712342 DOI: 10.1021/jp4127557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A copolymer bearing several pendent dyes (coumarin derivatives) along the side chain has been synthesized, and its fluorescence parameters have been monitored in pure solvents and also as a function of composition of binary solvent mixtures. Fluorescence parameters (the maximum energy of fluorescence, quantum yield, and rate constant for the decay of the excited state) of the free fluorophore show significant dependence on the nature of the immediate environment around it. The value of a parameter measured in neat solvent for the fluorophore covalently bound to the polymer is different from that of the free fluorophore, indicating that the polymer chain influences the spectroscopic properties of the dye. Whereas the energy of maximum fluorescence of the free fluorophore shows a nonlinear correlation with the solvent composition of solvent mixtures, an almost linear correlation has been observed for the polymer. A significant variation of photophysical parameters of the dye dissolved in binary solvent mixtures, which is different from that of the free fluorophore, has been observed. Thus, the free fluorophore and the fluorophore bound to the polymer sense different environments in binary solvent mixtures. A dramatic variation of fluorescence intensity of the fluorophore bound to the polymer has been observed when sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is added to an aqueous solution of the polymer. The results have been explained in terms of the existence of different species (polymer, polymer-SDS aggregates, micelles) in equilibrium in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraja Kedia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur Campus, BCKV Main P.O., Nadia 741252, West Bengal, India
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Terefe NS, Glagovskaia O, De Silva K, Stockmann R. Application of stimuli responsive polymers for sustainable ion exchange chromatography. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Eicher D, Merten CA. Microfluidic devices for diagnostic applications. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 11:505-19. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.11.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Room Temperature Co-Precipitation Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles in a Large pH Window with Different Bases. MATERIALS 2013; 6:5549-5567. [PMID: 28788408 PMCID: PMC5452734 DOI: 10.3390/ma6125549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) represent the most promising materials in medical applications. To favor high-drug or enzyme loading on the nanoparticles, they are incorporated into mesoporous materials to form a hybrid support with the consequent reduction of magnetization saturation. The direct synthesis of mesoporous structures appears to be of interest. To this end, magnetite nanoparticles have been synthesized using a one pot co-precipitation reaction at room temperature in the presence of different bases, such as NaOH, KOH or (C2H5)4NOH. Magnetite shows characteristics of superparamagnetism at room temperature and a saturation magnetization (Ms) value depending on both the crystal size and the degree of agglomeration of individual nanoparticles. Such agglomeration appears to be responsible for the formation of mesoporous structures, which are affected by the pH, the nature of alkali, the slow or fast addition of alkaline solution and the drying modality of synthesized powders.
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Ebara M, Hoffman JM, Hoffman AS, Stayton PS, Lai JJ. A photoinduced nanoparticle separation in microchannels via pH-sensitive surface traps. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:5388-93. [PMID: 23581256 PMCID: PMC3742372 DOI: 10.1021/la400347r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic surface trap was developed for capturing pH-sensitive nanoparticles via a photoinitiated proton-releasing reaction of o-nitrobenzaldehyde (o-NBA) that reduces the solution pH in microchannels. The surface trap and nanoparticles were both modified with a pH-responsive polymer-poly(N-isorpopylacylamide-co-propylacrylic acid), P(NIPAAm-co-PAA). The o-NBA-coated microchannel walls demonstrated rapid proton release upon UV light irradiation, allowing the buffered solution pH in the microchannel to decrease from 7.4 to 4.5 in 60 s. The low solution pH switched the polymer-modified surfaces to be more hydrophobic, which enabled the capture of the pH-sensitive nanobeads onto the trap. When a photomask was utilized to limit the UV irradiation to a specific channel region, we were able to restrict the particle separation to only the exposed region. Via control of the UV irradiation, this technique enables not only prompt pH changes within the channel but also the capture of target molecules at specific channel locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Ebara
- Department of Bioengineering, Box 355061, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, JAPAN
| | - John M. Hoffman
- Department of Bioengineering, Box 355061, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Allan S. Hoffman
- Department of Bioengineering, Box 355061, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, Box 355061, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - James J. Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, Box 355061, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. ; Fax: +1 (206) 616-3928; Tel: +1 (206) 221-5168
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Yang L, Liu H. Stimuli-responsive magnetic particles and their applications in biomedical field. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Stimuli-responsive polymers: biomedical applications and challenges for clinical translation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:10-6. [PMID: 23246762 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 25 years many interesting biomedical uses have been proposed for stimuli-responsive polymers, including uses in diagnostics, drug delivery, tissue engineering (regenerative medicine), and cell culture. This article briefly overviews the field of stimuli-responsive polymers and describes some of the most successful biomedical applications to date of such "smart" polymers. Other interesting potential applications are also discussed. The major barriers to future clinical translation of smart polymers are also critically discussed.
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Sato T, Ebara M, Tanaka S, Asoh TA, Kikuchi A, Aoyagi T. Rapid self-healable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels formed by selective metal–phosphate interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:10628-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50165e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Thévenot J, Oliveira H, Sandre O, Lecommandoux S. Magnetic responsive polymer composite materials. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:7099-116. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60058k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Techawanitchai P, Idota N, Uto K, Ebara M, Aoyagi T. A smart hydrogel-based time bomb triggers drug release mediated by pH-jump reaction. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2012; 13:064202. [PMID: 27877529 PMCID: PMC5099762 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/13/6/064202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a timed explosive drug release from smart pH-responsive hydrogels by utilizing a phototriggered spatial pH-jump reaction. A photoinitiated proton-releasing reaction of o-nitrobenzaldehyde (o-NBA) was integrated into poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-carboxyisopropylacrylamide) (P(NIPAAm-co-CIPAAm)) hydrogels. o-NBA-hydrogels demonstrated the rapid release of protons upon UV irradiation, allowing the pH inside the gel to decrease to below the pKa value of P(NIPAAm-co-CIPAAm). The generated protons diffused gradually toward the non-illuminated area, and the diffusion kinetics could be controlled by adjusting the UV irradiation time and intensity. After irradiation, we observed the enhanced release of entrapped L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) from the gels, which was driven by the dissociation of DOPA from CIPAAm. Local UV irradiation also triggered the release of DOPA from the non-illuminated area in the gel via the diffusion of protons. Conventional systems can activate only the illuminated region, and their response is discontinuous when the light is turned off. The ability of the proposed pH-jump system to permit gradual activation via proton diffusion may be beneficial for the design of predictive and programmable devices for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapatsorn Techawanitchai
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Naokazu Idota
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Koichiro Uto
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ebara
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takao Aoyagi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
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Idota N, Ebara M, Kotsuchibashi Y, Narain R, Aoyagi T. Novel temperature-responsive polymer brushes with carbohydrate residues facilitate selective adhesion and collection of hepatocytes. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2012; 13:064206. [PMID: 27877533 PMCID: PMC5099766 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/13/6/064206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-responsive glycopolymer brushes were designed to investigate the effects of grafting architectures of the copolymers on the selective adhesion and collection of hypatocytes. Homo, random and block sequences of N-isopropylacrylamide and 2-lactobionamidoethyl methacrylate were grafted on glass substrates via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The galactose/lactose-specific lectin RCA120 and HepG2 cells were used to test for specific recognition of the polymer brushes containing galactose residues over the lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs). RCA120 showed a specific binding to the brush surfaces at 37 °C. These brush surfaces also facilitated the adhesion of HepG2 cells at 37 °C under nonserum conditions, whereas no adhesion was observed for NIH-3T3 fibroblasts. When the temperature was decreased to 25 °C, almost all the HepG2 cells detached from the block copolymer brush, whereas the random copolymer brush did not release the cells. The difference in releasing kinetics of cells from the surfaces with different grafting architectures can be explained by the correlated effects of significant changes in LCST, mobility, hydrophilicity and mechanical properties of the grafted polymer chains. These findings are important for designing 'on-off' cell capture/release substrates for various biomedical applications such as selective cell separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokazu Idota
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ebara
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yohei Kotsuchibashi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Alberta Ingenuity Center for Carbohydrate Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2G6, Canada
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering and Alberta Ingenuity Center for Carbohydrate Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2G6, Canada
| | - Takao Aoyagi
- Biomaterials Unit, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
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Nash MA, Waitumbi JN, Hoffman AS, Yager P, Stayton PS. Multiplexed enrichment and detection of malarial biomarkers using a stimuli-responsive iron oxide and gold nanoparticle reagent system. ACS NANO 2012; 6:6776-85. [PMID: 22804625 PMCID: PMC4085275 DOI: 10.1021/nn3015008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for simple yet robust biomarker and antigen purification and enrichment strategies that are compatible with current rapid diagnostic modalities. Here, a stimuli-responsive nanoparticle system is presented for multiplexed magneto-enrichment and non-instrumented lateral flow strip detection of model antigens from spiked pooled plasma. The integrated reagent system allows purification and enrichment of the gold-labeled biomarker half-sandwich that can be applied directly to lateral flow test strips. A linear diblock copolymer with a thermally responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm) segment and a gold-binding block composed of NIPAm-co-N,N-dimethylaminoethylacrylamide was prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The diblock copolymer was used to functionalize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), with subsequent bioconjugation to yield thermally responsive pNIPAm-AuNPs that were co-decorated with streptavidin. These AuNPs efficiently complexed biotinylated capture antibody reagents that were bound to picomolar quantities of pan-aldolase and Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) in spiked pooled plasma samples. The gold-labeled biomarker half-sandwich was then purified and enriched using 10 nm thermally responsive magnetic nanoparticles that were similarly decorated with pNIPAm. When a thermal stimulus was applied in conjunction with a magnetic field, coaggregation of the AuNP half-sandwiches with the pNIPAm-coated iron oxide nanoparticles created large aggregates that were efficiently magnetophoresed and separated from bulk serum. The purified biomarkers from a spiked pooled plasma sample could be concentrated 50-fold into a small volume and applied directly to a commercial multiplexed lateral flow strip to dramatically improve the signal-to-noise ratio and test sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nash
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Verbarg J, Kamgar-Parsi K, Shields AR, Howell PB, Ligler FS. Spinning magnetic trap for automated microfluidic assay systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1793-9. [PMID: 22344487 PMCID: PMC3641145 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc21189k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
While sophisticated analyses have been performed using lab-on-chip devices, in most cases the sample preparation is still performed off chip. The global need for easy-to-use, disposable testing devices necessitates that sample processing is automated and that transport complexity between the processing and analytical components is minimal. We describe a complete sample manipulation unit for performing automated target capture, efficient mixing with reagents, and controlled target release in a microfluidic channel, using an array of spinning magnets. The "MagTrap" device consists of 6 pairs of magnets in a rotating wheel, situated immediately beneath the microchannel. Rotation of the wheel in the direction opposite to the continuous flow entraps and concentrates the bead-target complexes and separates them from the original sample matrix. As the wheel rotates and the active pair of magnets moves away from the microchannel, the beads are released and briefly flow downstream before being trapped and pulled upstream by the next pair of magnets. This dynamic and continuous movement of the beads ensures that the full surface area of each bead is exposed to reagents and prevents aggregation. The release of the target-bead complexes for further analysis is facilitated by reversing the rotational direction of the wheel to sweep the beads downstream. Sample processing with the MagTrap was demonstrated for the detection of E. coli in a range of concentrations (1 × 10(3), 1 × 10(4) and 1 × 10(6) cells ml(-1)). Results show that sample processing with the MagTrap outperformed the standard manual protocols, improving the detection capability while simultaneously reducing the processing time.
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Terrell JL, Gordonov T, Cheng Y, Wu HC, Sampey D, Luo X, Tsao CY, Ghodssi R, Rubloff GW, Payne GF, Bentley WE. Integrated biofabrication for electro-addressed in-film bioprocessing. Biotechnol J 2012; 7:428-39. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Pagliara S, Chimerel C, Langford R, Aarts DGAL, Keyser UF. Parallel sub-micrometre channels with different dimensions for laser scattering detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2011; 11:3365-3368. [PMID: 21804971 DOI: 10.1039/c1lc20399a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel and simple approach for the realization of polymer sub-micrometre channels is introduced by exploiting replica molding of Pt wires deposited by focused ion beam. We fabricate arrays of parallel channels with typical dimensions down to 600 nm and with variable height. We characterize the pressure-driven transport of polymer colloids through the channels in terms of the translocation frequency, amplitude and duration by implementing a laser scattering detection technique. We propose a prototype application of the presented platform such as the in situ sizing and sensing of populations of particles with different dimensions down to 50 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pagliara
- University of Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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Zhao C, He P, Xiao C, Gao X, Zhuang X, Chen X. Photo-cross-linked biodegradable thermo- and pH-responsive hydrogels for controlled drug release. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Beija M, Marty JD, Destarac M. RAFT/MADIX polymers for the preparation of polymer/inorganic nanohybrids. Prog Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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An immunoassay in which magnetic beads act both as collectors and sensitive amplifiers for detecting antigens in a microfluidic chip (MFC)–quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) system. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2010.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Sun T, Qing G. Biomimetic smart interface materials for biological applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:H57-H77. [PMID: 21433103 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201004326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the surface chemical and physical properties of materials and modulating the interfacial behaviors of biological entities, e.g., cells and biomolecules, are central tasks in the study of biomaterials. In this context, smart polymer interface materials have recently attracted much interest in biorelated applications and have broad prospects due to the excellent controllability of their surface properties by external stimuli. Among such materials, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and its copolymer films are especially attractive due to their reversible hydrogen-bonding-mediated reversible phase transition, which mimics natural biological processes. This platform is promising for tuning surface properties or to introduce novel biofunctionalities via copolymerization with various functional units and/or combination with other materials. Important progress in this field in recent years is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taolei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Composite, Wuhan University of Technology, PR China.
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Reichert WM, Ratner BD, Anderson J, Coury A, Hoffman AS, Laurencin CT, Tirrell D. 2010 Panel on the biomaterials grand challenges. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 96:275-87. [PMID: 21171147 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In 2009, the National Academy for Engineering issued the Grand Challenges for Engineering in the 21st Century comprised of 14 technical challenges that must be addressed to build a healthy, profitable, sustainable, and secure global community (http://www.engineeringchallenges.org). Although crucial, none of the NEA Grand Challenges adequately addressed the challenges that face the biomaterials community. In response to the NAE Grand Challenges, Monty Reichert of Duke University organized a panel entitled Grand Challenges in Biomaterials at the at the 2010 Society for Biomaterials Annual Meeting in Seattle. Six members of the National Academies-Buddy Ratner, James Anderson, Allan Hoffman, Art Coury, Cato Laurencin, and David Tirrell-were asked to propose a grand challenge to the audience that, if met, would significantly impact the future of biomaterials and medical devices. Successfully meeting these challenges will speed the 60-plus year transition from commodity, off-the-shelf biomaterials to bioengineered chemistries, and biomaterial devices that will significantly advance our ability to address patient needs and also to create new market opportunities.
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Nash MA, Yager P, Hoffman AS, Stayton PS. Mixed stimuli-responsive magnetic and gold nanoparticle system for rapid purification, enrichment, and detection of biomarkers. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2197-204. [PMID: 21070026 DOI: 10.1021/bc100180q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new diagnostic system for the enrichment and detection of protein biomarkers from human plasma is presented. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were surface-modified with a diblock copolymer synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The diblock copolymer contained a thermally responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAm) block, a cationic amine-containing block, and a semi-telechelic PEG₂-biotin end group. When a mixed suspension of 23 nm pNIPAAm-modified AuNPs was heated with pNIPAAm-coated 10 nm iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs) in human plasma, the thermally responsive pNIPAAm directed the formation of mixed AuNP/mNP aggregates that could be separated efficiently with a magnet. Model studies showed that this mixed nanoparticle system could efficiently purify and strongly enrich the model biomarker protein streptavidin in spiked human plasma. A 10 ng/mL streptavidin sample was mixed with the biotinylated pNIPAAm-modified AuNPs and magnetically separated in the mixed nanoparticle system with pNIPAAm mNPs. The aggregates were concentrated into a 50-fold smaller fluid volume at room temperature where the gold nanoparticle reagent redissolved with the streptavidin target still bound. The concentrated gold-labeled streptavidin could be subsequently analyzed directly using lateral flow immunochromatography. This rapid capture and enrichment module thus utilizes the mixed stimuli-responsive nanoparticle system to achieve concentration of a gold-labeled biomarker that can be directly analyzed using lateral flow or other rapid diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nash
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Oita I, Halewyck H, Thys B, Rombaut B, Vander Heyden Y, Mangelings D. Microfluidics in macro-biomolecules analysis: macro inside in a nano world. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:239-64. [PMID: 20549494 PMCID: PMC7079953 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3857-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Use of microfluidic devices in the life sciences and medicine has created the possibility of performing investigations at the molecular level. Moreover, microfluidic devices are also part of the technological framework that has enabled a new type of scientific information to be revealed, i.e. that based on intensive screening of complete sets of gene and protein sequences. A deeper bioanalytical perspective may provide quantitative and qualitative tools, enabling study of various diseases and, eventually, may offer support for the development of accurate and reliable methods for clinical assessment. This would open the way to molecule-based diagnostics, i.e. establish accurate diagnosis and disease prognosis based on identification and/or quantification of biomacromolecules, for example proteins or nucleic acids. Finally, the development of disposable and portable devices for molecule-based diagnosis would provide the perfect translation of the science behind life-science research into practical applications dedicated to patients and health practitioners. This review provides an analytical perspective of the impact of microfluidics on the detection and characterization of bio-macromolecules involved in pathological processes. The main features of molecule-based diagnostics and the specific requirements for the diagnostic devices are discussed. Further, the techniques currently used for testing bio-macromolecules for potential diagnostic purposes are identified, emphasizing the newest developments. Subsequently, the challenges of this type of application and the status of commercially available devices are highlighted, and future trends are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Oita
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090 Belgium
| | - Hadewych Halewyck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090 Belgium
| | - Bert Thys
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090 Belgium
| | - Bart Rombaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090 Belgium
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090 Belgium
| | - Debby Mangelings
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel-VUB, Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090 Belgium
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Yang L, Guo C, Jia L, Xie K, Shou Q, Liu H. Fabrication of Biocompatible Temperature- and pH-Responsive Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Reversible Agglomeration in Aqueous Milieu. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie100587e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangrong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Lianwei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Keng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Qinghui Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Huizhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
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Ganguly R, Puri IK. Microfluidic transport in magnetic MEMS and bioMEMS. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 2:382-99. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Arora A, Simone G, Salieb-Beugelaar GB, Kim JT, Manz A. Latest Developments in Micro Total Analysis Systems. Anal Chem 2010; 82:4830-47. [PMID: 20462185 DOI: 10.1021/ac100969k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Arora
- KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, IMTEK, Institute for Microsystem Technology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Twente University, Building Carré, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppina Simone
- KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, IMTEK, Institute for Microsystem Technology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Twente University, Building Carré, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Georgette B. Salieb-Beugelaar
- KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, IMTEK, Institute for Microsystem Technology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Twente University, Building Carré, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jung Tae Kim
- KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, IMTEK, Institute for Microsystem Technology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Twente University, Building Carré, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Manz
- KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E71, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany, FRIAS, Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, IMTEK, Institute for Microsystem Technology, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany, and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology/Lab-on-a-Chip Group, Twente University, Building Carré, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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