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Shahriari S, Selvaganapathy PR. Integration of hydrogels into microfluidic devices with porous membranes as scaffolds enables their drying and reconstitution. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:054108. [PMID: 36313189 PMCID: PMC9616609 DOI: 10.1063/5.0100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are a critical component of many microfluidic devices. They have been used in cell culture applications, biosensors, gradient generators, separation microdevices, micro-actuators, and microvalves. Various techniques have been utilized to integrate hydrogels into microfluidic devices such as flow confinement and gel photopolymerization. However, in these methods, hydrogels are typically introduced in post processing steps which add complexity, cost, and extensive fabrication steps to the integration process and can be prone to user induced variations. Here, we introduce an inexpensive method to locally integrate hydrogels into microfluidic devices during the fabrication process without the need for post-processing. In this method, porous and fibrous membranes such as electrospun membranes are used as scaffolds to hold gels and they are patterned using xurography. Hydrogels in various shapes as small as 200 μm can be patterned using this method in a scalable manner. The electrospun scaffold facilitates drying and reconstitution of these gels without loss of shape or leakage that is beneficial in a number of applications. Such reconstitution is not feasible using other hydrogel integration techniques. Therefore, this method is suitable for long time storage of hydrogels in devices which is useful in point-of-care (POC) devices. This hydrogel integration method was used to demonstrate gel electrophoretic concentration and quantification of short DNA (150 bp) with different concentrations in rehydrated agarose embedded in electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) membrane. This can be developed further to create a POC device to quantify cell-free DNA, which is a prognostic biomarker for severe sepsis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Shahriari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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2
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Pattanayak P, Singh SK, Gulati M, Vishwas S, Kapoor B, Chellappan DK, Anand K, Gupta G, Jha NK, Gupta PK, Prasher P, Dua K, Dureja H, Kumar D, Kumar V. Microfluidic chips: recent advances, critical strategies in design, applications and future perspectives. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2021; 25:99. [PMID: 34720789 PMCID: PMC8547131 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-021-02502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic chip technology is an emerging tool in the field of biomedical application. Microfluidic chip includes a set of groves or microchannels that are engraved on different materials (glass, silicon, or polymers such as polydimethylsiloxane or PDMS, polymethylmethacrylate or PMMA). The microchannels forming the microfluidic chip are interconnected with each other for desired results. This organization of microchannels trapped into the microfluidic chip is associated with the outside by inputs and outputs penetrating through the chip, as an interface between the macro- and miniature world. With the help of a pump and a chip, microfluidic chip helps to determine the behavioral change of the microfluids. Inside the chip, there are microfluidic channels that permit the processing of the fluid, for example, blending and physicochemical responses. Microfluidic chip has numerous points of interest including lesser time and reagent utilization and alongside this, it can execute numerous activities simultaneously. The miniatured size of the chip fastens the reaction as the surface area increases. It is utilized in different biomedical applications such as food safety sensing, peptide analysis, tissue engineering, medical diagnosis, DNA purification, PCR activity, pregnancy, and glucose estimation. In the present study, the design of various microfluidic chips has been discussed along with their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapti Pattanayak
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Sukriti Vishwas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Bhupinder Kapoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Krishnan Anand
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences and National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Plot no. 32-34, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun, 248007 India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 12401 India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229 India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
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3
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Narayanamurthy V, Jeroish ZE, Bhuvaneshwari KS, Bayat P, Premkumar R, Samsuri F, Yusoff MM. Advances in passively driven microfluidics and lab-on-chip devices: a comprehensive literature review and patent analysis. RSC Adv 2020; 10:11652-11680. [PMID: 35496619 PMCID: PMC9050787 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of passively driven microfluidic labs on chips has been increasing over the years. In the passive approach, the microfluids are usually driven and operated without any external actuators, fields, or power sources. Passive microfluidic techniques adopt osmosis, capillary action, surface tension, pressure, gravity-driven flow, hydrostatic flow, and vacuums to achieve fluid flow. There is a great need to explore labs on chips that are rapid, compact, portable, and easy to use. The evolution of these techniques is essential to meet current needs. Researchers have highlighted the vast potential in the field that needs to be explored to develop rapid passive labs on chips to suit market/researcher demands. A comprehensive review, along with patent analysis, is presented here, listing the latest advances in passive microfluidic techniques, along with the related mechanisms and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigneswaran Narayanamurthy
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Hang Tuah Jaya 76100 Durian Tunggal Melaka Malaysia
- InnoFuTech No: 42/12, 7th Street, Vallalar Nagar Chennai Tamil Nadu 600072 India
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow, University Malaysia Pahang Kuantan 26300 Malaysia
| | - Z E Jeroish
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College Chennai 602105 India
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang Pekan 26600 Malaysia
| | - K S Bhuvaneshwari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College Chennai 602105 India
- Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Hang Tuah Jaya 76100 Durian Tunggal Melaka Malaysia
| | - Pouriya Bayat
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University Montreal QC Canada H3A 0E9
| | - R Premkumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College Chennai 602105 India
| | - Fahmi Samsuri
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang Pekan 26600 Malaysia
| | - Mashitah M Yusoff
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, University Malaysia Pahang Kuantan 26300 Malaysia
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4
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Lim JW, Shin KS, Ryu YS, Lee Y, Lee SK, Kim T. High-Throughput Screening of Acyl-CoA Thioesterase I Mutants Using a Fluid Array Platform. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21848-21854. [PMID: 31891062 PMCID: PMC6933594 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Screening target microorganisms from a mutated recombinant library plays a crucial role in advancing synthetic biology and metabolic engineering. However, conventional screening tools have several limitations regarding throughput, cost, and labor. Here, we used the fluid array platform to conduct high-throughput screening (HTS) that identified Escherichia coli 'TesA thioesterase mutants producing elevated yields of free fatty acids (FFAs) from a large (106) mutant library. A growth-based screening method using a TetA-RFP fusion sensing mechanism and a reporter-based screening method using high-level FFA producing mutants were employed to identify these mutants via HTS. The platform was able to cover >95% of the mutation library, and it screened target cells from many arrays of the fluid array platform so that a post-analysis could be conducted by gas chromatography. The 'TesA mutation of each isolated mutant showing improved FFA production in E. coli was characterized, and its enhanced FFA production capability was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Lim
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute
of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan 44919, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kwang Soo Shin
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute
of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan 44919, Republic
of Korea
| | - Young Shin Ryu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute
of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan 44919, Republic
of Korea
| | - Yongjoo Lee
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute
of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan 44919, Republic
of Korea
| | - Sung Kuk Lee
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute
of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan 44919, Republic
of Korea
| | - Taesung Kim
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Department of
Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute
of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulsan 44919, Republic
of Korea
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5
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Li J, Tan W, Xiao W, Carney RP, Men Y, Li Y, Quon G, Ajena Y, Lam KS, Pan T. A Plug-and-Play, Drug-on-Pillar Platform for Combination Drug Screening Implemented by Microfluidic Adaptive Printing. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13969-13977. [PMID: 30358386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Traditional high-throughput drug combination screening requires automatic pipetting of drugs into high-density microtiter plates. Here, a drug-on-pillar platform is proposed for efficient combination drug screening. Using the proposed approach, combination drug screening can be carried out in a plug-and-play manner, allowing for high-throughput screening of large permutations of drug combinations at various concentrations, such that drug dispensing and cell-based screening can be temporally separated and therefore can potentially be performed at distant laboratories. The dispensing is implemented using our recently developed microfluidic pneumatic printing platform, which features a low-cost disposable cartridge that minimizes cross contamination. Moreover, our previously developed drug nanoformulation method with amphiphilic telodendrimers has been utilized to maintain drug stability in a dry form, allowing for convenient drug storage, shipping, and subsequent rehydration. Combining the features described above, we have implemented a 1260-spot drug combination array to study the effect of paired drugs against MDA-MB-231 triple negative human breast cancer cells. This study supports the feasibility of the drug-on-pillar platform for combination drug screening and has provided valuable insight into drug combination efficacy against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Li
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Wen Tan
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States.,School of Pharmacy , Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu , China 730000
| | - Wenwu Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California Davis , Sacramento , California 95817 , United States
| | - Randy P Carney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California Davis , Sacramento , California 95817 , United States
| | - Yongfan Men
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States.,Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , Guangdong , China 518055
| | - Yuanpei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California Davis , Sacramento , California 95817 , United States
| | - Gerald Quon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Yousif Ajena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California Davis , Sacramento , California 95817 , United States
| | - Kit S Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, UC Davis NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of California Davis , Sacramento , California 95817 , United States
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States.,Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen , Guangdong , China 518055
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6
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Sinha H, Quach ABV, Vo PQN, Shih SCC. An automated microfluidic gene-editing platform for deciphering cancer genes. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2300-2312. [PMID: 29989627 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00470f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Gene-editing techniques such as RNA-guided endonuclease systems are becoming increasingly popular for phenotypic screening. Such screens are normally conducted in arrayed or pooled formats. There has been considerable interest in recent years to find new technological methods for conducting these gene-editing assays. We report here the first digital microfluidic method that can automate arrayed gene-editing in mammalian cells. Specifically, this method was useful in culturing lung cancer cells for up to six days, as well as implementing automated gene transfection and knockout procedures. In addition, a standardized imaging pipeline to analyse fluorescently labelled cells was also designed and implemented during these procedures. A gene editing assay for interrogating the MAPK/ERK pathway was performed to show the utility of our platform and to determine the effects of knocking out the RAF1 gene in lung cancer cells. In addition to gene knockout, we also treated the cells with an inhibitor, Sorafenib Tosylate, to determine the effects of enzymatic inhibition. The combination of enzymatic inhibition and guide targeting on device resulted in lower drug concentrations for achieving half-inhibitory effects (IC50) compared to cells treated only with the inhibitor, confirming that lung cancer cells are being successfully edited on the device. We propose that this system will be useful for other types of gene-editing assays and applications related to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Sinha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Lee SY, Doh I, Nam DH, Lee DW. 3D Cell-Based High-Content Screening (HCS) Using a Micropillar and Microwell Chip Platform. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8354-8361. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- Central R & D Center, Medical & Bio Device (MBD) Co., Ltd, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Doh
- Center for Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
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Goh SC, Luan Y, Wang X, Du H, Chau C, Schellhorn HE, Brash JL, Chen H, Fang Q. Polydopamine–polyethylene glycol–albumin antifouling coatings on multiple substrates. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:940-949. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02636f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polydopamine–PEG coatings on different substrates: effects of PDA layer properties on PEG grafting and anti-biofouling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. C. Goh
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Y. Luan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University
- Suzhou
- P. R. China
| | - X. Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University
- Suzhou
- P. R. China
| | - H. Du
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University
- Suzhou
- P. R. China
| | - C. Chau
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | | | - J. L. Brash
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - H. Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University
- Suzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Q. Fang
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University
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Lee DW, Choi YJ, Lee SY, Kim MH, Doh I, Ryu GH, Choi SM. Volumetric Analysis of 3-D-Cultured Colonies in Wet Alginate Spots Using 384-Pillar Plate. SLAS Technol 2017; 23:226-230. [PMID: 29077525 DOI: 10.1177/2472630317737698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The volumetric analysis of three-dimensional (3-D)-cultured colonies in alginate spots has been proposed to increase drug efficacy. In a previously developed pillar/well chip platform, colonies within spots are usually stained and dried for analysis of cell viability using two-dimensional (2-D) fluorescent images. Since the number of viable cells in colonies is directly related to colony volume, we proposed the 3-D analysis of colonies for high-accuracy cell viability calculation. The spots were immersed in buffer, and the 3-D volume of each colony was calculated from the 2-D stacking fluorescent images of the spot with different focal positions. In the experiments with human gastric carcinoma cells and anticancer drugs, we compared cell viability values calculated using the 2-D area and 3-D volume of colonies in the wet and dried alginate spots, respectively. The IC50 value calculated using the 3-D volume of the colonies (9.5 μM) was less than that calculated in the 2-D area analysis (121.5 μM). We observed that the colony showed a more sensitive drug response regarding volume calculated from the 3-D image reconstructed using several confocal images than regarding colony area calculated in the 2-D analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Woo Lee
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yea-Jun Choi
- 2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yun Lee
- 3 Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Hee Kim
- 4 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Doh
- 5 Center for Medical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu Ha Ryu
- 6 Office of R&D Strategy & Planning, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Mi Choi
- 2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Szabo M, Svensson Akusjärvi S, Saxena A, Liu J, Chandrasekar G, Kitambi SS. Cell and small animal models for phenotypic drug discovery. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:1957-1967. [PMID: 28721015 PMCID: PMC5500539 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s129447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The phenotype-based drug discovery (PDD) approach is re-emerging as an alternative platform for drug discovery. This review provides an overview of the various model systems and technical advances in imaging and image analyses that strengthen the PDD platform. In PDD screens, compounds of therapeutic value are identified based on the phenotypic perturbations produced irrespective of target(s) or mechanism of action. In this article, examples of phenotypic changes that can be detected and quantified with relative ease in a cell-based setup are discussed. In addition, a higher order of PDD screening setup using small animal models is also explored. As PDD screens integrate physiology and multiple signaling mechanisms during the screening process, the identified hits have higher biomedical applicability. Taken together, this review highlights the advantages gained by adopting a PDD approach in drug discovery. Such a PDD platform can complement target-based systems that are currently in practice to accelerate drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaly Szabo
- Department of Microbiology Tumor, and Cell Biology
| | | | - Ankur Saxena
- Department of Microbiology Tumor, and Cell Biology
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Fujita S, Onuki-Nagasaki R, Ikuta K, Hara Y. A simple method for producing multiple copies of controlled release small molecule microarrays for cell-based screening. Biofabrication 2016; 9:011001. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/9/1/011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Leung JCK, Hilliker AJ, Rezai P. An integrated hybrid microfluidic device for oviposition-based chemical screening of adult Drosophila melanogaster. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:709-719. [PMID: 26768402 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01517k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemical screening using Drosophila melanogaster (the fruit fly) is vital in drug discovery, agricultural, and toxicological applications. Oviposition (egg laying) on chemically-doped agar plates is an important read-out metric used to quantitatively assess the biological fitness and behavioral responses of Drosophila. Current oviposition-based chemical screening studies are inaccurate, labor-intensive, time-consuming, and inflexible due to the manual chemical doping of agar. In this paper, we have developed a novel hybrid agar-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device for single- and multi-concentration chemical dosing and on-chip oviposition screening of free-flying adult stage Drosophila. To achieve this, we have devised a novel technique to integrate agar with PDMS channels using ice as a sacrificial layer. Subsequently, we have conducted single-chemical toxicity and multiple choice chemical preference assays on adult Drosophila melanogaster using zinc and acetic acid at various concentrations. Our device has enabled us to 1) demonstrate that Drosophila is capable of sensing the concentration of different chemicals on a PDMS-agar microfluidic device, which plays significant roles in determining oviposition site selection and 2) investigate whether oviposition preference differs between single- and multi-concentration chemical environments. This device may be used to study fundamental and applied biological questions in Drosophila and other egg laying insects. It can also be extended in design to develop sophisticated and dynamic chemical dosing and high-throughput screening platforms in the future that are not easily achievable with the existing oviposition screening techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C K Leung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, BCEE 433B, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Eribol P, Uguz AK, Ulgen KO. Screening applications in drug discovery based on microfluidic technology. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:011502. [PMID: 26865904 PMCID: PMC4733079 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has been the focus of interest for the last two decades for all the advantages such as low chemical consumption, reduced analysis time, high throughput, better control of mass and heat transfer, downsizing a bench-top laboratory to a chip, i.e., lab-on-a-chip, and many others it has offered. Microfluidic technology quickly found applications in the pharmaceutical industry, which demands working with leading edge scientific and technological breakthroughs, as drug screening and commercialization are very long and expensive processes and require many tests due to unpredictable results. This review paper is on drug candidate screening methods with microfluidic technology and focuses specifically on fabrication techniques and materials for the microchip, types of flow such as continuous or discrete and their advantages, determination of kinetic parameters and their comparison with conventional systems, assessment of toxicities and cytotoxicities, concentration generations for high throughput, and the computational methods that were employed. An important conclusion of this review is that even though microfluidic technology has been in this field for around 20 years there is still room for research and development, as this cutting edge technology requires ingenuity to design and find solutions for each individual case. Recent extensions of these microsystems are microengineered organs-on-chips and organ arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Eribol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University , 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A K Uguz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University , 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - K O Ulgen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Boğaziçi University , 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Recent advances and future applications of microfluidic live-cell microarrays. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:948-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Eicher D, Ramanathan N, Merten CA. Soft compartmentalization: Combining droplet-based microfluidics with freely accessible cells. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Eicher
- Genome Biology Unit; European Molecular Biology Laboratory; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Nirupama Ramanathan
- Genome Biology Unit; European Molecular Biology Laboratory; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christoph A. Merten
- Genome Biology Unit; European Molecular Biology Laboratory; Heidelberg Germany
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16
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Label-free detection microarray for novel peptide ligands screening base on MS–SPRi combination. Talanta 2015; 134:705-711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Zheng XT, Yu L, Li P, Dong H, Wang Y, Liu Y, Li CM. On-chip investigation of cell-drug interactions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1556-74. [PMID: 23428898 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of cell-drug interaction is of great importance in drug discovery but continues to pose significant challenges to develop robust, fast and high-throughput methods for pharmacologically profiling of potential drugs. Recently, cell chips have emerged as a promising technology for drug discovery/delivery, and their miniaturization and flow-through operation significantly reduce sample consumption while dramatically improving the throughput, reliability, resolution and sensitivity. Herein we review various types of miniaturized cell chips used in investigation of cell-drug interactions. The design and fabrication of cell chips including material selection, surface modification, cell trapping/patterning, concentration gradient generation and mimicking of in vivo environment are presented. Recent advances of on-chip investigations of cell-drug interactions, in particular the high-throughput screening, cell sorting, cytotoxicity testing, drug resistance analysis and pharmacological profiling are examined and discussed. It is expected that this survey can provide thoughtful basics and important applications of on-chip investigations of cell-drug interactions, thus greatly promoting research and development interests in this area.
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18
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Takehara H, Nagaoka A, Noguchi J, Akagi T, Sakai T, Chung UI, Kasai H, Ichiki T. Implementation of tetra-poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel with high mechanical strength into microfluidic device technology. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:54109. [PMID: 24404072 PMCID: PMC3795735 DOI: 10.1063/1.4822033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels have several excellent characteristics suitable for biomedical use such as softness, biological inertness and solute permeability. Hence, integrating hydrogels into microfluidic devices is a promising approach for providing additional functions such as biocompatibility and porosity, to microfluidic devices. However, the poor mechanical strength of hydrogels has severely limited device design and fabrication. A tetra-poly(ethylene glycol) (tetra-PEG) hydrogel synthesized recently has high mechanical strength and is expected to overcome such a limitation. In this research, we have comprehensively studied the implementation of tetra-PEG gel into microfluidic device technology. First, the fabrication of tetra-PEG gel/PDMS hybrid microchannels was established by developing a simple and robust bonding technique. Second, some fundamental features of tetra-PEG gel/PDMS hybrid microchannels, particularly fluid flow and mass transfer, were studied. Finally, to demonstrate the unique application of tetra-PEG-gel-integrated microfluidic devices, the generation of patterned chemical modulation with the maximum concentration gradient: 10% per 20 μm in a hydrogel was performed. The techniques developed in this study are expected to provide fundamental and beneficial methods of developing various microfluidic devices for life science and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Takehara
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Akira Nagaoka
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jun Noguchi
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takanori Akagi
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takamasa Sakai
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Ung-Il Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan ; Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Haruo Kasai
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Takanori Ichiki
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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19
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Yang CG, Xu ZR, Lee AP, Wang JH. A microfluidic concentration-gradient droplet array generator for the production of multi-color nanoparticles. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:2815-2820. [PMID: 23674199 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50254f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic concentration-gradient droplet array generator (CDrAG) with parallel multi-channels and multi-layers was developed with 64 outlet channels producing 33 droplet gradient concentrations. A droplet production rate of 5 × 10(4) min(-1) was obtained, and the RSD value of droplet diameters in 64 groups is 5.5% (n = 64). Using the concentration gradient droplet array as parallel microreactors, 33 Au/Ag ratio nanoparticles were synthesized. The absorption spectra of the Au/Ag nanoparticles shifted from the spectrum of pure gold to one of pure silver. This demonstrates the CDrAG platform's promising potential to produce specific nanoparticle barcodes for high-throughput screening in chemistry, biology and a broad range of life science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Guang Yang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
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20
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Tasoglu S, Gurkan UA, Wang S, Demirci U. Manipulating biological agents and cells in micro-scale volumes for applications in medicine. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:5788-808. [PMID: 23575660 PMCID: PMC3865707 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60042d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advances provide new tools to manipulate cells and biological agents in micro/nano-liter volumes. With precise control over small volumes, the cell microenvironment and other biological agents can be bioengineered; interactions between cells and external stimuli can be monitored; and the fundamental mechanisms such as cancer metastasis and stem cell differentiation can be elucidated. Technological advances based on the principles of electrical, magnetic, chemical, optical, acoustic, and mechanical forces lead to novel applications in point-of-care diagnostics, regenerative medicine, in vitro drug testing, cryopreservation, and cell isolation/purification. In this review, we first focus on the underlying mechanisms of emerging examples for cell manipulation in small volumes targeting applications such as tissue engineering. Then, we illustrate how these mechanisms impact the aforementioned biomedical applications, discuss the associated challenges, and provide perspectives for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savas Tasoglu
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Umut Atakan Gurkan
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - ShuQi Wang
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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21
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Zhou J, Wu Y, Lee SK, Fan R. High-content single-cell analysis on-chip using a laser microarray scanner. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:5025-5033. [PMID: 22991099 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40309a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
High-content cellomic analysis is a powerful tool for rapid screening of cellular responses to extracellular cues and examination of intracellular signal transduction pathways at the single-cell level. In conjunction with microfluidics technology that provides unique advantages in sample processing and precise control of fluid delivery, it holds great potential to transform lab-on-a-chip systems for high-throughput cellular analysis. However, high-content imaging instruments are expensive, sophisticated, and not readily accessible. Herein, we report on a laser scanning cytometry approach that exploits a bench-top microarray scanner as an end-point reader to perform rapid and automated fluorescence imaging of cells cultured on a chip. Using high-content imaging analysis algorithms, we demonstrated multiplexed measurements of morphometric and proteomic parameters from all single cells. Our approach shows the improvement of both sensitivity and dynamic range by two orders of magnitude as compared to conventional epifluorescence microscopy. We applied this technology to high-throughput analysis of mesenchymal stem cells on an extracellular matrix protein array and characterization of heterotypic cell populations. This work demonstrates the feasibility of a laser microarray scanner for high-content cellomic analysis and opens up new opportunities to conduct informative cellular analysis and cell-based screening in the lab-on-a-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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22
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Three-dimensional cell bioreactor coupled with high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for the affinity screening of bioactive components from herb medicine. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1243:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Quantitative analysis of molecular absorption into PDMS microfluidic channels. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 40:1862-73. [PMID: 22484830 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices fabricated using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) polymer are routinely used for in vitro cell culture for a wide range of cellular assays. These assays typically involve the incubation of cultured cells with a drug molecule or a fluorescent marker while monitoring a cellular response. The accuracy of these assays depends on achieving a consistent and reproducible concentration of solute molecules in solution. However, hydrophobic therapeutic and fluorescent molecules tend to diffuse into the PDMS walls of the microfluidic devices, which reduce their concentration in solution and consequently affect the accuracy and reliability of these assays. In this paper, we quantitatively investigate the relationship between the partition coefficient (log P) of a series of markers routinely used in in vitro cellular assays including [3H]-dexamethasone, [3H]-diazepam, [14C]-mannitol, [3H]-phenytoin, and rhodamine 6G and their absorption into PDMS microfluidic channels. Our results show that the absorption of a given solute into PDMS depends on the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance defined by its log P value. Specifically, results demonstrate that molecules with log P less than 2.47 exhibit minimal absorption (<10%) into PDMS channels whereas molecules with log P larger than 2.62 exhibit extensive absorption (>90%) into PDMS channels. Further investigations showed that TiO(2) and glass coatings of PDMS channels reduced the absorption of hydrophobic molecules (log P > 2.62) by 2- and 4.5-folds, respectively.
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24
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Kusi-Appiah AE, Vafai N, Cranfill PJ, Davidson MW, Lenhert S. Lipid multilayer microarrays for in vitro liposomal drug delivery and screening. Biomaterials 2012; 33:4187-94. [PMID: 22391265 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Screening for effects of small molecules on cells grown in culture is a well-established method for drug discovery and testing, and faster throughput at lower cost is needed. Small-molecule arrays and microfluidics are promising approaches. Here we introduce a simple method of surface-mediated delivery of drugs to cells from a microarray of phospholipid multilayers (layers thicker than a bilayer) encapsulating small molecules. The multilayer patterns are of sub-cellular dimensions and controllable thickness and were formed by dip-pen nanolithography. The patterns successfully delivered a rhodamine-tagged lipid and drugs only to the cells directly over them, indicating successful encapsulation and no cross-contamination to cells grown next to the patterns. We also demonstrated multilayer thickness-dependant uptake of the lipids from spots with sub-cellular lateral dimensions, and therefore the possibility of delivering different dosages from different areas of the array. The efficacies of two drugs were assayed on the same surface, and we were able to deliver dosages comparable to those of solution based delivery (up to the equivalent of 30 μg/mL). We expect our method to be a promising first step toward producing a single high-throughput liposome-based screening microarray plate that can be used in the same way as a standard well plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey E Kusi-Appiah
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4370, USA
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25
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Zhou Y, Pang Y, Huang Y. Openly Accessible Microfluidic Liquid Handlers for Automated High-Throughput Nanoliter Cell Culture. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2576-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ac203469v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- College of
Engineering, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuhong Pang
- College of
Engineering, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanyi Huang
- College of
Engineering, and Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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26
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Xu F, Wu J, Wang S, Durmus NG, Gurkan UA, Demirci U. Microengineering methods for cell-based microarrays and high-throughput drug-screening applications. Biofabrication 2011; 3:034101. [PMID: 21725152 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/3/3/034101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Screening for effective therapeutic agents from millions of drug candidates is costly, time consuming, and often faces concerns due to the extensive use of animals. To improve cost effectiveness, and to minimize animal testing in pharmaceutical research, in vitro monolayer cell microarrays with multiwell plate assays have been developed. Integration of cell microarrays with microfluidic systems has facilitated automated and controlled component loading, significantly reducing the consumption of the candidate compounds and the target cells. Even though these methods significantly increased the throughput compared to conventional in vitro testing systems and in vivo animal models, the cost associated with these platforms remains prohibitively high. Besides, there is a need for three-dimensional (3D) cell-based drug-screening models which can mimic the in vivo microenvironment and the functionality of the native tissues. Here, we present the state-of-the-art microengineering approaches that can be used to develop 3D cell-based drug-screening assays. We highlight the 3D in vitro cell culture systems with live cell-based arrays, microfluidic cell culture systems, and their application to high-throughput drug screening. We conclude that among the emerging microengineering approaches, bioprinting holds great potential to provide repeatable 3D cell-based constructs with high temporal, spatial control and versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Medicine, Demirci Bio-Acoustic-MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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27
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Vinuselvi P, Park S, Kim M, Park JM, Kim T, Lee SK. Microfluidic technologies for synthetic biology. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:3576-93. [PMID: 21747695 PMCID: PMC3131579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12063576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic technologies have shown powerful abilities for reducing cost, time, and labor, and at the same time, for increasing accuracy, throughput, and performance in the analysis of biological and biochemical samples compared with the conventional, macroscale instruments. Synthetic biology is an emerging field of biology and has drawn much attraction due to its potential to create novel, functional biological parts and systems for special purposes. Since it is believed that the development of synthetic biology can be accelerated through the use of microfluidic technology, in this review work we focus our discussion on the latest microfluidic technologies that can provide unprecedented means in synthetic biology for dynamic profiling of gene expression/regulation with high resolution, highly sensitive on-chip and off-chip detection of metabolites, and whole-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisutham Vinuselvi
- School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 100 Banyeon-ri, Ulsan 689–798, Korea; E-Mails: (P.V.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Seongyong Park
- School of Mechanical and Advanced Materials Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 100 Banyeon-ri, Ulsan 689–798, Korea; E-Mails: (S.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Minseok Kim
- School of Mechanical and Advanced Materials Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 100 Banyeon-ri, Ulsan 689–798, Korea; E-Mails: (S.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Jung Min Park
- School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 100 Banyeon-ri, Ulsan 689–798, Korea; E-Mails: (P.V.); (J.M.P.)
| | - Taesung Kim
- School of Mechanical and Advanced Materials Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 100 Banyeon-ri, Ulsan 689–798, Korea; E-Mails: (S.P.); (M.K.)
| | - Sung Kuk Lee
- School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 100 Banyeon-ri, Ulsan 689–798, Korea; E-Mails: (P.V.); (J.M.P.)
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28
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Hattori K, Sugiura S, Kanamori T. Scaffold fabrication in a perfusion culture microchamber array chip by O(2) plasma bonding of poly(dimethylsiloxane) protected by a physical mask. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:22204. [PMID: 21799711 PMCID: PMC3145230 DOI: 10.1063/1.3576933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are required for cell culture. In this paper, we report the use of O(2) plasma bonding to fabricate a perfusion culture microchamber array chip with identical-size ECM spots in the isolated microchambers. The chip was fabricated by assembly of two poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) layers, a microfluidic network layer, and an ECM array layer, which were aligned and then bonded by O(2) plasma oxidation with protection of the ECM microarray with a physical mask made from PDMS. We successfully cultivated Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells in the microchambers with fibronectin. In the fibronectin microchambers, the cells adhered and extended after 12 h of static culture and then grew over the course of 1 d of perfusion culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hattori
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5th, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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29
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Ferreira MV, Jahnen-Dechent W, Neuss S. Standardization of Automated Cell-Based Protocols for Toxicity Testing of Biomaterials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:647-54. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057111405380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advances in high-throughput screening (HTS) instrumentation have led to enormous reduction of costs (e.g., of pipetting stations) and to the development of smaller instruments for automation of day-to-day routines in small research laboratories. In the biomaterials community, there has been an increasing interest for standardized screening protocols to identify cell type–specific cytocompatible biomaterials suitable for tissue engineering (TE) applications. In this study, the authors established a multiplexed assay protocol for toxicity screening of biomaterials using a low- to medium-throughput robotic liquid handling station (LHS). The protocol contains analysis of viability, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis combined in one assay. This study includes performance results of a side-by-side comparison of the EpMotion 5070 LHS and conventional pipetting/dispensing systems. Critical parameters were optimized each for a given platform. Higher accuracy and reproducibility were achieved for LHS compared to manually treated samples. The practicability and accuracy of the method in a typical small laboratory setting were tested by running daily routine tasks by trained and untrained laboratory staff. In addition, advantages and disadvantages as well as the step-by-step application protocol are reported. The approach described provides a potential utility in screening biomaterials toxicity, allowing researchers to meet the needs of low- and medium-throughput laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilhelm Jahnen-Dechent
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Neuss
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Biointerface Group, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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30
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Michelini E, Cevenini L, Mezzanotte L, Coppa A, Roda A. Cell-based assays: fuelling drug discovery. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:227-38. [PMID: 20623273 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3933-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been estimated that over a billion dollars in resources can be consumed to obtain clinical approval, and only a few new chemical entities are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) each year. Therefore it is of utmost importance to obtain the maximum amount of information about biological activity, toxicological profile, biochemical mechanisms, and off-target interactions of drug-candidate leads in the earliest stages of drug discovery. Cell-based assays, because of their peculiar advantages of predictability, possibility of automation, multiplexing, and miniaturization, seem the most appealing tool for the high demands of the early stages of the drug-discovery process. Nevertheless, cellular screening, relying on different strategies ranging from reporter gene technology to protein fragment complementation assays, still presents a variety of challenges. This review focuses on main advantages and limitations of different cell-based approaches, and future directions and trends in this fascinating field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Michelini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Mentana, 7, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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31
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Carstens C, Elbracht R, Gärtner C, Becker H. Opportunities and limits of cell-based assay miniaturization in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:673-9. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2010.488264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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