Synthesis of novel solid scale inhibitors based on silver tungstate loaded KIT-6 for scale removal from produced water: static and modeling evaluation

Oilfield scaling is a major problem in the oil and gas industry. Scaling issues cost the industry millions of dollars in damage and lost production every year as scaling is one of the main causes of global production decline. In this study, solid scale inhibitors based on silver tungstate loaded KIT-6 were synthesized and evaluated using a static scale inhibition test. The synthesized materials were characterized using wide and low XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, TGA, and FTIR, SEM, and XPS analyses. Small-angle XRD patterns showed that KIT-6 had 3D-mesopore diffraction peaks with a cubic Ia3d space group. Wide-angle XRD patterns of silver tungstate loaded KIT-6 confirmed the crystallinity. The prepared catalysts are characterized by higher surface areas (394-918 m2 g-1), large pore volumes (0.63-0.98 cm3 g-1), narrow pore size distributions (5.3 nm), and high thermal stability up to 1000 °C. The results of this study demonstrate that the inhibition efficiency of the scale inhibitor increases and that of the calcite scale inhibitor decreases with increasing pH (2 to 8). This proposes that the scale inhibitor is more effective under alkaline conditions. An inhibition efficiency of 99% on calcium carbonate can be achieved at an optimal dosage of 7.5 ppm at 55 °C, indicating that the scale inhibitor exhibits a relatively good inhibition performance on calcium carbonate. The use of these materials can potentially lead to more efficient and cost-effective solutions for scale inhibition in various industrial processes.

Anchoring black phosphorous quantum dots on Bi2WO6 porous hollow spheres: A novel 0D/3D S-scheme photocatalyst for efficient degradation of amoxicillin under visible light

Reasonable regulation of the micro-morphology of material can significantly enhance the related performance. Herein, bismuth tungstate (Bi₂WO₆, simplified as BWO) porous hollow spheres with flower-like surface were prepared successfully, and this unique morphology endowed BWO with improved photocatalytic performance by reflecting and absorbing the light multiple times inside the cavity. To inhibit the rapid recombination of photogenerated e^--h⁺ pairs within BWO itself, black phosphorous quantum dots (BPQDs) were anchored onto the nanosheets of BWO sphere closely by a facile self-assembly process, which will not shade the pores of BWO owing to the small size of BPQDs, but the BP nanosheets have the chance to do that. The band gap of BPQDs expanded much after exfoliation due to the quantum confinement effects, which matched the energy band of BWO well to form S-scheme heterojunction, achieving more efficient separation of photogenerated charges. As a result, the BPQDs/BWO exhibited attractive photocatalytic performance in the degradation of amoxicillin (AMX) and other antibiotics. Besides, the operation conditions were optimized, specifically, 94.5 % of AMX (20 mg/L, 200 mL) can be removed in 60 min when 50 mg of 2BPQDs/BWO was used as catalyst with solution pH = 11. Moreover, a possible degradation pathway of AMX was proposed based on the detected intermediates.

Bismuth-Based Multi-Component Heterostructured Nanocatalysts for Hydrogen Generation

Developing a unique catalytic system with enhanced activity is the topmost priority in the science of H2 energy to reduce costs in large-scale applications, such as automobiles and domestic sectors. Researchers are striving to design an effective catalytic system capable of significantly accelerating H2 production efficiency through green pathways, such as photochemical, electrochemical, and photoelectrochemical routes. Bi-based nanocatalysts are relatively cost-effective and environmentally benign materials which possess advanced optoelectronic properties. However, these nanocatalysts suffer back recombination reactions during photochemical and photoelectrochemical operations which impede their catalytic efficiency. However, heterojunction formation allows the separation of electron–hole pairs to avoid recombination via interfacial charge transfer. Thus, synergetic effects between the Bi-based heterostructured nanocatalysts largely improves the course of H2 generation. Here, we propose the systematic review of Bi-based heterostructured nanocatalysts, highlighting an in-depth discussion of various exceptional heterostructures, such as TiO2/BiWO6, BiWO6/Bi2S3, Bi2WO6/BiVO4, Bi2O3/Bi2WO6, ZnIn2S4/BiVO4, Bi2O3/Bi2MoO6, etc. The reviewed heterostructures exhibit excellent H2 evolution efficiency, ascribed to their higher stability, more exposed active sites, controlled morphology, and remarkable band-gap tunability. We adopted a slightly different approach for reviewing Bi-based heterostructures, compiling them according to their applicability in H2 energy and discussing challenges, prospects, and guidance to develop better and more efficient nanocatalytic systems.

Synthesis of Bimetallic BiPO4/ZnO Nanocomposite: Enhanced Photocatalytic Dye Degradation and Antibacterial Applications

Multidrug-resistant strains (MDRs) are becoming a major concern in a variety of settings, including water treatment and the medical industry. Well-dispersed catalysts such as BiPO₄, ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), and different ratios of BiPO₄/ZnO nanocomposites (NCs) were synthesized through hydrothermal treatments. The morphological behavior of the prepared catalysts was characterized using XRD, Raman spectra, PL, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), SEM, EDX, and Fe-SEM. MDRs were isolated and identified by the 16s rDNA technique as belonging to B. flexus, B. filamentosus, P. stutzeri, and A. baumannii. The antibacterial activity against MDRs and the photocatalytic methylene blue (MB) dye degradation activity of the synthesized NPs and NCs were studied. The results demonstrate that the prepared BiPO₄/ZnO-NCs (B1Z4-75:300; NCs-4) caused a maximum growth inhibition of 20 mm against A. baumannii and a minimum growth inhibition of 12 mm against B. filamentosus at 80 μg mL^-1 concentrations of the NPs and NCs. Thus, NCs-4 might be a suitable alternative to further explore and develop as an antibacterial agent. The obtained results statistically justified the data (p ≤ 0.05) via one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). According to the results of the antibacterial and photocatalytic study, we selected the best bimetallic NCs-4 for the photoexcited antibacterial effect of MDRs, including Gram ve⁺ and Gram ve^- strains, via UV light irradiation. The flower-like NCs-4 composites showed more effectiveness than those of BiPO₄, ZnO, and other ratios of NCs. The results encourage the development of flower-like NCs-4 to enhance the photocatalytic antibacterial technique for water purification.

Hydrothermal synthesis of Ag-doped ZnO/sepiolite nanostructured material for enhanced photocatalytic activity

This work is devoted to the development of Ag-ZnO/sepiolite photocatalysts as novel nanostructured materials by the immobilization of Ag-doped ZnO on the surface of fibrous clay. Herein, innovative Ag-ZnO/sepiolite photocatalysts were successfully prepared through a simple hydrothermal route using diverse Ag dopant concentrations (2 and 5%). Structural, morphological, and optical properties of the obtained photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, MEB, and DRS-UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results confirmed that Ag-doped ZnO nanoparticles with a diameter of 10-30 nm are homogeneously distributed on the sepiolite fibers' surface. The silver dopant was effectively incorporated into the zinc oxide, leading to a slight distortion of the hexagonal wurtzite structure and a reduction of the bandgap energy with increased silver doping. The photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye was analyzed for all the samples under UV-Vis light. Compared to ZnO alone and undoped ZnO/SEP, the Ag-ZnO/SEP5% nanostructured materials exhibited a significantly improved photocatalytic activity, with full decolorization after 4 h of UV-Vis irradiation (60 W). The photocatalysis of organic pollutants matched well with a pseudo-first-order kinetic. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was ascribed to the low bandgap energy (3 eV), the reduction of the recombination of electron hole, and the sepiolite support.

Spectroscopic investigation on photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using Fe2O3/WO3/FeWO4 nanomaterials

In this study, iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), tungsten oxide (WO₃) and iron-tungstate oxide (FeWO₄) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by simple precipitation, acid precipitation, and hydrothermal method respectively. All the spectroscopic analysis reveals that as-synthesized NPs are crystalline with a z-average size of 342, 313 and 373 d.nm respectively. The element compositions, shape and size of the NPs were identified with the help of SEM with EDX analysis. FTIR analysis concluded that the presence of functional groups on the surface of NPs and which responsible for capping and formation of NPs. Besides, the as-synthesized NPs have been used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of Methyl Orange (MO) dye under visible irradiation. FeWO₄ NPs (98%) show more effective in the degradation of MO as compared to other NPs. Moreover, the degraded MO and its by-products were used to assess their toxicity on Vigna radiata and RAW 264.7 cell line and which were confirmed that degraded by-products were non-hazardous.

Facile Solvothermal Synthesis of Hollow BiOBr Submicrospheres with Enhanced Visible-Light-Responsive Photocatalytic Performance

In this work, hierarchical hollow BiOBr submicrospheres (HBSMs) were successfully prepared via a facile yet efficient solvothermal strategy. Remarkable effects of solvents upon the crystallinities, morphologies, and microstructures of the BiOBr products were systematically investigated, which revealed that the glycerol/isopropanol volumetric ratio played a significant role in the formation of hollow architecture. Accordingly, the underlying formation mechanism of the hollow submicrospheres was tentatively put forward here. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activities of the resulting HBSMs were evaluated in detail with photocatalytic degradation of the organic methyl orange under visible light irradiation. Encouragingly, the as-obtained HBSMs with striking recyclability demonstrated excellent visible-light-responsive photocatalytic performance, which benefits from their large surface area, effective visible light absorption, and unique hollow feature, highlighting their promising commercial application in waste water treatment.

Dual enzyme-like properties of silver nanoparticles decorated Ag2WO4 nanorods and its application for H2O2 and glucose sensing

The facile one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of silver nanoparticles decorated silver tungstate nanorods (Ag@Ag₂WO₄ NRs) and their catalytic activities similar to those of natural enzymes catalase and peroxidase were reported. The Ag@Ag₂WO₄ NRs could catalyze the decomposition reaction of H₂O₂ into water and oxygen besides catalyzing the reduction of H₂O₂ into water in the presence of peroxidase substrates. Spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods were used to investigate the pH-dependent dual enzyme mimics exhibited by Ag@Ag₂WO₄ NRs. The Ag@Ag₂WO₄ NRs showed a lower Km value when compared to the natural horseradish peroxidase enzyme showing the stronger affinity for hydrogen peroxide and TMB. The peroxidase-like property of the synthesized Ag@Ag₂WO₄ NRs was exploited to develop a H₂O₂ sensor with a broad linear range and low detection limit. Thus, a wide linear range of 45.4 μM- 2.38 mM and a low detection limit of 5.4 μM was obtained by spectrophotometry while a wide linear range of 62.34 μM- 2.4 mM and a low detection limit of 6.25 μM was obtained by amperometry for H₂O₂. Further, the detection method was extended for the detection of glucose with a wide linear range of 27.7 μM- 0.33 mM and a low detection limit of 2.6 μM.

High Photocatalytic Activity under Visible Light for a New Morphology of Bi2WO6 Microcrystals

In this work, a new morphology was obtained for bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6-glyc) using a hydrothermal method with the addition of glycerol as a surfactant. In order to compare, the bismuth tungstate without glycerol as the surfactant, i.e., Bi2WO6, was synthesized. Structural characterization by XRD and Rietveld refinement confirmed the orthorhombic structure as a single phase for all samples with high crystallinity. All active modes in Raman spectroscopy for the orthorhombic phase of bismuth tungstate were confirmed in agreement with XRD analysis. N2 adsorption/desorption and size pore distribution confirmed the high surface area (85.7 m2/g) for Bi2WO6-glyc when compared with Bi2WO6 (8.5 m2/g). The optical band gap by diffuse reflectance was 2.78 eV and 2.88 eV for Bi2WO6-glyc and Bi2WO6, respectively. SEM images confirmed the different morphology for these materials, and microstructures with cheese crisp were observed for Bi2WO6-glyc (cheese crisp). On the other hand, flower-like microcrystals were confirmed for Bi2WO6 sample. The photocatalytic performance of Bi2WO6-glyc (94.2%) in the photodegradation of rhodamine B (RhB) dye solutions at 60 min was more expressive than Bi2WO6 (81.3%) and photolysis (8.2%) at 90 min.

Self-assembled hierarchical architecture of tetragonal AgLa(MoO4)2 crystals: hydrothermal synthesis, morphology evolution and luminescence properties

Tetragonal AgLa(MoO₄)₂ microcrystals with novel discal hierarchical architectures were successfully synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal route.

Photoexcited Properties of Tin Sulfide Nanosheet-Decorated ZnO Nanorod Heterostructures

In this study, ZnO-Sn₂S₃ core-shell nanorod heterostructures were synthesized by sputtering Sn₂S₃ shell layers onto ZnO rods. The Sn₂S₃ shell layers consisted of sheet-like crystallites. A structural analysis revealed that the ZnO-Sn₂S₃ core-shell nanorod heterostructures were highly crystalline. In comparison with ZnO nanorods, the ZnO-Sn₂S₃ nanorods exhibited a broadened optical absorption edge that extended to the visible light region. The ZnO-Sn₂S₃ nanorods exhibited substantial visible photodegradation efficiency of methylene blue organic dyes and high photoelectrochemical performance under light illumination. The unique three-dimensional sheet-like Sn₂S₃ crystallites resulted in the high light-harvesting efficiency of the nanorod heterostructures. Moreover, the efficient spatial separation of photoexcited carriers, attributable to the band alignment between ZnO and Sn₂S₃, accounted for the superior photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical properties of the ZnO-Sn₂S₃ core-shell nanorod heterostructures.

Preparation and sonophotocatalytic performance of hierarchical Bi2WO6 structures and effects of various factors on the rate of Rhodamine B degradation

Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆ structures with high surface area were prepared in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone by using an optimized hydrothermal method. The samples prepared were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy and N₂ adsorption-desorption technique. The results of these characterizations showed the formation of the hierarchical Bi₂WO₆ structures with high surface area (51m²/g). The degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) with or without visible light was investigated under various experimental conditions to evaluate the sonophotocatalytic activity of the hierarchical Bi₂WO₆ structures. The result showed that the degradation efficiency was found to be in the following order: sonocatalysis<photocatalysis<sonophotocatalysis. The effects of various experimental factors such as light intensity, ultrasound pulse mode and catalyst dosage on the sonophotocatalysis efficiency were also investigated. Under the optimum condition (light intensity 140W, ultrasound pulse mode: 9s on/1s off, Bi₂WO₆ catalyst dosage: 1.25g/L), the excellent sonophotocatalytic activity on the degradation of RhB was observed: the degradation ratio achieved about 99.5% at 40min. The mechanism of the sonophotocatalysis was also proposed.

Sepiolite nanoplatform for the simultaneous assembly of magnetite and zinc oxide nanoparticles as photocatalyst for improving removal of organic pollutants

Novel ternary ZnO/Fe₃O₄-sepiolite nanostructured materials were developed in a two-step procedure based on the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles on a substrate composed by magnetite nanoparticles previously assembled to the sepiolite fibrous silicate (Fe₃O₄-sepiolite). The structural and morphological characterization shows that both, ZnO and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, were homogeneously dispersed on the surface of sepiolite. Therefore, the resulting material is characterized as a multifunctional nanoplatform simultaneously providing magnetic and photoactive properties. ZnO/Fe₃O₄-sepiolite materials exhibit superparamagnetic properties at room temperature, which is one of the sought properties in view to facilitate their recovery from the reaction medium after application as heterogeneous catalysts. ZnO/Fe₃O₄-sepiolite materials were tested as photocatalysts using methylene blue dye in water as model of a pollutant molecule, showing full decolorization after 2h of UV irradiation. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity of this nanoplataform may be maintained after reuse in several consecutive cycles of treatment. Remarkably, the ZnO/magnetite-sepiolite nanostructured material displays a similar activity as ZnO/sepiolite materials, but shows the additional advantage of easier recovery by means of a magnet which facilitates its reuse.

CTAB-Assisted Fabrication of Bi₂WO₆ Thin Nanoplates with High Adsorption and Enhanced Visible Light-Driven Photocatalytic Performance

Two-dimensional thin Bi₂WO₆ nanoplates have been fabricated using a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-assisted hydrothermal method. We investigated the proposed formation mechanism based on the crystalline structures of the thin Bi₂WO₆ nanoplates. The high adsorption ability and excellent visible-light driven photocatalytic activities of the Bi₂WO₆ nanoplates were illustrated, in view of exposed (001) facets of nanoplates possessing faster separation of photo-generated charge carriers and increased catalytically active sites. Such a cost-effective way to obtain Bi₂WO₆ nanoplates offers new possibilities for the design of adsorptive semiconductor photocatalysts with strengthened photocatalytic activities.

The controllable fabrication of a novel hierarchical nanosheet-assembled Bi2MoO6 hollow micronbox with ultra-high surface area for excellent solar to chemical energy conversion

In this study, we demonstrated that a novel controllable nano-sheet assembled Bi₂MoO₆ micronbox had higher activity for nitrogen fixation and dye degradation.

Non-stoichiometric SnS microspheres with highly enhanced photoreduction efficiency for Cr(vi) ions

Sn²⁺ self-doped SnS microparticles were synthesized via a simple template-free hydrothermal route. The ability to tune the band structure while minimizing defect generation makes self-doped SnS an efficient photocatalyst for treating waste water.

Organoclay hybrid materials as precursors of porous ZnO/silica-clay heterostructures for photocatalytic applications

In this study, ZnO/SiO2-clay heterostructures were successfully synthesized by a facile two-step process applied to two types of clays: montmorillonite layered silicate and sepiolite microfibrous clay mineral. In the first step, intermediate silica-organoclay hybrid heterostructures were prepared following a colloidal route based on the controlled hydrolysis of tetramethoxysilane in the presence of the starting organoclay. Later on, pre-formed ZnO nanoparticles (NP) dispersed in 2-propanol were incorporated under ultrasound irradiation to the silica-organoclay hybrid heterostructures dispersed in 2-propanol, and finally, the resulting solids were calcinated to eliminate the organic matter and to produce ZnO nanoparticles (NP) homogeneously assembled to the clay-SiO2 framework. In the case of montmorillonite the resulting materials were identified as delaminated clays of ZnO/SiO2-clay composition, whereas for sepiolite, the resulting heterostructure is constituted by the assembling of ZnO NP to the sepiolite-silica substrate only affecting the external surface of the clay. The structural and morphological features of the prepared heterostructures were characterized by diverse physico-chemical techniques (such as XRD, FTIR, TEM, FE-SEM). The efficiency of these new porous ZnO/SiO2-clay heterostructures as potential photocatalysts in the degradation of organic dyes and the removal of pharmaceutical drugs in water solution was tested using methylene blue and ibuprofen compounds, respectively, as model of pollutants.

3D origami electrochemical device for sensitive Pb2+ testing based on DNA functionalized iron-porphyrinic metal-organic framework

A highly sensitive electrochemical (EC) biosensor combined with a 3D origami device for detection of Pb²⁺was developed based on novel Au nanoparticles modified paper working electrode (Au-PWE) as sensor platform and DNA functionalized iron-porphyrinic metal-organic framework ((Fe-P)n-MOF-Au-GR) hybrids as signal probes. In the presence of Pb²⁺, GR could be specifically cleaved at the ribonucleotide (rA) site, which produced the short (Fe-P)_n-MOF-linked oligonucleotide fragment to hybridize with hairpin DNA immobilized on the surface of Au-PWE. Because of the mimic peroxidase property of (Fe-P)_n-MOF, enzymatically amplified electrochemical signal was obtained to offer the sensitive detection of Pb²⁺. In addition, benefiting from the Pb²⁺ dependent GR, the proposed assay could selectively detect Pb²⁺ in the presence of other metal ions. This method showed a good linear relationship between the current response and the Pb²⁺ concentration ranging from 0.03 to 1000nmolL^-1 with a detection limit of 0.02nmolL^-1. The Au-PWE based electrochemical sensor along with the (Fe-P)_n-MOF-Au-GR probe exhibited the advantages of low-cost, simple fabrication, high sensitivity and selectivity, providing potential application of real-time Pb²⁺ detection both in environmental and biological samples.

A 3D electrochemical immunodevice based on an Au paper electrode and using Au nanoflowers for amplification

A highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor combined with a 3D origami device for detection of cancer antigen was developed based on a novel Au nanoparticle-modified paper working electrode.

Factors affecting oxygen evolution through water oxidation on polycrystalline titanium dioxide

A linear correlation between crystallite size and O₂ evolution rate was obtained, due to the efficient spatial separation of photogenerated carriers.

Ag@Ag8W4O16 nanoroasted rice beads with photocatalytic, antibacterial and anticancer activity

Increasing resistance of pathogens and cancer cell line towards antibiotics and anticancer agents has caused serious health problems in the past decades. Due to these problems in recent years, researchers have tried to combine nanotechnology with material science to have intrinsic antimicrobial and anticancer activity. The metals and metal oxides were investigated with respect to their antimicrobial and anticancer effects towards bacteria and cancer cell line. In the present work metal@metal tungstate (Ag@Ag8W4O16 nanoroasted rice beads) is investigated for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using Mueller-Hinton broth and the anticancer activity against B16F10 cell line was studied. Silver decorated silver tungstate (Ag@Ag8W4O16) was synthesized by the microwave irradiation method using Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB). Ag@Ag8W4O16 was characterized by using various spectroscopic techniques. The phase and crystalline nature were analyzed by using XRD. The morphological analysis was carried out using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM). Further, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectral analysis were carried out in order to ascertain the presence of functional groups in Ag@Ag8W4O16. The optical property was investigated using Diffuse Reflectance Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (DRS-UV-Vis) and the band gap was found to be 3.08eV. Surface area of the synthesized Ag@Ag8W4O16 wasanalyzed by BET analysis and Ag@Ag8W4O16 was utilized for the degradation of organic dyes methylene blue and rhodamine B. The morphology of the Ag@Ag8W4O16 resembles roasted rice beads with breath and length in nm range. The oxidation state of tungsten (W) and silver (Ag) was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

Controlled synthesis of hierarchical TiO2 nanoparticles on glass fibres and their photocatalytic performance

This paper reports the synthesis of novel photocatalysts consisting of TiO2 nanoparticles and glass fibres (GF) using a two-step process. The method involves the hydrolysis of titanium tetrachloride in the presence of GF and a following hydrothermal process under alkaline conditions. Various techniques are employed to characterize the morphology, structure and crystallinity of TiO2 on the fibre surface. The results show that depending on the experiment setups, TiO2 nanoparticles exhibit spherical or flake-like morphology, forming characteristic hierarchical structures along with flexible GF. Flake-like TiO2/GF exhibits much enhanced photocatalytic activity thanks to the large surface area and the hetero-junction of anatase and TiO2-B phases observed in its structure. An interesting observation is that the alkali treatment of GF leads to the formation of porous structures on the fibre surface, facilitating the adsorption-concentration-promoted photocatalytic process. The removal ratio of the organic dye by employing TiO2/GF remains more than 80% after six cyclic runs, showing the reusability of photocatalysts in real application. The novelty of this work lies in the synergy arising from materials with unique morphologies, structures and availabilities as well as capabilities in separating photogenerated electron-hole pairs, which have not been specifically considered previously in photocatalytic semiconductors.

A 3D electrochemical immunodevice based on a porous Pt-paper electrode and metal ion functionalized flower-like Au nanoparticles

A 3D microfluidic paper-based electrochemical immunodevice (μ-PEID) for simultaneous sensitive detection of two tumor biomarkers was fabricated.

Recent developments in heterogeneous photocatalytic water treatment using visible light-responsive photocatalysts: a review

This review summarizes the recent progress in the design, fabrication, and application of visible light-responsive photocatalysts.

In situ synthesis and excellent photocatalytic activity of tiny Bi decorated bismuth tungstate nanorods

Uniformly dispersed Bi in close contact with bismuth tungstate can enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of the bismuth tungstate.