1
|
Dumont ELP, Kaplan PD, Do C, Banerjee S, Barrer M, Ezzedine K, Zippin JH, Varghese GI. A randomized trial of a wearable UV dosimeter for skin cancer prevention. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1259050. [PMID: 38495115 PMCID: PMC10940533 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1259050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most prevalent cancer in the United States. Despite guidelines on ultraviolet (UV) avoidance, it remains difficult for people to assess their exposure, as UV is invisible and the onset of UV-induced symptoms is delayed. Methods In a prospective randomized trial, 97 elderly patients with a history of actinic keratoses (AK) were followed over 6 months. Fifty patients received UV counseling from a dermatologist and a wearable UV dosimeter that provided real-time and cumulative UV exposure. Forty-seven patients received only UV counseling from a dermatologist. Results Over 75% of participants recorded UV exposure at least once a week during the summer. After 6 months of intervention, when comparing the device group to the control group, we observed a non-significant 20% lower ratio of incidence rates of AKs (95% CI = [-41, 55%], p-value = 0.44) and a significant 95% lower ratio of incidence rates of NMSCs (95% CI = [33, 99.6%], p-value = 0.024). Surveys demonstrated that the control group's score in self-perceived ability to participate in social activities significantly increased by 1.2 (p-value = 0.04), while in the device group, this score non-significantly decreased by 0.9 (p-value = 0.1). We did not observe changes, or between-group differences, in anxiety and depression surveys. Conclusion This pilot clinical trial has a short duration and a small sample size. However, device adherence and quality of life questionnaires suggest a smartphone-connected wearable UV dosimeter is well accepted by an elderly population. This trial also indicates that a wearable UV dosimeter may be an effective behavioral change tool to reduce NMSC incidence in an elderly population with a prior history of AKs.Clinical trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT03315286.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel L. P. Dumont
- Shade, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Hackensack Meridian Center for Discovery and Innovation, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | | | - Catherine Do
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Melissa Barrer
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Khaled Ezzedine
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Jonathan H. Zippin
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - George I. Varghese
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dobbinson SJ, Buller DB, Chamberlain JA, Simmons J, Buller MK. Solar UV Measured under Built-Shade in Public Parks: Findings from a Randomized Trial in Denver and Melbourne. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10583. [PMID: 36078303 PMCID: PMC9518543 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Reducing exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV) is crucial for preventing UV-induced diseases of the skin and eyes. Shade may offer significant protection from UV. More empirical research to quantify the UV protection offered from built shade is needed to guide disease prevention practices and confidence in investment in shade. This study quantified UV levels under built-shade relative to unshaded passive recreation areas (PRAs) over summer months in parks in two cities. In a randomized controlled trial, n = 1144 UV measurements were conducted at the center and periphery of PRAs in a total sample of 144 public parks as part of pretest and posttest measures of use of the PRAs by park visitors for three recruitment waves per city during 2010 to 2014. Following pretest, 36 PRAs received built-shade and 108 did not. Regression analyses modelled pre-post change in UV (Standard Erythemal Dose (SED) per 30 min) at PRAs; and environmental predictors. Mean UV at the center of built-shade PRAs decreased from pretest to posttest (x¯ = 3.39, x¯ = 0.93 SED), a change of x¯ = -3.47 SED relative to control PRAs (p < 0.001) adjusting for the covariates of ambient SED, (cosine) solar elevation and cloud cover. Clouds decreased and solar elevation increased UV levels under shade. No significant differences in UV by shade design occurred. A substantial reduction in exposure to UV can be achieved using built-shade with shade cloth designs, offering considerable protection for shade users. Supplementary sun protection is recommended for extended periods of shade use during clear sky days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Jane Dobbinson
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | | | | | - Jody Simmons
- Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor, LaTrobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Temporal Variability Analysis from 2-Year of Continuous Observation in an Amazonian City of Brazil. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13071054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a highly energetic component of the solar spectrum that needs to be monitored because of the effects on human health and on the ecosystems. In Brazil, few cities monitor UVR, especially in the Amazon region which is particularly poor in observation. This work is the first to address the short-term (2-year) time variability of UVR in Santarém (2°25′ S, 54°44′ W, 51 m) using ground-based measurements. The irradiance in the wavelength range of 250–400 nm was investigated on different time scales. Furthermore, to understand how the UVR varies without the influence of clouds, the hours corresponding to the clear sky condition were analyzed as well as the hours in all sky conditions. Regarding the averages, there is a slight variation over the year. In all sky and clear sky conditions, the dry season had a higher average than the rainy season, despite the slight difference. Also, both in all-sky and clear-sky conditions the maximums occurred around local solar noon, and reached a maximum of 87 in the dry season under the clear sky condition. Further understanding of the radiative effects of the clouds in UVR time variability is considered essential for future research. This study can serve as a reference for UVR levels in this region where no other ground-based UVR measurements are made.
Collapse
|
4
|
The Ultraviolet Index Is Well Estimated by the Terrestrial Irradiance at 310 nm. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165528. [PMID: 34450969 PMCID: PMC8401474 DOI: 10.3390/s21165528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) exposure significantly contributes to non-melanoma skin cancer. In the context of health, UV exposure is the product of time and the UV Index (UVI), a weighted sum of the irradiance I(λ) over all wavelengths from λ = 250 to 400 nm. In our analysis of the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s UV-Net database of over 400,000 spectral irradiance measurements taken over several years, we found that the UVI is well estimated by 77 I310. To further understand this result, we applied an optical atmospheric model to generate terrestrial irradiance spectra and found that it applies across a wide range of conditions. An accurate UVI radiometer can be built from a photodiode covered by a bandpass filter centered at 310 nm.
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang X, Chalmers AN. Review of Wearable and Portable Sensors for Monitoring Personal Solar UV Exposure. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:964-978. [PMID: 33432511 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sunlight is one of the main environmental resources that keeps all the organisms alive on earth. The ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is essential for vitamin D synthesis in the human body, which is crucial for bone and muscle health. In addition, sun exposure also helps to reduce the risk of some cardiovascular diseases and cancers. However, excessive UV exposure can lead to adverse effects, including some eye diseases, premature aging, sunburn and skin cancers. The solar UV irradiance itself depends on many environmental factors. In fact, the UV index reported in weather forecasts is an estimation under cloudless conditions. Personal UV exposure also depends on one's outdoor activities and habits. Furthermore, the UV intake depends on the skin sensitivity. Therefore, there is a need for research into monitoring the optimal daily UV exposure for health benefits, without developing potential health risks. To facilitate the monitoring of solar UV intensity and cumulative dose, a variety of UV sensors have been developed in the past few decades and many are commercially available. Examples of sensors being marketed are: portable UV dosimeter, wearable UV radiometer, personal UV monitor, and handheld Solarmeter®. Some of the UV sensors can be worn as personal health monitors, which promote solar exposure protection. The paper provides a comprehensive review of the wearable and portable UV sensors for monitoring personal UV exposure, including a discussion of their unique advantages and limitations. Proposals are also presented for possible future research into reliable and practical UV sensors for personal UV exposure monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiyong Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew N Chalmers
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dillane D, Balanay JAG. Comparison between EPA UV index app and UV monitor to assess risk for solar ultraviolet radiation exposure in agricultural settings in Eastern North Carolina. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2021; 18:16-27. [PMID: 33284740 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2020.1842880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural workers are exposed to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation due to the significant amount of time spent working outdoors. Risk information on UV exposure from the EPA SunWise UV Index mobile app is conveniently available for timely advice on risk management, but its reliability is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of the EPA UV Index app in providing accurate risk information to reduce UV exposure and prevent related illnesses among agricultural workers in eastern North Carolina. UV radiation effective irradiance (UV eff ) indices were datalogged at two agricultural sites using radiometers from April-August 2019 and were assigned to risk levels (low, moderate, high, very high, extreme) based on the ACGIH® Threshold Limit Values (TLVs®). The UV index (UV app ) and its corresponding risk level were obtained using the app. Hourly UV app -based risk level assignments were time-matched to their corresponding UV eff /TLV-based risk level assignments (871 pairs) and analyzed using cross tabulation by determining the percentage of hourly UV eff /TLV-based risk levels ("gold standard") with the same hourly UV app -based risk levels, with a larger percentage indicating higher app reliability. Results showed that the app correctly identified 100% of low risk conditions, but its reliability decreased as the UV risk condition became more severe. The app correctly identified 0% of moderate, high and very high risk conditions but instead assigned 100% of them to lower risk levels (30-100% as low risk, 5-70% as moderate risk), indicating that the app was less protective in assessing UV risk. The app correctly identified 0.6% of extreme risk conditions but assigned 99.4% of them to lower risk levels (9.4% as low, 29.7% as moderate, 24.6% as high, 35.8% as very high). It is concluded that the performance of the EPA UV Index app in assessing occupational UV risk is not protective of workers particularly for high risk conditions, and that the use of the app for the assessment of risk to UV exposure in agricultural settings is not recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Dillane
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Jo Anne G Balanay
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cadet JM, Bencherif H, Cadet N, Lamy K, Portafaix T, Belus M, Brogniez C, Auriol F, Metzger JM, Wright CY. Solar UV Radiation in the Tropics: Human Exposure at Reunion Island (21° S, 55° E) during Summer Outdoor Activities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218105. [PMID: 33153111 PMCID: PMC7662767 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reunion Island is a popular tourist destination with sandy beaches, an active volcano (Piton de la Fournaise), and Piton des Neiges, the highest and most dominant geological feature on the island. Reunion is known to have high levels of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) with an ultraviolet index (UVI) which can reach 8 in winter and 16 in summer (climatological conditions). UVR has been linked to skin cancer, melanoma, and eye disease such as cataracts. The World Health Organization (WHO) devised the UVI as a tool for expressing UVR intensity. Thresholds ranging from low (UVI 1-2) to extreme (UVI > 11) were defined depending on the risk to human health. The purpose of the study was to assess UVR exposure levels over three of the busiest tourist sites on the island. UVR was measured over several hours along popular hiking trails around Piton de la Fournaise (PDF), Piton des Neiges (PDN), and St-Leu Beach (LEU). The results were compared with those recorded by the local UV station at Saint-Denis. In addition, cumulative standard erythemal dose (SED) was calculated. Results showed that UVI exposure at PDF, PDN, and LEU were extreme (>11) and reached maximum UVI levels of 21.1, 22.5, and 14.5, respectively. Cumulative SEDs were multiple times higher than the thresholds established by the Fitzpatrick skin phototype classification. UVI measurements at the three study sites showed that Reunion Island is exposed to extreme UVR conditions. Public awareness campaigns are needed to inform the population of the health risks related to UVR exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Maurice Cadet
- LACy, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion 97744, France; (H.B.); (K.L.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +26-22-6293-8297
| | - Hassan Bencherif
- LACy, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion 97744, France; (H.B.); (K.L.); (T.P.)
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Nicolas Cadet
- Faculté de Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis de La Réunion 97744, France;
| | - Kévin Lamy
- LACy, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion 97744, France; (H.B.); (K.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Thierry Portafaix
- LACy, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion 97744, France; (H.B.); (K.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Matthias Belus
- Conseil Régional de La Réunion, 5 Avenue René Cassin, Sainte-Clotilde 97490, La Réunion, France;
| | - Colette Brogniez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518–LOA–Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Frédérique Auriol
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518–LOA–Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Jean-Marc Metzger
- Observatoire des Sciences de l’Univers de La Réunion, UMS 3365, 97744 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France;
| | - Caradee Y. Wright
- Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abou-Zahr T, Calvo Carrasco D. Technological Advances in Herpetoculture. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2019; 22:387-396. [PMID: 31395321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Technology plays a vital role in herpetoculture because ectothermic animals rely on their environment to carry out basic physiologic functions. Controlling the environment appropriately ensures the health and welfare of captive reptiles and amphibians. This article summarizes some of the technological advances and products currently available, including lighting, climate control, and recordkeeping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Abou-Zahr
- Valley Vets, 180 Merthyr Road, Whitchurch, Cardiff CF14 1DL, UK.
| | - Daniel Calvo Carrasco
- Great Western Exotic Vets, Unit 10, Berkshire House, County Business Park, Shrivenham Road, Wiltshire, Swindon SN1 2NR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Solar UV Radiation in Saint-Denis, La Réunion and Cape Town, South Africa: 10 years Climatology and Human Exposure Assessment at Altitude. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) monitoring is important since it depends on several atmospheric parameters which are associated with climate change and since excess solar UVR exposure and has significant impacts on human health and wellbeing. The objective of this study was to investigate the trends in solar UVR during a decade (2009–2018) in Saint-Denis, Reunion Island (20.9°S, 55.5°E, 85 m ASL) and Cape Town, South Africa (33.97°S, 18.6°E, 42 m ASL). This comparison was done using total daily erythema exposure as derived from UVR sensors continuously at both sites. Climatology over the 10-year period showed extreme UVR exposure for both sites. Slight changes with opposite trends were found, +3.6% at Saint-Denis and −3.7% at Cape Town. However, these two sites often experience extreme weather conditions thereby making the trend evaluation difficult. Human exposure assessment was performed for hiking activities at two popular high-altitude hiking trails on the Maïdo–Grand Bénare (Reunion) and Table Mountain (Cape Town) with a handheld radiometer. Extreme exposure doses of 64 SED and 40 SED (Standard Erythemal Dose, 1 SED = 100 J.m−2) were recorded, respectively. These high exposure doses highlight the importance of raising public awareness on the risk related to excess UVR exposure at tourist sites, especially those at high altitude.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kanellis VG. Ultraviolet radiation sensors: a review. Biophys Rev 2019; 11:895-899. [PMID: 31230215 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-019-00556-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of when to actively modify outdoor sun protective behaviour is crucial for sun safety and should be based upon personal susceptibility to sunburn and the intensity of the ultraviolet radiation dose during outdoor exposure. To facilitate measurements of dose and exposure, non-scientific and research-grade instruments measuring different exposure parameters of solar radiation are commercially available. These devices have been marketed as weather stations, purpose-built UVI display stations, portable dosimeters, handheld solarmeters, watches, and even stickers that can be worn. According to their measurements, the public can be educated and reminded to adopt appropriate sun safety practices such as limiting midday sun exposure, seeking shade, wearing protective clothing such as a broad-brimmed hat, and regularly applying and reapplying broad-spectrum sunscreen. There are many different commercial devices and smart phone applications (apps) that allow the public to be informed about current ultraviolet radiation levels in their immediate area, but each aims to enable the public to practise good sun safety behaviour. Naturally, each device is not without its various limitations and unique advantages. This study explores the ways in which ultraviolet radiation sensors can provide an accurate and highly convenient way of practising good sun safety behaviour in various contexts of high sun exposure such as playgrounds, tourist attractions, workplaces, and swimming pools. However, the author advises caution on the use of personal meters that have not been validated for their reliability and accuracy as public health tools.
Collapse
|
11
|
Schmalwieser AW, Gröbner J, Blumthaler M, Klotz B, De Backer H, Bolsée D, Werner R, Tomsic D, Metelka L, Eriksen P, Jepsen N, Aun M, Heikkilä A, Duprat T, Sandmann H, Weiss T, Bais A, Toth Z, Siani AM, Vaccaro L, Diémoz H, Grifoni D, Zipoli G, Lorenzetto G, Petkov BH, di Sarra AG, Massen F, Yousif C, Aculinin AA, den Outer P, Svendby T, Dahlback A, Johnsen B, Biszczuk-Jakubowska J, Krzyscin J, Henriques D, Chubarova N, Kolarž P, Mijatovic Z, Groselj D, Pribullova A, Gonzales JRM, Bilbao J, Guerrero JMV, Serrano A, Andersson S, Vuilleumier L, Webb A, O'Hagan J. UV Index monitoring in Europe. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 16:1349-1370. [PMID: 28848959 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00178a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The UV Index was established more than 20 years ago as a tool for sun protection and health care. Shortly after its introduction, UV Index monitoring started in several countries either by newly acquired instruments or by converting measurements from existing instruments into the UV Index. The number of stations and networks has increased over the years. Currently, 160 stations in 25 European countries deliver online values to the public via the Internet. In this paper an overview of these UV Index monitoring sites in Europe is given. The overview includes instruments as well as quality assurance and quality control procedures. Furthermore, some examples are given about how UV Index values are presented to the public. Through these efforts, 57% of the European population is supplied with high quality information, enabling them to adapt behaviour. Although health care, including skin cancer prevention, is cost-effective, a proportion of the European population still doesn't have access to UV Index information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alois W Schmalwieser
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Unit of Physiology and Biophysics, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Controlling sunbathing safety during the summer holidays - The solar UV campaign at Baltic Sea coast in 2015. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28622559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Information regarding the intensity of surface UV radiation, provided for the public, is frequently given in terms of a daily maximum UV Index (UVI), based on a prognostic model. The quality of the UV forecast depends on the accuracy of column amount of ozone and cloudiness prediction. Daily variability of UVI is needed to determine the risk of the UV overexposure during outdoor activities. Various methods of estimating the temporary UVI and the maximum duration of UV exposures (received a dose equal to minimal erythemal dose - MED), at the site of sunbathing, were compared. The UV indices were obtained during a field experiment at the Baltic Sea coast in the period from 13th to 24th July 2015. The following UVI calculation models were considered: UVI measurements by simple hand-held biometers (Silver Crest, Oregon Scientific, or more advanced Solarmeter 6.5), our smartphone models based on cloud cover observations at the site and the cloudless-sky UVI forecast (available for any site for all smartphone users) or measured UVI, and the 24h weather predictions by the ensemble set of 10 models (with various cloud parameterizations). The direct UV measurements, even by a simple biometer, provided useful UVI estimates. The smartphone applications yielded a good agreement with the UV measurements. The weather prediction models for cloudless-sky conditions could provide valuable information if almost cloudless-sky conditions (cloudless-sky or slightly scattered clouds) were observed at the sunbathing site.
Collapse
|
13
|
Dobbinson S, Niven P, Buller D, Allen M, Gies P, Warne C. Comparing Handheld Meters and Electronic Dosimeters for Measuring Ultraviolet Levels under Shade and in the Sun. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 92:208-14. [PMID: 26575187 DOI: 10.1111/php.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the validity, reliability and practicality of alternative portable methods for measuring erythemal UVR levels in passive recreation areas in public parks. UVR levels were measured for point in time comparisons between Solarmeter 6.5 handheld meters and time-stamped electronic dosimeters in a large central park in Melbourne, Australia. Observations were made at 20 locations in the park by two research assistants under two conditions: (1) matched shade (2) contrasting shade-no shade. Comparisons were also made with scientific instruments on the UVR monitoring station rooftop and by remotely selecting UV records and forecasts on cloud-free dates of park observations. There was good agreement between the portable UVR instruments in the park setting as confirmed via Bland Altman plots, while the dosimeter appeared less sensitive to change in shade conditions. The rooftop measurements showed that the Solarmeter 6.5 UVR readings were comparable to those of the adjacent rooftop instruments. The practicalities of using the dosimeters and Solarmeters for behavioral studies are discussed. These findings provide a basis for use of the Solarmeter 6.5 to measure changes in UVR levels due to different environmental conditions with relative accuracy for intervention studies in outdoor settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martin Allen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Peter Gies
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Government of Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michele E. Lee
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Andrea M. Armani
- Mork Family
Department of
Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mahé E, de Paula Corrêa M, Vouldoukis I, Godin-Beekmann S, Sigal ML, Beauchet A. [Sun exposure at school: Evaluation of risk (erythema dose), benefits (vitamin-D synthesis) and behaviour among children in France]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2016; 143:512-20. [PMID: 27037029 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To better understand the potential risk associated with sun exposure during the school year, we decided to evaluate behaviour, risk [UV index (UVI), minimal erythema dose (MED)] and benefits (vitamin-D synthesis) of sun exposure in primary schoolchildren in France, as well as the various sun protection methods used for children. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed the study on a sunny day (July 24) in a school in Antony (France). Evaluation of UVI (with calculation of MED) and the amount of vitamin D synthesized according to exposed body surface area and phototype were performed every 15minutes from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. The effects of albedo and shade on UVI were assessed in 8 different locations at the school. The sun-protection measures used by the children were systematically evaluated. RESULTS Fifty-seven children were evaluated; the maximum UVI was 7.2 and the maximum temperature was 30.7°C. Irrespective of phototype and clothing, 1 MED was reached and an adequate level of vitamin D was synthesized in the skin before midday. Albedo had little impact on irradiation. The amount of protection afforded by shadow varied greatly, with the highest level occurring in the covered courtyard (99.5% reduction of UVI) and the lowest in the shadow of buildings (53.7% reduction of UVI). With strict sun protection measures concerning dress, children reached 1 MED before synthesizing 1000IU of vitamin D, but with clothing "suited to high temperatures", 1000IU of vitamin D were synthetized before 1 MED was reached. Compliance with photoprotection measures was poor. Regardless of duration of exposure during the day (minimal model: two play breaks+lunchtime break) and of skin phototype, at least 1.5 MED was reached during the day. STUDY LIMITATIONS This was an experimental study ignoring children's actual behaviour (movement, sweating, application of sun protection products, etc.). Moreover, due to weather conditions, the study was performed at a recreation centre in July and not during the "standard" school year. CONCLUSION Sun protection campaigns should naturally be directed chiefly towards children for several reasons relating to solar risk and learning. This study shows the complex link between UV, MED, vitamin D as well as the difficulties of implementing solar protection measures in schools in France.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Mahé
- Service de dermatologie, centre hospitalier Victor-Dupouy, 69, rue du Lieutenant-Colonel-Prud'hon, 95107 Argenteuil cedex, France.
| | - M de Paula Corrêa
- Natural Resources Institute, Federal University of Itajubá, Itajubá, Brésil; Service d'aéronomie (LATMOS), CNRS, laboratoire atmosphères, milieux, observations spatiales, université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78280 Guyancourt, France
| | - I Vouldoukis
- Inserm, UPMC-UMRS 945, centre hospitalier universitaire de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75634 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - S Godin-Beekmann
- Service d'aéronomie (LATMOS), CNRS, laboratoire atmosphères, milieux, observations spatiales, université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78280 Guyancourt, France
| | - M-L Sigal
- Service de dermatologie, centre hospitalier Victor-Dupouy, 69, rue du Lieutenant-Colonel-Prud'hon, 95107 Argenteuil cedex, France
| | - A Beauchet
- Département de santé publique, CHU Ambroise-Paré, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 9, avenue Charles-de-Gaulle, 92104 Boulogne-Billancourt cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bais AF, McKenzie RL, Bernhard G, Aucamp PJ, Ilyas M, Madronich S, Tourpali K. Ozone depletion and climate change: impacts on UV radiation. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:19-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp90032d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Percentage changes in the UV Index (UVI) for 2090 relative to 2015 due to changes in ozone (left) and aerosols (right) only. Large decreases are projected over Antarctica due to stratospheric ozone recovery. Increases are projected for parts of Asia due to decreases in aerosols, partly reversing the possible large reductions in UVI after the 1950s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Bais
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- 54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
| | - R. L. McKenzie
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
- PB 50061 Omakau, Central Otago
- New Zealand
| | | | - P. J. Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Management Consultants
- Faerie Glen
- South Africa
| | - M. Ilyas
- School of Environmental Engineering
- University Malaysia Perlis
- Kangar
- Malaysia
| | - S. Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research
- Boulder
- USA
| | - K. Tourpali
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
- 54124 Thessaloniki
- Greece
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gies P, Makin J, Dobbinson S, Javorniczky J, Henderson S, Guilfoyle R, Lock J. Shade provision for toddlers at swimming pools in Melbourne. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:968-73. [PMID: 23565839 DOI: 10.1111/php.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the UVR protection provided by shade structures over toddler pools at swimming pool centers in Melbourne. The UVR protection was measured using a combination of UV sensitive polysulfone film to derive an average value during the middle of the day (1-2 P.M.) and handheld UV meters to derive the time variability in UV protection between 11 A.M. and 3 P.M. The amount of UVR protection provided by the shade structures depended upon a number of factors such as location, size, and materials used, but generally ranged from a protection factor (PF) of 2 to ~ 16. The higher PFs were generally for larger structures or where the shade had other structures nearby. The handheld UV meter measurements showed the UV protection varied with position under the shade structure as well as with time of day. While provision of shade structures is becoming more widespread around Australia, improving the shade availability at the pool centers overall, the application of recommendations regarding the provision of shade has been followed to a varying degree by many of the pools visited in this study. In many cases, continued further improvements can be made to provide more adequate protection and further reduce UV exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gies
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Yallambie, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wright CY, Albers PN. Comparison of two personal ultraviolet index monitors for sun awareness in South Africa. S AFR J SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/sajs.2013/0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is known to have both adverse and beneficial consequences for human health. Sunburn and skin cancer are probably the most well-known acute and chronic adverse health impacts. These themes have recently been discussed in the media for the general public; consequently interest in sun protection is growing. The promotion of the use of practical personal strategies to reduce adverse health risks, such as healthy sun behaviour, sun protection mechanisms and solar ultraviolet radiation awareness tools, is increasing. One such tool is the personal UV index (UVI) monitor, promoted commercially as a viable tool for sun awareness; however, such instruments have not been scientifically evaluated in a South African context. Here, two different types of personal UVI monitors, commercially available in South Africa, were compared with a research-grade UVB biometer for a continuous 7-h period on 02 March 2012 in Pretoria. One of the two personal UVI monitors showed reasonable agreement with the UVB biometer, whereas the other monitor overestimated UVI by up to 4 UVI units. When comparing two identical products manufactured by the same company, one monitor overestimated UVI twofold, suggesting inter-instrument variability may be a concern. Commercially available, personal UVI monitors should be used with caution as a public health tool for sun awareness in South Africa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caradee Y. Wright
- Climate Studies, Modelling and Environmental Health Research Group, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Patricia N. Albers
- Environment and Health Research Unit, Medical Research Council. Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
[Understanding and use of the global solar UV index ("UV index") by French dermatologists]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2012; 140:15-20. [PMID: 23328355 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The principal risk factor for development of skin cancers is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The universal solar UV index (UVI) consists of a simple measurement of UV radiation at the earth's surface, which provides an indicator of the risk of skin lesions in the absence of protective measures and taking into account individual phototype. The UVI is recommended by the WHO and is used to educate populations about the need to take protective measures in the event of exposure to UV radiation. There have been very few studies to assess understanding of this index, and these have been conducted primarily among the general population. Our study assesses understanding and use of the UVI among dermatologists in metropolitan France. MATERIALS AND METHODS This survey was conducted in December 2011 among 400 randomly selected French dermatologists. The questions asked concerned their personal and professional knowledge and their use of the UVI. RESULTS We analysed 165 (41.5%) of the answers. The UVI was known to 79% of the dermatologists questioned. Less than one third of dermatologists knew the key values in the UVI. Less than half of the dermatologists aware of the UVI reported acting upon the values in question. Only 12.1% of the dermatologists said that they used the index in their communication concerning prevention of sunburn. DISCUSSION The results of our study show that the UVI is poorly known and not very widely used among dermatologists in France. This index, readily understood by anyone, could be incorporated by dermatologists in their prevention messages concerning solar radiation and it could be used throughout the year, particularly in target populations such as schoolchildren and children taking part in outdoor sports.
Collapse
|
20
|
Mahé E, Corrêa M, Godin-Beekmann S, Haeffelin M, Jégou F, Saiag P, Beauchet A. Evaluation of tourists’ UV exposure in Paris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 27:e294-304. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Mahé E, Beauchet A, de Paula Corrêa M, Godin-Beekmann S, Haeffelin M, Bruant S, Fay-Chatelard F, Jégou F, Saiag P, Aegerter P. Outdoor sports and risk of ultraviolet radiation-related skin lesions in children: evaluation of risks and prevention. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:360-7. [PMID: 21574980 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure can cause skin cancers, skin photoageing and cataracts. Children are targeted by sun-protection campaigns because high sun exposure and sunburn in childhood increase the risk of melanoma in adulthood. Little information is available about UV radiation risk and exposure in children who take part in outdoor sports. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the risk of developing UV radiation-induced skin lesions run by children who practise outdoor sports, and UV radiation exposure and sun-protection measures during a soccer tournament. METHODS Firstly, we evaluated the relationship between melanocytic naevus - a skin lesion linked with exposure to UV radiation - and outdoor sports in 660 11-year-old children. Secondly, we used the occasion of a 1-day soccer tournament held in the spring to evaluate UV radiation-protective measures used by soccer players and the public. We also evaluated the UV radiation index and cloud cover during the tournament, and calculated the UV radiation dose and minimal erythema dose depending on skin phototype. RESULTS The naevus count and acquired naevus count measured over the 2 years of the study were higher in the 344 children who practised outdoor sports. Sun-protective measures were insufficient for soccer players and the public. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that outdoor sports increase the risk of developing UV radiation-induced skin lesions in childhood. During a 1-day soccer tournament held in the spring, children and their parents were inadequately protected against the sun. These results suggest that sun-protection campaigns should be aimed at children who practise popular outdoor sports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Mahé
- Department of Dermatology, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, University of Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|