1
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Zhang D, Li Z, Yang L, Ma H, Chen H, Zeng X. Architecturally designed sequential-release hydrogels. Biomaterials 2023; 303:122388. [PMID: 37980822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Drug synergy has made significant strides in clinical applications in recent decades. However, achieving a platform that enables "single administration, multi-stage release" by emulating the natural physiological processes of the human body poses a formidable challenge in the field of molecular pharmaceutics. Hydrogels, as the novel generation of drug delivery systems, have gained widespread utilization in drug platforms owing to their exceptional biocompatibility and modifiability. Sequential drug delivery hydrogels (SDDHs), which amalgamate the advantages of hydrogel and sequential release platforms, offer a promising solution for effectively navigating the intricate human environment and accomplishing drug sequential release. Inspired by architectural design, this review establishes connections between three pivotal factors in SDDHs construction, namely mechanisms, carrier spatial structure, and stimuli-responsiveness, and three aspects of architectural design, specifically building materials, house structures, and intelligent interactive furniture, aiming at providing insights into recent developments in SDDHs. Furthermore, the dual-drug collocation and cutting-edge hydrogel preparation technologies as well as the prevailing challenges in the field were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zimu Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Hualin Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518020, China.
| | - Hongzhong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Xiaowei Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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2
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Du B, Zhou X, Li Q, Liu J, Liu Y, Zeng X, Cheng X, Hu H. Surface Treat Method to Improve the Adhesion between Stainless Steel and Resin: A Review. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:39984-40004. [PMID: 37929129 PMCID: PMC10620901 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Combining metal and polymer into hybrid composite materials is finding increasing interest in many industries. Special attention is being paid to increase the adhesion between the metal and polymer interface. In this paper, the current research progress of surface treatment methods for improving the interfacial adhesion of stainless steel and resin is reviewed. It involves the stainless steel surface treatment method, resin surface treatment method, and adhesion test methods of stainless steel and resin. The methods of improving the interfacial adhesion of stainless steel and resin are summarized and prospected according to the research status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Du
- Chongqing
Key Laboratory of Nano−Micro Composite Materials and Devices,
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
- College
of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xinyu Zhou
- Chongqing
Key Laboratory of Nano−Micro Composite Materials and Devices,
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Qichang Li
- Chongqing
Key Laboratory of Nano−Micro Composite Materials and Devices,
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Chongqing
Key Laboratory of Nano−Micro Composite Materials and Devices,
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Yuxi Liu
- School
of Smart Health, Chongqing College of Electronic
Engineering, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xianjun Zeng
- The
Green Aerotechnics Research Institute of CQJTU, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Xiangrong Cheng
- Chongqing
Key Laboratory of Nano−Micro Composite Materials and Devices,
School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hanjie Hu
- School
of Aeronautics, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
- The
Green Aerotechnics Research Institute of CQJTU, Chongqing 401120, China
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3
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Boaretto J, Cruz RCD, Vannucchi de Camargo F, Cordeiro GL, Fragassa C, Bergmann CP. Using Thermomechanical Properties to Reassess Particles' Dispersion in Nanostructured Polymers: Size vs. Content. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3707. [PMID: 37765561 PMCID: PMC10537304 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-filled polymers (i.e., nanocomposites) can exhibit characteristics unattainable by the unfilled polymer, making them attractive to engineer structural composites. However, the transition of particulate fillers from the micron to the nanoscale requires a comprehensive understanding of how particle downsizing influences molecular interactions and organization across multiple length scales, ranging from chemical bonding to microstructural evolution. This work outlines the advancements described in the literature that have become relevant and have shaped today's understanding of the processing-structure-property relationships in polymer nanocomposites. The main inorganic and organic particles that have been incorporated into polymers are examined first. The commonly practiced methods for nanoparticle incorporation are then highlighted. The development in mechanical properties-such as tensile strength, storage modulus and glass transition temperature-in the selected epoxy matrix nanocomposites described in the literature was specifically reviewed and discussed. The significant effect of particle content, dispersion, size, and mean free path on thermomechanical properties, commonly expressed as a function of weight percentage (wt.%) of added particles, was found to be better explained as a function of particle crowding (number of particles and distance among them). From this work, it was possible to conclude that the dramatic effect of particle size for the same tiny amount of very small and well-dispersed particles brings evidence that particle size and the particle weight content should be downscaled together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Boaretto
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil;
- Instituto Hercílio Randon, Caxias do Sul 95180-000, Brazil; (R.C.D.C.); (G.L.C.)
| | - Robinson Carlos Dudley Cruz
- Instituto Hercílio Randon, Caxias do Sul 95180-000, Brazil; (R.C.D.C.); (G.L.C.)
- Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul 95200-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cristiano Fragassa
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
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4
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Ali MA, Irfan MS, Khan T, Khalid MY, Umer R. Graphene nanoparticles as data generating digital materials in industry 4.0. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4945. [PMID: 36973318 PMCID: PMC10043272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the potential applications of 2D materials is to enhance multi-functionality of structures and components used in aerospace, automotive, civil and defense industries. These multi-functional attributes include sensing, energy storage, EMI shielding and property enhancement. In this article, we have explored the potential of using graphene and its variants as data generating sensory elements in Industry 4.0. We have presented a complete roadmap to cover three emerging technologies i.e. advance materials, artificial intelligence and block-chain technology. The utility of 2D materials such as graphene nanoparticles is yet to be explored as an interface for digitalization of a modern smart factory i.e. "factory-of-the-future". In this article, we have explored how 2D material enhanced composites can act as an interface between physical and cyber spaces. An overview of employing graphene-based smart embedded sensors at various stages of composites manufacturing processes and their application in real-time structural health monitoring is presented. The technical challenges associated with interfacing graphene-based sensing networks with digital space are discussed. Additionally, an overview of the integration of associated tools such as artificial intelligence, machine learning and block-chain technology with graphene-based devices and structures is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Ali
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad S Irfan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tayyab Khan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Y Khalid
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rehan Umer
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology (KUST), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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5
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Chakraborty R, Mukhopadhyay A, Paul S, Sarkar S, Mukhopadhyay R. Nanocomposite-based smart fertilizers: A boon to agricultural and environmental sustainability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160859. [PMID: 36526196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fertilizers are indispensable agri-inputs to accomplish the growing food demand. The injudicious use of conventional fertilizer products has resulted in several environmental and human health complications. To mitigate these problems, nanocomposite-based fertilizers are viable alternative options. Nanocomposites, a novel class of materials having improved mechanical strength, barrier properties, and mechanical and thermal stability, are suitable candidates to develop eco-friendly slow/controlled release fertilizer formulations. In this review, the use of different nanocomposite materials developed for nutrient management in agriculture has been summarized with a major focus on their synthesis and characterization techniques, and application aspects in plant nutrition, along with addressing constraints and future opportunities of this domain. Further detailed studies on nanocomposite-based fertilizers are required to evaluate the cost-effective synthesis methods, in-depth field efficacy, environmental fate, stability, etc. before commercialization in the field of agriculture. The present review is expected to help the policy makers and all the stakeholders in the large-scale commercialization and application of nanocomposite-based smart fertilizer products with greater societal acceptance and environmental sustainability in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranabir Chakraborty
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Arkadeb Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Subhadip Paul
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Subhasis Sarkar
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Raj Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India.
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6
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Ding S, Wang X, Qiu L, Ni YQ, Dong X, Cui Y, Ashour A, Han B, Ou J. Self-Sensing Cementitious Composites with Hierarchical Carbon Fiber-Carbon Nanotube Composite Fillers for Crack Development Monitoring of a Maglev Girder. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206258. [PMID: 36538746 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In view of high-performance, multifunctional, and low-carbon development of infrastructures, there is a growing demand for smart engineering materials, making infrastructures intelligent. This paper reports a new-generation self-sensing cementitious composite (SSCC) incorporated with a hierarchically structured carbon fiber (CF)-carbon nanotube (CNT) composite filler (CF-CNT), which is in situ synthesized by directly growing CNT on CF. Various important factors including catalyst, temperature, and gas composition are considered to investigate their kinetic and thermodynamic influence on CF-CNT synthesis. The reciprocal architecture of CF-CNT not only alleviates the CNT aggregation, but also significantly improves the interfacial bonding between CF-CNT and matrix. Due to the synergic and spatially morphological effects of CF-CNT, that is, the formation of widely distributed multiscale reinforcement networks, SSCCs with CF-CNTs exhibit high mechanical properties and electrical conductivity as well as excellent self-sensing performances, particularly enhanced sensing repeatability. Moreover, the SSCCs with CF-CNTs are integrated into a full-scale maglev girder to devise a smart system for crack development monitoring. The system demonstrates high sensitivity and fidelity to capture the initiation of cracks/damage, as well as progressive and sudden damage events until the complete failure of the maglev girder, indicating its considerable potential for structural health monitoring of infrastructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Ding
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Liangsheng Qiu
- School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Qing Ni
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Xufeng Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yanbin Cui
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ashraf Ashour
- Faculty of Engineering & Informatics, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Baoguo Han
- School of Civil Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jinping Ou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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7
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Click-Functionalization of Silanized Carbon Nanotubes: From Inorganic Heterostructures to Biosensing Nanohybrids. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052161. [PMID: 36903408 PMCID: PMC10004328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we present an approach to functionalize silanized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) through copper-free click chemistry for the assembly of inorganic and biological nanohybrids. The nanotube functionalization route involves silanization and strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions (SPACC). This was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. Silane-azide-functionalized SWNTs were immobilized from solution onto patterned substrates through dielectrophoresis (DEP). We demonstrate the general applicability of our strategy for the functionalization of SWNTs with metal nanoparticles (gold nanoparticles), fluorescent dyes (Alexa Fluor 647) and biomolecules (aptamers). In this regard, dopamine-binding aptamers were conjugated to the functionalized SWNTs to perform real-time detection of dopamine at different concentrations. Additionally, the chemical route is shown to selectively functionalize individual nanotubes grown on the surface of silicon substrates, contributing towards future nano electronic device applications.
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8
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Hirayama K, Kitamura M, Lin NS, Nguyen MH, Le BD, Mai AT, Mayama S, Umemura K. Attachment of DNA-Wrapped Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) for a Micron-Sized Biosensor. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:47148-47155. [PMID: 36570289 PMCID: PMC9774338 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We fabricated a micron-sized biodevice based on the near-infrared photoluminescence (PL) response of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Various biosensors using the unique optical responses of SWNTs have been proposed by many research groups. Most of these employed either colloidal suspensions of dispersed SWNTs or SWNT films on flat surfaces, such as electrodes. In this study, we attached DNA-wrapped SWNTs (DNA-SWNTs) to frustule (micron-sized nanoporous biosilica) surfaces, which were purified from cultured isolated diatoms. After the injection of an oxidant and a reductant, the SWNTs on the frustules showed prominent PL responses. This suggests that the biodevice functions as a micron-sized redox sensor. Frustules can be easily suspended in aqueous solutions because of their porous structures and can easily be collected as pellets by low-speed centrifugation. Thus, the removal of unbound SWNTs and the recovery of the fabricated DNA-SWNT frustules for reuse were achieved by gentle centrifugation. Our proposal for micron-sized SWNT biodevices would be helpful for various biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Hirayama
- Biophysics
Section, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Division II, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka,
Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Masaki Kitamura
- Biophysics
Section, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Division II, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka,
Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Nay San Lin
- Biophysics
Section, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Division II, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka,
Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Minh Hieu Nguyen
- VNU
University of Science, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Binh Duong Le
- National
Center for Technological Progress, 25 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Anh Tuan Mai
- VNU
University of Engineering and Technology, 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi G2-206, Vietnam
| | - Shigeki Mayama
- Tokyo
Diatomology Lab, 2−3-2
Nukuikitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-0015, Japan
| | - Kazuo Umemura
- Biophysics
Section, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Division II, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka,
Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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9
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Sansone ND, Razzaz Z, Salari M, Tuccitto AV, Aguiar R, Leroux M, Lee PC. Tailoring Multifunctional and Lightweight Hierarchical Hybrid Graphene Nanoplatelet and Glass Fiber Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:40232-40246. [PMID: 36000496 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, hybrid polypropylene (PP)-based composites reinforced with graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) and glass fiber (GF) were fabricated by injection molding to elucidate how the hybrid approach can produce synergistic effects capable of achieving properties and functionalities not possible in biphasic composites. Synergism between the reinforcements translated to improved mechanical performance, which was attributed to the chemically and/or electrostatically assembled hierarchical structure that facilitates load transfer at the interface while simultaneously tailoring the crystalline microstructure of the matrix by inducing transcrystallization and β-crystal formation. It was demonstrated that there exists an optimal concentration of 0.5 wt % GnP, producing the greatest mechanical properties and synergistic effect, corresponding to the highest degree of crystallinity (∼6% greater than Neat PP) and peak formation of β-crystals within the PP matrix. The greatest synergistic effect was found to be ∼52 and ∼39% for the specific tensile strength and flexural strength, respectively. The same optimal concentration of GnPs was found to produce the highest synergistic effect for thermal conductivity of ∼68% due to the volume exclusion effect induced by the GFs combined with the higher crystallinity of the microstructure, promoting the formation of thermally conductive pathways. Ultimately, the mechanisms contributing to the synergistic effect presented in this work can be used to maximize the performance of hybrid composite systems, giving them the potential to be tailored for a variety of high-performance industrial applications to meet the rising demands for ultra-strong, thermally conductive, and lightweight materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nello D Sansone
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Zahir Razzaz
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
- Axiom Group Inc., 115 Mary Street, Aurora L4G 1G3, Canada
| | - Meysam Salari
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Anthony V Tuccitto
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Rafaela Aguiar
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Matthew Leroux
- Axiom Group Inc., 115 Mary Street, Aurora L4G 1G3, Canada
| | - Patrick C Lee
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
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10
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Bayazit MK, Yau HC, Leese H, Lee WJ, Shaffer MSP. Mono‐Acetylenes as New Crosslinkers for All‐Carbon Living Charge Carbon Nanotubide Organogels. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kemal Bayazit
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla Istanbul 34956 Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science Sabanci University 34956 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Hin Chun Yau
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Hannah Leese
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Won Jun Lee
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
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11
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Abstract
The desire for greener aircraft pushes both academic and industrial research into developing technologies, manufacturing, and operational strategies providing emissions abatement. At time of writing, there are no certified electric aircraft for passengers’ transport. This is due to the requirements of lightness, reliability, safety, comfort, and operational capability of the fast air transport, which are not completely met by the state-of-the-art technology. Recent studies have shown that new aero-propulsive technologies do not provide significant fuel burn reduction, unless the operational ranges are limited to short regional routes or the electric storage capability is unrealistically high, and that this little advantage comes at increased gross weight and operational costs. Therefore, a significant impact into aviation emissions reduction can only be obtained with a revolutionary design, which integrates disruptive technologies starting from the preliminary design phase. This paper reviews the recent advances in propulsions, aerodynamics, and structures to present the enabling technologies for a low emissions aircraft, with a focus on the commuter category. In fact, it is the opinion of the European Community, which has financed several projects, that advances on the small air transport will be a fundamental step to assess the results and pave the way for large greener airplanes.
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12
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Rahmat M, Jakubinek MB, Ashrafi B, Martinez-Rubi Y, Simard B. Glass Fiber-Epoxy Composites with Boron Nitride Nanotubes for Enhancing Interlaminar Properties in Structures. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10674-10686. [PMID: 35382268 PMCID: PMC8973038 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid composite materials are a class of materials where more than one type of reinforcement is integrated into a matrix to achieve superior properties. This typically involves nanoparticle fillers employed within traditional advanced composites with fiber reinforcements such as carbon or glass. The current study builds on previous investigations of boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) hybrid composites, specifically glass fiber (GF)-epoxy/BNNT composite laminates. GF is an effective and affordable primary reinforcement fiber in many applications, and boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) exhibit impressive mechanical properties comparable to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with distinct functional properties, such as electrical insulation, which is desirable in manufacturing insulating composites when combined with GF. GF-epoxy/BNNT composite laminates, incorporating BNNT materials with different loadings (1 and 2 wt %) and purity, were manufactured using a hand layup technique and prepared for three-point bending, modified Charpy, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and fracture toughness (mode I and mode II) measurements. A comprehensive microscopy study was also performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showing prominent failure mechanism, nanotube dispersion, and their mode of reinforcement in different loading scenarios. Enhanced properties, including a 43% increase in mode II fracture toughness, were observed in hybrid composites with 1 wt % BNNT compared to the GF composites with neat epoxy, and the reinforcement mechanisms were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Rahmat
- Aerospace Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Michael B Jakubinek
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre, Emerging Technologies Division, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Behnam Ashrafi
- Aerospace Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 5145 Decelles Avenue, Montreal, QC H3T 2B2, Canada
| | - Yadienka Martinez-Rubi
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre, Emerging Technologies Division, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Benoit Simard
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre, Emerging Technologies Division, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
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13
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A Molecular Dynamics Study of the Stability and Mechanical Properties of a Nano-Engineered Fuzzy Carbon Fiber Composite. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites are used in various applications, and the interface of fibers and polymer is critical to the composites’ structural properties. We have investigated the impact of introducing different carbon nanotube loadings to the surfaces of carbon fibers and characterized the interfacial properties by molecular dynamics simulations. The carbon fiber (CF) surface structure was explicitly modeled to replicate the graphite crystallites’ interior consisting of turbostratic interconnected graphene multilayers. Then, single-walled carbon nanotubes and polypropylene chains were packed with the modeled CFs to construct a nano-engineered “fuzzy” CF composite. The mechanical properties of the CF models were calculated through uniaxial tensile simulations. Finally, the strength to peel the polypropylene from the nano-engineered CFs and interfacial energy were calculated. The interfacial strength and energy results indicate that a higher concentration of single-walled carbon nanotubes improves the interfacial properties.
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14
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Yu J, Zhai C, Wang M, Cai Z, Yeo J, Zhang Q, Zhao C, Lin S. Hybridly double-crosslinked carbon nanotube networks with combined strength and toughness via cooperative energy dissipation. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2434-2445. [PMID: 35098959 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06832f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although chemical crosslinking has been extensively explored to enhance the mechanical properties of network-type materials for structural and energy (electrochemical, thermal, etc.) applications, loading-induced energy dissipations usually occur through a single channel that either leads to network brittleness or low strength/stiffness. In this work, we apply coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to explore the potential of hybridly double-crosslinked carbon nanotube (CNT) networks as a light weight functional material with combined strength and toughness. While increasing the crosslinking density or strong crosslink composition may, in general, enhance the strength and toughness, further increasing the two parameters would surprisingly lead to deteriorated strength and toughness. We find that double-crosslinked networks can nicely achieve cooperative energy dissipation with minimal structural damage. In particular, the weak crosslinks serve as "sacrificial bonds" to dissipate elastic energies from external loading, while the strong crosslinks act as "structure holders" and break at a much later stage during the tensile test. Therefore, the combination of more than one type of crosslinking with hybrid potential energy landscapes and breaking time scales can prevent premature simultaneous breaking of multiple strong crosslinks. By deploying intermediate amounts of weak and strong crosslinks, we observe an outstanding density-normalized strength of 227-2130 kPa m3 kg-1 as compared to many structural materials and advanced nanocomposites. The crosslinking strategies developed here would pave new avenues for the rational design of functional network materials beyond CNTs, such as hydrogels, nanofibers, and nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingui Yu
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chenxi Zhai
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Centre for Theoretical and Computational Molecular Science, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhuangli Cai
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jingjie Yeo
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Qiaoxin Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changying Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Shangchao Lin
- Key Laboratory for Power Machinery and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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15
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Navarro-Suárez AM, Shaffer MSP. Designing Structural Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems: A Perspective on the Role of Device Chemistry. Front Chem 2022; 9:810781. [PMID: 35047483 PMCID: PMC8762199 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.810781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural energy storage devices (SESDs), designed to simultaneously store electrical energy and withstand mechanical loads, offer great potential to reduce the overall system weight in applications such as automotive, aircraft, spacecraft, marine and sports equipment. The greatest improvements will come from systems that implement true multifunctional materials as fully as possible. The realization of electrochemical SESDs therefore requires the identification and development of suitable multifunctional structural electrodes, separators, and electrolytes. Different strategies are available depending on the class of electrochemical energy storage device and the specific chemistries selected. Here, we review existing attempts to build SESDs around carbon fiber (CF) composite electrodes, including the use of both organic and inorganic compounds to increase electrochemical performance. We consider some of the key challenges and discuss the implications for the selection of device chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Navarro-Suárez
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, United Kingdom
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Sayam A, Rahman ANMM, Rahman MS, Smriti SA, Ahmed F, Rabbi MF, Hossain M, Faruque MO. A review on carbon fiber-reinforced hierarchical composites: mechanical performance, manufacturing process, structural applications and allied challenges. CARBON LETTERS 2022; 32:1173-1205. [PMCID: PMC9172091 DOI: 10.1007/s42823-022-00358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of carbonaceous reinforcement-based polymer matrix composites in structural applications has become a hot topic in composite research. Although conventional carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) have revolutionized the composite industry by offering unparalleled features, they are often plagued with a weak interface and lack of toughness. However, the promising aspects of carbon fiber-based fiber hybrid composites and hierarchical composites can compensate for these setbacks. This review provides a meticulous landscape and recent progress of polymer matrix-based different carbonaceous (carbon fiber, carbon nanotube, graphene, and nanodiamond) fillers reinforced composites’ mechanical properties. First, the mechanical performance of neat CFRP was exhaustively analyzed, attributing parameters were listed down, and CFRPs’ mechanical performance barriers were clearly outlined. Here, short carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite was distinguished as a prospective material. Second, the strategic advantages of fiber hybrid composites over conventional CFRP were elucidated. Third, the mechanical performance of hierarchical composites based on carbon nanotube (1D), graphene (2D) and nanodiamond (0D) was expounded and evaluated against neat CFRP. Fourth, the review comprehensively discussed different fabrication methods, categorized them according to performance and suggested potential future directions. From here, the review sorted out three-dimensional printing (3DP) as the most futuristic fabrication method and thoroughly delivered its pros and cons in the context of the aforementioned carbonaceous materials. To conclude, the structural applications, current challenges and future prospects pertinent to these carbonaceous fillers reinforced composite materials were elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Sayam
- Department of Fabric Engineering, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX), 92, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Avenue, Tejgaon I/A, Dhaka, 1208 Bangladesh
| | - A. N. M. Masudur Rahman
- Department of Fabric Engineering, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX), 92, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Avenue, Tejgaon I/A, Dhaka, 1208 Bangladesh
- Department of Textile Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Md. Sakibur Rahman
- Department of Fabric Engineering, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX), 92, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Avenue, Tejgaon I/A, Dhaka, 1208 Bangladesh
| | - Shamima Akter Smriti
- Department of Fabric Engineering, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX), 92, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Avenue, Tejgaon I/A, Dhaka, 1208 Bangladesh
| | - Faisal Ahmed
- Department of Fabric Engineering, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX), 92, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Avenue, Tejgaon I/A, Dhaka, 1208 Bangladesh
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY USA
| | - Md. Fogla Rabbi
- Department of Fabric Engineering, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX), 92, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Avenue, Tejgaon I/A, Dhaka, 1208 Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Hossain
- Department of Fabric Engineering, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX), 92, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Avenue, Tejgaon I/A, Dhaka, 1208 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Omar Faruque
- Department of Fabric Engineering, Faculty of Textile Engineering, Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX), 92, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Avenue, Tejgaon I/A, Dhaka, 1208 Bangladesh
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Chang JJ, Du C, Pauls A, Thuo M. Tunable Hydrophobicity via Dimensionally Confined Polymerization of Organometallic Adducts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13929-13936. [PMID: 33600027 PMCID: PMC8252771 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of tunable fine textures on solid metal surfaces often demands sophisticated reaction/processing systems. By exploiting in situ polymerization and self-assembly of inorganic adducts derived from liquid metals (the so-called HetMet reaction) with concomitant solidification, solid metal films with tunable texture are readily fabricated. Serving as a natural dimensional confinement, interparticle pores and capillary-adhered thin liquid films in a pre-packed bed of undercooled liquid metal particles lead to the expeditious surface accumulation of organometallic synthons, which readily oligomerize and self-assemble into concentration-dictated morphologies/patterns. Tuning particle size, particle packing (flat or textured), and reactant concentration generates diverse, autonomously organized organometallic structures on a metal particle bed. Concomitant solidification and sintering of the underlying undercooled particle bed led to a multiscale patterned solid metal surface. The process is illustrated by creating tunable features on pre-organized metal particle beds with concomitant tunable wettability as illustrated through the so-called petal and lotus effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J. Chang
- Iowa State UniversityDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAmesIA50014USA
| | - Chuanshen Du
- Iowa State UniversityDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAmesIA50014USA
| | - Alana Pauls
- Iowa State UniversityDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAmesIA50014USA
| | - Martin Thuo
- Iowa State UniversityDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAmesIA50014USA
- Micro-Electronics Research CentreAmesIA50014USA
- Iowa State UniversityDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringAmesIA50014USA
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18
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Zdanovich AA, Moseenkov SI, Ishchenko AV, Kuznetsov VL, Matsko MA, Zakharov VA. The morphology evolution of polyethylene produced in the presence of a
Ziegler‐type
catalyst anchored on the surface of
multi‐walled
carbon nanotubes. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr A. Zdanovich
- Department of Technology of Catalytic Processes Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, SB RAS Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Sergey I. Moseenkov
- Department of Materials Science and Functional Materials Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, SB RAS Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Arcady V. Ishchenko
- Catalyst Research Department Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, SB RAS Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Vladimir L. Kuznetsov
- Department of Materials Science and Functional Materials Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, SB RAS Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Matsko
- Department of Technology of Catalytic Processes Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, SB RAS Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Zakharov
- Department of Technology of Catalytic Processes Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, SB RAS Novosibirsk Russia
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19
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Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes with "Green" Detergents. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102908. [PMID: 34068851 PMCID: PMC8153609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Solubilization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is a fundamental technique for the use of CNTs and their conjugates as nanodevices and nanobiodevices. In this work, we demonstrate the preparation of CNT suspensions with “green” detergents made from coconuts and bamboo as fundamental research in CNT nanotechnology. Single-walled CNTs (SWNTs) with a few carboxylic acid groups (3–5%) and pristine multi-walled CNTs (MWNTs) were mixed in each detergent solution and sonicated with a bath-type sonicator. The prepared suspensions were characterized using absorbance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Among the eight combinations of CNTs and detergents (two types of CNTs and four detergents, including sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as the standard), SWNTs/MWNTs were well dispersed in all combinations except the combination of the MWNTs and the bamboo detergent. The stability of the suspensions prepared with coconut detergents was better than that prepared with SDS. Because the efficiency of the bamboo detergents against the MWNTs differed significantly from that against the SWNTs, the natural detergent might be useful for separating CNTs. Our results revealed that the use of the “green” detergents had the advantage of dispersing CNTs as well as SDS.
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20
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Uthaman A, Lal HM, Li C, Xian G, Thomas S. Mechanical and Water Uptake Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites with Surfactant-Modified Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051234. [PMID: 34067135 PMCID: PMC8151472 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The superior mechanical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) play a significant role in the improvement of the mechanical and thermal stability of an epoxy matrix. However, the agglomeration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the epoxy is a common challenge and should be resolved to achieve the desired enhancement effect. The present paper investigated the thermal, mechanical, and water uptake properties of epoxy nanocomposites with surfactant-modified MWCNTs. The nanocomposites were prepared through the incorporation of different weight concentrations of MWCNTs into the epoxy matrix. Comparative analysis of neat epoxy and epoxy/CNT nanocomposites were conducted through thermal, mechanical, microscopic, and water uptake tests to reveal the improvement mechanism. The homogenous distribution of the CNTs in the epoxy was achieved by wrapping the surfactant onto the CNTs. The addition of surfactant-modified CNTs into the epoxy caused an obvious increase in the mechanical and thermal properties. This improvement mechanism could be attributed to the uniform dispersion of the CNTs in the epoxy matrix reducing the free volume between the polymer chains and restricting the chain segmental mobility, leading to strong interfacial bonding and an efficient load transfer capability between the CNTs and the epoxy matrix. However, the mechanical and thermal properties of the epoxy/CNT nanocomposite decreased owing to the agglomeration effect when the concentration of the CNTs exceeded the optimal percentage of 1.5%. Additionally, the CNTs could impart a reduction in the wettability of the surface of the epoxy/CNT nanocomposite, leading to the increase in the contact angle and a reduction in the water uptake, which was significant to improve the durability of the epoxy. Moreover, the higher weight concentration (2%) of the CNTs showed a greater water uptake owing to agglomeration, which may cause the formation of plenty of microcracks and microvoids in the nanocomposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Uthaman
- Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150090, China; (A.U.); (H.M.L.); (G.X.)
- Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hiran Mayookh Lal
- Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150090, China; (A.U.); (H.M.L.); (G.X.)
- Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Chenggao Li
- Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150090, China; (A.U.); (H.M.L.); (G.X.)
- Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150090, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-(451)-8628-3120
| | - Guijun Xian
- Key Lab of Structures Dynamic Behavior and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150090, China; (A.U.); (H.M.L.); (G.X.)
- Key Lab of Smart Prevention and Mitigation of Civil Engineering Disasters of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India;
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21
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Dong H, Li J, Guo J, Lai F, Zhao F, Jiao Y, Brett DJL, Liu T, He G, Parkin IP. Insights on Flexible Zinc-Ion Batteries from Lab Research to Commercialization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007548. [PMID: 33797810 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the development of aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), flexible ZIBs are deemed as potential candidates to power wearable electronics. ZIBs with solid-state polymer electrolytes can not only maintain additional load-bearing properties, but exhibit enhanced electrochemical properties by preventing dendrite formation and inhibiting cathode dissolution. Substantial efforts have been applied to polymer electrolytes by developing solid polymer electrolytes, hydrogel polymer electrolytes, and hybrid polymer electrolytes; however, the research of polymer electrolytes for ZIBs is still immature. Herein, the recent progress in polymer electrolytes is summarized by category for flexible ZIBs, especially hydrogel electrolytes, including their synthesis and characterization. Aiming to provide an insight from lab research to commercialization, the relevant challenges, device configurations, and life cycle analysis are consolidated. As flexible batteries, the majority of polymer electrolytes exploited so far only emphasizes the electrochemical performance but the mechanical behavior and interactions with the electrode materials have hardly been considered. Hence, strategies of combining softness and strength and the integration with electrodes are discussed for flexible ZIBs. A ranking index, combining both electrochemical and mechanical properties, is introduced. Future research directions are also covered to guide research toward the commercialization of flexible ZIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Dong
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Jianwei Li
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Jian Guo
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Feili Lai
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Fangjia Zhao
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Yiding Jiao
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Dan J L Brett
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Becquerel Avenue, Harwell Campus, London, OX11 ORA, UK
| | - Tianxi Liu
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guanjie He
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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22
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An Approach toward the Realization of a Through-Thickness Glass Fiber/Epoxy Thermoelectric Generator. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14092173. [PMID: 33922849 PMCID: PMC8123049 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates, for the first time, the ability of a 10-ply glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite laminate to operate as a structural through-thickness thermoelectric generator. For this purpose, inorganic tellurium nanowires were mixed with single-wall carbon nanotubes in a wet chemical approach, capable of resulting in a flexible p-type thermoelectric material with a power factor value of 58.88 μW/m·K2. This material was used to prepare an aqueous thermoelectric ink, which was then deposited onto a glass fiber substrate via a simple dip-coating process. The coated glass fiber ply was laminated as top lamina with uncoated glass fiber plies underneath to manufacture a thermoelectric composite capable of generating 54.22 nW power output at a through-thickness temperature difference οf 100 K. The mechanical properties of the proposed through-thickness thermoelectric laminate were tested and compared with those of the plain laminates. A minor reduction of approximately 11.5% was displayed in both the flexural modulus and strength after the integration of the thermoelectric ply. Spectroscopic and morphological analyses were also employed to characterize the obtained thermoelectric nanomaterials and the respective coated glass fiber ply.
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23
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Golubina EN, Kizim NF. Interfacial Synthesis: Morphology, Structure, and Properties of Interfacial Formations in Liquid–Liquid Systems. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024421040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The results of studies in the field of interfacial synthesis and interfacial formations in liquid–liquid systems are summarized. The mechanisms of the processes of interfacial synthesis are considered. Data on the self-assembly of nanoparticles, films, and 3D materials are given. The properties of materials of interfacial formations in systems with rare-earth elements and di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid, obtained both in the presence and absence of local vibrations, are described. It was established that materials obtained in the presence of local vibrations in the interfacial layer have higher density, melting point, and magnetic susceptibility and lower electric conductivity. The effect of force field parameters on the properties of interfacial formations is considered. Practical applications and prospects for research in the field of interfacial formations are discussed.
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24
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Florek P, Król M, Jeleń P, Mozgawa W. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites Doped with Graphene Oxide in Light of Spectroscopic Studies. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1835. [PMID: 33917218 PMCID: PMC8068043 DOI: 10.3390/ma14081835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites are a dynamically developing group of lightweight composites for applications in the automotive, wind energy, aerospace, and sports sectors. Interfacial connection is the weakest place in these materials. In this study, an attempt was made to improve adhesion between carbon fiber and epoxy resin. For this purpose, nanoparticles of graphene oxide were added to a polymer matrix. The results of the three-point bend test showed that the strength of samples with added graphene oxide increased. Improvement of adhesion between components, reduction of the pull-out effect and change in the method of crack propagation were observed. An attempt was made to explain this effect using spectroscopic methods, both IR and Raman. On the basis of the obtained results, chemical bonds between the individual components of the composites were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Król
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramic, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (P.F.); (P.J.); (W.M.)
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25
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Chang JJ, Du C, Pauls A, Thuo M. Tunable Hydrophobicity via Dimensionally Confined Polymerization of Organometallic Adducts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia J. Chang
- Iowa State University Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ames IA 50014 USA
| | - Chuanshen Du
- Iowa State University Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ames IA 50014 USA
| | - Alana Pauls
- Iowa State University Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ames IA 50014 USA
| | - Martin Thuo
- Iowa State University Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ames IA 50014 USA
- Micro-Electronics Research Centre Ames IA 50014 USA
- Iowa State University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ames IA 50014 USA
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26
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Wang F, Ma Y, Zhang H, Gu J, Yin J, Jia X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Fu X, Yu R, Wang Z, Han S, Wang G. Rheological properties and sedimentation stability of magnetorheological fluid based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes/cobalt ferrite nanocomposites. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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27
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Dong H, Li J, Zhao S, Jiao Y, Chen J, Tan Y, Brett DJL, He G, Parkin IP. Investigation of a Biomass Hydrogel Electrolyte Naturally Stabilizing Cathodes for Zinc-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:745-754. [PMID: 33370108 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c20388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have the potential to be utilized in a grid-scale energy storage system owing to their high energy density and cost-effective properties. However, the dissolution of cathode materials and the irreversible extraction of preintercalated metal ions in the electrode materials restrict the stability of AZIBs. Herein, a cathode-stabilized ZIB strategy is reported based on a natural biomass polymer sodium alginate as the electrolyte coupling with a Na+ preintercalated δ-Na0.65Mn2O4·1.31H2O cathode. The dissociated Na+ in alginate after gelation directly stabilizes the cathodes by preventing the collapse of layered structures during charge processes. The as-fabricated ZIBs deliver a high capacity of 305 mA h g-1 at 0.1 A g-1, 10% higher than the ZIBs with an aqueous electrolyte. Further, the hybrid polymer electrolyte possessed an excellent Coulombic efficiency above 99% and a capacity retention of 96% within 1000 cycles at 2 A g-1. A detailed investigation combining ex situ experiments uncovers the charge storage mechanism and the stability of assembled batteries, confirming the reversible diffusions of both Zn2+ and preintercalated Na+. A flexible device of ZIBs fabricated based on vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding possesses an outstanding performance of 160 mA h g-1 at 1 A g-1, which illustrates their potential for wearable electronics in mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Dong
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Jianwei Li
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Siyu Zhao
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Yiding Jiao
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Jintao Chen
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Yeshu Tan
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Dan J L Brett
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Guanjie He
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, U.K
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Christopher Ingold Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
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Minchenkov K, Vedernikov A, Safonov A, Akhatov I. Thermoplastic Pultrusion: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020180. [PMID: 33419119 PMCID: PMC7825514 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pultrusion is one of the most efficient methods of producing polymer composite structures with a constant cross-section. Pultruded profiles are widely used in bridge construction, transportation industry, energy sector, and civil and architectural engineering. However, in spite of the many advantages thermoplastic composites have over the thermoset ones, the thermoplastic pultrusion market demonstrates significantly lower production volumes as compared to those of the thermoset one. Examining the thermoplastic pultrusion processes, raw materials, mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites, process simulation techniques, patents, and applications of thermoplastic pultrusion, this overview aims to analyze the existing gap between thermoset and thermoplastic pultrusions in order to promote the development of the latter one. Therefore, observing thermoplastic pultrusion from a new perspective, we intend to identify current shortcomings and issues, and to propose future research and application directions.
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29
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Farr AC, Hogan KJ, Mikos AG. Nanomaterial Additives for Fabrication of Stimuli-Responsive Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering Constructs. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e2000730. [PMID: 32691983 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss necessitates novel tissue engineering strategies for skeletal muscle repair, which have traditionally involved cells and extracellular matrix-mimicking scaffolds and have thus far been unable to successfully restore physiologically relevant function. However, the incorporation of various nanomaterial additives with unique physicochemical properties into scaffolds has recently been explored as a means of fabricating constructs that are responsive to electrical, magnetic, and photothermal stimulation. Herein, several classes of nanomaterials that are used to mediate external stimulation to tissue engineered skeletal muscle are reviewed and the impact of these stimuli-responsive biomaterials on cell growth and differentiation and in vivo muscle repair is discussed. The degradation kinetics and biocompatibilities of these nanomaterial additives are also briefly examined and their potential for incorporation into clinically translatable skeletal muscle tissue engineering strategies is considered. Overall, these nanomaterial additives have proven efficacious and incorporation in tissue engineering scaffolds has resulted in enhanced functional skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Corbin Farr
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, USA
| | - Katie J Hogan
- Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Antonios G Mikos
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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30
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Characterization of designed, transparent and conductive Al doped ZnO particles and their utilization in conductive polymer composites. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Health and Safety Concerns Related to CNT and Graphene Products, and Related Composites. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs4030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) and Graphene increased in the last decade and it is likely to keep increasing in the near future. The attractiveness of their properties, particularly the possibility to enhance the composites performance using a tailor made methodology, brings new materials, processes and products for highly demanding industrial applications and to the market. However, there are quite a lot of health/safety issues, as well as lack of understanding and standards to evaluate their effects. This paper starts with a general description of materials, processes and products dealing with CNT and graphene. Then, an overview of concerns related to the health and safety when handling, researching, producing and using products that include these materials is presented. It follows a risk management approach with respect to simulation and evaluation tools, and considering the consensual limits already existing for research, industry and consumers. A general discussion integrating the relevant aspects of health and safety with respect to CNT and graphene is also presented. A proactive view is presented with the intention to contribute with some guidelines on installation, maintenance, evaluation, personal protection equipment (PPE) and personnel training to deal with these carbon-based nanomaterials in research, manufacture, and use with composite materials.
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Synthesis of chitosan-acrylic acid/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite for theranostic 47Sc separation from neutron irradiated titanium target. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:79-86. [PMID: 32603728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple and efficient separation method of carrier-free 47Sc from neutron irradiated titanium target using a novel chitosan-acrylic acid/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CS-AA/MWCNTs) composite was established. The synthesis of the CS-AA/MWCNTs composite was achieved using gamma radiation-induced template polymerization. The grafting efficiency (GE%) of AA on CS onto the surface of f-MWCNTs reached a maximum of~84% under the optimized conditions (30 wt% CS, 1.0 wt% AA, 0.15 wt% f-MWCNTs, >0.2 wt% N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide (NMBA), and irradiation dose ~25 kGy). Different analyses (FT-IR, SEM, TGA and DTA) were examined for confirming the structural morphology and mechanical properties of the new synthesized composite. Interestingly, the CS-AA/MWCNTs composite depicted a selective adsorption of Sc(III) rather than Ti(IV) ions at pH 5 with adsorption efficiency of ~93.93%. The ionic exchange separation of no-carrier-added (NCA)47Sc(III) from irradiated TiO2 target on CS-AA/MWCNTs composite packed column efficiently eluted 47Sc(III) by 91 ± 0.8% using 1 M HCl solution. The quality control tests (radionuclidic, radiochemical, and chemical purities) for the eluted 47Sc(III) clarified its high purity and validity for cancer theranostics.
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33
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Effect of Nano-Reinforcement Topologies on the Viscoelastic Performance of Carbon Nanotube/Carbon Fiber Hybrid Composites. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10061213. [PMID: 32580299 PMCID: PMC7353112 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were grown over carbon fiber fabrics via a relatively nondestructive synthesis technique. The MWCNTs patches were grown into three different topologies: uniform, fine patterned and coarse patterned. Hybrid carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) were fabricated based on the patterned reinforcements. Tensile tests, dynamic mechanical thermal analyses (DMTA) and flexure load relaxation tests were carried out to investigate the effect of the patterned nano-reinforcement on the static, dynamic, glass transition, and viscoelastic performance of the hybrid composites. Results revealed that the hybrid composite based on fine-patterned topology achieved better performance over all other configurations as it exhibited about 19% improvement in both the strength and modulus over the reference composite with no MWCNTs. Additionally, the increase in glass transition for this composite was as high as 13%. The damping parameter (tan δ) was improved by 46%. The stress relaxation results underlined the importance of patterned MWCNTs in minimizing the stress decay at elevated temperatures and loading conditions. Utilizing patterned MWCNTs topology significantly reduced the stress decay percentage at the thermomechanical conditions 60 MPa and 75 °C from 16.7% to 7.8%. These improvements are attributed to both the enhanced adhesion and large interface area by placing MWCNTs and by inducing an interlocking mechanism that allows the interaction of the three constituents in load transfer, crack deflection and hindering undesired viscoelastic deformations under different thermomechanical loadings.
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Clancy AJ, Anthony DB, De Luca F. Metal Mimics: Lightweight, Strong, and Tough Nanocomposites and Nanomaterial Assemblies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:15955-15975. [PMID: 32191431 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ideal structural material would have high strength and stiffness with a tough ductile failure, all with a low density. Historically, no such material exists, and materials engineers have had to sacrifice a desired property during materials selection, with metals (high density), fiber composites (brittle failure), and polymers (low stiffness) having fundamental limitations on at least one front. The ongoing revolution of nanomaterials provides a potential route to build on the potential of fiber-reinforced composites, matching their strength while integrating toughening behaviors akin to metal deformations, all while using low-weight constituents. Here, the challenges, approaches, and recent developments of nanomaterials for structural applications are discussed, with an emphasis on improving toughening mechanisms, which is often the neglected factor in a field that chases strength and stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Clancy
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1E 7JE, U.K
| | - David B Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - François De Luca
- Advanced Materials Characterisation group, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, U.K
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35
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Xing Y, Sun Y, Wang B, Ding F. Morphological Determinants of Carbon Nanomaterial-Induced Amyloid Peptide Self-Assembly. Front Chem 2020; 8:160. [PMID: 32211382 PMCID: PMC7076083 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybridizing carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) with amyloid fibrils—the ordered nanostructures self-assembled by amyloidogenic peptides—has found promising applications in bionanotechology. Understanding fundamental interactions of CNMs with amyloid peptides and uncovering the determinants of their self-assembly structures and dynamics are, therefore, pivotal for enriching and enabling this novel class of hybrid nanomaterials. Here, we applied atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the self-assembly of two amyloid peptides—the amyloidogenic core residues 16-22 of amyloid-β (Aβ16−22) and the non-amyloid-β core of α-synuclein (NACore68−78)—on the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNT) with different sizes and chirality. Our computational results showed that with small radial CNTs, both types of peptides could form β-sheets wrapping around the nanotube surface into a supercoiled morphology. The angle between β-strands and nanotube axes in the supercoil structure depended mainly on the peptide sequence and CNT radius, but also weakly on the CNT chirality. Large radial CNTs and the extreme case of the flat graphene nanosheet, on the other hand, could nucleate amyloid fibrils perpendicular to the surface. Our results provided new insights of hybridizing CNMs with amyloid peptides and also offered a novel approach to manipulate the morphology of CNM-induced amyloid assembly by tuning the surface curvature, peptide sequence, and molecular ratio between peptides and available CNM surface area, which may be useful in engineering nanocomposites with high-order structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Xing
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Yunxiang Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
| | - Feng Ding
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States
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36
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Ali A, Andriyana A. Properties of multifunctional composite materials based on nanomaterials: a review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:16390-16403. [PMID: 35498826 PMCID: PMC9053090 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10594h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Composite materials are being used for high-end applications such as aviation technology, space ships, and heavy equipment manufacturing. The use of composite materials has been observed in recent advancements in the field of multifunctional composite materials (MFCMs). There is continuous progress related to improvements, innovations, and replacement of metals inspite of rigorous destructive and non-destructive testing, proving the toughness and lifelong durability of such materials. The present study aims to review the topics relevant to modern multifunctional composite materials. The reviewed articles mostly cover the field of MFCMs based on nanomaterials. The structural functions emphasize on the mechanical properties such as fracture toughness, strength, thermal stability, damping, stiffness, and tensile strength. The non-structural properties include biodegradability, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. The study has concluded that the applications of multifunctional nanoparticle-based composite materials and structures include durable but light-weight aircraft wings, components and structures of electric self-driving vehicles, and biomedical composite materials for drug delivery. Composite materials are being used for high-end applications such as aviation technology, space ships, and heavy equipment manufacturing.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamry Ali
- Center of Advanced Materials
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
| | - Andri Andriyana
- Center of Advanced Materials
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
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37
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Padinjakkara A, Salim N, Thomas S. Effect of Hexamethyldisilazane-Modified Nano Fumed Silica on the Properties of Epoxy/Carboxyl-Terminated Poly(butadiene-co-acrylonitrile) Blend: A New Hybrid Approach. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aneesa Padinjakkara
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P.O., Kottayam, Kerala 686 560, India
- Institute for Frontier Materials, GTP Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Nisa Salim
- Institute for Frontier Materials, GTP Research, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Product Design Engineering, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Sabu Thomas
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P.O., Kottayam, Kerala 686 560, India
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686 560, India
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38
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Composite Reinforcement Architectures: A Review of Field-Assisted Additive Manufacturing for Polymers. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The demand for additively manufactured polymer composites with increased specific properties and functional microstructure has drastically increased over the past decade. The ability to manufacture complex designs that can maximize strength while reducing weight in an automated fashion has made 3D-printed composites a popular research target in the field of engineering. However, a significant amount of understanding and basic research is still necessary to decode the fundamental process mechanisms of combining enhanced functionality and additively manufactured composites. In this review, external field-assisted additive manufacturing techniques for polymer composites are discussed with respect to (1) self-assembly into complex microstructures, (2) control of fiber orientation for improved interlayer mechanical properties, and (3) incorporation of multi-functionalities such as electrical conductivity, self-healing, sensing, and other functional capabilities. A comparison between reinforcement shapes and the type of external field used to achieve mechanical property improvements in printed composites is addressed. Research has shown the use of such materials in the production of parts exhibiting high strength-to-weight ratio for use in aerospace and automotive fields, sensors for monitoring stress and conducting electricity, and the production of flexible batteries.
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39
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Zdanovich AA, Semikolenova NV, Kuznetsov VL, Matsko MA, Moseenkov SI, Zakharov VA. Formation of Ziegler‐type catalytic systems on the surface of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes for the production of composite materials by
in situ
polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina V. Semikolenova
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, SB RAS, Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | | | - Mikhail A. Matsko
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, SB RAS, Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Sergey I. Moseenkov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, SB RAS, Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Zakharov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, SB RAS, Lavrentieva 5 Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
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40
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Monteserín C, Blanco M, Murillo N, Pérez-Márquez A, Maudes J, Gayoso J, Laza JM, Hernáez E, Aranzabe E, Vilas JL. Novel Antibacterial and Toughened Carbon-Fibre/Epoxy Composites by the Incorporation of TiO 2 Nanoparticles Modified Electrospun Nanofibre Veils. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1524. [PMID: 31546862 PMCID: PMC6780269 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The inclusion of electrospun nanofiber veils was revealed as an effective method for enhancing the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites. These veils will eventually allow the incorporation of nanomaterials not only for mechanical reinforcement but also in multifunctional applications. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of electrospun nanofibrous veils made of polyamide 6 modified with TiO2 nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of a carbon-fiber/epoxy composite. The nanofibers were included in the carbon-fiber/epoxy composite as a single structure. The effect of positioning these veils in different composite positions was investigated. Compared to the reference, the use of unmodified and TiO2 modified veils increased the flexural stress at failure and the fracture toughness of composites. When TiO2 modified veils were incorporated, new antibacterial properties were achieved due to the photocatalytic properties of the veils, widening the application area of these composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Monteserín
- Unidad de Química de superficies y Nanotecnología, Fundación Tekniker, Iñaki Goenaga 5, 20600 Eibar, Spain.
| | - Miren Blanco
- Unidad de Química de superficies y Nanotecnología, Fundación Tekniker, Iñaki Goenaga 5, 20600 Eibar, Spain.
| | - Nieves Murillo
- Division Industria y Transporte, TECNALIA, P Mikeletegi 7, E-20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Ana Pérez-Márquez
- Division Industria y Transporte, TECNALIA, P Mikeletegi 7, E-20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Jon Maudes
- Division Industria y Transporte, TECNALIA, P Mikeletegi 7, E-20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Jorge Gayoso
- Division Industria y Transporte, TECNALIA, P Mikeletegi 7, E-20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Jose Manuel Laza
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC) Dpto. Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Estíbaliz Hernáez
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC) Dpto. Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Estíbaliz Aranzabe
- Unidad de Química de superficies y Nanotecnología, Fundación Tekniker, Iñaki Goenaga 5, 20600 Eibar, Spain.
| | - Jose Luis Vilas
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular (LABQUIMAC) Dpto. Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain.
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41
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Panahi-Sarmad M, Abrisham M, Noroozi M, Amirkiai A, Dehghan P, Goodarzi V, Zahiri B. Deep focusing on the role of microstructures in shape memory properties of polymer composites: A critical review. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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42
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Ehsan Moaseri, Bazubandi B, Karimi M, Maghrebi M, Baniadam M. Mechanical Improvements of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Epoxy Composite: Covalent Functionalization of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube by Epoxy Chains. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090419030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Kim T, Lee J, Lee G, Lee J, Song H, Jho JY, Lee HH, Kim YH. Synthesis of a Carbonaceous Two-Dimensional Material. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21308-21313. [PMID: 31012310 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous accomplishments achieved in 2D materials, little progress has been made in carbonaceous 2D materials beyond graphene and graphene oxide. Here, we report a 2D material of carbonaceous nanoplates (CANP). The bottom-up synthesis of CANP is green, separation-free, and massive. The nanoplates are 2 to 3 monolayers thick with an average interlayer spacing of 0.57 nm. The synthesis involves viscosity-aided two-dimensional growth of fragmented glucose derivatives and leads to the complete conversion of glucose to the 2D nanoplates. Application tests demonstrate the usefulness of the affordable 2D material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Incheon National University , Incheon 22012 , South Korea
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44
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Anwer MAS, Wang J, Naguib HE. 1D/2D CNF/GNP Hybrid Nanofillers: Evaluation of the Effect of Surfactant on the Morphological, Mechanical, Fracture, and Thermal Characteristics of Their Nanocomposites with Epoxy Resin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A. S. Anwer
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Jintian Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Hani E. Naguib
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
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45
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Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Graphene/Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Hierarchical Polymer Composites. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs3010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) have extensively been used as structural elements in a myriad of sectors due to their superior mechanical properties, low weight and ease of processing. However, the relatively weak compression and interlaminar properties of these composites limit their applications. Interest is, therefore, growing in the development of hierarchical or multiscale composites, in which, a nanoscale filler reinforcement is utilized to alleviate the existing limitations associated with the matrix-dominated properties. In this work, the fabrication and characterization of hierarchical composites are analyzed through the inclusion of graphene to conventional CFRP by vacuum-assisted resin infusion molding.
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Dunakey SJG, Coyle BL, Thomas A, Xu M, Swift BJF, Baneyx F. Selective Labeling and Decoration of the Ends and Sidewalls of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Using Mono- and Bispecific Solid-Binding Fluorescent Proteins. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:959-965. [PMID: 30816696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simple and robust strategies for the noncovalent functionalization of carbon nanostructures with proteins are of considerable interest in hybrid nanomaterials synthesis, part-to-part assembly, and biosensor development. Here, we show that fusion of the Car9 and Car15 carbon-binding peptides to the C-termini of the sfGFP and mCherry fluorescent proteins enables selective labeling of the ends or the sidewalls of single walled carbon nanotubes. By installing a gold-binding peptide or a single cysteine residue in carbon-binding variants of sfGFP, we further produce heterobifunctional solid-binding proteins that support the decoration of nanotubes sidewalls or termini with gold nanoparticles. The approach described here is generic and should prove useful for the controlled assembly of other hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja J G Dunakey
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Box 351750, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Brandon L Coyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Box 351750, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Alexander Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Box 351750, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Box 351750, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - Brian J F Swift
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Box 351750, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
| | - François Baneyx
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Washington , Box 351750, Seattle , Washington 98195 , United States
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Electrical Properties and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness of Interlayered Systems Composed by Carbon Nanotube Filled Carbon Nanofiber Mats and Polymer Composites. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9020238. [PMID: 30744193 PMCID: PMC6410126 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The demand for multifunctional requirements in aerospace, military, automobile, sports, and energy applications has encouraged the investigation of new composite materials. This study focuses on the development of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) filled polypropylene composites and carbon nanofiber composite mats. The developed systems were then used to prepare interlayered composites that exhibited improved electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency. MWCNT-carbon nanofiber composite mats were developed by centrifugally spinning mixtures of MWCNT suspended in aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions. The developed nanofibers were then dehydrated under sulfuric acid vapors and then heat treated. Interlayered samples were fabricated using a nanoreinforced polypropylene composite as a matrix and then filled with carbon fiber composite mats. The in-plane and through-plane electrical conductivity of an eight-layered flexible carbon composite (0.65 mm thick) were shown to be 6.1 and 3.0 × 10−2 S·cm−1, respectively. The EMI shielding effectiveness at 900 MHz increased from 17 dB for the one-layered composite to 52 dB for the eight-layered composite. It was found that the reflection of the electromagnetic waves was the dominating mechanism for EMI shielding in the developed materials. This study opens up new opportunities for the fabrication of novel lightweight materials that are to be used in communication systems.
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Monteserín C, Blanco M, Murillo N, Pérez-Márquez A, Maudes J, Gayoso J, Laza JM, Aranzabe E, Vilas JL. Effect of Different Types of Electrospun Polyamide 6 Nanofibres on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fibre/Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10111190. [PMID: 30961115 PMCID: PMC6290619 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Delamination and brittle matrix fracture have long since been the biggest problems in fibre-reinforced composites. Recently, the incorporation of electrospun nanofibre veils has been shown to be an effective method for improving the mechanical properties of these composites, without causing process problems and negatively affecting other mechanical properties. Thus, these nanofibres have the potential to be used as thickness-reinforcing materials in composites. This paper investigates the effect of incorporating standalone electrospun nanofibre veils made of two different types of polyamide 6 (PA6) on the mechanical properties of carbon fibre/epoxy composites. The influence of positioning the electrospun veils at different interlaminar positions of the laminate has also been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Monteserín
- Unidad de Química de superficies y Nanotecnología, Fundación Tekniker, Iñaki Goenaga 5, 20600 Eibar, Spain.
| | - Miren Blanco
- Unidad de Química de superficies y Nanotecnología, Fundación Tekniker, Iñaki Goenaga 5, 20600 Eibar, Spain.
| | - Nieves Murillo
- Smart System Area, TECNALIA, P Mikeletegi 7, E-20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Ana Pérez-Márquez
- Smart System Area, TECNALIA, P Mikeletegi 7, E-20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Jon Maudes
- Smart System Area, TECNALIA, P Mikeletegi 7, E-20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Jorge Gayoso
- Smart System Area, TECNALIA, P Mikeletegi 7, E-20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Jose Manuel Laza
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/EHU, Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Estíbaliz Aranzabe
- Unidad de Química de superficies y Nanotecnología, Fundación Tekniker, Iñaki Goenaga 5, 20600 Eibar, Spain.
| | - Jose Luis Vilas
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco/EHU, Apdo. 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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Qin J, Wang C, Wang Y, Lu R, Zheng L, Wang X, Yao Z, Gao Q, Wei H. Synthesis and growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes growing on carbon fiber surfaces with improved tensile strength. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:395602. [PMID: 29972379 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aad10c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An effective approach has been developed for the catalytic decomposition of acetylene (C2H2) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD), to achieve homogeneous growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the surfaces of carbon fibers. The morphology of CNTs grown on carbon fiber surfaces was observed by a scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscope, which revealed the uniform coverage of CNTs on the carbon fiber surfaces. The single fiber tensile test demonstrated that the tensile strength of carbon fibers could be increased by more than 12% with the catalytic growth of CNTs on their surface. The reparation of the damage caused during the formation of catalyst nanoparticles, and the cross-link of neighboring graphite crystallites induced by CNTs all occurred during the CVD process, which were considered to be the main reasons for improvement. The growth mechanism model of CNTs formation was established based on the thermodynamics principle and the interface microstructure of CNT-grown carbon fiber, illuminating the detailed mechanism for the growth of CNTs and the change of the shape of catalyst particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjie Qin
- Carbon Fiber Engineering Research Center, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, People's Republic of China
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