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Wang Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Zhang K, Zhang D, Zheng L. Advancing Microfluidic Immunity Testing Systems: New Trends for Microbial Pathogen Detection. Molecules 2024; 29:3322. [PMID: 39064900 PMCID: PMC11279515 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms play a crucial role in the global disease burden due to their ability to cause various diseases and spread through multiple transmission routes. Immunity tests identify antigens related to these pathogens, thereby confirming past infections and monitoring the host's immune response. Traditional pathogen detection methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs), are often labor-intensive, slow, and reliant on sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel, which can be limiting in resource-poor settings. In contrast, the development of microfluidic technologies presents a promising alternative, offering automation, miniaturization, and cost efficiency. These advanced methods are poised to replace traditional assays by streamlining processes and enabling rapid, high-throughput immunity testing for pathogens. This review highlights the latest advancements in microfluidic systems designed for rapid and high-throughput immunity testing, incorporating immunosensors, single molecule arrays (Simoas), a lateral flow assay (LFA), and smartphone integration. It focuses on key pathogenic microorganisms such as SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and the ZIKA virus (ZIKV). Additionally, the review discusses the challenges, commercialization prospects, and future directions to advance microfluidic systems for infectious disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jingwei Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yule Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Zhijin Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Kaihuan Zhang
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Environmental Biosafety Instruments and Equipment, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lulu Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, The Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Environmental Biosafety Instruments and Equipment, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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2
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Madadelahi M, Agarwal R, Martinez-Chapa SO, Madou MJ. A roadmap to high-speed polymerase chain reaction (PCR): COVID-19 as a technology accelerator. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115830. [PMID: 38039729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The limit of detection (LOD), speed, and cost of crucial COVID-19 diagnostic tools, including lateral flow assays (LFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and polymerase chain reactions (PCR), have all improved because of the financial and governmental support for the epidemic. The most notable improvement in overall efficiency among them has been seen with PCR. Its significance for human health increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, when it emerged as the commonly used approach for identifying the virus. However, because of problems with speed, complexity, and expense, PCR deployment in point-of-care settings continues to be difficult. Microfluidic platforms offer a promising solution by enabling the development of smaller, more affordable, and faster PCR systems. In this review, we delve into the engineering challenges associated with the advancement of high-speed microfluidic PCR equipment. We introduce criteria that facilitate the evaluation and comparison of factors such as speed, LOD, cycling efficiency, and multiplexing capacity, considering sample volume, fluidics, PCR reactor geometry and materials, as well as heating/cooling methods. We also provide a comprehensive list of commercially available PCR devices and conclude with projections and a discussion regarding the current obstacles that need to be addressed in order to progress further in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Madadelahi
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, NL, Mexico; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Rahul Agarwal
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, NL, Mexico
| | | | - Marc J Madou
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, NL, Mexico; Autonomous Medical Devices Incorporated (AMDI), Santa Ana, CA, 92704, USA.
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Boutal H, Moguet C, Pommiès L, Simon S, Naas T, Volland H. The Revolution of Lateral Flow Assay in the Field of AMR Detection. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12071744. [PMID: 35885647 PMCID: PMC9317642 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria represents a considerable public health concern, yet their detection and identification of their resistance mechanisms remain challenging. Optimal diagnostic tests should provide rapid results at low cost to enable implementation in any microbiology laboratory. Lateral flow assays (LFA) meet these requirements and have become essential tools to combat AMR. This review presents the versatility of LFA developed for the AMR detection field, with particular attention to those directly triggering β-lactamases, their performances, and specific limitations. It considers how LFA can be modified by detecting not only the enzyme, but also its β-lactamase activity for a broader clinical sensitivity. Moreover, although LFA allow a short time-to-result, they are generally only implemented after fastidious and time-consuming techniques. We present a sample processing device that shortens and simplifies the handling of clinical samples before the use of LFA. Finally, the capacity of LFA to detect amplified genetic determinants of AMR by isothermal PCR will be discussed. LFA are inexpensive, rapid, and efficient tools that are easy to implement in the routine workflow of laboratories as new first-line tests against AMR with bacterial colonies, and in the near future directly with biological media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Boutal
- Département Médicaments et Technologies Pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.B.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Christian Moguet
- Département Médicaments et Technologies Pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.B.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Lilas Pommiès
- Département Médicaments et Technologies Pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.B.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Département Médicaments et Technologies Pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.B.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Thierry Naas
- Bacteriology-Hygiene Unit, APHP, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France;
- Team Resist, UMR1184, Université Paris-Saclay—INSERM—CEA, LabEx Lermit, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Associated French National Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance: Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Hervé Volland
- Département Médicaments et Technologies Pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.B.); (C.M.); (L.P.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Boegner DJ, Everitt ML, White IM. Thermally Responsive Alkane Partitions for Assay Automation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:8865-8875. [PMID: 35147027 PMCID: PMC10044609 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
For point-of-care diagnostic tools to be impactful, they must be inexpensive, equipment-free, and sample-to-answer (i.e., require no user intervention). Here, we report a new approach to enable sample-to-answer diagnostics that utilizes thermally responsive alkane partitions (TRAPs) as automated pseudo-valves. When combined with the magnetic manipulation of microbeads, TRAPs enable the pumpless automation of all steps in complex assays. We demonstrate that in relatively narrow channel geometries, liquified alkane partitions continue to separate reagents on each side of the partition while enabling the transition of magnetic beads from one reagent to the next, replacing manual pipetting steps in conventional assays. In addition, we show that in relatively broader geometries, liquified partitions breach, enabling the addition/mixing of preloaded reagents. Through calculation and experimentation, we determine the geometric design rules for implementing the stationary and removable partitions in fluidic channels. In addition, we demonstrate that magnetic microbeads can be pulled through liquified stationary TRAPs without disrupting partition integrity and without disrupting bound protein complexes attached at the microbead surface. The TRAP technology introduced here can enable a new low-cost and equipment-free approach for fully automated sample-to-answer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Boegner
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Micaela L Everitt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ian M White
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8278 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Shang J, Qiao Y, Mao G, Qian L, Liu G, Wang H. Bleomycin-Fe(II) agent with potentiality for treating drug-resistant H1N1 influenza virus: A study using electrochemical RNA beacons. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1180:338862. [PMID: 34538316 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid emergence of new strains of drug-resistant H1N1 influenza viruses calls for effective drugs for the controls prior to their outbreaks. In the present work, electrochemical H1N1 RNA beacons have been newly designed for exploring the potentiality of an anticancer agent of Bleomycin (BLM) with Fe (ΙΙ) ions (BLM-Fe(ΙΙ)) alternatively the treatment of drug-resistant H1N1 strains with H274Y gene mutation. Herein, biotinylated (-) ssRNA of H1N1 virus and its complementary (+) ssRNA were labeled with electrochemical signal probes of ferrocene and anthraquinone, respectively. The resultants were hybridized and conjugated with avidin-modified magnetic beads to create electrochemical RNA beacons. The electrochemical signal variation of the H1N1 RNA beacon treated with the RNA degradation agent of BLM-Fe(ΙΙ) were monitored. Results indicate that the BLM-Fe(ΙΙ) agent could effectively cleave both H1N1 dsRNAs and ssRNAs at selective cutting sites, as evidenced by the mass spectrometry analysis. This indicates that the BLM-Fe(II) agent could be utilized to block the viral-host infection process by curbing the host-cell viral RNA-mRNA transcription or inactivate the viruses through the cleavage of viral genomes. The efficiency of the BLM-Fe(ΙΙ) agent was verified with clinical seasonal H1N1 samples using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The therapeutic gene drug of BLM-Fe(ΙΙ) holds great potential for controlling new strains of H1N1 virus resistant to clinical antiviral drugs. More importantly, the so designed RNA beacons may provide a rapid, sensitive and cost-effective platform of drug screening by monitoring the drug-DNA/RNA interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, PR China; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuchun Qiao
- School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, PR China
| | - Guojiang Mao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecule and Drug Innovation, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Lisheng Qian
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, 233100, PR China.
| | - Guodong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Science, School of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, Anhui, 233100, PR China.
| | - Hua Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, 313000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, 273165, PR China.
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Chopra S, Moroni M, Sanjak J, MacMillan L, Hritzo B, Martello S, Bylicky M, May J, Coleman CN, Aryankalayil MJ. Whole blood gene expression within days after total-body irradiation predicts long term survival in Gottingen minipigs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15873. [PMID: 34354115 PMCID: PMC8342483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gottingen minipigs mirror the physiological radiation response observed in humans and hence make an ideal candidate model for studying radiation biodosimetry for both limited-sized and mass casualty incidents. We examined the whole blood gene expression profiles starting one day after total-body irradiation with increasing doses of gamma-rays. The minipigs were monitored for up to 45 days or time to euthanasia necessitated by radiation effects. We successfully identified dose- and time-agnostic (over a 1-7 day period after radiation), survival-predictive gene expression signatures derived using machine-learning algorithms with high sensitivity and specificity. These survival-predictive signatures fare better than an optimally performing dose-differentiating signature or blood cellular profiles. These findings suggest that prediction of survival is a much more useful parameter for making triage, resource-utilization and treatment decisions in a resource-constrained environment compared to predictions of total dose received. It should hopefully be possible to build such classifiers for humans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Chopra
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maria Moroni
- Armed Forces Radiobiological Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | | | | | - Bernadette Hritzo
- Armed Forces Radiobiological Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA
| | - Shannon Martello
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michelle Bylicky
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jared May
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - C Norman Coleman
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Molykutty J Aryankalayil
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Rezaei M, Razavi Bazaz S, Zhand S, Sayyadi N, Jin D, Stewart MP, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. Point of Care Diagnostics in the Age of COVID-19. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 11:E9. [PMID: 33374612 PMCID: PMC7822494 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated serious respiratory disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), poses a major threat to global public health. Owing to the lack of vaccine and effective treatments, many countries have been overwhelmed with an exponential spread of the virus and surge in the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases. Current standard diagnostic methods are inadequate for widespread testing as they suffer from prolonged turn-around times (>12 h) and mostly rely on high-biosafety-level laboratories and well-trained technicians. Point-of-care (POC) tests have the potential to vastly improve healthcare in several ways, ranging from enabling earlier detection and easier monitoring of disease to reaching remote populations. In recent years, the field of POC diagnostics has improved markedly with the advent of micro- and nanotechnologies. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, POC technologies have been rapidly innovated to address key limitations faced in existing standard diagnostic methods. This review summarizes and compares the latest available POC immunoassay, nucleic acid-based and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats- (CRISPR)-mediated tests for SARS-CoV-2 detection that we anticipate aiding healthcare facilities to control virus infection and prevent subsequent spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Rezaei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.R.); (S.R.B.); (S.Z.); (N.S.)
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.J.); (M.P.S.)
- SUStech-UTS Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.R.); (S.R.B.); (S.Z.); (N.S.)
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.J.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Sareh Zhand
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.R.); (S.R.B.); (S.Z.); (N.S.)
| | - Nima Sayyadi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.R.); (S.R.B.); (S.Z.); (N.S.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.J.); (M.P.S.)
- SUStech-UTS Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Martin P. Stewart
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.J.); (M.P.S.)
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.R.); (S.R.B.); (S.Z.); (N.S.)
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.J.); (M.P.S.)
- SUStech-UTS Joint Research Centre for Biomedical Materials & Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Qin Z, Peng R, Baravik IK, Liu X. Fighting COVID-19: Integrated Micro- and Nanosystems for Viral Infection Diagnostics. MATTER 2020; 3:628-651. [PMID: 32838297 PMCID: PMC7346839 DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights the importance of rapid and sensitive diagnostics of viral infection that enables the efficient tracing of cases and the implementation of public health measures for disease containment. The immediate actions from both academia and industry have led to the development of many COVID-19 diagnostic systems that have secured fast-track regulatory approvals and have been serving our healthcare frontlines since the early stage of the pandemic. On diagnostic technologies, many of these clinically validated systems have significantly benefited from the recent advances in micro- and nanotechnologies in terms of platform design, analytical method, and system integration and miniaturization. The continued development of new diagnostic platforms integrating micro- and nanocomponents will address some of the shortcomings we have witnessed in the existing COVID-19 diagnostic systems. This Perspective reviews the previous and ongoing research efforts on developing integrated micro- and nanosystems for nucleic acid-based virus detection, and highlights promising technologies that could provide better solutions for the diagnosis of COVID-19 and other viral infectious diseases. With the summary and outlook of this rapidly evolving research field, we hope to inspire more research and development activities to better prepare our society for future public health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Ran Peng
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Ilina Kolker Baravik
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
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Zhu H, Zhang H, Ni S, Korabečná M, Yobas L, Neuzil P. The vision of point-of-care PCR tests for the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Trends Analyt Chem 2020; 130:115984. [PMID: 32834243 PMCID: PMC7369599 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases, such as the most recent case of coronavirus disease 2019, have brought the prospect of point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests into the spotlight. A rapid, accurate, low-cost, and easy-to-use test in the field could stop epidemics before they develop into full-blown pandemics. Unfortunately, despite all the advances, it still does not exist. Here, we critically review the limited number of prototypes demonstrated to date that is based on a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and has come close to fulfill this vision. We summarize the requirements for the POC-PCR tests and then go on to discuss the PCR product-detection methods, the integration of their functional components, the potential applications, and other practical issues related to the implementation of lab-on-a-chip technologies. We conclude our review with a discussion of the latest findings on nucleic acid-based diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanliang Zhu
- Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Haoqing Zhang
- Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Sheng Ni
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, S.A.R., PR China
| | - Marie Korabečná
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Levent Yobas
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, S.A.R., PR China,Corresponding author
| | - Pavel Neuzil
- Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi, PR China,CEITEC Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic,Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communications, Brno University of Technology, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic,Corresponding author. Department of Microsystem Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072 Shaanxi, PR China
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Zhuang J, Yin J, Lv S, Wang B, Mu Y. Advanced "lab-on-a-chip" to detect viruses - Current challenges and future perspectives. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 163:112291. [PMID: 32421630 PMCID: PMC7215165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Massive viral outbreaks draw attention to viruses that have not been thoroughly studied or understood. In recent decades, microfluidic chips, known as "lab-on-a-chip", appears as a promising tool for the detection of viruses. Here, we review the development of microfluidic chips that could be used in response to viral detection, specifically for viruses involved in more recent outbreaks. The advantages as well as the disadvantages of microfluidic systems are discussed and analyzed. We also propose ideas for future development of these microfluidic chips and we expect this advanced technology to be used in the future for viral outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Zhuang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juxin Yin
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Shaowu Lv
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Ying Mu
- Research Centre for Analytical Instrumentation, Institute of Cyber-Systems and Control, State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Geng Z, Gu Y, Li S, Lin B, Liu P. A Fully Integrated In Vitro Diagnostic Microsystem for Pathogen Detection Developed Using a "3D Extensible" Microfluidic Design Paradigm. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E873. [PMID: 31842384 PMCID: PMC6953088 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics is facing critical challenges in the quest of miniaturizing, integrating, and automating in vitro diagnostics, including the increasing complexity of assays, the gap between the macroscale world and the microscale devices, and the diverse throughput demands in various clinical settings. Here, a "3D extensible" microfluidic design paradigm that consists of a set of basic structures and unit operations was developed for constructing any application-specific assay. Four basic structures-check valve (in), check valve (out), double-check valve (in and out), and on-off valve-were designed to mimic basic acts in biochemical assays. By combining these structures linearly, a series of unit operations can be readily formed. We then proposed a "3D extensible" architecture to fulfill the needs of the function integration, the adaptive "world-to-chip" interface, and the adjustable throughput in the X, Y, and Z directions, respectively. To verify this design paradigm, we developed a fully integrated loop-mediated isothermal amplification microsystem that can directly accept swab samples and detect Chlamydia trachomatis automatically with a sensitivity one order higher than that of the conventional kit. This demonstration validated the feasibility of using this paradigm to develop integrated and automated microsystems in a less risky and more consistent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Geng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (S.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Yin Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (S.L.); (B.L.)
- FengteBio Corporation, Beijing 100079, China
| | - Shanglin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (S.L.); (B.L.)
- FengteBio Corporation, Beijing 100079, China
| | - Baobao Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (S.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.G.); (Y.G.); (S.L.); (B.L.)
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12
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Mendoza-Gallegos RA, Rios A, Garcia-Cordero JL. An Affordable and Portable Thermocycler for Real-Time PCR Made of 3D-Printed Parts and Off-the-Shelf Electronics. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5563-5568. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A. Mendoza-Gallegos
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León C.P. 66628, Mexico
| | - Amelia Rios
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León C.P. 66628, Mexico
| | - Jose L. Garcia-Cordero
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León C.P. 66628, Mexico
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13
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Mauk MG, Song J, Liu C, Bau HH. Simple Approaches to Minimally-Instrumented, Microfluidic-Based Point-of-Care Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E17. [PMID: 29495424 PMCID: PMC5872065 DOI: 10.3390/bios8010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Designs and applications of microfluidics-based devices for molecular diagnostics (Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests, NAATs) in infectious disease testing are reviewed, with emphasis on minimally instrumented, point-of-care (POC) tests for resource-limited settings. Microfluidic cartridges ('chips') that combine solid-phase nucleic acid extraction; isothermal enzymatic nucleic acid amplification; pre-stored, paraffin-encapsulated lyophilized reagents; and real-time or endpoint optical detection are described. These chips can be used with a companion module for separating plasma from blood through a combined sedimentation-filtration effect. Three reporter types: Fluorescence, colorimetric dyes, and bioluminescence; and a new paradigm for end-point detection based on a diffusion-reaction column are compared. Multiplexing (parallel amplification and detection of multiple targets) is demonstrated. Low-cost detection and added functionality (data analysis, control, communication) can be realized using a cellphone platform with the chip. Some related and similar-purposed approaches by others are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Mauk
- Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics (MEAM), School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Towne Building, 220 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jinzhao Song
- Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics (MEAM), School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Towne Building, 220 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Changchun Liu
- Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics (MEAM), School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Towne Building, 220 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Haim H Bau
- Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics (MEAM), School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Towne Building, 220 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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14
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Chim W, Sedighi A, Brown CL, Pantophlet R, Li PC. Effect of buffer composition on PNA–RNA hybridization studied in the microfluidic microarray chip. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report that peptide nucleic acid sequences (PNAs) have been used as the probe species for detection of RNA and that a microfluidic microarray (MMA) chip is used as the platform for detection of hybridizations between immobilized PNA probes and RNA targets. The RNA targets used are derived from influenza A sequences. This paper discusses the optimization of two probe technologies used for RNA detection and investigates how the composition of the probe buffer and the content of the hybridization solution can influence the overall results. Our data show that the PNA probe is a better choice than the DNA probe when there is low salt in the probe buffer composition. Furthermore, we show that the absence of salt (NaCl) in the hybridization buffer does not hinder the detection of RNA sequences. The results provide evidence that PNA probes are superior to DNA probes in term of sensitivity and adaptability, as PNA immobilization and PNA–RNA hybridization are less affected by salt content in the reaction buffers unlike DNA probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Chim
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Abootaleb Sedighi
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Christopher L. Brown
- School of Natural Sciences and Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ralph Pantophlet
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Paul C.H. Li
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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15
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Abstract
Introduction: Successful treatment outcomes for viral respiratory tract infections presenting from primary health care to quaternary hospitals will only be achieved with rapid, sensitive and specific identification of pathogens to allow effective pathogen-specific antiviral therapy and infection control measures. Areas covered: This review aims to explore the different point-of-care tests currently available to diagnose viral respiratory tract infections, discuss the advantages and limitations of point-of-care testing, and provide insights into the future of point-of-care tests. The following databases were searched: Medline (January 1996 to 30 September 2017) and Embase (1988 to 30 September 2017), using the following keywords: ‘point of care’, ‘respiratory virus’, ‘influenza’, ‘RSV’, ‘diagnostics’, ‘nucleic acid test’ and ‘PCR’. Expert commentary: Viral respiratory tract infections cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, and point-of-care tests are facilitating the rapid identification of the pathogen responsible given the similarities in clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Basile
- a Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services , Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology , Westmead , Australia.,b Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infections and Biosecurity , University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital , Westmead , Australia
| | - Jen Kok
- a Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services , Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology , Westmead , Australia.,b Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infections and Biosecurity , University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital , Westmead , Australia
| | - Dominic E Dwyer
- a Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services , Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology , Westmead , Australia.,b Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infections and Biosecurity , University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital , Westmead , Australia
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Liu J, Zhao J, Petrochenko P, Zheng J, Hewlett I. Sensitive detection of influenza viruses with Europium nanoparticles on an epoxy silica sol-gel functionalized polycarbonate-polydimethylsiloxane hybrid microchip. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 86:150-155. [PMID: 27362253 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to develop new tools for diagnosing influenza in resource-limited settings, we fabricated a polycarbonate (PC)-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) hybrid microchip using a simple epoxy silica sol-gel coating/bonding method and employed it in sensitive detection of influenza virus with Europium nanoparticles (EuNPs). The incorporation of sol-gel material in device fabrication provided functionalized channel surfaces ready for covalent immobilization of primary antibodies and a strong bonding between PDMS substrates and PC supports without increasing background fluorescence. In microchip EuNP immunoassay (µENIA) of inactivated influenza viruses, replacing native PDMS microchips with hybrid microchips allowed the achievement of a 6-fold increase in signal-to-background ratio, a 12-fold and a 6-fold decreases in limit-of-detection (LOD) in influenza A and B tests respectively. Using influenza A samples with known titers, the LOD of influenza µENIA on hybrid microchips was determined to be ~10(4) TCID50 titer/mL and 10(3)-10(4) EID50 titer/mL. A comparison test indicated that the sensitivity of influenza µENIA enhanced using the hybrid microchips even surpassed that of a commercial laboratory influenza ELISA test. In addition to the sensitivity improvement, assay variation was clearly reduced when hybrid microchips instead of native PDMS microchips were used in the µENIA tests. Finally, infectious reference viruses and nasopharyngeal swab patient specimens were successfully tested using μENIA on hybrid microchip platforms, demonstrating the potential of this unique microchip nanoparticle assay in clinical diagnosis of influenza. Meanwhile, the tests showed the necessity of using nucleic acid confirmatory tests to clarify ambiguous test results obtained from prototype or developed point-of-care testing devices for influenza diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikun Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States.
| | - Jiangqin Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Peter Petrochenko
- Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States.
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17
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Vemula SV, Zhao J, Liu J, Wang X, Biswas S, Hewlett I. Current Approaches for Diagnosis of Influenza Virus Infections in Humans. Viruses 2016; 8:96. [PMID: 27077877 PMCID: PMC4848591 DOI: 10.3390/v8040096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advancement in vaccine and virus research, influenza continues to be a major public health concern. Each year in the United States of America, influenza viruses are responsible for seasonal epidemics resulting in over 200,000 hospitalizations and 30,000–50,000 deaths. Accurate and early diagnosis of influenza viral infections are critical for rapid initiation of antiviral therapy to reduce influenza related morbidity and mortality both during seasonal epidemics and pandemics. Several different approaches are currently available for diagnosis of influenza infections in humans. These include viral isolation in cell culture, immunofluorescence assays, nucleic acid amplification tests, immunochromatography-based rapid diagnostic tests, etc. Newer diagnostic approaches are being developed to overcome the limitations associated with some of the conventional detection methods. This review discusses diagnostic approaches currently available for detection of influenza viruses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Vikram Vemula
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Jiangqin Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Jikun Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Xue Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Santanu Biswas
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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18
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Tang M, Wang G, Kong SK, Ho HP. A Review of Biomedical Centrifugal Microfluidic Platforms. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:E26. [PMID: 30407398 PMCID: PMC6190084 DOI: 10.3390/mi7020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Centrifugal microfluidic or lab-on-a-disc platforms have many advantages over other microfluidic systems. These advantages include a minimal amount of instrumentation, the efficient removal of any disturbing bubbles or residual volumes, and inherently available density-based sample transportation and separation. Centrifugal microfluidic devices applied to biomedical analysis and point-of-care diagnostics have been extensively promoted recently. This paper presents an up-to-date overview of these devices. The development of biomedical centrifugal microfluidic platforms essentially covers two categories: (i) unit operations that perform specific functionalities, and (ii) systems that aim to address certain biomedical applications. With the aim to provide a comprehensive representation of current development in this field, this review summarizes progress in both categories. The advanced unit operations implemented for biological processing include mixing, valving, switching, metering and sequential loading. Depending on the type of sample to be used in the system, biomedical applications are classified into four groups: nucleic acid analysis, blood analysis, immunoassays, and other biomedical applications. Our overview of advanced unit operations also includes the basic concepts and mechanisms involved in centrifugal microfluidics, while on the other hand an outline on reported applications clarifies how an assembly of unit operations enables efficient implementation of various types of complex assays. Lastly, challenges and potential for future development of biomedical centrifugal microfluidic devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Tang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Institute of Optical Communication Engineering, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Siu-Kai Kong
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ho-Pui Ho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
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19
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Stumpf F, Schwemmer F, Hutzenlaub T, Baumann D, Strohmeier O, Dingemanns G, Simons G, Sager C, Plobner L, von Stetten F, Zengerle R, Mark D. LabDisk with complete reagent prestorage for sample-to-answer nucleic acid based detection of respiratory pathogens verified with influenza A H3N2 virus. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:199-207. [PMID: 26610171 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00871a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Portable point-of-care devices for pathogen detection require easy, minimal and user-friendly handling steps and need to have the same diagnostic performance compared to centralized laboratories. In this work we present a fully automated sample-to-answer detection of influenza A H3N2 virus in a centrifugal LabDisk with complete prestorage of reagents. Thus, the initial supply of the sample remains the only manual handling step. The self-contained LabDisk automates by centrifugal microfluidics all necessary process chains for PCR-based pathogen detection: pathogen lysis, magnetic bead based nucleic acid extraction, aliquoting of the eluate into 8 reaction cavities, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Prestored reagents comprise air dried specific primers and fluorescence probes, lyophilized RT-PCR mastermix and stick-packaged liquid reagents for nucleic acid extraction. Employing two different release frequencies for the stick-packaged liquid reagents enables on-demand release of highly wetting extraction buffers, such as sequential release of lysis and binding buffer. Microfluidic process-flow was successful in 54 out of 55 tested LabDisks. We demonstrate successful detection of the respiratory pathogen influenza A H3N2 virus in a total of 18 LabDisks with sample concentrations down to 2.39 × 10(4) viral RNA copies per ml, which is in the range of clinical relevance. Furthermore, we detected RNA bacteriophage MS2 acting as internal control in 3 LabDisks with a sample concentration down to 75 plaque forming units (pfu) per ml. All experiments were applied in a 2 kg portable, laptop controlled point-of-care device. The turnaround time of the complete analysis from sample-to-answer was less than 3.5 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stumpf
- Hahn-Schickard, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
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20
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Development of a self-contained sample preparation cartridge for automated PCR testing. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-015-9405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Van Heirstraeten L, Spang P, Schwind C, Drese KS, Ritzi-Lehnert M, Nieto B, Camps M, Landgraf B, Guasch F, Corbera AH, Samitier J, Goossens H, Malhotra-Kumar S, Roeser T. Integrated DNA and RNA extraction and purification on an automated microfluidic cassette from bacterial and viral pathogens causing community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1519-26. [PMID: 24615272 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51339d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the development of an automated sample preparation procedure for etiological agents of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections (CA-LRTI). The consecutive assay steps, including sample re-suspension, pre-treatment, lysis, nucleic acid purification, and concentration, were integrated into a microfluidic lab-on-a-chip (LOC) cassette that is operated hands-free by a demonstrator setup, providing fluidic and valve actuation. The performance of the assay was evaluated on viral and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial broth cultures previously sampled using a nasopharyngeal swab. Sample preparation on the microfluidic cassette resulted in higher or similar concentrations of pure bacterial DNA or viral RNA compared to manual benchtop experiments. The miniaturization and integration of the complete sample preparation procedure, to extract purified nucleic acids from real samples of CA-LRTI pathogens to, and above, lab quality and efficiency, represent important steps towards its application in a point-of-care test (POCT) for rapid diagnosis of CA-LRTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbet Van Heirstraeten
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
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22
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Ritzi-Lehnert M. Development of chip-compatible sample preparation for diagnosis of infectious diseases. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 12:189-206. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.11.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Hitzbleck M, Delamarche E. Reagents in microfluidics: an 'in' and 'out' challenge. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:8494-516. [PMID: 23925517 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60118h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices are excellent at downscaling chemical and biochemical reactions and thereby can make reactions faster, better and more efficient. It is therefore understandable that we are seeing these devices being developed and used for many applications and research areas. However, microfluidic devices are more complex than test tubes or microtitre plates and the integration of reagents into them is a real challenge. This review looks at state-of-the-art methods and strategies for integrating various classes of reagents inside microfluidics and similarly surveys how reagents can be released inside microfluidics. The number of methods used for integrating and releasing reagents is surprisingly large and involves reagents in dry and liquid forms, directly-integrated reagents or reagents linked to carriers, as well as active, passive and hybrid release methods. We also made a brief excursion into the field of drug release and delivery. With this review, we hope to provide a large number of examples of integrating and releasing reagents that can be used by developers and users of microfluidics for their specific needs.
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Saadin K, White IM. Breast cancer stem cell enrichment and isolation by mammosphere culture and its potential diagnostic applications. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 13:49-60. [PMID: 23256703 DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Emerging knowledge about cancer stem cells (CSCs) is raising attention about the need to provide a more precise and complete diagnosis including the molecular profile of a patient's CSCs. As opposed to simply treating the bulk of the tumor, a more complete diagnosis can lead to treatment regimens designed to eradicate CSCs from a patient. In this review the authors detail the application of the mammosphere assay in the study of breast CSCs. The authors then describe the potential transition of the mammosphere assay from the research laboratory to the clinic by leveraging microsystems technology, which enables the integration of multiple functions into a single automated device. To conclude the review, the authors project that future clinical devices will be capable of isolating circulating metastatic cells from patient blood, enriching the dangerous CSCs, and providing a molecular profile of the CSCs, thus arming physicians with the information to select a treatment program that combats CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoon Saadin
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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25
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Lee KG, Lee TJ, Jeong SW, Choi HW, Heo NS, Park JY, Park TJ, Lee SJ. Development of a plastic-based microfluidic immunosensor chip for detection of H1N1 influenza. SENSORS 2012; 12:10810-9. [PMID: 23112630 PMCID: PMC3472858 DOI: 10.3390/s120810810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip can provide convenient and accurate diagnosis tools. In this paper, a plastic-based microfluidic immunosensor chip for the diagnosis of swine flu (H1N1) was developed by immobilizing hemagglutinin antigen on a gold surface using a genetically engineered polypeptide. A fluorescent dye-labeled antibody (Ab) was used for quantifying the concentration of Ab in the immunosensor chip using a fluorescent technique. For increasing the detection efficiency and reducing the errors, three chambers and three microchannels were designed in one microfluidic chip. This protocol could be applied to the diagnosis of other infectious diseases in a microfluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung G. Lee
- Center for Nanobio Integration & Convergence Engineering (NICE), National NanoFab Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; E-Mails: (K.G.L.); (T.J.L.); (S.W.J.); (H.W.C.)
| | - Tae Jae Lee
- Center for Nanobio Integration & Convergence Engineering (NICE), National NanoFab Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; E-Mails: (K.G.L.); (T.J.L.); (S.W.J.); (H.W.C.)
| | - Soon Woo Jeong
- Center for Nanobio Integration & Convergence Engineering (NICE), National NanoFab Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; E-Mails: (K.G.L.); (T.J.L.); (S.W.J.); (H.W.C.)
| | - Ho Woon Choi
- Center for Nanobio Integration & Convergence Engineering (NICE), National NanoFab Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; E-Mails: (K.G.L.); (T.J.L.); (S.W.J.); (H.W.C.)
| | - Nam Su Heo
- Bioprocess Engineering Research Center, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Jung Youn Park
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute (NFRDI), 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang, Busan 619-705, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Tae Jung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Korea
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (T.J.P.); (S.J.L.); Tel.: +82-42-879-9683; Fax: +82-42-879-9609
| | - Seok Jae Lee
- Center for Nanobio Integration & Convergence Engineering (NICE), National NanoFab Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-806, Korea; E-Mails: (K.G.L.); (T.J.L.); (S.W.J.); (H.W.C.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (T.J.P.); (S.J.L.); Tel.: +82-42-879-9683; Fax: +82-42-879-9609
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26
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Chandler DP, Griesemer SB, Cooney CG, Holmberg R, Thakore N, Mokhiber B, Belgrader P, Knickerbocker C, Schied J, St. George K. Rapid, simple influenza RNA extraction from nasopharyngeal samples. J Virol Methods 2012; 183:8-13. [PMID: 22425698 PMCID: PMC3348996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the development and pre-clinical testing of a new, random-access RNA sample preparation system (TruTip) for nasopharyngeal samples. The system is based on a monolithic, porous nucleic acid binding matrix embedded within an aerosol-resistant pipette tip and can be operated with single or multi-channel pipettors. Equivalent extraction efficiencies were obtained between automated QIAcube and manual TruTip methods at 10(6) gene copies influenza A per mL nasopharyngeal aspirate. Influenza A and B amended into nasopharyngeal swabs (in viral transport medium) were detected by real-time RT-PCR at approximately 745 and 370 gene copies per extraction, respectively. RNA extraction efficiency in nasopharyngeal swabs was also comparable to that obtained on an automated QIAcube instrument over a range of input concentrations; the correlation between threshold cycles (or nucleic acid recovery) for TruTip and QIAcube-purified RNA was R(2)>0.99. Preclinical testing of TruTip on blinded nasopharyngeal swab samples resulted in 98% detection accuracy relative to a clinically validated easyMAG extraction method. The physical properties of the TruTip binding matrix and ability to customize its shape and dimensions likewise make it amenable to automation and/or fluidic integration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara B. Griesemer
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Dept of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208 and
| | | | - Rebecca Holmberg
- Akonni Biosystems, Inc., 400 Sagner Avenue, Suite 300, Frederick MD 21701
| | - Nitu Thakore
- Akonni Biosystems, Inc., 400 Sagner Avenue, Suite 300, Frederick MD 21701
| | - Becca Mokhiber
- Akonni Biosystems, Inc., 400 Sagner Avenue, Suite 300, Frederick MD 21701
| | - Phillip Belgrader
- Akonni Biosystems, Inc., 400 Sagner Avenue, Suite 300, Frederick MD 21701
| | | | - Jeanmarie Schied
- Little Company of Mary Hospital, Pediatric Hospitalist Program, University of Chicago, 2800 West 95 Street, Evergreen Park, IL 60805
| | - Kirsten St. George
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Dept of Health, 120 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208 and
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Kovarik ML, Gach PC, Ornoff DM, Wang Y, Balowski J, Farrag L, Allbritton NL. Micro total analysis systems for cell biology and biochemical assays. Anal Chem 2012; 84:516-40. [PMID: 21967743 PMCID: PMC3264799 DOI: 10.1021/ac202611x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Kovarik
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Phillip C. Gach
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Douglas M. Ornoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Joseph Balowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Lila Farrag
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
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Laouenan F, Monsalve LG, Goiriena A, Agirregabiria M, Ruano-Lopez JM. A Self-contained Diagnostic Platform for DNA Concentration, Elution, and qPCR Inside a LabCard with Stored Reagents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pabbaraju K, Wong S, Drews SJ. Rethinking approaches to improve the utilization of nucleic acid amplification tests for detection and characterization of influenza A in diagnostic and reference laboratories. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:1443-60. [PMID: 22122441 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IFVA) is a significant cause of respiratory infections worldwide and was also responsible for a recent pandemic in 2009. Laboratory identification of IFVA can guide antiviral therapy, assist in cohorting of patients and prevent antibiotic use. Characterization of the virus can track the emergence of novel strains, identify resistance and determine how circulating strains match with vaccine components. The gold standard for detection and characterization of IFVA is nucleic acid amplification technology (e.g., reverse transcriptase PCR [RT-PCR]), which must contend with a constantly evolving viral genome. Although molecular technology has been available for over two decades, there is still an operational gap between assay design and utilization of these tests for the diagnosis and characterization of IFVA. This review will discuss issues surrounding the implementation and use of RT-PCR for the identification and characterization of IFVA, and speculate on why RT-PCR has not been used more widely in clinical laboratories or moved closer to the patient. Newer, less widely used technologies that may change our laboratory practices will be identified and the authors will close with an attempt to identify some future applications of RT-PCR-based technologies for the detection and characterization of IFVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanti Pabbaraju
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Microbiology, 3030 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4W4, Canada
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