1
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Alkhaibari I, Zhang X, Zhao J, Stonelake TM, Knighton RC, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Buurma NJ, Richards E, Pope SJA. Tuning Excited State Character in Iridium(III) Photosensitizers and Its Influence on TTA-UC. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9931-9940. [PMID: 38738860 PMCID: PMC11134496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
A series of mixed ligand, photoluminescent organometallic Ir(III) complexes have been synthesized to incorporate substituted 2-phenyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole cyclometalating ligands. The structures of three example complexes were categorically confirmed using X-ray crystallography each sharing very similar structural traits including evidence of interligand hydrogen bond contacts that account for the shielding effects observed in the 1H NMR spectra. The structural iterations of the cyclometalated ligand provide tuning of the principal electronic transitions that determine the visible absorption and emission properties of the complexes: emission can be tuned in the visible region between 550 and 610 nm and with triplet lifetimes up to 10 μs. The nature of the emitting state varies across the series of complexes, with different admixtures of ligand-centered and metal-to-ligand charge transfer triplet levels evident. Finally, the use of the complexes as photosensitizers in triplet-triplet annihilation energy upconversion (TTA-UC) was investigated in the solution state. The study showed that the complexes possessing the longest triplet lifetimes showed good viability as photosensitizers in TTA-UC. Therefore, the use of an electron-withdrawing group on the 2-phenyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole ligand framework can be used to rationally promote TTA-UC using this class of complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim
S. Alkhaibari
- School
of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Cymru/Wales CF10 3AT, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim
University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xue Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart
Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart
Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China
| | - Thomas M. Stonelake
- School
of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Cymru/Wales CF10 3AT, U.K.
| | - Richard C. Knighton
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Peter N. Horton
- UK
National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and
Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK
National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and
Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Niklaas J. Buurma
- School
of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Cymru/Wales CF10 3AT, U.K.
| | - Emma Richards
- School
of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Cymru/Wales CF10 3AT, U.K.
| | - Simon J. A. Pope
- School
of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Cymru/Wales CF10 3AT, U.K.
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2
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Ibraimo Patia R, Singh K, Davies DL, Lelj F. Photoisomerisation of Exo-Imine Complexes and the Role of MECP in the Reverse Thermal Equilibrium: An Experimental and DFT Computational Investigation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301570. [PMID: 37578687 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Complexes [MCl2 Cp*]2 (M=Ir, Rh), [RuCl2 (p-cymene)]2 and [Ir(C^N)2 Cl]2 (HC^N=a, phenylpyridine ; b, phenylpyrazole,) react with imine ligands derived from ο-aminophenol to yield complexes with an exocyclic C=N bond which has a cis or trans configuration. The trans isomer is favoured except for sterically crowded complexes Cp*M (M=Ir, Rh) when the imine has a mesityl substituent, for which the cis isomer is favoured. The complexes undergo photoisomerisation in visible light but revert back to the original isomer over time or when heated. The rate of the thermal reverse isomerisation depends on the imine substituent and the metal fragment. DFT calculations correctly reproduce the favoured isomer and suggest that the reverse isomerisation occurs by a rehybridisation at the N atom as found in organic imines. In addition, a triplet state, thermally accessible by a Minimum Energy Crossing Point (MECP) provides a low energy pathway for reverse isomerisation in the case of the half-sandwich complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Ibraimo Patia
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Kuldip Singh
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - David L Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Francesco Lelj
- LASCAMM-CR-INSTM, Unità INSTM della Basilicata, Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
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3
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Fitzgerald SA, Otaif HY, Elgar CE, Sawicka N, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Beames JM, Pope SJA. Polysubstituted Ligand Framework for Color Tuning Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15467-15484. [PMID: 34605234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of ligands have been synthesized based upon a polysubstituted 2-phenylquinoxaline core structure. These ligands introduce different combinations of fluorine and methyl substituents on both the phenyl and quinoxaline constituent rings. The resultant investigation of these species as cyclometalating agents for Ir(III) gave cationic complexes of the form [Ir(C^N)2(bipy)]PF6 (where C^N = cyclometalating ligand; bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine). X-ray crystallographic studies were conducted on four complexes and each revealed the expected distorted octahedral geometry based upon a cis-C,C and trans-N,N ligand arrangement at Ir(III). Supporting computational studies predict that each of the complexes share the same general descriptions for the frontier orbitals. TD-DFT calculations suggest MLCT contributions to the lowest energy absorption and a likely MLCT/ILCT/LLCT nature to the emitting state. Experimentally, the complexes display tunable luminescence across the yellow-orange-red part of the visible spectrum (λem = 579-655 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Fitzgerald
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Haleema Y Otaif
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Elgar
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Sawicka
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Peter N Horton
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, England, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, England, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph M Beames
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J A Pope
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
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4
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Boudreault PLT, Esteruelas MA, Mora E, Oñate E, Tsai JY. Bromination and C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions for the C–H Functionalization of Iridium(III) Emitters. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A. Esteruelas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza−CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Erik Mora
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza−CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Enrique Oñate
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO−CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza−CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jui-Yi Tsai
- Universal Display Corporation, 375 Phillips Boulevard, Ewing, New Jersey 08618, United States
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5
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Kamecka A, Kapturkiewicz A, Pipczyński Ł. Heteroleptic luminescent [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+ complexes containing 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole or 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole as cyclometalating and α-diimines as ancillary ligands. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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6
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Scarpelli F, Ricciardi L, La Deda M, Brunelli E, Crispini A, Ghedini M, Godbert N, Aiello I. A luminescent lyotropic liquid-crystalline gel of a water-soluble Ir(III) complex. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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7
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Abdolla NSY, Davies DL, Singh K. Bis‐Cyclometallated Iridium(III) Complexes with Bidentate Ligands Containing One or Two Pyridylideneamine (PYE) Donors: Influence of PYE Substitution (
para
or
ortho
) on Complexation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noreldin S. Y. Abdolla
- School of Chemistry University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
- Current address: Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Omar Al-Mukhtar University Tobruk Libya
| | - David L. Davies
- School of Chemistry University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
| | - Kuldip Singh
- School of Chemistry University of Leicester Leicester LE1 7RH UK
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8
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Boudreault PLT, Esteruelas MA, López AM, Oñate E, Raga E, Tsai JY. Insertion of Unsaturated C-C Bonds into the O-H Bond of an Iridium(III)-Hydroxo Complex: Formation of Phosphorescent Emitters with an Asymmetrical β-Diketonate Ligand. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15877-15887. [PMID: 33059453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic methodology to prepare iridium(III) emitters of the class [3b+3b+3b'] with two ortho-metalated 1-phenylisoquinolines and an asymmetrical β-diketonate has been discovered. The abstraction of the chloride ligands of the dimer [Ir(μ-Cl){κ2-C,N-(C6H4-isoqui)}2]2 (1, C6H5-isoqui = 1-phenylisoquinoline) with AgBF4 in acetone and the subsequent addition of water to the resulting solution affords the water solvate mononuclear complex [Ir{κ2-C,N-(C6H4-isoqui)}2(H2O)2]BF4 (2), which reacts with KOH to give the dihydroxo-bridged dimer [Ir(μ-OH){κ2-C,N-(C6H4-isoqui)}2]2 (3). Treatment of the latter with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate leads to Ir{κ2-C,N-(C6H4-isoqui)}2{κ2-O,O-[OC(CO2CH3)CHC(OCH3)O]} (4), as a result of the anti-addition of the O-H bond of a mononuclear [Ir(OH){κ2-C,N-(C6H4-isoqui)}2] fragment to the C-C triple bond of the alkyne and the coordination of one of the carboxylate substituents to the metal center. Complex 3 also reacts with α,β-unsaturated ketones. The reaction with 3-(4-methylphenyl)-1-phenylprop-2-en-1-one affords Ir{κ2-C,N-(C6H4-isoqui)}2{κ2-O,O-[OC(C6H5)CHC(p-C6H4Me)O]} (5), whereas methyl vinyl ketone gives a mixture of Ir{κ2-C,N-(C6H4-isoqui)}2{κ2-O,O-[OC(CH3)CHCHO]} (6) and Ir{κ2-C,N-(C6H4-isoqui)}2{κ2-O,O-[OC(CH3)CHC(CH═CH2)O]} (7). Complexes 5 and 6 are the result of the addition of the O-H bond of the mononuclear [Ir(OH){κ2-C,N-(C6H4-isoqui)}2] fragment to the C-C double bond of the α,β-unsaturated ketones and the coordination of the carbonyl group to the iridium center, to generate O,O-chelates which lose molecular hydrogen to aromatize into the asymmetrical β-diketonate ligands. Complexes 4-7 are phosphorescent emitters in the red spectral region (599-672 nm) in doped poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film at 5 wt % at room temperature and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at room temperature and 77 K. They display short lifetimes (0.8-2.5 μs) and quantum yields in both doped PMMA films and in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran at room temperature depending on the substituents of the β-diketonate: about 0.6-0.5 for 4 and 6 and ca. 0.35 for 5 and 7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A Esteruelas
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Instituto de Sı́ntesis Quı́mica y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Quı́mica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana M López
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Instituto de Sı́ntesis Quı́mica y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Quı́mica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Enrique Oñate
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Instituto de Sı́ntesis Quı́mica y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Quı́mica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Esther Raga
- Departamento de Quı́mica Inorgánica, Instituto de Sı́ntesis Quı́mica y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), Centro de Innovación en Quı́mica Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jui-Yi Tsai
- Universal Display Corporation, Ewing, New Jersey 08618, United States
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9
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Abdolla NSY, Davies DL, Lowe MP, Singh K. Bis-cyclometallated Ir(III) complexes containing 2-(1 H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine ligands; influence of substituents and cyclometallating ligands on response to changes in pH. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12025-12036. [PMID: 32869811 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02434a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bis-cyclometallated Ir(iii) complexes containing 2-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine ligands have been synthesised. Their absorption is almost unchanged with changes in pH however the emission intensities vary by a factor of up to three and the complexes have emission pKas in the range 8.0 to 10.0. Substituents on the pyrazole have only a minor effect on the emission pKa. Surprisingly the complexes with phenylpyrazole cyclometallated ligands 3aL1-3 showed an intensity decrease with increasing pH (switch off) whilst the corresponding phenylpyridine ones 3cL1-3 showed an increase in emission intensity with increasing pH. Putting electron-withdrawing CF3 substituents on the cyclometallating phenyls reduced the pKa of the complexes to 6.8-7.8, thereby extending the useful pKa range; however, in general it tended to reduce the magnitude of the change in emission intensity. Surprisingly the CF3-substituted complexes also showed a complete reversal in the direction of the intensity change when compared to their respective unsubstituted congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David L Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, Libya.
| | - Mark P Lowe
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, Libya.
| | - Kuldip Singh
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, Libya.
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10
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Ohno K, Sakata T, Shiiba M, Nagasawa A, Fujihara T. A water-soluble cyclometalated iridium(iii) complex for pH sensing based on aggregation-induced enhanced phosphorescence. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:8068-8075. [PMID: 30892305 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04861d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The novel water-soluble monoanionic Ir(iii) complex Na[Ir(ppy)2(SB-COO)] (2; Hppy = phenylpyridine; HSB-COOH = 4-carboxylanilinesalicylaldehyde Schiff base), which was obtained by the reaction of the novel Ir(iii) complex [Ir(ppy)2(SB-COOH)] (1) with NaOEt, in its aqueous solution, showed hydrogen ion (H+)-responsive aggregation-induced enhanced phosphorescence (AIEP). Both these complexes exhibited very weak and relatively strong emissions in solution and solid states, respectively. The pH-responsiveness of 2 was evaluated from its emission spectra in aqueous solution in the pH range of 8.7-1.8. Above pH 6, 2 showed weak emission with a maximum at 508 nm. Upon decreasing the pH to 4.7, AIEP with a bathochromic shift to 618 nm was induced by the aggregation of 1, whereby the intensity at 618 nm was increased approximately by 50-fold compared to that at pH 6.0. This enhancement is due to restrictions of the geometrical changes in the six-membered chelate ring of the ancillary ligand (Ir-N-C-C-C-O-) and of the intramolecular rotations in the excited state. The enhanced luminescence originates from spin-forbidden metal-to-ligand-ligand charge transfer (3MLLCT). Below pH 2.8, the emission intensity decreased owing to the decrease in the population of the emissive complex 1 upon dissociation of the ancillary ligand from the Ir(ppy)2 unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Ohno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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11
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Ward JS, Nobuyasu RS, Fox MA, Aguilar JA, Hall D, Batsanov AS, Ren Z, Dias FB, Bryce MR. Impact of Methoxy Substituents on Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence and Room-Temperature Phosphorescence in All-Organic Donor–Acceptor Systems. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3801-3816. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhongjie Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029, China
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12
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Niu ZG, Han HB, Li M, Zhao Z, Chen GY, Zheng YX, Li GN, Zuo JL. Tunable Emission Color of Iridium(III) Complexes with Phenylpyrazole Derivatives as the Main Ligands for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Ying Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, P. R. China
| | - You-Xuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Gao-Nan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Lin Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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13
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Torres J, Carrión MC, Leal J, Jalón FA, Cuevas JV, Rodríguez AM, Castañeda G, Manzano BR. Cationic Bis(cyclometalated) Ir(III) Complexes with Pyridine–Carbene Ligands. Photophysical Properties and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Water. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:970-984. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Carmen Carrión
- Fundación Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Castilla-La Mancha, Bulevar Rio Alberche s/n, 45007 Toledo, Spain
| | | | | | - José V. Cuevas
- Departamento de Química,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Ana M. Rodríguez
- Escuela Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Avda,
C. J. Cela, 3, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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14
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Brown CM, Kitt MJ, Xu Z, Hean D, Ezhova MB, Wolf MO. Tunable Emission of Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing Sulfur-Bridged Dipyridyl Ligands. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:15110-15118. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Mitchell J. Kitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Duane Hean
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Maria B. Ezhova
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michael O. Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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15
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Groves LM, Schotten C, Beames J, Platts JA, Coles SJ, Horton PN, Browne DL, Pope SJA. From Ligand to Phosphor: Rapid, Machine-Assisted Synthesis of Substituted Iridium(III) Pyrazolate Complexes with Tuneable Luminescence. Chemistry 2017; 23:9407-9418. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara M. Groves
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Park Place; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Christiane Schotten
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Park Place; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Joseph Beames
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Park Place; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - James A. Platts
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Park Place; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Peter N. Horton
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry; University of Southampton, Highfield; Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Park Place; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Simon J. A. Pope
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Park Place; Cardiff University; Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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16
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Wang C, Xiao J. Iridacycles for hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3399-3411. [PMID: 28281714 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01103b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Iridacycles are a group of cyclometalated metal complexes, which have recently been shown to be versatile catalysts for a range of reactions. This Feature Article provides an account of the work carried out by our groups. We start with an introduction to the variety of iridacycles and how they entered into catalysis. The following sections provide an overview of the discovery and applications in catalysis of the iridacycles originated from our labs, including transfer hydrogenation with formic acid, hydrogenation with H2, dehydrogenation and borrowing-hydrogen reactions. Where possible, mechanistic insight is also presented. A notable advantage of these iridacycles is their ease of preparation, stability to air and water and high modularity. With only one coordination site available for substrate activation, the iridacycles differ from most homogeneous catalysts structure-wise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
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17
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Congrave DG, Hsu YT, Batsanov AS, Beeby A, Bryce MR. Synthesis, Diastereomer Separation, and Optoelectronic and Structural Properties of Dinuclear Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes with Bridging Diarylhydrazide Ligands. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Congrave
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South
Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Yu-ting Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South
Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Andrei S. Batsanov
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South
Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Andrew Beeby
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South
Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Martin R. Bryce
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South
Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
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18
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Henwood AF, Zysman-Colman E. Lessons learned in tuning the optoelectronic properties of phosphorescent iridium(iii) complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:807-826. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06729h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Tamura Y, Hisamatsu Y, Kumar S, Itoh T, Sato K, Kuroda R, Aoki S. Efficient Synthesis of Tris-Heteroleptic Iridium(III) Complexes Based on the Zn2+-Promoted Degradation of Tris-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes and Their Photophysical Properties. Inorg Chem 2016; 56:812-833. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Tamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science and §Division of Medical-Science-Engineering
Cooperation, ∥Imaging Frontier Center, ‡Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hisamatsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science and §Division of Medical-Science-Engineering
Cooperation, ∥Imaging Frontier Center, ‡Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sarvendra Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science and §Division of Medical-Science-Engineering
Cooperation, ∥Imaging Frontier Center, ‡Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Taiki Itoh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science and §Division of Medical-Science-Engineering
Cooperation, ∥Imaging Frontier Center, ‡Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kyouhei Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science and §Division of Medical-Science-Engineering
Cooperation, ∥Imaging Frontier Center, ‡Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Reiko Kuroda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science and §Division of Medical-Science-Engineering
Cooperation, ∥Imaging Frontier Center, ‡Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shin Aoki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science and §Division of Medical-Science-Engineering
Cooperation, ∥Imaging Frontier Center, ‡Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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20
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Monos TM, Sun AC, McAtee RC, Devery JJ, Stephenson CRJ. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Heteroleptic Ir(III)+ Polypyridyl Complexes. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6988-94. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Monos
- Department of Chemistry,
Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, University of Michigan, 930 North
University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alexandra C. Sun
- Department of Chemistry,
Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, University of Michigan, 930 North
University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rory C. McAtee
- Department of Chemistry,
Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, University of Michigan, 930 North
University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - James J. Devery
- Department of Chemistry,
Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, University of Michigan, 930 North
University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry,
Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, University of Michigan, 930 North
University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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21
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Aghakhanpour RB, Nabavizadeh SM, Rashidi M, Kubicki M. Luminescence properties of some monomeric and dimeric cycloplatinated(ii) complexes containing biphosphine ligands. Dalton Trans 2016; 44:15829-42. [PMID: 26267017 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02450a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The starting complexes [PtCl(C^N)(dmso)], in which C^N is either ppy = 2-phenylpyridinate, , or bhq = 7,8-benzo[h]quinolinate, , were prepared by a known method using the reaction of [PtCl2(dmso)2] with ppyH or bhqH, respectively, in toluene under reflux conditions. The reaction of [PtCl(C^N)(dmso)], or , with 1 equiv. of a number of biphosphine ligands, P^P, gave the cationic monomeric complexes [Pt(ppy)(P^P)]Cl, for which P^P is either 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe), , 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp), , or bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm), ; the bhq analogous complex [Pt(bhq)(dppe)]Cl, , was prepared similarly. However, the complex [Pt(ppy)(dfppe)]Cl, , in which dfppe is 1,2-bis(dipentafluorophenylphosphino)ethane, was prepared by the reaction of with excess amount of dfppe. When each of the starting complexes [PtCl(C^N)(dmso)], or , were reacted with 0.5 equiv. of any of the P^P ligands, the dimeric complexes [Pt2Cl2(ppy)2(μ-P^P)], , or [Pt2Cl2(bhq)2(μ-P^P)], , were formed. The complexes were fully characterized using multinuclear ((1)H and (31)P) NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The structures of typical complexes , , , and were also confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The effect of ligands on the luminescent properties of the complexes was investigated and DFT calculations were performed to confirm the assignments.
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22
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Ertl CD, Gil-Escrig L, Cerdá J, Pertegás A, Bolink HJ, Junquera-Hernández JM, Prescimone A, Neuburger M, Constable EC, Ortí E, Housecroft CE. Regioisomerism in cationic sulfonyl-substituted [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+ complexes: its influence on photophysical properties and LEC performance. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:11668-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01325b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In a series of regioisomeric [Ir(C^N)2(bpy)]+ complexes containing methylsulfonyl groups on the cyclometallating ligands, the influence of the substitution position on photophysical, electrochemical and LEC device properties is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin D. Ertl
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Lidón Gil-Escrig
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- Paterna
- Spain
| | - Jesús Cerdá
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- Paterna
- Spain
| | - Antonio Pertegás
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- Paterna
- Spain
| | - Henk J. Bolink
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- Paterna
- Spain
| | | | | | - Markus Neuburger
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | | | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- Paterna
- Spain
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23
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Howarth AJ, Majewski MB, Brown CM, Lelj F, Wolf MO, Patrick BO. Emissive Ir(III) complexes bearing thienylamido groups on a 1,10-phenanthroline scaffold. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:16272-9. [PMID: 26278384 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02691a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, structures and photophysical properties of a series of bis-cyclometallated Ir(iii) complexes bearing phenylpyrazole (ppz) cyclometallating ligands and phenanthroline-based ancillary ligands containing thienyl- and bithienylamido groups are reported. All complexes are emissive in solution, while in PMMA films strong emission is observed from the thienylamido substituted complex with no emission from the bithienylamido complex. The bithienylamido substituted complex has an excited state lifetime which is significantly longer than the emission lifetime, attributed to the population of non-equilibrated (3)MLCT and (3)LC states in this complex. This represents a rare example of this unusual excited state behaviour. DFT calculations show that the emitting (3)MLCT state and the dark (3)LC state on bithiophene are close in energy and that a large change in the triplet state geometry occurs upon excitation that effectively lowers the energy of the (3)MLCT state below that of the dark (3)LC state. The low quantum yield of the bithienylamido complex is attributed to a structural rearrangement upon relaxation back to the ground state, opening a non-radiative decay pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee J Howarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6 T 1Z1, Canada.
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24
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Tuning the Emission of Cationic Iridium (III) Complexes Towards the Red Through Methoxy Substitution of the Cyclometalating Ligand. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12325. [PMID: 26179641 PMCID: PMC4648437 DOI: 10.1038/srep12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization and evaluation in solid-state devices of a series of 8 cationic iridium complexes bearing different numbers of methoxy groups on the cyclometallating ligands are reported. The optoelectronic characterization showed a dramatic red shift in the absorption and the emission and a reduction of the electrochemical gap of the complexes when a methoxy group was introduced para to the Ir-C bond. The addition of a second or third methoxy group did not lead to a significant further red shift in these spectra. Emission maxima over the series ranged from 595 to 730 nm. All complexes possessing a motif with a methoxy group at the 3-position of the cyclometalating ligands showed very short emission lifetimes and poor photoluminescence quantum yields whereas complexes having a methoxy group at the 4-position were slightly blue shifted compared to the unsubstituted parent complexes, resulting from the inductively electron withdrawing nature of this directing group on the Ir-C bond. Light-emitting electrochemical cells were fabricated and evaluated. These deep red emitters generally showed poor performance with electroluminescence mirroring photoluminescence. DFT calculations accurately modelled the observed photophysical and electrochemical behavior of the complexes and point to an emission from a mixed charge transfer state.
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25
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Shavaleev NM, Xie G, Varghese S, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Momblona C, Ortí E, Bolink HJ, Samuel IDW, Zysman-Colman E. Green Phosphorescence and Electroluminescence of Sulfur Pentafluoride-Functionalized Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:5907-14. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nail M. Shavaleev
- Organic Semiconductor
Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Guohua Xie
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Shinto Varghese
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - David B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Momblona
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/J. Beltran 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/J. Beltran 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Henk J. Bolink
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, C/J. Beltran 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Ifor D. W. Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor
Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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26
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Kando A, Hisamatsu Y, Ohwada H, Itoh T, Moromizato S, Kohno M, Aoki S. Photochemical Properties of Red-Emitting Tris(cyclometalated) Iridium(III) Complexes Having Basic and Nitro Groups and Application to pH Sensing and Photoinduced Cell Death. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:5342-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Kando
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hisamatsu
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohwada
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Taiki Itoh
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Moromizato
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kohno
- Graduate
School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shin Aoki
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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27
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Talwar D, Li HY, Durham E, Xiao J. A Simple Iridicycle Catalyst for Efficient Transfer Hydrogenation of N-Heterocycles in Water. Chemistry 2015; 21:5370-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Stokes EC, Langdon-Jones EE, Groves LM, Platts JA, Horton PN, Fallis IA, Coles SJ, Pope SJA. Cationic, luminescent cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes based on substituted 2-phenylthiazole ligands. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:8488-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03054k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ten cationic heteroleptic iridium(iii) complexes involving substituted phenylthiazole ligands reveal phosphorescence emission in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Stokes
- School of Chemistry
- Main Building
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff CF10 3AT
- UK
| | | | - Lara M. Groves
- School of Chemistry
- Main Building
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff CF10 3AT
- UK
| | - James A. Platts
- School of Chemistry
- Main Building
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff CF10 3AT
- UK
| | - Peter N. Horton
- UK National Crystallographic Service
- Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- University of Southampton
- England
| | - Ian A. Fallis
- School of Chemistry
- Main Building
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff CF10 3AT
- UK
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK National Crystallographic Service
- Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- University of Southampton
- England
| | - Simon J. A. Pope
- School of Chemistry
- Main Building
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff CF10 3AT
- UK
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29
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Wong MY, Xie G, Tourbillon C, Sandroni M, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Samuel IDW, Zysman-Colman E. Formylated chloro-bridged iridium(iii) dimers as OLED materials: opening up new possibilities. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:8419-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03127j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of four formyl-substituted chloro-bridged iridium(iii) dimers were prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y. Wong
- Organic Semiconductor Centre
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews
- UK
| | - Guohua Xie
- Organic Semiconductor Centre
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of St. Andrews
- St. Andrews
- UK
| | | | - Martina Sandroni
- Département de Chimie
- Université de Sherbrooke
- Sherbrooke
- Canada J1 K 2R1
| | - David B. Cordes
- Organic Semiconductor Centre
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews
- UK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- Organic Semiconductor Centre
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews
- UK
| | - Ifor D. W. Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of St. Andrews
- St. Andrews
- UK
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of St Andrews
- St Andrews
- UK
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30
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Howarth AJ, Davies DL, Lelj F, Wolf MO, Patrick BO. Tuning the emission lifetime in bis-cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes bearing iminopyrene ligands. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:11882-9. [PMID: 25347609 DOI: 10.1021/ic501032t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bis-cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes with the general formula Ir(ppz)2(X^NPyrene), where ppz = 1-phenylpyrazole and X^NPyrene is a bidentate chelate with X = N or O, are reported. Modifications on the ancillary ligand containing pyrene drastically affect the emission lifetimes observed (0.329 to 104 μs). Extended emission lifetimes in these complexes compared to model complexes result from reversible electronic energy transfer or the observation of dual emission containing along-lived pyrene ligand-centered triplet ((3)LC) component. A combination of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques are used to observe reversible electronic energy transfer in solution between the iridium core and pyrene moiety in the complex [Ir(ppz)2(NMe^NCH2Pyr)][PF6] (2), where NMe^NCH2Pyr = N-(pyren-1-ylmethyl)-1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethaneimine. Studies on [Ir(ppz)2(NMe^NCH2Pyr)][PF6] in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film reveal that reversible energy transfer is no longer effective, and instead, dual emission with a long-lived (3)LC component from pyrene is observed. Dual emission is observed in additional cyclometalated iridium complexes bearing pyrene-containing ancillary ligands N^NPyrene and O^NPyrene when the complexes are dispersed in a PMMA film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee J Howarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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31
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Talwar D, Wu X, Saidi O, Salguero NP, Xiao J. Versatile iridicycle catalysts for highly efficient and chemoselective transfer hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds in water. Chemistry 2014; 20:12835-42. [PMID: 25124283 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclometalated iridium complexes are shown to be highly efficient and chemoselective catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of a wide range of carbonyl groups with formic acid in water. Examples include α-substituted ketones (α-ether, α-halo, α-hydroxy, α-amino, α-nitrile or α-ester), α-keto esters, β-keto esters and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. The reduction was carried out at substrate/catalyst ratios of up to 50 000 at pH 4.5 and required no organic solvent. The protocol provides a practical, easy and efficient way for the synthesis of β-functionalised secondary alcohols, such as β-hydroxyethers, β-hydroxyamines and β-hydroxyhalo compounds, which are valuable intermediates in pharmaceutical, fine chemical, perfume and agrochemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Talwar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD (UK) http://pcwww.liv.ac.uk/∼jxiao
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32
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Howarth AJ, Patia R, Davies DL, Lelj F, Wolf MO, Singh K. Elucidating the Origin of Enhanced Phosphorescence Emission in the Solid State (EPESS) in Cyclometallated Iridium Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Villa-Marcos B, Tang W, Wu X, Xiao J. A highly active cyclometallated iridium catalyst for the hydrogenation of imines. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 11:6934-9. [PMID: 23903630 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41150h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A cyclometallated iridium complex containing an imino ligand has been shown to catalyse the hydrogenation of imines. The catalyst is highly active and selective for imino bonds, with a wide variety of imines being hydrogenated in less than 1 hour at a substrate/catalyst (S/C) ratio of 2000 at 20 bar H2 pressure and 75 °C.
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34
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Si Y, Sun X, Liu Y, Qu X, Wang Y, Wu Z. A DFT/TDDFT study on the effect of CN substitution on color tuning and phosphorescence efficiency of a series of Ir(iii) complexes with phosphine-silanolate ligands. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:714-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52273c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Davies DL, Lelj F, Lowe MP, Ryder KS, Singh K, Singh S. Pyridine imines as ligands in luminescent iridium complexes. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:4026-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52975d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biscyclometallated iridium complexes [Ir(ppz)2(X^Y)][PF6] (X^Y = pyridine imine) have been synthesised; N-alkyl complexes are emissive whilst N-aryl ones are only weakly emissive, DFT calculations shed light on the reasons for this difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Leicester
- Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Francesco Lelj
- La.M.I. and LaSCAMM
- INSTM Sezione Basilicata
- Dipartimento di Scienze
- Università della Basilicata
- 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Mark P. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Leicester
- Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Karl S. Ryder
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Leicester
- Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Kuldip Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Leicester
- Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Shalini Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Leicester
- Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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36
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Donato L, McCusker CE, Castellano FN, Zysman-Colman E. Mono- and Dinuclear Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes Bearing a 2,5-Dipyridylpyrazine (2,5-dpp) Ligand. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:8495-504. [DOI: 10.1021/ic400478d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Donato
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
J1K 2R1
| | - Catherine E. McCusker
- Department of Chemistry
and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United
States
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Department of Chemistry
and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United
States
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l’Université, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
J1K 2R1
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37
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Moore SA, Davies DL, Karim MM, Nagle JK, Wolf MO, Patrick BO. Photophysical behaviour of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes with phosphino(terthiophene) ligands. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:12354-63. [PMID: 23856816 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51320c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Six new Ir(III) complexes containing the 3'-phosphino-2,2':5',2''-terthiophene (PT3) ligand in three different coordination modes are reported. The electronic properties of the complexes are characterized by cyclic voltammetry, absorption, emission and time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopies and DFT/TDDFT calculations. The electrochemical and photophysical behaviour of the complexes was found to be dominated by the PT3 ligand. For the complexes in which the PT3 ligand is coordinated in a bidentate P,S or P,C mode, the lowest energy absorption band is attributed to π-π* PT3 localized transitions consistent with observations from DFT calculations. Emission quantum yields are low in all cases (<0.07) and emission lifetimes are short (<50 ns). Intersystem crossing leads to a long-lived triplet state ((3)L) also localized on the PT3 group. In the complex where the PT3 ligand is coordinated only via the phosphine, TDDFT calculations suggest that there is some MLCT (and Cl-PT3 CT) character in the lowest energy transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6 T 1Z1, Canada
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38
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Baranoff E, Bolink HJ, Constable EC, Delgado M, Häussinger D, Housecroft CE, Nazeeruddin MK, Neuburger M, Ortí E, Schneider GE, Tordera D, Walliser RM, Zampese JA. Tuning the photophysical properties of cationic iridium(III) complexes containing cyclometallated 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole through functionalized 2,2'-bipyridine ligands: blue but not blue enough. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:1073-87. [PMID: 23114723 DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32160b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Four new heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes in the family [Ir(dfppz)(2)(N^N)](+), where Hdfppz = 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazole and N^N = 6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine (1), 4,4'-(di-tert-butyl)-6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine (2), 4,4'-(di-tert-butyl)-6,6'-diphenyl-2,2'-bipyridine (3) and 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)-2,2'-bipyridine (4), have been synthesized as the hexafluoridophosphate salts and fully characterized. Single crystal structures of ligand 3 and the precursor [Ir(2)(dfppz)(4)(μ-Cl)(2)] have been determined, along with the structures of the complexes 4{[Ir(dfppz)(2)(1)][PF(6)]}·3CH(2)Cl(2), [Ir(dfppz)(2)(3)][PF(6)]·CH(2)Cl(2) and [Ir(dfppz)(2)(4)][PF(6)]·CH(2)Cl(2). The role of inter- and intramolecular face-to-face π-stacking in the solid state is discussed. In the [Ir(dfppz)(2)(N^N)](+) (N^N = 1-3) cations, the phenyl substituent in ligands 1, 2 or 3 undergoes hindered rotation on the NMR timescale at 298 K in solution and the systems have been studied by variable temperature NMR spectroscopy. Acetonitrile solutions of [Ir(dfppz)(2)(N^N)][PF(6)] (N^N = 1-3) exhibit similar absorption spectra arising from ligand-based transitions; absorption intensity is enhanced on going to [Ir(dfppz)(2)(4)][PF(6)] and the spectrum extends further into the visible region. Acetonitrile solutions of the complexes are blue emitters with λ(em) = 517, 505, 501 and 493 nm for N^N = 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively (λ(exc) = 280-310 nm). The redox behaviours of [Ir(dfppz)(2)(N^N)][PF(6)] (N^N = 1-3) are similar, and the introduction of the electron-donating NMe(2) substituents onto the N^N ligand shifts the metal-centred oxidation to less positive potentials. Theoretical calculations predict a mixed metal-to-ligand/ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT/LLCT) character for the emitting triplet state in agreement with the broad and unstructured character of the emission bands. The NMe(2) substituents enlarge the HOMO-LUMO gap and blue-shifts the emission of [Ir(dfppz)(2)(4)](+) that is centred on the ancillary ligand. These complexes, when processed into a thin film and sandwiched between two electrodes, lead to very low voltage operating electroluminescent devices. No additional components are needed, which demonstrates their electron and hole transport abilities in conjunction with the luminescent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Baranoff
- EPFL SB ISIC LPI, CH B2 425 (Bâtiment CH), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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39
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Shavaleev NM, Scopelliti R, Grätzel M, Nazeeruddin MK. How to blue-shift phosphorescence color of iridium(III) complexes. Inorganica Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Welby CE, Gilmartin L, Marriott RR, Zahid A, Rice CR, Gibson EA, Elliott PIP. Luminescent biscyclometalated arylpyridine iridium(iii) complexes with 4,4′-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl ancillary ligands. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:13527-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt51284c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Shavaleev NM, Monti F, Scopelliti R, Armaroli N, Grätzel M, Nazeeruddin MK. Blue Phosphorescence of Trifluoromethyl- and Trifluoromethoxy-Substituted Cationic Iridium(III) Isocyanide Complexes. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300557d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nail M. Shavaleev
- Laboratory of Photonics and
Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Monti
- Molecular Photoscience Group, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattivitá, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129,
Bologna, Italy
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Laboratory of Photonics and
Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Armaroli
- Molecular Photoscience Group, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattivitá, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129,
Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and
Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad K. Nazeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and
Interfaces, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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42
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Phosphorescent cationic iridium(III) complexes with cyclometalating 1H-indazole and 2H-[1,2,3]-triazole ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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44
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Hallett AJ, White N, Wu W, Cui X, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Zhao J, Pope SJA. Enhanced photooxidation sensitizers: the first examples of cyclometalated pyrene complexes of iridium(iii). Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10838-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35907c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Howarth AJ, Davies DL, Lelj F, Wolf MO, Patrick BO. Atropisomerism in a thermally switchable, cyclometallated iridium complex. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:10150-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt31120h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Shan GG, Zhang LY, Li HB, Wang S, Zhu DX, Li P, Wang CG, Su ZM, Liao Y. A cationic iridium(iii) complex showing aggregation-induced phosphorescent emission (AIPE) in the solid state: synthesis, characterization and properties. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:523-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11215e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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48
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Volpi G, Garino C, Nervi C. Exploring synthetic pathways to cationic heteroleptic cyclometalated iridium complexes derived from dipyridylketone. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:7098-108. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30399j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Kessler F, Costa RD, Di Censo D, Scopelliti R, Ortí E, Bolink HJ, Meier S, Sarfert W, Grätzel M, Nazeeruddin MK, Baranoff E. Near-UV to red-emitting charged bis-cyclometallated iridium(iii) complexes for light-emitting electrochemical cells. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:180-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10698h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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50
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Castillo CE, Davies DL, Klair AKD, Singh K, Singh S. Luminescent iridium complexes for detection of molybdate. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:628-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11360g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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