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Ryan CNM, Doulgkeroglou MN, Zeugolis DI. Electric field stimulation for tissue engineering applications. BMC Biomed Eng 2021; 3:1. [PMID: 33397515 PMCID: PMC7784019 DOI: 10.1186/s42490-020-00046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Electric fields are involved in numerous physiological processes, including directional embryonic development and wound healing following injury. To study these processes in vitro and/or to harness electric field stimulation as a biophysical environmental cue for organised tissue engineering strategies various electric field stimulation systems have been developed. These systems are overall similar in design and have been shown to influence morphology, orientation, migration and phenotype of several different cell types. This review discusses different electric field stimulation setups and their effect on cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N M Ryan
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), National University of Ireland Galway & USI, Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Meletios N Doulgkeroglou
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), National University of Ireland Galway & USI, Galway, Ireland.,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), National University of Ireland Galway & USI, Galway, Ireland. .,Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. .,Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland.
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2
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Castro N, Ribeiro S, Fernandes MM, Ribeiro C, Cardoso V, Correia V, Minguez R, Lanceros‐Mendez S. Physically Active Bioreactors for Tissue Engineering Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e2000125. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Castro
- BCMaterials, Basque Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Science Park Leioa E‐48940 Spain
| | - S. Ribeiro
- Physics Centre University of Minho Campus de Gualtar Braga 4710‐057 Portugal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA) University of Minho Campus de Gualtar Braga 4710‐057 Portugal
| | - M. M. Fernandes
- Physics Centre University of Minho Campus de Gualtar Braga 4710‐057 Portugal
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho Braga 4710‐057 Portugal
| | - C. Ribeiro
- Physics Centre University of Minho Campus de Gualtar Braga 4710‐057 Portugal
- CEB – Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho Braga 4710‐057 Portugal
| | - V. Cardoso
- CMEMS‐UMinho Universidade do Minho Campus de Azurém Guimarães 4800‐058 Portugal
| | - V. Correia
- Algoritmi Research Centre University of Minho Campus de Azurém Guimarães 4800‐058 Portugal
| | - R. Minguez
- Department of Graphic Design and Engineering Projects University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Bilbao E‐48013 Spain
| | - S. Lanceros‐Mendez
- BCMaterials, Basque Centre for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Science Park Leioa E‐48940 Spain
- IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao E‐48013 Spain
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3
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Chi PY, Spuul P, Tseng FG, Genot E, Chou CF, Taloni A. Cell Migration in Microfluidic Devices: Invadosomes Formation in Confined Environments. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1146:79-103. [PMID: 31612455 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-17593-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The last 20 years have seen the blooming of microfluidics technologies applied to biological sciences. Microfluidics provides effective tools for biological analysis, allowing the experimentalists to extend their playground to single cells and single molecules, with high throughput and resolution which were inconceivable few decades ago. In particular, microfluidic devices are profoundly changing the conventional way of studying the cell motility and cell migratory dynamics. In this chapter we will furnish a comprehensive view of the advancements made in the research domain of confinement-induced cell migration, thanks to the use of microfluidic devices. The chapter is subdivided in three parts. Each section will be addressing one of the fundamental questions that the microfluidic technology is contributing to unravel: (i) where cell migration takes place, (ii) why cells migrate and, (iii) how the cells migrate. The first introductory part is devoted to a thumbnail, and partially historical, description of microfluidics and its impact in biological sciences. Stress will be put on two aspects of the devices fabrication process, which are crucial for biological applications: materials used and coating methods. The second paragraph concerns the cell migration induced by environmental cues: chemical, leading to chemotaxis, mechanical, at the basis of mechanotaxis, and electrical, which induces electrotaxis. Each of them will be addressed separately, highlighting the fundamental role of microfluidics in providing the well-controlled experimental conditions where cell migration can be induced, investigated and ultimately understood. The third part of the chapter is entirely dedicated to how the cells move in confined environments. Invadosomes (the joint name for podosomes and invadopodia) are cell protrusion that contribute actively to cell migration or invasion. The formation of invadosomes under confinement is a research topic that only recently has caught the attention of the scientific community: microfluidic design is helping shaping the future direction of this emerging field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yin Chi
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pirjo Spuul
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Division of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Fan-Gang Tseng
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Elisabeth Genot
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux (INSERM U1045), Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Chia-Fu Chou
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Genomics Research Center and Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Alessandro Taloni
- Institute for Complex Systems, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy.
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4
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Li Y, Yu WK, Chen L, Chan YS, Liu D, Fong CC, Xu T, Zhu G, Sun D, Yang M. Electrotaxis of tumor-initiating cells of H1975 lung adenocarcinoma cells is associated with both activation of stretch-activated cation channels (SACCs) and internal calcium release. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 124:80-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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5
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Proliferation arrest, selectivity, and chemosensitivity enhancement of cancer cells treated by a low-intensity alternating electric field. Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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6
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Lei KF, Hsieh SC, Kuo RL, Tsang NM. Co-Culturing Cancer Cells and Normal Cells in a Biochip under Electrical Stimulation. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-018-2309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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7
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Peretz-Soroka H, Tirosh R, Hipolito J, Huebner E, Alexander M, Fiege J, Lin F. A bioenergetic mechanism for amoeboid-like cell motility profiles tested in a microfluidic electrotaxis assay. Integr Biol (Camb) 2018; 9:844-856. [PMID: 28960219 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00086c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The amoeboid-like cell motility is known to be driven by the acidic enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP in the actin-myosin system. However, the electro-mechano-chemical coupling, whereby the free energy of ATP hydrolysis is transformed into the power of electrically polarized cell movement, is poorly understood. Previous experimental studies showed that actin filaments motion, cytoplasmic streaming, and muscle contraction can be reconstituted under actin-activated ATP hydrolysis by soluble non-filamentous myosin fragments. Thus, biological motility was demonstrated in the absence of a continuous protein network. These results lead to an integrative conceptual model for cell motility, which advocates an active role played by intracellular proton currents and cytoplasmic streaming (iPC-CS). In this model, we propose that protons and fluid currents develop intracellular electric polarization and pressure gradients, which generate an electro-hydrodynamic mode of amoeboid motion. Such energetic proton currents and active streaming are considered to be mainly driven by stereospecific ATP hydrolysis through myosin heads along oriented actin filaments. Key predictions of this model are supported by microscopy visualization and in-depth sub-population analysis of purified human neutrophils using a microfluidic electrotaxis assay. Three distinct phases in cell motility profiles, morphology, and cytoplasmic streaming in response to physiological ranges of chemoattractant stimulation and electric field application are revealed. Our results support an intrinsic electric dipole formation linked to different patterns of cytoplasmic streaming, which can be explained by the iPC-CS model. Collectively, this alternative biophysical mechanism of cell motility provides new insights into bioenergetics with relevance to potential new biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Peretz-Soroka
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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8
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Sun YS. Studying Electrotaxis in Microfluidic Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E2048. [PMID: 28880251 PMCID: PMC5621068 DOI: 10.3390/s17092048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is important in various physiological processes such as morphogenesis, cancer metastasis and cell regeneration. Such migration can be induced and guided by different chemical and physical cues. Electrotaxis, referring to the directional migration of adherent cells under stimulus of electric fields, is believed to be highly involved in the wound-healing process. Electrotactic experiments are conventionally conducted in Petri dishes or cover glasses wherein cells are cultured and electric fields are applied. However, these devices suffer from evaporation of the culture medium, non-uniformity of electric fields and low throughput. To overcome these drawbacks, micro-fabricated devices composed of micro-channels and fluidic components have lately been applied to electrotactic studies. Microfluidic devices are capable of providing cells with a precise micro-environment including pH, nutrition, temperature and various stimuli. Therefore, with the advantages of reduced cell/reagent consumption, reduced Joule heating and uniform and precise electric fields, microfluidic chips are perfect platforms for observing cell migration under applied electric fields. In this paper, I review recent developments in designing and fabricating microfluidic devices for studying electrotaxis, aiming to provide critical updates in this rapidly-growing, interdisciplinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Shin Sun
- Department of Physics, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
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9
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Podwin A, Kubicki W, Dziuban JA. Study of the behavior of Euglena viridis, Euglena gracilis and Lepadella patella cultured in all-glass microaquarium. Biomed Microdevices 2017; 19:63. [PMID: 28688071 PMCID: PMC5501897 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-017-0205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the paper, the microaquarium fabricated in a form of entirely glass lab-on-a-chip for culturing and microscale study of microorganisms has been presented. A new approach towards cellular studies that brings a significant improvement over commonly utilized - polymer-based solutions has been shown. For the first time, all-borosilicate glass chip was applied for the culturing of the selected microorganisms and enabled notable population growth and behaviorism investigation. The chip fabrication method in comparison to typical glass chip technology was notably simplified, including quick patterning and low temperature bonding in 80 °C. In the studies, both a single-cell (Euglena gracilis and Euglena viridis) and multi-cell microorganisms (Lepadella patella) were cultured in the microaquarium. Behaviorism of the selected microorganisms was investigated by supplying various proportions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and air into the chip. Tests included studies of microorganisms chemotaxis, viability (mostly based on photosynthesis process) and coexistence in the lab-on-a-chip environment. The experiments confirmed that the developed chip is a tool that fits the requirements for the culturing and behavioral studies of microorganisms and constitute ground-works to propel its further application in broadly defined cellular study field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Podwin
- Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Kubicki
- Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan A Dziuban
- Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, 11/17 Janiszewskiego St, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
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10
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Li Y, Xu T, Chen X, Lin S, Cho M, Sun D, Yang M. Effects of direct current electric fields on lung cancer cell electrotaxis in a PMMA-based microfluidic device. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2163-2178. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Chaudhuri PK, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Jing T, Kenry, Lim CT. Microfluidics for research and applications in oncology. Analyst 2017; 141:504-24. [PMID: 26010996 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00382b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is currently one of the top non-communicable human diseases, and continual research and developmental efforts are being made to better understand and manage this disease. More recently, with the improved understanding in cancer biology as well as the advancements made in microtechnology and rapid prototyping, microfluidics is increasingly being explored and even validated for use in the detection, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. With inherent advantages such as small sample volume, high sensitivity and fast processing time, microfluidics is well-positioned to serve as a promising platform for applications in oncology. In this review, we look at the recent advances in the use of microfluidics, from basic research such as understanding cancer cell phenotypes as well as metastatic behaviors to applications such as the detection, diagnosis, prognosis and drug screening. We then conclude with a future outlook on this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602 and School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Tengyang Jing
- BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602 and Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575.
| | - Kenry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575. and NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411 and BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore 138602
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12
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Wang K, Ouyang G, Chen X, Jakobsen H. Engineering Electroactive Dielectric Elastomers for Miniature Electromechanical Transducers. POLYM REV 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2016.1268156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiying Wang
- Department of Micro and Nano Systems Technology, University College of Southeast Norway, Horten, Norway
| | - Guangmin Ouyang
- Department of Micro and Nano Systems Technology, University College of Southeast Norway, Horten, Norway
| | - Xuyuan Chen
- Department of Micro and Nano Systems Technology, University College of Southeast Norway, Horten, Norway
| | - Henrik Jakobsen
- Department of Micro and Nano Systems Technology, University College of Southeast Norway, Horten, Norway
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13
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Hayashi H, Edin F, Li H, Liu W, Rask-Andersen H. The effect of pulsed electric fields on the electrotactic migration of human neural progenitor cells through the involvement of intracellular calcium signaling. Brain Res 2016; 1652:195-203. [PMID: 27746154 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous electric fields (EFs) are required for the physiological control of the central nervous system development. Application of the direct current EFs to neural stem cells has been studied for the possibility of stem cell transplantation as one of the therapies for brain injury. EFs generated within the nervous system are often associated with action potentials and synaptic activity, apparently resulting in a pulsed current in nature. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of pulsed EF, which can reduce the cytotoxicity, on the migration of human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs). We applied the mono-directional pulsed EF with a strength of 250mV/mm to hNPCs for 6h. The migration distance of the hNPCs exposed to pulsed EF was significantly greater compared with the control not exposed to the EF. Pulsed EFs, however, had less of an effect on the migration of the differentiated hNPCs. There was no significant change in the survival of hNPCs after exposure to the pulsed EF. To investigate the role of Ca2+ signaling in electrotactic migration of hNPCs, pharmacological inhibition of Ca2+ channels in the EF-exposed cells revealed that the electrotactic migration of hNPCs exposed to Ca2+ channel blockers was significantly lower compared to the control group. The findings suggest that the pulsed EF induced migration of hNPCs is partly influenced by intracellular Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisamitsu Hayashi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Otolaryngology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Fredrik Edin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Helge Rask-Andersen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Li Y, Xu T, Zou H, Chen X, Sun D, Yang M. Cell migration microfluidics for electrotaxis-based heterogeneity study of lung cancer cells. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 89:837-845. [PMID: 27816579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis involves the migration of cells from primary site to a distant location. Recently, it was established that cancer cells from the same tumor were heterogeneous in migratory ability. Numerous studies have demonstrated that cancer cells undergo reorientation and migration directionally under physiological electric field (EF), which has potential implications in metastasis. Microfluidic devices with channel structures of defined dimensions provide controllable microenvironments to enable real-time observation of cell migration. In this study, we developed two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based microfluidic devices for long-term electrotaxis study. In the first chip, three different intensities of EFs were generated in a single channel to study cell electrotactic behavior with high efficiency. We observed that the lung adenocarcinoma H1975 cells underwent cathodal migration with changing cellular orientation. To address the issue of cell electrotactic heterogeneity, we also developed a cell isolation device integrating cell immobilization structure, stable EF generator and cell retrieval module in one microfluidic chip to sort out different cell subpopulations based on electrotactic ability. High electrotactic and low electrotactic cells were harvested separately for colony formation assay and transcriptional analysis of migration-related genes. The results showed that H1975 cell motility was related to EGFR expression in the absence of EF stimulation, while in the presence of EF it was associated with PTEN expression. Up-regulation of RhoA was observed in cells with high motility, regardless of EF. The easy cell manipulation and precise field control of the microfluidic devices may enable further study of tumor heterogeneity in complex electrotactic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen, Research Institutes of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Heng Zou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen, Research Institutes of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen, Research Institutes of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen, Research Institutes of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
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15
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Elevated hydrostatic pressure enhances the motility and enlarges the size of the lung cancer cells through aquaporin upregulation mediated by caveolin-1 and ERK1/2 signaling. Oncogene 2016; 36:863-874. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Schopf A, Boehler C, Asplund M. Analytical methods to determine electrochemical factors in electrotaxis setups and their implications for experimental design. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 109:41-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Chin LK, Lee CH, Chen BC. Imaging live cells at high spatiotemporal resolution for lab-on-a-chip applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2014-24. [PMID: 27121367 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Conventional optical imaging techniques are limited by the diffraction limit and difficult-to-image biomolecular and sub-cellular processes in living specimens. Novel optical imaging techniques are constantly evolving with the desire to innovate an imaging tool that is capable of seeing sub-cellular processes in a biological system, especially in three dimensions (3D) over time, i.e. 4D imaging. For fluorescence imaging on live cells, the trade-offs among imaging depth, spatial resolution, temporal resolution and photo-damage are constrained based on the limited photons of the emitters. The fundamental solution to solve this dilemma is to enlarge the photon bank such as the development of photostable and bright fluorophores, leading to the innovation in optical imaging techniques such as super-resolution microscopy and light sheet microscopy. With the synergy of microfluidic technology that is capable of manipulating biological cells and controlling their microenvironments to mimic in vivo physiological environments, studies of sub-cellular processes in various biological systems can be simplified and investigated systematically. In this review, we provide an overview of current state-of-the-art super-resolution and 3D live cell imaging techniques and their lab-on-a-chip applications, and finally discuss future research trends in new and breakthrough research areas of live specimen 4D imaging in controlled 3D microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lip Ket Chin
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chau-Hwang Lee
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. and Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan and Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10671, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Chang Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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18
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Microfluidic assay-based optical measurement techniques for cell analysis: A review of recent progress. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 77:227-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sroka J, Krecioch I, Zimolag E, Lasota S, Rak M, Kedracka-Krok S, Borowicz P, Gajek M, Madeja Z. Lamellipodia and Membrane Blebs Drive Efficient Electrotactic Migration of Rat Walker Carcinosarcoma Cells WC 256. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149133. [PMID: 26863616 PMCID: PMC4749172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous electric field (EF) may provide an important signal for directional cell migration during wound healing, embryonic development and cancer metastasis but the mechanism of cell electrotaxis is poorly understood. Additionally, there is no research addressing the question on the difference in electrotactic motility of cells representing various strategies of cell movement—specifically blebbing vs. lamellipodial migration. In the current study we constructed a unique experimental model which allowed for the investigation of electrotactic movement of cells of the same origin but representing different modes of cell migration: weakly adherent, spontaneously blebbing (BC) and lamellipodia forming (LC) WC256 cells. We report that both BC and LC sublines show robust cathodal migration in a physiological EF (1–3 V/cm). The directionality of cell movement was completely reversible upon reversing the field polarity. However, the full reversal of cell direction after the change of EF polarity was much faster in the case of BC (10 minutes) than LC cells (30 minutes). We also investigated the distinct requirements for Rac, Cdc42 and Rho pathways and intracellular Ca2+ in electrotaxis of WC256 sublines forming different types of cell protrusions. It was found that Rac1 is required for directional movement of LC to a much greater extent than for BC, but Cdc42 and RhoA are more crucial for BC than for LC cells. The inhibition of ROCK did not affect electrotaxis of LC in contrast to BC cells. The results also showed that intracellular Ca2+ is essential only for the electrotactic reaction of BC cells. Moreover, inhibition of MLCK and myosin II did not affect the electrotaxis of LC in contrast to BC cells. In conclusion, our results revealed that both lamellipodia and membrane blebs can efficiently drive electrotactic migration of WC 256 carcinosarcoma cells, however directional migration is mediated by different signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Sroka
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Izabela Krecioch
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Eliza Zimolag
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Slawomir Lasota
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Rak
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kedracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.,Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7b, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Pawel Borowicz
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Gajek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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Kao YC, Hsieh MH, Liu CC, Pan HJ, Liao WY, Cheng JY, Kuo PL, Lee CH. Modulating chemotaxis of lung cancer cells by using electric fields in a microfluidic device. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:024107. [PMID: 24738014 PMCID: PMC3976467 DOI: 10.1063/1.4870401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We employed direct-current electric fields (dcEFs) to modulate the chemotaxis of lung cancer cells in a microfluidic cell culture device that incorporates both stable concentration gradients and dcEFs. We found that the chemotaxis induced by a 0.5 μM/mm concentration gradient of epidermal growth factor can be nearly compensated by a 360 mV/mm dcEF. When the effect of chemical stimulation was balanced by the electrical drive, the cells migrated randomly, and the path lengths were largely reduced. We also demonstrated electrically modulated chemotaxis of two types of lung cancer cells with opposite directions of electrotaxis in this device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chiu Kao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan ; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hua Hsieh
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, 11221 Taipei, Taiwan ; Biophotonics & Molecular Imaging Research Center (BMIRC), National Yang-Ming University, 11221 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chun Liu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Jyuan Pan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Yen Cheng
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan ; Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, 11221 Taipei, Taiwan ; Biophotonics & Molecular Imaging Research Center (BMIRC), National Yang-Ming University, 11221 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ling Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan ; Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Hwang Lee
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, 11529 Taipei, Taiwan ; Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, 11221 Taipei, Taiwan ; Biophotonics & Molecular Imaging Research Center (BMIRC), National Yang-Ming University, 11221 Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Substrate stiffness regulates filopodial activities in lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89767. [PMID: 24587021 PMCID: PMC3937376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microenvironment stiffening plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis. While filopodia are generally thought to be one of the cellular mechanosensors for probing environmental stiffness, the effects of environmental stiffness on filopodial activities of cancer cells remain unclear. In this work, we investigated the filopodial activities of human lung adenocarcinoma cells CL1-5 cultured on substrates of tunable stiffness using a novel platform. The platform consists of an optical system called structured illumination nano-profilometry, which allows time-lapsed visualization of filopodial activities without fluorescence labeling. The culturing substrates were composed of polyvinyl chloride mixed with an environmentally friendly plasticizer to yield Young's modulus ranging from 20 to 60 kPa. Cell viability studies showed that the viability of cells cultured on the substrates was similar to those cultured on commonly used elastomers such as polydimethylsiloxane. Time-lapsed live cell images were acquired and the filopodial activities in response to substrates with varying degrees of stiffness were analyzed. Statistical analyses revealed that lung cancer cells cultured on softer substrates appeared to have longer filopodia, higher filopodial densities with respect to the cellular perimeter, and slower filopodial retraction rates. Nonetheless, the temporal analysis of filopodial activities revealed that whether a filopodium decides to extend or retract is purely a stochastic process without dependency on substrate stiffness. The discrepancy of the filopodial activities between lung cancer cells cultured on substrates with different degrees of stiffness vanished when the myosin II activities were inhibited by treating the cells with blebbistatin, which suggests that the filopodial activities are closely modulated by the adhesion strength of the cells. Our data quantitatively relate filopodial activities of lung cancer cells with environmental stiffness and should shed light on the understanding and treatment of cancer progression and metastasis.
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Cortese B, Palamà IE, D'Amone S, Gigli G. Influence of electrotaxis on cell behaviour. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:817-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of cell migration and interaction with the microenvironment is not only of critical significance to the function and biology of cells, but also has extreme relevance and impact on physiological processes and diseases such as morphogenesis, wound healing, neuron guidance, and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cortese
- NNL
- Institute of Nanoscience CNR
- 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Department of Physics
- University Sapienza
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Gigli
- NNL
- Institute of Nanoscience CNR
- 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics
- University of Salento
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Tsai HF, Huang CW, Chang HF, Chen JJW, Lee CH, Cheng JY. Evaluation of EGFR and RTK signaling in the electrotaxis of lung adenocarcinoma cells under direct-current electric field stimulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73418. [PMID: 23951353 PMCID: PMC3739739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological electric field (EF) plays a pivotal role in tissue development and regeneration. In vitro, cells under direct-current electric field (dcEF) stimulation may demonstrate directional migration (electrotaxis) and long axis reorientation (electro-alignment). Although the biophysical models and biochemical signaling pathways behind cell electrotaxis have been investigated in numerous normal cells and cancer cells, the molecular signaling mechanisms in CL1 lung adenocarcinoma cells have not been identified. Two subclones of CL1 cells, the low invasive CL1-0 cells and the highly invasive CL 1-5 cells, were investigated in the present study. CL1-0 cells are non-electrotactic while the CL 1-5 cells are anodally electrotactic and have high expression level of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), in this study, we investigated the generally accepted hypothesis of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation in the two cell lines under dcEF stimulation. Erbitux, a therapeutic drug containing an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody, cetuximab, was used to investigate the EGFR signaling in the electrotaxis of CL 1-5 cells. To investigate RTK phosphorylation and intracellular signaling in the CL1 cells, large amount of cellular proteins were collected in an airtight dcEF stimulation device, which has advantages of large culture area, uniform EF distribution, easy operation, easy cell collection, no contamination, and no medium evaporation. Commercial antibody arrays and Western blotting were used to study the phosphorylation profiles of major proteins in CL1 cells under dcEF stimulation. We found that electrotaxis of CL 1-5 cells is serum independent and EGFR independent. Moreover, the phosphorylation of Akt and S6 ribosomal protein (rpS6) in dcEF-stimulated CL1 cells are different from that in EGF-stimulated cells. This result suggests that CL1 cells' response to dcEF stimulation is not through EGFR-triggered pathways. The new large-scale dcEF stimulation device developed in the present work will aid the sample preparation for protein-based experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsieh-Fu Tsai
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biophotonics & Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Huang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fang Chang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeremy J. W. Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Hwang Lee
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biophotonics & Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Yen Cheng
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biophotonics & Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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24
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Song S, Han H, Ko UH, Kim J, Shin JH. Collaborative effects of electric field and fluid shear stress on fibroblast migration. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1602-11. [PMID: 23450300 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc41240g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cells are inherently exposed to a number of different biophysical stimuli such as electric fields, shear stress, and tensile or compressive stress from the extracellular environment in vivo. Each of these biophysical cues can work simultaneously or independently to regulate cellular functions and tissue integrity in both physiological and pathological conditions. Thus, it is vital to understand the interaction of multiple stimuli on cells by decoupling and coupling the stimuli in simple combinations and by investigating cellular behaviors in response to these cues. Here, we report a novel microfluidic platform to apply the combinatorial stimulation of an electric field and fluid shear stress by controlling two directional cues independently. An integrated microfluidic platform was developed using soft lithography to monitor the cellular migration in real-time in response to an electric field and fluid shear stress in single, simultaneous, and sequential modes. When each of these stimulations is applied separately, normal human dermal fibroblasts migrate toward the anode and in the direction of fluid flow in a dose-dependent manner. Simultaneous stimulation with an electric field and shear stress, which mimics a wound in vivo, enhances the directional migration of fibroblasts by increasing both directedness and trajectory speed, suggesting the plausible scenario of cooperation between two physical cues to promote wound healing. When an electric field and shear stress are applied sequentially, migration behavior is affected by the applied stimulation as well as pre-existing stimulating conditions. This microfluidic platform can be utilized to understand other microenvironments such as embryogenesis, angiogenesis and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhyun Song
- Division of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Systems Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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25
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Huang YJ, Samorajski J, Kreimer R, Searson PC. The influence of electric field and confinement on cell motility. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59447. [PMID: 23555674 PMCID: PMC3608730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of cells to sense and respond to endogenous electric fields is important in processes such as wound healing, development, and nerve regeneration. In cell culture, many epithelial and endothelial cell types respond to an electric field of magnitude similar to endogenous electric fields by moving preferentially either parallel or antiparallel to the field vector, a process known as galvanotaxis. Here we report on the influence of dc electric field and confinement on the motility of fibroblast cells using a chip-based platform. From analysis of cell paths we show that the influence of electric field on motility is much more complex than simply imposing a directional bias towards the cathode or anode. The cell velocity, directedness, as well as the parallel and perpendicular components of the segments along the cell path are dependent on the magnitude of the electric field. Forces in the directions perpendicular and parallel to the electric field are in competition with one another in a voltage-dependent manner, which ultimately govern the trajectories of the cells in the presence of an electric field. To further investigate the effects of cell reorientation in the presence of a field, cells are confined within microchannels to physically prohibit the alignment seen in 2D environment. Interestingly, we found that confinement results in an increase in cell velocity both in the absence and presence of an electric field compared to migration in 2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ja Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences in Oncology Center and the Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Justin Samorajski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dallas, Irving, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rachel Kreimer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences in Oncology Center and the Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Searson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences in Oncology Center and the Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Li J, Zhu L, Zhang M, Lin F. Microfluidic device for studying cell migration in single or co-existing chemical gradients and electric fields. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:24121-2412113. [PMID: 22670168 PMCID: PMC3365909 DOI: 10.1063/1.4718721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is involved in physiological processes such as wound healing, host defense, and cancer metastasis. The movement of various cell types can be directed by chemical gradients (i.e., chemotaxis). In addition to chemotaxis, many cell types can respond to direct current electric fields (dcEF) by migrating to either the cathode or the anode of the field (i.e., electrotaxis). In tissues, physiological chemical gradients and dcEF can potentially co-exist and the two guiding mechanisms may direct cell migration in a coordinated manner. Recently, microfluidic devices that can precisely configure chemical gradients or dcEF have been increasingly developed and used for chemotaxis and electrotaxis studies. However, a microfluidic device that can configure controlled co-existing chemical gradients and dcEF that would allow quantitative cell migration analysis in complex electrochemical guiding environments is not available. In this study, we developed a polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidic device that can generate better controlled single or co-existing chemical gradients and dcEF. Using this device, we showed chemotactic migration of T cells toward a chemokine CCL19 gradient or electrotactic migration toward the cathode of an applied dcEF. Furthermore, T cells migrated more strongly toward the cathode of a dcEF in the presence of a competing CCL19 gradient, suggesting the higher electrotactic attraction. Taken together, the developed microfluidic device offers a new experimental tool for studying chemical and electrical guidance for cell migration, and our current results with T cells provide interesting new insights of immune cell migration in complex guiding environments.
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Jastrzebska Jedrych E, Grabowska-Jadach I, Chudy M, Dybko A, Brzozka Z. Multi-function microsystem for cells migration analysis and evaluation of photodynamic therapy procedure in coculture. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:44116. [PMID: 24339849 PMCID: PMC3555799 DOI: 10.1063/1.4771966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is an important physiological process, which is involved in cancer metastasis. Therefore, the investigation of cell migration may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. In this study, we have successfully developed a microsystem for culture of two cell types (non-malignant and carcinoma) and for analysis of cell migration dependence on distance between them. Finally, we studied quantitatively the influence of photodynamic therapy (PDT) procedures on the viability of pairs of non-malignant (MRC5 or Balb/3T3) and carcinoma (A549) cells coculture. The proposed geometry of the microsystem allowed for separate introduction of two cell lines and analysis of cells migration dependence on distance between the cells. We found that a length of connecting microchannel has an influence on cell migration and viability of non-malignant cells after PDT procedure. Summarizing, the developed microsystem can constitute a new tool for carrying out experiments, which offers a few functions: cell migration analysis, carcinoma and non-malignant cells coculture, and evaluation of PDT procedure in the various steps of cell migration.
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Tsai HF, Peng SW, Wu CY, Chang HF, Cheng JY. Electrotaxis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells in a multiple-electric-field chip with uniform flow field. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:34116. [PMID: 24009650 PMCID: PMC3448594 DOI: 10.1063/1.4749826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report a new design of microfluidic chip (Multiple electric Field with Uniform Flow chip, MFUF chip) to create multiple electric field strengths (EFSs) while providing a uniform flow field simultaneously. MFUF chip was fabricated from poly-methyl methacrylates (PMMA) substrates by using CO2 laser micromachining. A microfluidic network with interconnecting segments was utilized to de-couple the flow field and the electric field (EF). Using our special design, different EFSs were obtained in channel segments that had an identical cross-section and therefore a uniform flow field. Four electric fields with EFS ratio of 7.9:2.8:1:0 were obtained with flow velocity variation of only 7.8% CV (coefficient of variation). Possible biological effect of shear force can therefore be avoided. Cell behavior under three EFSs and the control condition, where there is no EF, was observed in a single experiment. We validated MFUF chip performance using lung adenocarcinoma cell lines and then used the chip to study the electrotaxis of HSC-3, an oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line. The MFUF chip has high throughput capability for studying the EF-induced cell behavior under various EFSs, including the control condition (EFS = 0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsieh-Fu Tsai
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan ; Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan ; Biophotonics and Molecular Imaging Research Center (BMIRC), National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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29
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Sun YS, Peng SW, Cheng JY. In vitro electrical-stimulated wound-healing chip for studying electric field-assisted wound-healing process. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:34117. [PMID: 24009651 PMCID: PMC3448595 DOI: 10.1063/1.4750486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The wound-healing assay is an easy and economical way to quantify cell migration under diverse stimuli. Traditional assays such as scratch assays and barrier assays are widely and commonly used, but neither of them can represent the complicated condition when a wound occurs. It has been suggested that wound-healing is related to electric fields, which were found to regulate wound re-epithelialization. As a wound occurs, the disruption of epithelial barrier short-circuits the trans-epithelial potential and then a lateral endogenous electric field is created. This field has been proved invitro as an important cue for guiding the migration of fibroblasts, macrophages, and keratinocytes, a phenomenon termed electrotaxis or galvanotaxis. In this paper, we report a microfluidic electrical-stimulated wound-healing chip (ESWHC) integrating electric field with a modified barrier assay. This chip was used to study the migration of fibroblasts under different conditions such as serum, electric field, and wound-healing-promoting drugs. We successfully demonstrate the feasibility of ESWHC to effectively and quantitatively study cell migration during wound-healing process, and therefore this chip could be useful in drug discovery and drug safety tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Shin Sun
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City 11529, Taiwan
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Huang CW, Chen HY, Yen MH, Chen JJW, Young TH, Cheng JY. Gene expression of human lung cancer cell line CL1-5 in response to a direct current electric field. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25928. [PMID: 21998723 PMCID: PMC3187831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electrotaxis is the movement of adherent living cells in response to a direct current (dc) electric field (EF) of physiological strength. Highly metastatic human lung cancer cells, CL1–5, exhibit directional migration and orientation under dcEFs. To understand the transcriptional response of CL1–5 cells to a dcEF, microarray analysis was performed in this study. Methodology/Principal Findings A large electric-field chip (LEFC) was designed, fabricated, and used in this study. CL1–5 cells were treated with the EF strength of 0mV/mm (the control group) and 300mV/mm (the EF-treated group) for two hours. Signaling pathways involving the genes that expressed differently between the two groups were revealed. It was shown that the EF-regulated genes highly correlated to adherens junction, telomerase RNA component gene regulation, and tight junction. Some up-regulated genes such as ACVR1B and CTTN, and some down-regulated genes such as PTEN, are known to be positively and negatively correlated to cell migration, respectively. The protein-protein interactions of adherens junction-associated EF-regulated genes suggested that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors and ephrin receptors may participate in sensing extracellular electrical stimuli. We further observed a high percentage of significantly regulated genes which encode cell membrane proteins, suggesting that dcEF may directly influence the activity of cell membrane proteins in signal transduction. Conclusions/Significance In this study, some of the EF-regulated genes have been reported to be essential whereas others are novel for electrotaxis. Our result confirms that the regulation of gene expression is involved in the mechanism of electrotactic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Yi Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hua Yen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeremy J. W. Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Yen Cheng
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical and Mechantronic Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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31
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Microfluidic devices for studying chemotaxis and electrotaxis. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:489-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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