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Wang T, Ul Islam T, Steur E, Homan T, Aggarwal I, Onck PR, den Toonder JMJ, Wang Y. Programmable metachronal motion of closely packed magnetic artificial cilia. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1573-1585. [PMID: 38305798 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00956d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in artificial cilia technologies, the application of metachrony, which is the collective wavelike motion by cilia moving out-of-phase, has been severely hampered by difficulties in controlling closely packed artificial cilia at micrometer length scales. Moreover, there has been no direct experimental proof yet that a metachronal wave in combination with fully reciprocal ciliary motion can generate significant microfluidic flow on a micrometer scale as theoretically predicted. In this study, using an in-house developed precise micro-molding technique, we have fabricated closely packed magnetic artificial cilia that can generate well-controlled metachronal waves. We studied the effect of pure metachrony on fluid flow by excluding all symmetry-breaking ciliary features. Experimental and simulation results prove that net fluid transport can be generated by metachronal motion alone, and the effectiveness is strongly dependent on cilia spacing. This technique not only offers a biomimetic experimental platform to better understand the mechanisms underlying metachrony, it also opens new pathways towards advanced industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongsheng Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tanveer Ul Islam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Steur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tess Homan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ishu Aggarwal
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick R Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M J den Toonder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Broeren S, Pereira IF, Wang T, den Toonder J, Wang Y. On-demand microfluidic mixing by actuating integrated magnetic microwalls. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1524-1530. [PMID: 36756973 PMCID: PMC10013339 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01168a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Various types of passive and active micromixers have been successfully developed to address the problem of mixing in microfluidic devices. However, many applications do not need fluids to be mixed at all times, or indeed require mixing to be turned on and off at will. Achieving such on-demand mixing is not feasible for passive mixers, particularly when the flow rate cannot be used as a control parameter. On the other hand, active mixers are usually not designed to be able to turn mixing off completely, and they often have complicated fabrication processes and special operation requirements, limiting the range of applications. In this work, we demonstrate an on-demand micromixer based on the actuation of magnetic microwalls. These are made by replica micromoulding and can be easily integrated within commercial microfluidic devices, such as the ibidi® 3-in-1 μ-Slide. Using a simple magnet, the microwalls can be actuated between a fully upright 'on' state, which turns on mixing by creating a meandering path in the main channel, and a fully collapsed 'off' state, which completely turns off mixing by opening up the channel leaving it unobstructed. Besides the increase in path length when the microwalls are activated, inertia effects also play a significant role for mixing due to the tight bends in the meandering flow path. We quantify the mixing effect using coloured fluids of different viscosities and at different flow rates, and we show that the microwalls can effectively enhance mixing across a wide range of operational conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef Broeren
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Inês Figueiredo Pereira
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tongsheng Wang
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap den Toonder
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Wang
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Milana E, Gorissen B, De Borre E, Ceyssens F, Reynaerts D, De Volder M. Out-of-Plane Soft Lithography for Soft Pneumatic Microactuator Arrays. Soft Robot 2023; 10:197-204. [PMID: 35704896 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2021.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastic pneumatic actuators are fueling new devices and applications in soft robotics. Actuator miniaturization is critical to enable soft microsystems for applications in microfluidics and micromanipulation. This work proposes a fabrication technique to make out-of-plane bending microactuators entirely by soft lithography. The only bonding step required is to seal the embedded fluidic channels, assuring the structural integrity of the microactuators. The process consists of fabricating two SU8 mold halves using different lithographic layers. Polydimethilsiloxane is poured on the bottom mold, which is subsequently aligned and assembled with the top mold. The process allows for out-of-plane actuators with a diameter of 300 μm and for fabricating arrays of up to 36 actuators that are row addressable. These active micropillars have an aspect ratio of 1:1.5 and, when pressurized at 1 bar, show a bending angle of ∼30°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Milana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven and Flanders Make, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Gorissen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven and Flanders Make, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eline De Borre
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven and Flanders Make, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederik Ceyssens
- Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Reynaerts
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven and Flanders Make, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael De Volder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven and Flanders Make, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Engineering, Institute for Manufacturing, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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4
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Ul Islam T, Wang Y, Aggarwal I, Cui Z, Eslami Amirabadi H, Garg H, Kooi R, Venkataramanachar BB, Wang T, Zhang S, Onck PR, den Toonder JMJ. Microscopic artificial cilia - a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1650-1679. [PMID: 35403636 PMCID: PMC9063641 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc01168e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are microscopic hair-like external cell organelles that are ubiquitously present in nature, also within the human body. They fulfill crucial biological functions: motile cilia provide transportation of fluids and cells, and immotile cilia sense shear stress and concentrations of chemical species. Inspired by nature, scientists have developed artificial cilia mimicking the functions of biological cilia, aiming at application in microfluidic devices like lab-on-chip or organ-on-chip. By actuating the artificial cilia, for example by a magnetic field, an electric field, or pneumatics, microfluidic flow can be generated and particles can be transported. Other functions that have been explored are anti-biofouling and flow sensing. We provide a critical review of the progress in artificial cilia research and development as well as an evaluation of its future potential. We cover all aspects from fabrication approaches, actuation principles, artificial cilia functions - flow generation, particle transport and flow sensing - to applications. In addition to in-depth analyses of the current state of knowledge, we provide classifications of the different approaches and quantitative comparisons of the results obtained. We conclude that artificial cilia research is very much alive, with some concepts close to industrial implementation, and other developments just starting to open novel scientific opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Ul Islam
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ye Wang
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ishu Aggarwal
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiwei Cui
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hossein Eslami Amirabadi
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hemanshul Garg
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Kooi
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bhavana B Venkataramanachar
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tongsheng Wang
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shuaizhong Zhang
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick R Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap M J den Toonder
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Milana E, Zhang R, Vetrano MR, Peerlinck S, De Volder M, Onck PR, Reynaerts D, Gorissen B. Metachronal patterns in artificial cilia for low Reynolds number fluid propulsion. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/49/eabd2508. [PMID: 33268359 PMCID: PMC7821886 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd2508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cilia are hair-like organelles, present in arrays that collectively beat to generate flow. Given their small size and consequent low Reynolds numbers, asymmetric motions are necessary to create a net flow. Here, we developed an array of six soft robotic cilia, which are individually addressable, to both mimic nature's symmetry-breaking mechanisms and control asymmetries to study their influence on fluid propulsion. Our experimental tests are corroborated with fluid dynamics simulations, where we find a good agreement between both and show how the kymographs of the flow are related to the phase shift of the metachronal waves. Compared to synchronous beating, we report a 50% increase of net flow speed when cilia move in an antiplectic wave with phase shift of -π/3 and a decrease for symplectic waves. Furthermore, we observe the formation of traveling vortices in the direction of the wave when metachrony is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Milana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven and Flanders Make, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rongjing Zhang
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Sam Peerlinck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven and Flanders Make, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael De Volder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven and Flanders Make, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute for Manufacturing, Department of engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrick R Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dominiek Reynaerts
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven and Flanders Make, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Gorissen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven and Flanders Make, Leuven, Belgium.
- J.A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Sohrabi S, Tan J, Yunus DE, He R, Liu Y. Label-free sorting of soft microparticles using a bioinspired synthetic cilia array. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:042206. [PMID: 29861817 PMCID: PMC5962446 DOI: 10.1063/1.5022500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Isolating cells of interest from a heterogeneous population has been of critical importance in biological studies and clinical applications. In this study, a novel approach is proposed for utilizing an active ciliary system in microfluidic devices to separate particles based on their physical properties. In this approach, the bottom of the microchannel is covered with an equally spaced cilia array of various patterns which is actuated by an external stimuli. 3D simulations are carried out to study cilia-particle interaction and isolation dynamic in a microfluidic channel. It is observed that these elastic hair-like filaments can influence particle's trajectories differently depending on their biophysical properties. This modeling study utilizes immersed boundary method coupled with the lattice Boltzmann method. Soft particles and cilia are implemented through the spring connected network model and point-particle scheme, respectively. It is shown that cilia array with proper stimulation is able to continuously and non-destructively separate cells into subpopulations based on their size, shape, and stiffness. At the end, a design map for fabrication of a programmable microfluidic device capable of isolating various subpopulations of cells is developed. This biocompatible, label-free design can separate cells/soft microparticles with high throughput which can greatly complement existing separation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Sohrabi
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Jifu Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA
| | - Doruk Erdem Yunus
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ran He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
| | - Yaling Liu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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7
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Hanasoge S, Hesketh PJ, Alexeev A. Microfluidic pumping using artificial magnetic cilia. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2018; 4:11. [PMID: 31057899 PMCID: PMC6161502 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-018-0010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
One of the vital functions of naturally occurring cilia is fluid transport. Biological cilia use spatially asymmetric strokes to generate a net fluid flow that can be utilized for feeding, swimming, and other functions. Biomimetic synthetic cilia with similar asymmetric beating can be useful for fluid manipulations in lab-on-chip devices. In this paper, we demonstrate the microfluidic pumping by magnetically actuated synthetic cilia arranged in multi-row arrays. We use a microchannel loop to visualize flow created by the ciliary array and to examine pumping for a range of cilia and microchannel parameters. We show that magnetic cilia can achieve flow rates of up to 11 μl/min with the pressure drop of ~1 Pa. Such magnetic ciliary array can be useful in microfluidic applications requiring rapid and controlled fluid transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Hanasoge
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Peter J. Hesketh
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Alexander Alexeev
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
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Wu YA, Panigrahi B, Lu YH, Chen CY. An Integrated Artificial Cilia Based Microfluidic Device for Micropumping and Micromixing Applications. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:mi8090260. [PMID: 30400450 PMCID: PMC6190408 DOI: 10.3390/mi8090260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A multi-purpose microfluidic device that can be used for both micromixing and micropropulsion operations has always been in demand, as it would simplify the various process flows associated with the current micro-total analysis systems. In this aspect, we propose a biomimetic artificial cilia-based microfluidic device that can efficiently facilitate both mixing and propulsion sequentially at the micro-scale. A rectangular microfluidic device consists of four straight microchannels that were fabricated using the microfabrication technique. An array of artificial cilia was embedded within one of the channel’s confinement through the aforementioned technique. A series of image processing and micro-particle image velocimetry technologies were employed to elucidate the micromixing and micropropulsion phenomena. Experiment results demonstrate that, with this proposed microfluidic device, a maximum micromixing efficiency and flow rate of 0.84 and 0.089 µL/min, respectively, can be achieved. In addition to its primary application as a targeted drug delivery system, where a drug needs to be homogeneously mixed with its carrier prior to its administration into the target body, this microfluidic device can be used as a micro-total analysis system for the handling of other biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Bivas Panigrahi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Hsun Lu
- Department of Radiology, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxing branch, Taipei 103, Taiwan.
- Department of Radiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Yuan Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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9
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Zhu J, Jiang X, Zhong J, Duan Y. Polymer brushes and their possible applications in artificial cilia research. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3936-3942. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Feld A, Koll R, Fruhner LS, Krutyeva M, Pyckhout-Hintzen W, Weiß C, Heller H, Weimer A, Schmidtke C, Appavou MS, Kentzinger E, Allgaier J, Weller H. Nanocomposites of Highly Monodisperse Encapsulated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanocrystals Homogeneously Dispersed in a Poly(ethylene Oxide) Melt. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3767-3775. [PMID: 28248494 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite materials based on highly stable encapsulated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocrystals (SPIONs) were synthesized and characterized by scattering methods and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The combination of advanced synthesis and encapsulation techniques using different diblock copolymers and the thiol-ene click reaction for cross-linking the polymeric shell results in uniform hybrid SPIONs homogeneously dispersed in a poly(ethylene oxide) matrix. Small-angle X-ray scattering and TEM investigations demonstrate the presence of mostly single particles and a negligible amount of dyads. Consequently, an efficient control over the encapsulation and synthetic conditions is of paramount importance to minimize the fraction of agglomerates and to obtain uniform hybrid nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Feld
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rieke Koll
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Sarah Fruhner
- JCNS-1 and ICS-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Leo-Brandt-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Margarita Krutyeva
- JCNS-1 and ICS-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Leo-Brandt-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Wim Pyckhout-Hintzen
- JCNS-1 and ICS-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Leo-Brandt-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Christine Weiß
- JCNS-1 and ICS-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Leo-Brandt-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hauke Heller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Weimer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schmidtke
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Sousai Appavou
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at MLZ, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , 52425 Garching, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Kentzinger
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS and Peter Grünberg Institut PGI, JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Allgaier
- JCNS-1 and ICS-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Leo-Brandt-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Horst Weller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg , Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Applied Nanotechnology (CAN) GmbH , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Chatelin R, Anne-Archard D, Murris-Espin M, Thiriet M, Poncet P. Numerical and experimental investigation of mucociliary clearance breakdown in cystic fibrosis. J Biomech 2017; 53:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Ryu S, Pepper RE, Nagai M, France DC. Vorticella: A Protozoan for Bio-Inspired Engineering. MICROMACHINES 2016. [PMCID: PMC6189993 DOI: 10.3390/mi8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we introduce Vorticella as a model biological micromachine for microscale engineering systems. Vorticella has two motile organelles: the oral cilia of the zooid and the contractile spasmoneme in the stalk. The oral cilia beat periodically, generating a water flow that translates food particles toward the animal at speeds in the order of 0.1–1 mm/s. The ciliary flow of Vorticella has been characterized by experimental measurement and theoretical modeling, and tested for flow control and mixing in microfluidic systems. The spasmoneme contracts in a few milliseconds, coiling the stalk and moving the zooid at 15–90 mm/s. Because the spasmoneme generates tension in the order of 10–100 nN, powered by calcium ion binding, it serves as a model system for biomimetic actuators in microscale engineering systems. The spasmonemal contraction of Vorticella has been characterized by experimental measurement of its dynamics and energetics, and both live and extracted Vorticellae have been tested for moving microscale objects. We describe past work to elucidate the contraction mechanism of the spasmoneme, recognizing that past and continuing efforts will increase the possibilities of using the spasmoneme as a microscale actuator as well as leading towards bioinspired actuators mimicking the spasmoneme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjin Ryu
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-472-4313
| | - Rachel E. Pepper
- Department of Physics, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA;
| | - Moeto Nagai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan;
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Akbar NS, Kazmi N, Tripathi D, Mir NA. Study of heat transfer on physiological driven movement with CNT nanofluids and variable viscosity. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 136:21-29. [PMID: 27686700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES With ongoing interest in CNT nanofluids and materials in biotechnology, energy and environment, microelectronics, composite materials etc., the current investigation is carried out to analyze the effects of variable viscosity and thermal conductivity of CNT nanofluids flow driven by cilia induced movement through a circular cylindrical tube. Metachronal wave is generated by the beating of cilia and mathematically modeled as elliptical wave propagation by Blake (1971). METHODS, RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The problem is formulated in the form of nonlinear partial differential equations, which are simplified by using the dimensional analysis to avoid the complicacy of dimensional homogeneity. Lubrication theory is employed to linearize the governing equations and it is also physically appropriate for cilia movement. Analytical solutions for velocity, temperature and pressure gradient and stream function are obtained. The analytical results are numerically simulated by using the Mathematica Software and plotted the graphs for velocity profile, temperature profile, pressure gradient and stream lines for better discussion and visualization. This model is applicable in physiological transport phenomena to explore the nanotechnology in engineering the artificial cilia and ciliated tube/pipe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Sher Akbar
- DBS&H, CEME, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Kazmi
- Mathematics & Statistics Department, Riphah International University I-14, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Dharmendra Tripathi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan 303007, India
| | - Nazir Ahmed Mir
- Mathematics & Statistics Department, Riphah International University I-14, Islamabad, Pakistan
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14
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Wang Y, den Toonder J, Cardinaels R, Anderson P. A continuous roll-pulling approach for the fabrication of magnetic artificial cilia with microfluidic pumping capability. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2277-86. [PMID: 27210071 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00531d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic artificial cilia are micro-hairs covering a surface that can be actuated using a time-dependent magnetic field to pump or mix fluids in microfluidic devices. This paper presents a novel fabrication method to realize magnetic artificial cilia using a roll-pulling process, in which a cylinder decorated with micro-pillars rolls over a liquid precursor film that contains magnetic particles at a speed up to 1 m s(-1), while a magnetic field is applied. Due to the interaction between the pillars and the liquid film, micro-hairs are pulled out of the film. In this way, surfaces with slender cone-shaped magnetic artificial cilia were produced. When integrated in a closed-loop channel, the artificial cilia were shown to be capable of generating substantial microfluidic pumping using external magnetic actuation. The spatial arrangement of the cilia can be varied by altering the layout of the micro-pillars on the roll surface. In addition, the final geometry of the individual cilia depends on the rheological properties of the precursor material in combination with the processing parameters of the roll-pulling process. A rheological study and fabrication tests were carried out for a range of precursor material compositions to obtain insight into the relation between precursor rheology and processing conditions on the one hand, and cilia geometry on the other hand. The development of this cleanroom-free, high speed and potentially large area method of production of artificial cilia is another step towards their implementation in real-life applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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15
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Yu H, Nguyen TB, Ng SH, Tran T. Mixing control by frequency variable magnetic micropillar. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra24996a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate an active mixing enhancement method based on actuation of a single magnetic micropillar with variable beating frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Thien-Binh Nguyen
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology
- Singapore
| | - Sum Huan Ng
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology
- Singapore
| | - Tuan Tran
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
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16
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Gorissen B, de Volder M, Reynaerts D. Pneumatically-actuated artificial cilia array for biomimetic fluid propulsion. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:4348-55. [PMID: 26439855 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00775e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of beating cilia emerged in nature as one of the most efficient propulsion mechanisms at a small scale, and are omnipresent in microorganisms. Previous attempts at mimicking these systems have foundered against the complexity of fabricating small-scale cilia exhibiting complex beating motions. In this paper, we propose for the first time arrays of pneumatically-actuated artificial cilia that are able to address some of these issues. These artificial cilia arrays consist of six highly flexible silicone rubber actuators with a diameter of 1 mm and a length of 8 mm that can be actuated independently from each other. In an experimental setup, the effects of the driving frequency, phase difference and duty cycle on the net flow in a closed-loop channel have been studied. Net fluid speeds of up to 19 mm s(-1) have been measured. Further, it is possible to invert the flow direction by simply changing the driving frequency or by changing the duty cycle of the driving block pulse pressure wave without changing the bending direction of the cilia. Using PIV measurements, we corroborate for the first time existing mathematical models of cilia arrays to measurements on prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gorissen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300B, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Michaël de Volder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300B, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. and Institute for Manufacturing, Dept. of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Dominiek Reynaerts
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300B, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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17
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Bach D, Schmich F, Masselter T, Speck T. A review of selected pumping systems in nature and engineering--potential biomimetic concepts for improving displacement pumps and pulsation damping. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2015; 10:051001. [PMID: 26335744 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/10/5/051001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The active transport of fluids by pumps plays an essential role in engineering and biology. Due to increasing energy costs and environmental issues, topics like noise reduction, increase of efficiency and enhanced robustness are of high importance in the development of pumps in engineering. The study compares pumps in biology and engineering and assesses biomimetic potentials for improving man-made pumping systems. To this aim, examples of common challenges, applications and current biomimetic research for state-of-the art pumps are presented. The biomimetic research is helped by the similar configuration of many positive displacement pumping systems in biology and engineering. In contrast, the configuration and underlying pumping principles for fluid dynamic pumps (FDPs) differ to a greater extent in biology and engineering. However, progress has been made for positive displacement as well as for FDPs by developing biomimetic devices with artificial muscles and cilia that improve energetic efficiency and fail-safe operation or reduce noise. The circulatory system of vertebrates holds a high biomimetic potential for the damping of pressure pulsations, a common challenge in engineering. Damping of blood pressure pulsation results from a nonlinear viscoelastic behavior of the artery walls which represent a complex composite material. The transfer of the underlying functional principle could lead to an improvement of existing technical solutions and be used to develop novel biomimetic damping solutions. To enhance efficiency or thrust of man-made fluid transportation systems, research on jet propulsion in biology has shown that a pulsed jet can be tuned to either maximize thrust or efficiency. The underlying principle has already been transferred into biomimetic applications in open channel water systems. Overall there is a high potential to learn from nature in order to improve pumping systems for challenges like the reduction of pressure pulsations, increase of jet propulsion efficiency or the reduction of wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bach
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany. Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Germany
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18
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Fiser BL, Shields AR, Falvo MR, Superfine R. Highly responsive core-shell microactuator arrays for use in viscous and viscoelastic fluids. JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING : STRUCTURES, DEVICES, AND SYSTEMS 2015; 25:025004. [PMID: 26405376 PMCID: PMC4577244 DOI: 10.1088/0960-1317/25/2/025004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a new fabrication method to produce arrays of highly responsive polymer-metal core-shell magnetic microactuators. The core-shell fabrication method decouples the elastic and magnetic structural components such that the actuator response can be optimized by adjusting the core-shell geometry. Our microstructures are 10 μm long, 550 nm in diameter, and electrochemically fabricated in particle track-etched membranes, comprising a poly(dimethylsiloxane) core with a 100 nm Ni shell surrounding the upper 3-8 μm. The structures can achieve deflections of nearly 90° with moderate magnetic fields and are capable of driving fluid flow in a fluid 550 times more viscous than water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana L. Fiser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (USA)
- Corresponding author at present address: High Point University, Department of Physics, 833 Montlieu Avenue, High Point, NC 27262, USA. Tel.: 13368419412. Fax:13368886341.
| | - Adam R. Shields
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (USA)
| | - M. R. Falvo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (USA)
| | - R. Superfine
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 (USA)
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19
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Zhang D, Wang W, Peng F, Kou J, Ni Y, Lu C, Xu Z. A bio-inspired inner-motile photocatalyst film: a magnetically actuated artificial cilia photocatalyst. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:5516-5525. [PMID: 24728199 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00644e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A new type of inner-motile photocatalyst film is explored to enhance photocatalytic performance using magnetically actuated artificial cilia. The inner-motile photocatalyst film is capable of generating flow and mixing on the microscale because it produces a motion similar to that of natural cilia when it is subjected to a rotational magnetic field. Compared with traditional photocatalyst films, the inner-motile photocatalyst film exhibits the unique ability of microfluidic manipulation. It uses an impactful and self-contained design to accelerate interior mass transfer and desorption of degradation species. Moreover, the special cilia-like structures increase the surface area and light absorption. Consequently, the photocatalytic activity of the inner-motile photocatalyst film is dramatically improved to approximately 3.0 times that of the traditional planar film. The inner-motile photocatalyst film also exhibits high photocatalytic durability and can be reused several times with ease. Furthermore, this feasible yet versatile platform can be extended to other photocatalyst systems, such as TiO2, P25, ZnO, and Co3O4 systems, to improve their photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunpu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Orient Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Namdeo S, Khaderi SN, Onck PR. Numerical modelling of chirality-induced bi-directional swimming of artificial flagella. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2014; 470:20130547. [PMID: 24511253 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2013.0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic micro-swimmers can be used for various medical applications, such as targeted drug delivery and micro-object (e.g. biological cells) manipulation, in lab-on-a-chip devices. Bacteria swim using a bundle of flagella (flexible hair-like structures) that form a rotating cork-screw of chiral shape. To mimic bacterial swimming, we employ a computational approach to design a bacterial (chirality-induced) swimmer whose chiral shape and rotational velocity can be controlled by an external magnetic field. In our model, we numerically solve the coupled governing equations that describe the system dynamics (i.e. solid mechanics, fluid dynamics and magnetostatics). We explore the swimming response as a function of the characteristic dimensionless parameters and put special emphasis on controlling the swimming direction. Our results provide fundamental physical insight on the chirality-induced propulsion, and it provides guidelines for the design of magnetic bi-directional micro-swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Namdeo
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - S N Khaderi
- Department of Engineering , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - P R Onck
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Najafi A, Raad SSH, Yousefi R. Self-propulsion in a low-Reynolds-number fluid confined by two walls of a microchannel. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 88:045001. [PMID: 24229310 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.88.045001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The problem of hydrodynamic interactions with confining walls is examined for a model of a microswimmer composed of three connected beads. Two parallel walls of a narrow microfluidic channel confine the fluid flow. We show that different trajectories for this linear swimmer emerge because of long-range hydrodynamic interactions with the walls of the channel. The possibility of space-spanning trajectories for this swimmer can potentially introduce it as a candidate for constructing a mixing device for working at the laminar flow conditions in microfluidic channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Najafi
- Physics Department, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 313, Iran
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22
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Wang Y, Gao Y, Wyss H, Anderson P, den Toonder J. Out of the cleanroom, self-assembled magnetic artificial cilia. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3360-6. [PMID: 23846423 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50458a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Micro-sized hair-like structures, such as cilia, are abundant in nature and have various functionalities. Many efforts have been made to mimic the fluid pumping function of cilia, but most of the fabrication processes for these "artificial cilia" are tedious and expensive, hindering their practical application. In this paper a cost-effective in situ fabrication technique for artificial cilia is demonstrated. The cilia are constructed by self-assembly of micron sized magnetic beads and encapsulated with soft polymer coatings. Actuation of the cilia induces an effective fluid flow, and the cilia lengths and distribution can be adjusted by varying the magnetic bead concentration and fabrication parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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23
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High-speed three-dimensional characterization of fluid flows induced by micro-objects in deep microchannels. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-013-7203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Peyer KE, Zhang L, Nelson BJ. Bio-inspired magnetic swimming microrobots for biomedical applications. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:1259-72. [PMID: 23165991 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32554c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Microrobots have been proposed for future biomedical applications in which they are able to navigate in viscous fluidic environments. Nature has inspired numerous microrobotic locomotion designs, which are suitable for propulsion generation at low Reynolds numbers. This article reviews the various swimming methods with particular focus on helical propulsion inspired by E. coli bacteria. There are various magnetic actuation methods for biomimetic and non-biomimetic microrobots, such as rotating fields, oscillating fields, or field gradients. They can be categorized into force-driven or torque-driven actuation methods. Both approaches are reviewed and a previous publication has shown that torque-driven actuation scales better to the micro- and nano-scale than force-driven actuation. Finally, the implementation of swarm or multi-agent control is discussed. The use of multiple microrobots may be beneficial for in vivo as well as in vitro applications. Thus, the frequency-dependent behavior of helical microrobots is discussed and preliminary experimental results are presented showing the decoupling of an individual agent within a group of three microrobots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin E Peyer
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Microfluidic manipulation with artificial/bioinspired cilia. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Khaderi S, Hussong J, Westerweel J, Toonder JD, Onck P. Fluid propulsion using magnetically-actuated artificial cilia – experiments and simulations. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42068j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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27
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Vilfan A. Generic flow profiles induced by a beating cilium. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2012; 35:72. [PMID: 22886565 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2012-12072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a multipole expansion for the low-Reynolds-number fluid flows generated by a localized source embedded in a plane with a no-slip boundary condition. It contains 3 independent terms that fall quadratically with the distance and 6 terms that fall with the third power. Within this framework we discuss the flows induced by a beating cilium described in different ways: a small particle circling on an elliptical trajectory, a thin rod and a general ciliary beating pattern. We identify the flow modes present based on the symmetry properties of the ciliary beat.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vilfan
- J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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28
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Khaderi SN, den Toonder JMJ, Onck PR. Magnetically actuated artificial cilia: the effect of fluid inertia. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:7921-37. [PMID: 22416971 DOI: 10.1021/la300169f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural cilia are hairlike microtubule-based structures that are able to move fluid on the micrometer scale using asymmetric motion. In this article, we follow a biomimetic approach to design artificial cilia lining the inner surfaces of microfluidic channels with the goal of propelling fluid. The artificial cilia consist of polymer films filled with superparamagnetic nanoparticles, which can mimic the motion of natural cilia when subjected to a rotating magnetic field. To obtain the magnetic field and associated magnetization local to the cilia, we solve the Maxwell equations, from which the magnetic body moments and forces can be deduced. To obtain the ciliary motion, we solve the dynamic equations of motion, which are then fully coupled to the Navier-Stokes equations that describe the fluid flow around the cilia, thus taking full account of fluid inertial forces. The dimensionless parameters that govern the deformation behavior of the cilia and the associated fluid flow are arrived at using the principle of virtual work. The physical response of the cilia and the fluid flow for different combinations of elastic, fluid viscous, and inertia forces are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Khaderi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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29
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Nisani-Bizer K, Trachtenberg S. Unperturbing a non-helically perturbed bacterial flagellar filament: Salmonella typhimurium SJW23. J Mol Biol 2012; 416:367-88. [PMID: 22248588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella typhimurium SJW23 has a right-handed, non-helically perturbed filament of serotype gt with a unique surface pattern. Non-helical perturbations involve symmetry reduction along the five-start helical lines resulting in layer lines of fractional Bessel orders and a consequent seam. The flagellin gene, fliC(23), which we sequenced, differs from the sequence of the canonic, plain SJW1655 flagellin, fliC(1655). We modified discrete components of fliC(23) in order to localize, in the expressed filament, the submolecular site responsible for the non-helical perturbation. These modifications include (i) deleting the outermost domain D3(23), (ii) replacing D3(23) with D3(1655), (iii) substituting a hydrophilic α-helix at the interface between the neighboring domains D1 and D2 with a hydrophobic one from fliC(1655), and (iv) substituting a serine/glycine pair in the loop connecting the modified α-helix to its neighbor; these modifications were made in the presence and absence of D3(23). We used S. typhimurium SJW1655 both as a reference and as a source for 'spare parts'. The symmetry of the constructs was assessed from the power spectra through changes in the layer lines at a height of 1/105 and 1/35 Å(-1), unique to the non-helical perturbation. Deleting D3(23), either alone or in combination with various substitutions, or replacing it with D3(1655) transforms the non-helically perturbed filament into a plain one as judged by the disappearance of the typical layer lines from the power spectra. We conclude that the non-helical perturbation is a product of unique interactions in the D3(23) density shell. Whereas other minor structural changes may occur at the filaments interior, they are all helically symmetric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Nisani-Bizer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, PO Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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30
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Vilfan M, Kokot G, Vilfan A, Osterman N, Kavčič B, Poberaj I, Babič D. Analysis of fluid flow around a beating artificial cilium. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 3:163-71. [PMID: 22428106 PMCID: PMC3304323 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological cilia are found on surfaces of some microorganisms and on surfaces of many eukaryotic cells where they interact with the surrounding fluid. The periodic beating of the cilia is asymmetric, resulting in directed swimming of unicellular organisms or in generation of a fluid flow above a ciliated surface in multicellular ones. Following the biological example, externally driven artificial cilia have recently been successfully implemented as micropumps and mixers. However, biomimetic systems are useful not only in microfluidic applications, but can also serve as model systems for the study of fundamental hydrodynamic phenomena in biological samples. To gain insight into the basic principles governing propulsion and fluid pumping on a micron level, we investigated hydrodynamics around one beating artificial cilium. The cilium was composed of superparamagnetic particles and driven along a tilted cone by a varying external magnetic field. Nonmagnetic tracer particles were used for monitoring the fluid flow generated by the cilium. The average flow velocity in the pumping direction was obtained as a function of different parameters, such as the rotation frequency, the asymmetry of the beat pattern, and the cilium length. We also calculated the velocity field around the beating cilium by using the analytical far-field expansion. The measured average flow velocity and the theoretical prediction show an excellent agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Vilfan
- J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gašper Kokot
- J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Vilfan
- J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Natan Osterman
- J. Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Kavčič
- LPKF Laser & Elektronika d.o.o, Polica 33, 4202 Naklo, Slovenia
| | - Igor Poberaj
- Department of Physics, Jadranska 19, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Babič
- Department of Physics, Jadranska 19, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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31
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Kokot G, Vilfan M, Osterman N, Vilfan A, Kavčič B, Poberaj I, Babič D. Measurement of fluid flow generated by artificial cilia. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2011; 5:34103-341039. [PMID: 22662034 PMCID: PMC3364822 DOI: 10.1063/1.3608139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We observed and measured the fluid flow that was generated by an artificial cilium. The cilium was composed of superparamagnetic microspheres, in which magnetic dipole moments were induced by an external magnetic field. The interaction between the dipole moments resulted in formation of long chains-cilia, and the same external magnetic field was also used to drive the cilia in a periodic manner. Asymmetric periodic motion of the cilium resulted in generation of fluid flow and net pumping of the surrounding fluid. The flow and pumping performance were closely monitored by introducing small fluorescent tracer particles into the system. By detecting their motion, the fluid flow around an individual cilium was mapped and the flow velocities measured. We confirm that symmetric periodic beating of one cilium results in vortical motion only, whereas asymmetry is required for additional translational motion. We determine the effect of asymmetry on the pumping performance of a cilium, verify the theoretically predicted optimal pumping conditions, and determine the fluid behaviour around a linear array of three neighbouring cilia. In this case, the contributions of neighbouring cilia enhance the maximal flow velocity compared with a single cilium and contribute to a more uniform translational flow above the surface.
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