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Love SA, Gultian KA, Jalloh US, Stevens A, Kim TWB, Vega SL. Mesenchymal stem cells enhance targeted bone growth from injectable hydrogels with BMP-2 peptides. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:1599-1607. [PMID: 38323639 PMCID: PMC11161325 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is the most common chronic metabolic bone disease, and the prevalence of osteoporotic fractures is rapidly increasing with the aging population. While bisphosphonates can reduce bone loss and risk of fracture, these drugs are systemic, rely on long-term use, and patient compliance is low. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is an FDA-approved protein that can offer a more targeted therapeutic than systemic treatments. DWIVA is a peptide sequence corresponding to the wrist epitope of BMP-2, and DWIVA-functionalized hydrogels feature osteoinductive propertiesin vitro and in vivo. This study reports that self-forming DWIVA-functionalized hydrogels injected into the intramedullary canal of rat femurs induce a local increase in trabecular bone in as little as 2 weeks. Increases in bone volume, trabecular thickness, and trabeculae count from DWIVA-laden hydrogels persist for at least 4 weeks, and the inclusion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) significantly enhances the development of mineralized bone. Histological analysis of decalcified femurs also shows that hydrogel injections containing DWIVA peptide and MSCs stimulate unmineralized bone tissue formation and induce an increased count of osteoblasts and osteoclasts at the injection site after 4 weeks. Overall, the MSC-laden DWIVA peptide-functionalized hydrogels presented rapidly induce targeted bone formation and have the potential to form nascent bone within bones in jeopardy of an osteoporotic fracture such as the femur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A. Love
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ
| | | | - Umu S. Jalloh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
| | - Anna Stevens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
- Department of Surgery, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ
| | - Tae Won B. Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ
| | - Sebastián L. Vega
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ
- Department of Surgery, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ
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2
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Kilgallon LJ, McFadden TP, Sigman MS, Johnson JA. Tricyclononenes and tricyclononadienes as efficient monomers for controlled ROMP: understanding structure-propagation rate relationships and enabling facile post-polymerization modification. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8334-8345. [PMID: 38846402 PMCID: PMC11151844 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01986e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Grubbs 3rd-generation (G3) pre-catalyst-initiated ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) remains an indispensable tool in the polymer chemist's toolbox. Tricyclononenes (TCN) and tricyclononadienes (TCND) represent under-explored classes of monomers for ROMP that have the potential to both advance fundamental knowledge (e.g., structure-polymerization kinetics relationships) and serve as practical tools for the polymer chemist (e.g., post-polymerization functionalization). In this work, a library of TCN and TCND imides, monoesters, and diesters, along with their exo-norbornene counterparts, were synthesized to compare their behaviors in G3-initiated ROMP. Real-time 1H NMR was used to study their polymerization kinetics; propagation rates (k p) were extracted for each monomer. To understand the relationships between monomer structure and ROMP propagation rates, density functional theory methods were used to calculate a variety of electronic and steric parameters for each monomer. While electronic parameters (e.g., HOMO energy levels) correlated positively with the measured k p values, steric parameters generally gave improved correlations, which indicates that monomer size and shape are better predictors for k p than electronic parameters for this data set. Furthermore, the TCND diester-which contains an electron-deficient cyclobutene that is resistant to ROMP-and its polymer p(TCND) are shown to be highly reactive toward DBU-catalyzed conjugate addition reactions with thiols, providing a protecting- and activating-group free strategy for post-polymerization modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon J Kilgallon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Timothy P McFadden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 500 Main Street Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge MA 02142 USA
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3
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D'Incal C, Van Dijck A, Ibrahim J, De Man K, Bastini L, Konings A, Elinck E, Gozes L, Marusic Z, Anicic M, Vukovic J, Van der Aa N, Mateiu L, Vanden Berghe W, Kooy RF. ADNP dysregulates methylation and mitochondrial gene expression in the cerebellum of a Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome autopsy case. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:62. [PMID: 38637827 PMCID: PMC11027339 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01743-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder in which patients present with autism, intellectual disability, and frequent extra-neurological features such as feeding and gastrointestinal problems, visual impairments, and cardiac abnormalities. All patients exhibit heterozygous de novo nonsense or frameshift stop mutations in the Activity-Dependent Neuroprotective Protein (ADNP) gene, accounting for a prevalence of 0.2% of all autism cases worldwide. ADNP fulfills an essential chromatin remodeling function during brain development. In this study, we investigated the cerebellum of a died 6-year-old male patient with the c.1676dupA/p.His559Glnfs*3 ADNP mutation. RESULTS The clinical presentation of the patient was representative of the Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome. During his lifespan, he underwent two liver transplantations after which the child died because of multiple organ failure. An autopsy was performed, and various tissue samples were taken for further analysis. We performed a molecular characterization of the cerebellum, a brain region involved in motor coordination, known for its highest ADNP expression and compared it to an age-matched control subject. Importantly, epigenome-wide analysis of the ADNP cerebellum identified CpG methylation differences and expression of multiple pathways causing neurodevelopmental delay. Interestingly, transcription factor motif enrichment analysis of differentially methylated genes showed that the ADNP binding motif was the most significantly enriched. RNA sequencing of the autopsy brain further identified downregulation of the WNT signaling pathway and autophagy defects as possible causes of neurodevelopmental delay. Ultimately, label-free quantification mass spectrometry identified differentially expressed proteins involved in mitochondrial stress and sirtuin signaling pathways amongst others. Protein-protein interaction analysis further revealed a network including chromatin remodelers (ADNP, SMARCC2, HDAC2 and YY1), autophagy-related proteins (LAMP1, BECN1 and LC3) as well as a key histone deacetylating enzyme SIRT1, involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism. The protein interaction of ADNP with SIRT1 was further biochemically validated through the microtubule-end binding proteins EB1/EB3 by direct co-immunoprecipitation in mouse cerebellum, suggesting important mito-epigenetic crosstalk between chromatin remodeling and mitochondrial energy metabolism linked to autophagy stress responses. This is further supported by mitochondrial activity assays and stainings in patient-derived fibroblasts which suggest mitochondrial dysfunctions in the ADNP deficient human brain. CONCLUSION This study forms the baseline clinical and molecular characterization of an ADNP autopsy cerebellum, providing novel insights in the disease mechanisms of the Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome. By combining multi-omic and biochemical approaches, we identified a novel SIRT1-EB1/EB3-ADNP protein complex which may contribute to autophagic flux alterations and impaired mitochondrial metabolism in the Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome and holds promise as a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D'Incal
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43/6, 2650, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Epigenetic Signaling lab (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anke Van Dijck
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43/6, 2650, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
- Family Medicine and Population Health (FAMPOP), Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joe Ibrahim
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43/6, 2650, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin De Man
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43/6, 2650, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Epigenetic Signaling lab (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lina Bastini
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Epigenetic Signaling lab (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anthony Konings
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Epigenetic Signaling lab (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ellen Elinck
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43/6, 2650, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lllana Gozes
- The Elton Laboratory for Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Adams Super Center for Brain Studies and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zlatko Marusic
- Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirna Anicic
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jurica Vukovic
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nathalie Van der Aa
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43/6, 2650, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ligia Mateiu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43/6, 2650, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling (PPES), Epigenetic Signaling lab (PPES), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - R Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43/6, 2650, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Laezza A, Pepe A, Solimando N, Armiento F, Oszust F, Duca L, Bochicchio B. A Study on Thiol-Michael Addition to Semi-Synthetic Elastin-Hyaluronan Material for Electrospun Scaffolds. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300662. [PMID: 38224555 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Thiol-Michael addition is a chemical reaction extensively used for conjugating peptides to polysaccharides with applications as biomaterials. In the present study, for designing a bioactive element in electrospun scaffolds as wound dressing material, a chemical strategy for the semi-synthesis of a hyaluronan-elastin conjugate containing an amide linker (ELAHA) was developed in the presence of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP ⋅ HCl). The bioconjugate was electrospun with poly-D,L-lactide (PDLLA), obtaining scaffolds with appealing characteristics in terms of morphology and cell viability of dermal fibroblast cells. For comprehending the factors influencing the efficiency of the bioconjugation reaction, thiolated amino acids were also investigated as nucleophiles toward hyaluronan decorated with Michael acceptors in the presence of TCEP ⋅ HCl through the evaluation of byproducts formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Laezza
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Antonietta Pepe
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Nicola Solimando
- Altergon Italia S.r.l. Zona Industriale ASI, Morra De Sanctis, 83040, Italy
| | - Francesca Armiento
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Floriane Oszust
- MEDyC UMR CNRS 7369, "Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire", University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Team 2 "Matrix Ageing and Vascular Remodelling", 51100, Reims, France
| | - Laurent Duca
- MEDyC UMR CNRS 7369, "Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire", University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Team 2 "Matrix Ageing and Vascular Remodelling", 51100, Reims, France
| | - Brigida Bochicchio
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
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Hu J, Wang W, Zhou B, Sun J, Chin WS, Lu L. Click Chemistry in Lithium-Metal Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306622. [PMID: 37806765 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) are considered the "holy grail" of the next-generation energy storage systems, and solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are a kind of critical component assembled in LMBs. However, as one of the most important branches of SSEs, polymer-based electrolytes (PEs) possess several native drawbacks including insufficient ionic conductivity and so on. Click chemistry is a simple, efficient, regioselective, and stereoselective synthesis method, which can be used not only for preparing PEs with outstanding physical and chemical performances, but also for optimizing the stability of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer and elevate the cycling properties of LMBs effectively. Here it is primarily focused on evaluating the merits of click chemistry, summarizing its existing challenges and outlining its increasing role for the designing and fabrication of advanced PEs. The fundamental requirements for reconstructing artificial SEI layer through click chemistry are also summarized, with the aim to offer a thorough comprehension and provide a strategic guidance for exploring the potentials of click chemistry in the field of LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
- Henan Province International Joint Laboratory of Materials for Solar Energy Conversion and Lithium Sodium based Battery, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Wanhui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Binghua Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Materials, State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Zeolite Membrane Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Wee Shong Chin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Chongqing, 401123, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Chongqing, 401123, China
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Yue TJ, Ren WM, Lu XB. Copolymerization Involving Sulfur-Containing Monomers. Chem Rev 2023; 123:14038-14083. [PMID: 37917384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating sulfur (S) atoms into polymer main chains endows these materials with many attractive features, including a high refractive index, mechanical properties, electrochemical properties, and adhesive ability to heavy metal ions. The copolymerization involving S-containing monomers constitutes a facile method for effectively constructing S-containing polymers with diverse structures, readily tunable sequences, and topological structures. In this review, we describe the recent advances in the synthesis of S-containing polymers via copolymerization or multicomponent polymerization techniques concerning a variety of S-containing monomers, such as dithiols, carbon disulfide, carbonyl sulfide, cyclic thioanhydrides, episulfides and elemental sulfur (S8). Particularly, significant focus is paid to precise control of the main-chain sequence, stereochemistry, and topological structure for achieving high-value applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jun Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wei-Min Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
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7
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Wei S, Li L, Gou L, Wu L, Hou X. Thiol-ene click derivatization reaction coupled with ratiometric surface-enhanced Raman scattering for reproducible and accurate determination of acrylamide. Food Chem 2023; 429:136991. [PMID: 37523913 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is a carcinogen mainly ingested through food and drinking water, making its accurate determination crucial for both food safety and environmental protection. Herein, we proposed a derivatization-based ratiometric surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method for the quantification of AA. High density Au NPs were anchored to the surface of Cu-TCPP MOF nanosheets (MOFNs) to form the SERS sensor. The abundant Raman "hot spots" at the nanogaps generated by the Au NPs and the internal standard (IS) signal provided by Cu-TCPP MOFNs improved the sensitivity and quantitative accuracy of the method. Following the thiol-ene click derivatization reaction between p-aminothiophenol (PATP) and AA, the Raman peak intensity ratio (I1080/I395) was employed to quantify AA. The linear range was 0.1 nM to 10 μM, and the limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 0.08 nM. Trace amounts of AA in food and water samples were successfully determined using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wei
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Ling Li
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Lichen Gou
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Li Wu
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China.
| | - Xiandeng Hou
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China; College of Chemistry and Key Lab of Green Chem & Tech of MOE, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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8
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Fallah-Darrehchi M, Zahedi P. Improvement of Intracellular Interactions through Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Scaffolds by the Alteration of Topology. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:46878-46891. [PMID: 38107894 PMCID: PMC10720303 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of inherently bioactive scaffolds has become a challenging issue owing to their complicated synthesis and nonrobust modified cell-actuating property. Liquid crystalline elastomers (LCEs), due to their combined specialties of liquid crystals and elastomers as well as their ability to respond to various kinds of stimuli, have reversibly led to the design of a new class of stimuli-responsive tissue-engineered scaffolds. In this line, in the first stage of this research work, synthesis and evaluation of acrylate-based LCE films (LCEfilm) encompassing mesogenic monomers are carried out. In the second step, the design of an affordable electrospinning technique for preparing LCE nanofibers (LCEfiber) as a problematic topic, thanks to the low molecular weight of the mesogenic chains of LCEs, is investigated. For this purpose, two approaches are considered, including (1) photo-cross-linking of electrospun LCEfiber and (2) blending LCE with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) to produce morphologically stable nanofibers (PCL-LCEfiber). In the following, thermal, mechanical, and morphological evaluations show the optimized crosslinker (mol)/aliphatic spacer (mol) molar ratio of 50:50 for LCEfilm samples. On the other hand, for LCEfiber samples, the appropriate amounts of excessive mesogenic monomer and PCL/LCE (v/v) to fabricate the uniform nanofibers are determined to be 20% and 1:2, respectively. Eventually, PC12 cell compatibility and the impact of the liquid crystalline phase on the PC12 cell dynamic behavior of the samples are examined. The obtained results reveal that PC12 cells cultured on electrospun PCL-LCEfiber nanofibers with an average diameter of ∼659 nm per sample are alive and the scaffold has susceptibility for cell proliferation and actuation because of the rapid increase in cell density and number of singularity points formed in time-lapse cell imaging. Moreover, the PCL-LCEfiber nanofibrous scaffold exhibits a high performance for cell differentiation according to detailed biological evaluations such as gene expression level measurements. The time-lapse evaluation of PC12 cell flow fields confirms the significant influence of the reprogrammable liquid crystalline phase in the PCL-LCEfiber nanofibrous scaffold on topographical cue induction compared to the biodegradable PCL nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Fallah-Darrehchi
- Nano-Biopolymers Research
Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417613131, Iran
| | - Payam Zahedi
- Nano-Biopolymers Research
Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417613131, Iran
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9
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Roquart M, Kharlamova A, Marcos Celada L, Norvez S, Nicolaÿ R, Corté L. PEG-Based Photo-Cross-Linked Networks with Adjustable Topologies and Mechanical Properties. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4454-4464. [PMID: 36780702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of networks having adjustable topologies and mechanical properties. Our approach consists of photopolymerizing poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylates (PEG-DA) in the presence of mixtures of mono- and multifunctional thiols. We show that the introduction of monothiols as non-cross-linking transfer agents provides a simple way to tune the topology of the networks and produce soft extensible networks. In a systematic study with model short PEG-DA (Mn = 700 g·mol-1), we explored how the gel point and network properties, such as the swelling ratio, the soluble fraction, the viscoelastic moduli, and the ultimate stress and strain, can be adjusted by varying the ratio of thiol to acrylate functions and the average functionality of the thiol mixture. We applied this strategy to longer chains of PEG-DA (Mn = 2300 and 3200 g·mol-1) and varied the viscoelastic and tensile responses of these networks to optimize their adhesive performance. This simple and robust approach further enriches the toolbox of thiol-acrylate polymerization and expands the application scope of PEG-based hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïlie Roquart
- Centre des Matériaux, MINES Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 91003 Evry, France
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anna Kharlamova
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lukas Marcos Celada
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Norvez
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Renaud Nicolaÿ
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Corté
- Centre des Matériaux, MINES Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 91003 Evry, France
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL University, 75005 Paris, France
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10
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Przybylska A, Szymańska A, Maciejewski H. A library of new organofunctional silanes obtained by thiol-(meth)acrylate Michael addition reaction. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14010-14017. [PMID: 37181512 PMCID: PMC10167801 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01583a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of organofunctional silanes by the thiol-(meth)acrylate addition reaction is presented. At first, systematic studies were carried out to select an optimum initiator/catalyst of the addition reaction for the model reaction involving 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and hexyl acrylate. Photoinitiators (in the presence of UV light energy), thermal initiators (such as aza compound and peroxide) as well as catalysts (primary and tertiary amines, phosphines and Lewis acid) were studied. After selecting an effective catalytic system and optimizing the reaction conditions, reactions between the thiol group (i.e. 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane) and (meth)acrylates containing various functional groups were carried out. All derivatives obtained were characterized by 1H, 13C, 29Si NMR and FT-IR analysis. In reactions carried out at room temperature, in an air atmosphere and in the presence of dimethylphenylphosphine (DMPP) as a catalyst, quantitative conversions of both substrates were obtained within a few minutes. The library of organofunctional silanes was expanded by compounds (containing various functional groups, i.e. alkenyl, epoxy, amino, ether, alkyl, aralkyl, fluoroalkyl) which were obtained in the thiol-Michael addition of 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane to a group of organofunctional (meth)acrylic acid esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Przybylska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Anna Szymańska
- Poznań Science and Technology Park, Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation Rubież 46 61-612 Poznań Poland
| | - Hieronim Maciejewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 61-614 Poznań Poland
- Poznań Science and Technology Park, Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation Rubież 46 61-612 Poznań Poland
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11
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Alhaidari LM, Spain SG. Synthesis of 5-Fluorouracil Polymer Conjugate and 19F NMR Analysis of Drug Release for MRI Monitoring. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071778. [PMID: 37050392 PMCID: PMC10097235 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To monitor the release of fluorinated drugs from polymeric carriers, a novel 19F MRI enzyme-responsive contrast agent was developed and tested. This contrast agent was prepared by conjugation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to hyperbranched poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (HB-PDMA) via an enzyme-degradable peptide linker. Due to the different molecular sizes, the release of 5-FU from the 5-FU polymer conjugate resulted in a sufficiently substantial difference in spin-spin T2 19F NMR/MRI relaxation time that enabled differentiating between attached and released drug states. The 5-FU polymer conjugate exhibited a broad signal and short T2 relaxation time under 19F NMR analysis. Incubation with the enzyme induced the release of 5-FU, accompanied by an extension of T2 relaxation times and an enhancement in the 19F MRI signal. This approach is promising for application in the convenient monitoring of 5-FU drug release and can be used to monitor the release of other fluorinated drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila M. Alhaidari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Majmaah, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sebastian G. Spain
- Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
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12
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Gultian KA, Gandhi R, Kim TWB, Vega SL. Self-Forming Norbornene-Tetrazine Hydrogels with Independently Tunable Properties. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200425. [PMID: 36493315 PMCID: PMC10023368 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although photopolymerization reactions are commonly used to form hydrogels, these strategies rely on light and may not be suitable for delivering therapeutics in a minimally invasive manner. Here, hyaluronic acid (HA) macromers are modified with norbornene (Nor) or tetrazine (Tet) and upon mixing click into covalently crosslinked Nor-Tet hydrogels via a Diels-Alder reaction. By incorporating a high degree of Nor and Tet substitution, Nor-Tet hydrogels with a broad range in elastic moduli (5 to 30 kPa) and fast gelation times (1 to 5 min) are achieved. By pre-coupling methacrylated HANor macromers with thiolated peptides via a Michael addition reaction, Nor-Tet hydrogels are peptide-functionalized without affecting their physical properties. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on RGD-functionalized Nor-Tet hydrogels adhere and exhibit stiffness-dependent differences in matrix mechanosensing. Fluid properties of Nor-Tet hydrogel solutions allow for injections through narrow syringe needles and can locally deliver viable cells and peptides. Substituting HA with enzymatically degradable gelatin also results in cell-responsive Nor-Tet hydrogels, and MSCs encapsulated in Nor-Tet hydrogels preferentially differentiate into adipocytes or osteoblasts, based on 3D cellular spreading regulated by stable (HA) and degradable (gelatin) macromers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstene A Gultian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
| | - Roshni Gandhi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
| | - Tae Won B Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, 08103, USA
| | - Sebastián L Vega
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
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13
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Fujita M, Nakashima N, Wanibuchi S, Yamamoto Y, Kojima H, Ono A, Kasahara T. Assessment of commercial polymers with and without reactive groups using amino acid derivative reactivity assay based on both molar concentration approach and gravimetric approach. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:446-457. [PMID: 36101970 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid derivative reactivity assay (ADRA), an alternative method for testing skin sensitization, has been established based on the molar concentration approach. However, the additional development of gravimetric concentration and fluorescence detection methods has expanded its range of application to mixtures, which cannot be evaluated using the conventional testing method, the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA). Although polymers are generally treated as mixtures, there have been no reports of actual polymer evaluations using alternative methods owing to their insolubility. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated skin sensitization potential of polymers, which is difficult to predict, using ADRA. As polymers have molecular weights ranging from several thousand to more than several tens of thousand Daltons, they are unlikely to cause skin sensitization due to their extremely low penetration into the skin, according to the 500-Da rule. However, if highly reactive functional groups remain at the ends or side chains of polymers, relatively low-molecular-weight polymer components may penetrate the skin to cause sensitization. Polymers can be roughly classified into three major types based on the features of their constituent monomers; we investigated the sensitization capacity of each type of polymer. Polymers with alert sensitization structures at their ends were classified as skin sensitizers, whereas those with no residual reactive groups were classified as nonsensitizers. Although polymers with a glycidyl group need to be evaluated carefully, we concluded that ADRA (0.5 mg/ml) is generally sufficient for polymer hazard assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Fujita
- Safety Evaluation Center, FUJIFILM Corporation, Minamiashigara, Japan
| | - Natsumi Nakashima
- Safety Evaluation Center, FUJIFILM Corporation, Minamiashigara, Japan
| | - Sayaka Wanibuchi
- Safety Evaluation Center, FUJIFILM Corporation, Minamiashigara, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamamoto
- Safety Evaluation Center, FUJIFILM Corporation, Minamiashigara, Japan
| | - Hajime Kojima
- Biological Safety Research Center, Division of Risk Assessment, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ono
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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14
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Ramirez-Montes S, Zárate-Hernández LA, Rodriguez JA, Santos EM, Cruz-Borbolla J. A DFT Study of the Reaction of Acrylamide with L-Cysteine and L-Glutathione. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238220. [PMID: 36500312 PMCID: PMC9736526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal processing of certain foods implies the formation of acrylamide, which has been proven to provoke adverse effects on human health. Thus, several strategies to mitigate it have been developed. One of them could be the application of organosulfur compounds obtained from natural sources to react with the acrylamide, forming non-toxic adducts. A DFT study of the acrylamide reaction with the organosulfur model compounds L-cysteine and L-glutathione by Michael addition and a free radical pathway complemented by a kinetic study of these model molecules has been applied. The kinetic evaluation results demonstrate that the L-glutathione reaction exhibited a higher rate constant than the other studied compound.
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15
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Berne D, Ladmiral V, Leclerc E, Caillol S. Thia-Michael Reaction: The Route to Promising Covalent Adaptable Networks. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4457. [PMID: 36298037 PMCID: PMC9609322 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While the Michael addition has been employed for more than 130 years for the synthesis of a vast diversity of compounds, the reversibility of this reaction when heteronucleophiles are involved has been generally less considered. First applied to medicinal chemistry, the reversible character of the hetero-Michael reactions has recently been explored for the synthesis of Covalent Adaptable Networks (CANs), in particular the thia-Michael reaction and more recently the aza-Michael reaction. In these cross-linked networks, exchange reactions take place between two Michael adducts by successive dissociation and association steps. In order to understand and precisely control the exchange in these CANs, it is necessary to get an insight into the critical parameters influencing the Michael addition and the dissociation rates of Michael adducts by reconsidering previous studies on these matters. This review presents the progress in the understanding of the thia-Michael reaction over the years as well as the latest developments and plausible future directions to prepare CANs based on this reaction. The potential of aza-Michael reaction for CANs application is highlighted in a specific section with comparison with thia-Michael-based CANs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Leclerc
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
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16
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Laezza A, Pepe A, Bochicchio B. Elastin-Hyaluronan Bioconjugate as Bioactive Component in Electrospun Scaffolds. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201959. [PMID: 35916026 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid or hyaluronan (HA) and elastin-inspired peptides (EL) have been widely recognized as bioinspired materials useful in biomedical applications. The aim of the present work is the production of electrospun scaffolds as wound dressing materials which would benefit from synergic action of the bioactivity of elastin peptides and the regenerative properties of hyaluronic acid. Taking advantage of thiol-ene chemistry, a bioactive elastin peptide was successfully conjugated to methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MAHA) and electrospun together with poly-D,L-lactide (PDLLA). To the best of our knowledge, limited reports on peptide-conjugated hyaluronic acid were described in literature, and none of these was employed for the production of electrospun scaffolds. The conformational studies carried out by Circular Dichroism (CD) on the bioconjugated compound confirmed the preservation of secondary structure of the peptide after conjugation while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the supramolecular structure of the electrospun scaffolds. Overall, the study demonstrates that the bioconjugation of hyaluronic acid with the elastin peptide improved the electrospinning processability with improved characteristics in terms of morphology of the final scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Laezza
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Antonietta Pepe
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Brigida Bochicchio
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
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17
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Gultian KA, Gandhi R, DeCesari K, Romiyo V, Kleinbart EP, Martin K, Gentile PM, Kim TWB, Vega SL. Injectable hydrogel with immobilized BMP-2 mimetic peptide for local bone regeneration. FRONTIERS IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE 2022; 1. [PMID: 37090104 PMCID: PMC10120851 DOI: 10.3389/fbiom.2022.948493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by a decrease in bone mineral density, thereby increasing the risk of sustaining a fragility fracture. Most medical therapies are systemic and do not restore bone in areas of need, leading to undesirable side effects. Injectable hydrogels can locally deliver therapeutics with spatial precision, and this study reports the development of an injectable hydrogel containing a peptide mimic of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). To create injectable hydrogels, hyaluronic acid was modified with norbornene (HANor) or tetrazine (HATet) which upon mixing click into covalently crosslinked Nor-Tet hydrogels. By modifying HANor macromers with methacrylates (Me), thiolated BMP-2 mimetic peptides were immobilized to HANor via a Michael addition reaction, and coupling was confirmed with 1H NMR spectroscopy. BMP-2 peptides presented in soluble and immobilized form increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression in MSCs cultured on 2D and encapsulated in 3D Nor-Tet hydrogels. Injection of bioactive Nor-Tet hydrogels into hollow intramedullary canals of Lewis rat femurs showed a local increase in trabecular bone density as determined by micro-CT imaging. The presented work shows that injectable hydrogels with immobilized BMP-2 peptides are a promising biomaterial for the local regeneration of bone tissue and for the potential local treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstene A. Gultian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Roshni Gandhi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Kayla DeCesari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
| | - Vineeth Romiyo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Emily P. Kleinbart
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Kelsey Martin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Pietro M. Gentile
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Tae Won B. Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Sebastián L. Vega
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, United States
- CORRESPONDENCE Sebastián L. Vega,
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18
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Le Droumaguet B, Guerrouache M, Carbonnier B. Contribution of the "Click Chemistry" Toolbox for the Design, Synthesis, and Resulting Applications of Innovative and Efficient Separative Supports: Time for Assessment. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200210. [PMID: 35700224 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The last two decades have seen the rapid expansion of click chemistry methodology in various domains closely related to organic chemistry. It has notably been widely developed in the area of surface chemistry, mainly because of the high-yielding character of reactions of the "click" type. Especially, this powerful chemical reaction toolbox has been adapted to the preparation of stationary phases from the corresponding chromatographic supports. A plethora of selectors can thus be immobilized on either organic, inorganic, or hybrid stationary phases that can be used in different chromatographic modes. This review first highlights the few different chemical ligation strategies of the "click" type that are up to now mainly devoted to the development of functionalized supports for separation sciences. Then, it gives in a second part an up-to-date survey of the different studies dedicated to the preparation of click chemistry-based chromatographic supports while highlighting the powerful and versatile character of the "click" ligation strategy for the design, synthesis, and developments of more and more complex systems that can find promising applications in the area of analytical sciences, in domains as varied as enantioselective separation, glycomics, proteomics, genomics, metabolomics, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Le Droumaguet
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, Thiais, F-94320, France
| | - Mohamed Guerrouache
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, Thiais, F-94320, France
| | - Benjamin Carbonnier
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, Thiais, F-94320, France
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19
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Olov N, Bagheri-Khoulenjani S, Mirzadeh H. Injectable hydrogels for bone and cartilage tissue engineering: a review. Prog Biomater 2022; 11:113-135. [PMID: 35420394 PMCID: PMC9156638 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-022-00185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering, using a combination of living cells, bioactive molecules, and three-dimensional porous scaffolds, is a promising alternative to traditional treatments such as the use of autografts and allografts for bone and cartilage tissue regeneration. Scaffolds, in this combination, can be applied either through surgery by implantation of cell-seeded pre-fabricated scaffolds, or through injection of a solidifying precursor and cell mixture, or as an injectable cell-seeded pre-fabricated scaffold. In situ forming and pre-fabricated injectable scaffolds can be injected directly into the defect site with complex shape and critical size in a minimally invasive manner. Proper and homogeneous distribution of cells, biological factors, and molecular signals in these injectable scaffolds is another advantage over pre-fabricated scaffolds. Due to the importance of injectable scaffolds in tissue engineering, here different types of injectable scaffolds, their design challenges, and applications in bone and cartilage tissue regeneration are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Olov
- Polymer and Colour Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez-Ave., 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadab Bagheri-Khoulenjani
- Polymer and Colour Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez-Ave., 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Mirzadeh
- Polymer and Colour Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez-Ave., 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Zhuang YT, Ma L, Huang H, Han L, Wang L, Zhang Y. A portable kit based on thiol-ene Michael addition for acrylamide detection in thermally processed foods. Food Chem 2022; 373:131465. [PMID: 34741969 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate, sensitive, and selective analysis of acrylamide generated in thermally processed foods is of great significance for food safety. Herein, a novel acrylamide sensing platform is designed for both sensitive on-site colorimetric analysis and accurate UV-vis spectroscopy quantification, by integrating thiol-ene Michael addition with gold nanoparticles-mediated catalytical oxidation. The Michael addition reaction between acrylamide and glutathione efficiently alleviates glutathione-induced catalytic activity inhibition of gold nanoparticles, evoking the chromogenic reaction of H2O2-mediated 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine. With increasing the concentration of acrylamide, the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine is accelerated, presenting a series of shades from colorless to blue. The sensing platform exhibits excellent detection performance of acrylamide in the range of 0.5-175 μM with a detection limit of 0.16 μM, and is successfully employed in food samples. Especially, a portable assay kit based on the proposed platform is developed for visual determination of acrylamide, opening an avenue for smart sensors of food safety hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Zhuang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Liuyimai Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hao Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lu Han
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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21
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Recent studies on modulating hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels for controlled drug delivery. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00568-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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He W, Wang S, Li M, Wang X, Tao Y. Iterative Synthesis of Stereo- and Sequence-Defined Polymers via Acid-Orthogonal Deprotection Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202112439. [PMID: 34981638 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Absolute control over polymer stereo- and sequence structure is highly challenging in polymer chemistry. Here, an acid-orthogonal deprotection strategy is proposed for the iterative synthesis of a family of unimolecular polymers starting with enantiopure serines, featuring precise sequence, stereoconfiguration and side-chain functionalities that cannot be achieved using traditional polymerization techniques. Acid-orthogonal deprotections proceed independently of one another by the selection of protecting groups that feature the respective acid-lability. Under p-toluenesulfonic acid, acidolysis of tert-butyloxycarbonyl can proceed exclusively, while low-dosage trifluoroacetic acid and low temperature only trigger the selective and quantitative cleavage of trityl. The pioneering use of this acid-orthogonal deprotection chemistry increases the compatibility with otherwise sensitive groups and opens up pathways to facilely introduce structural and functional diversity into stereo- and sequence-defined polymers, thus imparting their unique properties beyond natural biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing He
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Shixue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
| | - Maosheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun, 130022, P.R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
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23
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He W, Wang S, Li M, Wang X, Tao Y. Iterative Synthesis of Stereo‐ and Sequence‐Defined Polymers
via
Acid‐Orthogonal Deprotection Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing He
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P.R. China
| | - Shixue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 P.R. China
| | - Maosheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 P.R. China
| | - Xianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 P.R. China
| | - Youhua Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Renmin Street 5625 Changchun 130022 P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P.R. China
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24
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Romero‐Zúñiga GY, Navarro‐Rodríguez D, Treviño‐Martínez ME. Enhanced mechanical performance of a
DGEBA
epoxy
resin‐based
shape memory polymer by introducing graphene oxide via covalent linking. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dámaso Navarro‐Rodríguez
- Departamento de Materiales Avanzados Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada Saltillo Mexico
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25
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Dai M, Belaïdi JP, Fleury G, Garanger E, Rielland M, Schultze X, Lecommandoux S. Elastin-like Polypeptide-Based Bioink: A Promising Alternative for 3D Bioprinting. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4956-4966. [PMID: 34751573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting offers a great alternative to traditional techniques in tissue reconstruction, based on seeding cells manually into a scaffold, to better reproduce organs' complexity. When a suitable bioink is engineered with appropriate physicochemical properties, such a process can advantageously provide a spatial control of the patterning that improves tissue reconstruction. The design of an adequate bioink must fulfill a long list of criteria including biocompatibility, printability, and stability. In this context, we have developed a bioink containing a precisely controlled recombinant biopolymer, namely, elastin-like polypeptide (ELP). This material was further chemoselectively modified with cross-linkable moieties to provide a 3D network through photopolymerization. ELP chains were additionally either functionalized with a peptide sequence Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (GRGDS) or combined with collagen I to enable cell adhesion. Our ELP-based bioinks were found to be printable, while providing excellent mechanical properties such as stiffness and elasticity in their cross-linked form. Besides, they were demonstrated to be biocompatible, showing viability and adhesion of dermal normal human fibroblasts (NHF). Expressions of specific extracellular matrix (ECM) protein markers as pro-collagen I, elastin, fibrillin, and fibronectin were revealed within the 3D network containing cells after only 18 days of culture, showing the great potential of ELP-based bioinks for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Dai
- L'Oréal Recherche Avancée, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France.,Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Belaïdi
- L'Oréal Recherche Avancée, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Guillaume Fleury
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Elisabeth Garanger
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Maïté Rielland
- L'Oréal Recherche Avancée, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Xavier Schultze
- L'Oréal Recherche Avancée, 1 avenue Eugène Schueller, 93600 Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
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26
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Worch JC, Stubbs CJ, Price MJ, Dove AP. Click Nucleophilic Conjugate Additions to Activated Alkynes: Exploring Thiol-yne, Amino-yne, and Hydroxyl-yne Reactions from (Bio)Organic to Polymer Chemistry. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6744-6776. [PMID: 33764739 PMCID: PMC8227514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The 1,4-conjugate addition reaction between activated alkynes or acetylenic Michael acceptors and nucleophiles (i.e., the nucleophilic Michael reaction) is a historically useful organic transformation. Despite its general utility, the efficiency and outcomes can vary widely and are often closely dependent upon specific reaction conditions. Nevertheless, with improvements in reaction design, including catalyst development and an expansion of the substrate scope to feature more electrophilic alkynes, many examples now present with features that are congruent with Click chemistry. Although several nucleophilic species can participate in these conjugate additions, ubiquitous nucleophiles such as thiols, amines, and alcohols are commonly employed and, consequently, among the most well developed. For many years, these conjugate additions were largely relegated to organic chemistry, but in the last few decades their use has expanded into other spheres such as bioorganic chemistry and polymer chemistry. Within these fields, they have been particularly useful for bioconjugation reactions and step-growth polymerizations, respectively, due to their excellent efficiency, orthogonality, and ambient reactivity. The reaction is expected to feature in increasingly divergent application settings as it continues to emerge as a Click reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Worch
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Connor J. Stubbs
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Matthew J. Price
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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27
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Rahaman M, Ali MS, Jahan K, Hinz D, Belayet JB, Majinski R, Hossain MM. Synthetic Scope of Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds and Ethyl Diazoacetate. J Org Chem 2021; 86:6138-6147. [PMID: 33844917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The comprehensive study of the reactions of carbonyl compounds and ethyl diazoacetate in the presence of a Brønsted acid catalyst is described. In result, a broad range of 3-oxo-esters were synthesized from a variety of ketones and aliphatic aldehydes by 1,2-aryl/alkyl/hydride shift. Aryl-methyl ketones produced only aryl-migrated products, whereas other ketones yielded a mixture of products. For diaryl ketones, the identity of two inseparable migrated products was confirmed by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizzanoor Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029, United States
| | - M Shahnawaz Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029, United States
| | - Khorshada Jahan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029, United States
| | - Damon Hinz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029, United States
| | - Jawad Bin Belayet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029, United States
| | - Ryan Majinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029, United States
| | - M Mahmun Hossain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 North Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211-3029, United States
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28
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Click chemistry strategies for the accelerated synthesis of functional macromolecules. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Sinha J, Soars S, Bowman CN. Enamine Organocatalysts for the Thiol-Michael Addition Reaction and Cross-Linking Polymerizations. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Shafer Soars
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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30
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Zhang X, Wang X, Chatani S, Bowman CN. Phosphonium Tetraphenylborate: A Photocatalyst for Visible-Light-Induced, Nucleophile-Initiated Thiol-Michael Addition Photopolymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:84-89. [PMID: 35548987 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A photoinitiation system that utilizes phosphonium tetraphenylborate as the key component was developed for the visible light-triggered nucleophile-catalyzed thiol-Michael addition reaction. This highly reactive catalyst was composed of a photocaged phosphine (methyldiphenylphosphonium tetraphenylborate, MDPP·HBPh4), a photosensitizer (isopropylthioxanthone, ITX), and a radical scavenger (TEMPO). Unlike the prevailing photobase catalysts, this photoactivatable phosphine system triggers the thiol-Michael addition polymerization by a nucleophile-catalyzed mechanism and provides a controlled stoichiometric reaction between the thiol and the vinyl precursors. This approach enables the formation of homogeneous polymer networks upon low-energy visible light exposure and, thus, broadens its potential applications in bulk polymer materials synthesis and UV-sensitive bioscaffold formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xiance Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Shunsuke Chatani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Christopher N. Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB 596, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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31
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Anas M, Dinda P, Kar M, Mandal TK. Anion-induced thermoresponsiveness in cationic polycysteine and DNA binding. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01187a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis of an l-cysteine-based water-soluble cationic polypeptide, an investigation of its thermoresponsive behaviour in the presence of added anions and its polyplexation with DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahammad Anas
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Priyanka Dinda
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Mahuya Kar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tarun K. Mandal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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32
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Drogkaris V, Northrop BH. Byproducts formed During Thiol-Acrylate Reactions Promoted by Nucleophilic Aprotic Amines: Persistent or Reactive? Chempluschem 2020; 85:2466-2474. [PMID: 33201598 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophile-initiated mechanism of thiol-Michael reactions naturally leads to the formation of undesired nucleophile byproducts. Three aza-Michael compounds representing nucleophile byproducts of thiol-acrylate reactions initiated by 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 1-methylimidazole (MIM), and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) have been synthesized and their reactivity in the presence of thiolate has been investigated. Spectroscopic analysis shows that each nucleophile byproduct reacts with thiolate to produce a desired thiol-acrylate product along with liberated aprotic amines DMAP, MIM, or DBU, thus demonstrating that these byproducts are reactive rather than persistent. Density functional theoretical computations support experimental observations and predict that a β-elimination mechanism is favored for converting each nucleophile byproduct into a desired thiol-acrylate product, though an SN 2 process can be competitive (i. e. within <2.5 kcal/mol) in less polar solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Drogkaris
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
| | - Brian H Northrop
- Department of Chemistry, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
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Jokonya S, Langlais M, Leshabane M, Reader PW, Vosloo JA, Pfukwa R, Coertzen D, Birkholtz LM, Rautenbach M, Klumperman B. Poly( N-vinylpyrrolidone) Antimalaria Conjugates of Membrane-Disruptive Peptides. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:5053-5066. [PMID: 33156615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The concepts of polymer-peptide conjugation and self-assembly were applied to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the development of a targeted antimalaria drug delivery construct. This study describes the synthesis of α-acetal, ω-xanthate heterotelechelic poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-mediated polymerization, followed by postpolymerization deprotection to yield α-aldehyde, ω-thiol heterotelechelic PVP. A specific targeting peptide, GSRSKGT, for Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes was used to sparsely decorate the α-chain ends via reductive amination while cyclic decapeptides from the tyrocidine group were conjugated to the ω-chain end via thiol-ene Michael addition. The resultant constructs were self-assembled into micellar nanoaggregates whose sizes and morphologies were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The in vitro activity and selectivity of the conjugates were evaluated against intraerythrocytic P. falciparum parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simbarashe Jokonya
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Marvin Langlais
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Meta Leshabane
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Paul W Reader
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Johan A Vosloo
- BioPep Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Rueben Pfukwa
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Dina Coertzen
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Marina Rautenbach
- BioPep Peptide Group, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Bert Klumperman
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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34
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Brown JS, Ruttinger AW, Vaidya AJ, Alabi CA, Clancy P. Decomplexation as a rate limitation in the thiol-Michael addition of N-acrylamides. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6364-6377. [PMID: 32760955 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00726a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The thiol-Michael addition is a popular, selective, high-yield "click" reaction utilized for applications ranging from small-molecule synthesis to polymer or surface modification. Here, we combined experimental and quantum mechanical modeling approaches using density functional theory (DFT) to examine the thiol-Michael reaction of N-allyl-N-acrylamide monomers used to prepare sequence-defined oligothioetheramides (oligoTEAs). Experimentally, the reaction was evaluated with two fluorous tagged thiols and several monomers at room temperature (22 °C and 40 °C). Using the Eyring equation, the activation energies (enthalpies) were calculated, observing a wide range of energy barriers ranging from 28 kJ mol-1 to 108 kJ mol-1 within the same alkene class. Computationally, DFT coupled with the Nudged Elastic Band method was used to calculate the entire reaction coordinate of each monomer reaction using the B97-D3 functional and a hybrid implicit-explicit methanol solvation approach. The thiol-Michael reaction is traditionally rate-limited by the propagation or chain-transfer steps. However, our test case with N-acrylamides and fluorous thiols revealed experimental and computational data produced satisfactory agreement only when we considered a previously unconsidered step that we termed "product decomplexation", which occurs as the product physically dissociates from other co-reactants after chain transfer. Five monomers were investigated to support this finding, capturing a range of functional groups varying in alkyl chain length (methyl to hexyl) and aromaticity (benzyl and ethylenephenyl). Increased substrate alkyl chain length increased activation energy, explained by the inductive effect. Aromatic ring-stacking configurations significantly impacted the activation energy and contributed to improved molecular packing density. Hydrogen-bonding between reactants increased the activation energy emphasizing the rate-limitation of the product decomplexation. Our findings begin to describe a new structure-kinetic relationship for thiol-Michael acceptors to enable further design of reactive monomers for synthetic polymers and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Brown
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Andrew W Ruttinger
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Akash J Vaidya
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Christopher A Alabi
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Paulette Clancy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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35
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Polymer side-chain modification in methacrylate and styrene copolymers through thiol-thioester dynamic exchange. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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36
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Najafi F, Salami-Kalajahi M, Roghani-Mamaqani H. Synthesis of amphiphilic Janus dendrimer and its application in improvement of hydrophobic drugs solubility in aqueous media. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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37
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Moon HJ, Ku M, Roh YH, Lee HJ, Yang J, Bong KW. Elimination of Unreacted Acrylate Double Bonds in the Polymer Networks of Microparticles Synthesized via Flow Lithography. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2271-2277. [PMID: 32013441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flow lithography (FL), a versatile technique used to synthesize anisotropic multifunctional microparticles, has attracted substantial interest, given that the resulting particles with complex geometries and multilayered biochemical functionalities can be used in a wide variety of applications. However, after this process, there are double bonds remaining from the cross-linkable groups of monomers. The unreacted cross-linkable groups can affect the particles' biochemical properties. Here, we verify that the microparticles produced by FL contain a significant number of unreacted acrylate double bonds (UADBs), which could cause irreversible biochemical changes in the particle and pernicious effects to biological systems. We also confirm that the particles contain a considerable number of UADBs, regardless of the various synthetic (lithographic) conditions that can be used in a typical FL process. We present an effective way to eliminate a substantial amount of UADBs after synthesis by linking biochemically inert poly(ethylene glycol) based on click chemistry. We verify that eliminating UADBs by using this click chemistry approach can efficiently resolve problems, such as the occurrence of random reactions and the cytotoxicity of UADBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun June Moon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Minhee Ku
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Yoon Ho Roh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyun Jee Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jaemoon Yang
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- YUHS-KRIBB Medical Convergence Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ki Wan Bong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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38
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Aksakal S, Liu R, Aksakal R, Becer CR. Nitroxide-mediated polymerisation of thioacrylates and their transformation into poly(acrylamide)s. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01129c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxide mediated polymers of thioacrylates can be transformed into poly(acrylamide)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Aksakal
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- London
- UK
| | - Renjie Liu
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- London
- UK
| | - Resat Aksakal
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- London
- UK
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- Polymer Chemistry Laboratory
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University of London
- London
- UK
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39
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Mertens C, Soete M, Ślęczkowski ML, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW, Badi N, Du Prez FE. Stereocontrolled, multi-functional sequence-defined oligomers through automated synthesis. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00645a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, stereocontrolled sequence-defined oligomers were prepared using an automated thiolactone-based platform that allows post-synthesis functionalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiel Mertens
- Polymer Chemistry Research group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of sciences
- Ghent University
| | - Matthieu Soete
- Polymer Chemistry Research group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of sciences
- Ghent University
| | - Marcin L. Ślęczkowski
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Nezha Badi
- Polymer Chemistry Research group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of sciences
- Ghent University
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of sciences
- Ghent University
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40
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Hayashi M, Yano R. Fair Investigation of Cross-Link Density Effects on the Bond-Exchange Properties for Trans-Esterification-Based Vitrimers with Identical Concentrations of Reactive Groups. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering,Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Ryoto Yano
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering,Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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41
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42
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Gajeles G, Lee SH. Imidazole derivatives as thermal latent catalyst for thiol-michael reaction thermosetting resins. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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43
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Taghavi S, Brissenden A, Amsden BG. High modulus, enzyme-degradable poly(trimethylene carbonate)-peptide biohybrid networks formed from triblock prepolymers. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:2819-2828. [PMID: 32255084 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02195c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biohybrid networks have the potential to have stiffnesses equivalent to that of native soft connective tissues as well as cell-mediated degradation behavior. Most strategies to generate such materials to date have utilized crosslinking of two separate and orthogonally functionalized polymers. Herein we describe a triblock prepolymer consisting of a central enzyme degradable peptide block flanked by two synthetic, hydrolysis resistant poly(trimethylene carbonate) blocks (PTMC) or poly(ethylene glycol)-PTMC blocks terminated in methacrylate groups. To form these prepolymers heterobifunctional PTMC and PEG-PTMC were prepared, possessing a vinyl sulfone terminus and a methacrylate terminus. These polymers were conjugated to a di-cysteine containing peptide through a Michael-type addition to form cross-linkable prepolymers. These prepolymers were then photo-cured to form enzyme degradable networks. The compressive moduli of the resulting water swollen networks was within the range of many soft connective tissues and was inversely proportional to the water solubility of the prepolymers. The prepolymer water solubility in turn could be tuned by adjusting PTMC molecular weight or by the addition of a PEG block. In vitro degradation only occurred in the presence of matrix metalloproteinases, and was fastest for networks prepared with prepolymers of higher water solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Taghavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Human Mobility Research Centre, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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44
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Roh YH, Lee HJ, Moon HJ, Kim SM, Bong KW. Post-synthesis functionalized hydrogel microparticles for high performance microRNA detection. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1076:110-117. [PMID: 31203954 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Encoded hydrogel microparticles, synthesized by Stop Flow Lithography (SFL), have shown great potential for microRNA assays for their capability to provide high multiplexing capacity and solution-like hybridization kinetics. However, due to the low conversion of copolymerization during particle synthesis, current hydrogel microparticles can only utilize ∼10% of the input probes that functionalize the particles for miRNA assay. Here, we present a novel method of functionalizing hydrogel microparticles after particle synthesis by utilizing unconverted double bonds remaining inside the hydrogel particles to maximize functional probe incorporation and increase the performance of miRNA assay. This allows covalent bonding of functional probes to the hydrogel network after particle synthesis. Because of the abundance of the unconverted double bonds and accessibility of all probes, the probe density increases about 8.2 times compared to that of particles functionalized during the synthesis. This results lead to an enhanced miRNA assay performance that improves the limit of detection from 4.9 amol to 1.5 amol. In addition, higher specificity and shorter assay time are achieved compared to the previous method. We also demonstrate a potential application of our particles by performing multiplexed miRNA detections in human plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Ho Roh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jee Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun June Moon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Min Kim
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Seoul National University Seoul Metropolitan Government Borame Medical Center, 20, Borame-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 07061, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Wan Bong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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45
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Korogiannaki M, Zhang J, Sheardown H. Surface modification of model hydrogel contact lenses with hyaluronic acid via thiol-ene "click" chemistry for enhancing surface characteristics. J Biomater Appl 2019; 32:446-462. [PMID: 28992804 DOI: 10.1177/0885328217733443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Discontinuation of contact lens wear as a result of ocular dryness and discomfort is extremely common; as many as 26% of contact lens wearers discontinue use within the first year. While patients are generally satisfied with conventional hydrogel lenses, improving on-eye comfort continues to remain a goal. Surface modification with a biomimetic, ocular friendly hydrophilic layer of a wetting agent is hypothesized to improve the interfacial interactions of the contact lens with the ocular surface. In this work, the synthesis and characterization of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) surfaces grafted with a hydrophilic layer of hyaluronic acid are described. The immobilization reaction involved the covalent attachment of thiolated hyaluronic acid (20 kDa) on acrylated poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) via nucleophile-initiated Michael addition thiol-ene "click" chemistry. The surface chemistry of the modified surfaces was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The appearance of N (1s) and S (2p) peaks on the low resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra confirmed successful immobilization of hyaluronic acid. Grafting hyaluronic acid to the poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) surfaces decreased the contact angle, the dehydration rate, and the amount of nonspecific sorption of lysozyme and albumin in comparison to pristine hydrogel materials, suggesting the development of more wettable surfaces with improved water-retentive and antifouling properties, while maintaining optical transparency (>92%). In vitro testing also showed excellent viability of human corneal epithelial cells with the hyaluronic acid-grafted poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) surfaces. Hence, surface modification with hyaluronic acid via thiol-ene "click" chemistry could be useful in improving contact lens surface properties, potentially alleviating symptoms of contact lens related dryness and discomfort during wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Korogiannaki
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- 2 264790 Saint-Gobain Northborough Research and Development Center , Northboro, MA, USA
| | - Heather Sheardown
- 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Asemave K, Byrne FP, Clark JH, Farmer TJ, Hunt AJ. Modification of bio-based β-diketone from wheat straw wax: synthesis of polydentate lipophilic super-chelators for enhanced metal recovery. RSC Adv 2019; 9:3542-3549. [PMID: 35518071 PMCID: PMC9060256 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09426h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-derived lipophilic polydentate chelators have been synthesized and tested for their chelating ability using a range of metal salts of Cu, Co, Ni, Fe, and Cr. These novel molecules were produced by the Michael addition reaction of 14,16-hentriacontanedione, isolated from wheat straw wax, with methyl acrylate or bio-derived dimethyl itaconate via microwave heating. The Michael adducts could either be used directly as esters or be hydrolysed to their acid form. Critically, the creation of additional binding sites via the carboxylate moieties leads to an enhanced metal uptake over both a non-renewable commercially available lipophilic β-diketone (dibenzoylmethane) and the unmodified hentriacontane-14,16-dione, for the chelation of Fe(iii), Cr(iii) and Ni(ii). The modified β-diketone containing a single carboxylic acid functionality was able to extract 167 mg L-1 of Fe(iii) from an FeCl3 solution with no pH adjustment. In comparison, no chelation was observed with dibenzoylmethane, while unmodified hentriacontane-14,16-dione was able to extract 81 mg L-1. The modified chelators containing one and two ester carboxylates extracted 255 and 305 mg L-1 Cr(iii) from a solution of CrCl3 at pH 5-6, 238 mg L-1 was extracted by the unmodified β-diketone whilst no extraction was observed using dibenzoylmethane. This suggest some minor contribution or positive effect to chelation due to neighbouring ester groups. The chelator containing two carboxylic acid groups (tetra-dentate when combined with the diketone) was the most proficient in this study for removal of Ni from an NiCl2 solution (140 mg L-1). It was also found that at higher pH almost quantitative extraction was achieved using the polydentate chelators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaana Asemave
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York York YO10 5DD UK
- Chemistry Department, Benue State University Makurdi Nigeria
| | - Fergal P Byrne
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York York YO10 5DD UK
| | - James H Clark
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Thomas J Farmer
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Andrew J Hunt
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen 40002 Thailand
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47
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Valot L, Martinez J, Mehdi A, Subra G. Chemical insights into bioinks for 3D printing. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:4049-4086. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00718c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dedicated chemical strategies are required to form hydrogel networks from bioink components, allowing cell survival during 3D bioprinting processes.
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48
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49
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Hayashi M, Yano R, Takasu A. Synthesis of amorphous low Tg polyesters with multiple COOH side groups and their utilization for elastomeric vitrimers based on post-polymerization cross-linking. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00293f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elastomeric vitrimer materials with tunable cross-link densities are prepared using cross-linking precursor polyesters with multiple COOH side groups in the presence of diepoxy cross-linkers and trans-esterification catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry
- Graduate school of Engineering
- Nagoya Institute of Technology
- Nagoya 466-8555
- Japan
| | - Ryoto Yano
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry
- Graduate school of Engineering
- Nagoya Institute of Technology
- Nagoya 466-8555
- Japan
| | - Akinori Takasu
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry
- Graduate school of Engineering
- Nagoya Institute of Technology
- Nagoya 466-8555
- Japan
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50
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Atkins CJ, Patias G, Town JS, Wemyss AM, Eissa AM, Shegiwal A, Haddleton DM. A simple and versatile route to amphiphilic polymethacrylates: catalytic chain transfer polymerisation (CCTP) coupled with post-polymerisation modifications. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01641k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic polymers have become key figures in the fields of pharmacology, medicine, agriculture and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James S. Town
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
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