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Yang C, Liu X, Song X, Zhang L. Design and batch fabrication of anisotropic microparticles toward small-scale robots using microfluidics: recent advances. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:4514-4535. [PMID: 39206574 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00566j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Small-scale robots with shape anisotropy have garnered significant scientific interest due to their enhanced mobility and precise control in recent years. Traditionally, these miniature robots are manufactured using established techniques such as molding, 3D printing, and microfabrication. However, the advent of microfluidics in recent years has emerged as a promising manufacturing technology, capitalizing on the precise and dynamic manipulation of fluids at the microscale to fabricate various complex-shaped anisotropic particles. This offers a versatile and controlled platform, enabling the efficient fabrication of small-scale robots with tailored morphologies and advanced functionalities from the microfluidic-derived anisotropic microparticles at high throughput. This review highlights the recent advances in the microfluidic fabrication of anisotropic microparticles and their potential applications in small-scale robots. In this review, the term 'small-scale robots' broadly encompasses micromotors endowed with capabilities for locomotion and manipulation. Firstly, the fundamental strategies for liquid template formation and the methodologies for generating anisotropic microparticles within the microfluidic system are briefly introduced. Subsequently, the functionality of shape-anisotropic particles in forming components for small-scale robots and actuation mechanisms are emphasized. Attention is then directed towards the diverse applications of these microparticle-derived microrobots in a variety of fields, including pollution remediation, cell microcarriers, drug delivery, and biofilm eradication. Finally, we discuss future directions for the fabrication and development of miniature robots from microfluidics, shedding light on the evolving landscape of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Xurui Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Xin Song
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077, China.
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2
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Takemori H, Kanzaki C, Nomura S, Maeda T, Numata M. Catalytic effect of microflow space for supramolecular block co-polymerization of water-soluble porphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7303-7306. [PMID: 38904123 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02003k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Using microflow space, a catalytic effect was achieved for supramolecular polymerization. With increasing reactivity at the polymer end, the selective connection of active monomers formed new block domains, avoiding fast homo-assembly. Binding of less-reactive monomers at the polymer end overcame steric bulkiness, affording a stable supramolecular diblock copolymer (SdiBCP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna Takemori
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan.
| | - Chisako Kanzaki
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan.
| | - Shota Nomura
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan.
| | - Takato Maeda
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan.
| | - Munenori Numata
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan.
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3
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Thwala LN, Ndlovu SC, Mpofu KT, Lugongolo MY, Mthunzi-Kufa P. Nanotechnology-Based Diagnostics for Diseases Prevalent in Developing Countries: Current Advances in Point-of-Care Tests. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1247. [PMID: 37049340 PMCID: PMC10096522 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of point-of-care testing (POCT) has revolutionized medical testing by allowing for simple tests to be conducted near the patient's care point, rather than being confined to a medical laboratory. This has been especially beneficial for developing countries with limited infrastructure, where testing often involves sending specimens off-site and waiting for hours or days for results. However, the development of POCT devices has been challenging, with simplicity, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness being key factors in making these tests feasible. Nanotechnology has played a crucial role in achieving this goal, by not only making the tests possible but also masking their complexity. In this article, recent developments in POCT devices that benefit from nanotechnology are discussed. Microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip technologies are highlighted as major drivers of point-of-care testing, particularly in infectious disease diagnosis. These technologies enable various bioassays to be used at the point of care. The article also addresses the challenges faced by these technological advances and interesting future trends. The benefits of point-of-care testing are significant, especially in developing countries where medical care is shifting towards prevention, early detection, and managing chronic conditions. Infectious disease tests at the point of care in low-income countries can lead to prompt treatment, preventing infections from spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lungile Nomcebo Thwala
- National Laser Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Sphumelele Colin Ndlovu
- National Laser Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Kelvin Tafadzwa Mpofu
- National Laser Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Masixole Yvonne Lugongolo
- National Laser Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Patience Mthunzi-Kufa
- National Laser Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, University Road, Westville, Durban 3630, South Africa
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4
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Qasim M, Clarkson AN, Hinkley SFR. Green Synthesis of Carbon Nanoparticles (CNPs) from Biomass for Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021023. [PMID: 36674532 PMCID: PMC9863453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize recent work on the "green synthesis" of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) and their application with a focus on biomedical applications. Recent developments in the green synthesis of carbon nanoparticles, from renewable precursors and their application for environmental, energy-storage and medicinal applications are discussed. CNPs, especially carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and graphene, have demonstrated utility as high-density energy storage media, environmental remediation materials and in biomedical applications. Conventional fabrication of CNPs can entail the use of toxic catalysts; therefore, we discuss low-toxicity manufacturing as well as sustainable and environmentally friendly methodology with a focus on utilizing readily available biomass as the precursor for generating CNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Andrew N. Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Health Research Centre and Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (A.N.C.); (S.F.R.H.); Tel.: +64-3-279-7326 (A.N.C.); +64-4-463-0052 (S.F.R.H)
| | - Simon F. R. Hinkley
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 5012, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (A.N.C.); (S.F.R.H.); Tel.: +64-3-279-7326 (A.N.C.); +64-4-463-0052 (S.F.R.H)
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5
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Kanjwal MA, Ghaferi AA. Advanced Waveguide Based LOC Biosensors: A Minireview. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5443. [PMID: 35891123 PMCID: PMC9323137 DOI: 10.3390/s22145443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This mini review features contemporary advances in mid-infrared (MIR) thin-film waveguide technology and on-chip photonics, promoting high-performance biosensing platforms. Supported by recent developments in MIR thin-film waveguides, it is expected that label-free assimilated MIR sensing platforms will soon supplement the current sensing technologies for biomedical diagnostics. The state-of-the-art shows that various types of waveguide material can be utilized for waveguide spectroscopic measurements in MIR. However, there are challenges to integrating these waveguide platforms with microfluidic/Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) devices, due to poor light-material interactions. Graphene and its analogs have found many applications in microfluidic-based LOC devices, to address to this issue. Graphene-based materials possess a high conductivity, a large surface-to-volume ratio, a smaller and tunable bandgap, and allow easier sample loading; which is essential for acquiring precise electrochemical information. This work discusses advanced waveguide materials, their advantages, and disease diagnostics with MIR thin-film based waveguides. The incorporation of graphene into waveguides improves the light-graphene interaction, and photonic devices greatly benefit from graphene's strong field-controlled optical response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amal Al Ghaferi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates;
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Sengupta J, Hussain CM. Prospective pathways of green graphene-based lab-on-chip devices: the pursuit toward sustainability. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:177. [PMID: 35381890 PMCID: PMC8982660 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
At present, analytical lab-on-chip devices find their usage in different facets of chemical analysis, biological analysis, point of care analysis, biosensors, etc. In addition, graphene has already established itself as an essential component of advanced lab-on-chip devices. Graphene-based lab-on-chip devices have achieved appreciable admiration because of their peerless performance in comparison to others. However, to accomplish a sustainable future, a device must undergo “green screening” to check its environmental compatibility. Thus, extensive research is carried out globally to make the graphene-based lab-on-chip green, though it is yet to be achieved. Nevertheless, as a ray of hope, there are few existing strategies that can be stitched together for feasible fabrication of environment-friendly green graphene-based analytical lab-on-chip, and those prospective pathways are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Sengupta
- Department of Electronic Science, Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri College, Kolkata - 700033, India
| | - Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA.
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7
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Fattahi Z, Hasanzadeh M. Nanotechnology-assisted microfluidic systems platform for chemical and bioanalysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Chakraborty R, Maiti A, Sharma N, Dey KK. Active matter dynamics in confined microfluidic environments. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 186:245-265. [PMID: 35033287 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The field of active matter is a nascent area of research in soft condensed matter physics, which is drawing on the expertise of researchers from diverse disciplines. Small scale active particles-both inorganic and biological-display non-trivial emergent dynamics and interactions that could help us understand complex biological processes and phenomena. Recently, using microfluidic technologies, several research groups have performed important experimental and theoretical studies to understand the behavior of self-propelled particles and molecular active matter within confined environments-to glean a fundamental understanding of the cellular processes occurring under ultra-low Reynolds number conditions. In this chapter, we would like to review applications of microfluidics in active matter research, highlighting a few important theoretical and experimental investigations. We will conclude the discussion with a note on the future of this field mentioning a few open questions that are at the forefront of our minds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Chakraborty
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Arnab Maiti
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Nikita Sharma
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Krishna Kanti Dey
- Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.
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9
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Koryakina IG, Afonicheva PK, Arabuli KV, Evstrapov AA, Timin AS, Zyuzin MV. Microfluidic synthesis of optically responsive materials for nano- and biophotonics. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 298:102548. [PMID: 34757247 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, nanomaterials demonstrating optical response under illumination, the so-called optically responsive nanoparticles (NPs), have found their broad application as optical switchers, gas adsorbents, data storage devices, and optical and biological sensors. Unique optical properties of such nanomaterials are strongly related to their chemical composition, geometrical parameters and morphology. Microfluidic approaches for NPs' synthesis allow overcoming the known critical stages in conventional synthesis of NPs due to a high rate of heat/mass transfer and precise regulation of synthesis conditions, which results in reproducible synthesis outcomes with the desired physico-chemical properties. Here, we review the recent advances in microfluidic approach for synthesis of optically responsive nanomaterials (plasmonic, photoluminescent, shape-changeable NPs), highlighting the general background of microfluidics, common considerations in the design of microfluidic chips (MFCs), and theoretical models of the NPs' formation mechanisms. Comparative analysis of microfluidic synthesis with conventional synthesis methods is provided further, along with the recent applications of optically responsive NPs in nano- and biophotonics.
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10
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Numerical investigation of gas–liquid slug formation in T-junction microchannel using OpenFOAM. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01530-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Khoeini D, Scott TF, Neild A. Microfluidic enhancement of self-assembly systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1661-1675. [PMID: 33949588 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic, kinetically-controlled, self-assembly processes are commonly observed in nature and are capable of creating intricate, functional architectures from simple precursors. However, notably, much of the research into molecular self-assembly has been performed using conventional bulk techniques where the resultant species are dictated by thermodynamic stability to yield relatively simple assemblies. Whereas, the environmental control offered by microfluidic systems offers methods to achieve non-equilibrium reaction conditions capable of increasingly sophisticated self-assembled structures. Alterations to the immediate microenvironment during the assembly of the molecules is possible, providing the basis for kinetically-controlled assembly. This review examines the key mechanism offered by microfluidic systems and the architectures required to access them. The mechanisms include diffusion-led mixing, shear gradient alignment, spatial and temporal confinement, and structural templates in multiphase systems. The works are selected and categorised in terms of the microfluidic approaches taken rather than the chemical constructs which are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Khoeini
- Laboratory for Micro Systems, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Timothy F Scott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Adrian Neild
- Laboratory for Micro Systems, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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12
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Abstract
Over the past decades, microfluidic devices based on many advanced techniques have aroused widespread attention in the fields of chemical, biological, and analytical applications. Integration of microdevices with a variety of chip designs will facilitate promising functionality. Notably, the combination of microfluidics with functional nanomaterials may provide creative ideas to achieve rapid and sensitive detection of various biospecies. In this review, focused on the microfluids and microdevices in terms of their fabrication, integration, and functions, we summarize the up-to-date developments in microfluidics-based analysis of biospecies, where biomarkers, small molecules, cells, and pathogens as representative biospecies have been explored in-depth. The promising applications of microfluidic biosensors including clinical diagnosis, food safety control, and environmental monitoring are also discussed. This review aims to highlight the importance of microfluidics-based biosensors in achieving high throughput, highly sensitive, and low-cost analysis and to promote microfluidics toward a wider range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Functional Materials and Molecular Imaging, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Linlu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Functional Materials and Molecular Imaging, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Ziyi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Functional Materials and Molecular Imaging, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Chuanzhu Lv
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Functional Materials and Molecular Imaging, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Feifei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Functional Materials and Molecular Imaging, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Fabiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Functional Materials and Molecular Imaging, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
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Kanzaki C, Matoba S, Inagawa A, Fukuhara G, Okada T, Narushima T, Okamoto H, Numata M. Linear Momentum of a Microfluid Realizes an Anisotropic Reaction at the Ends of a Supramolecular Nanofiber. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chisako Kanzaki
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Shota Matoba
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Arinori Inagawa
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8585, Japan
| | - Gaku Fukuhara
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Narushima
- Institute for Molecular Science and The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hiromi Okamoto
- Institute for Molecular Science and The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Munenori Numata
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
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14
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Process Intensification Approach Using Microreactors for Synthesizing Nanomaterials-A Critical Review. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010098. [PMID: 33406661 PMCID: PMC7823899 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials have found many applications due to their unique properties such as high surface-to-volume ratio, density, strength, and many more. This review focuses on the recent developments on the synthesis of nanomaterials using process intensification. The review covers the designing of microreactors, design principles, and fundamental mechanisms involved in process intensification using microreactors for synthesizing nanomaterials. The microfluidics technology operates in continuous mode as well as the segmented flow of gas–liquid combinations. Various examples from the literature are discussed in detail highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of microfluidics technology for nanomaterial synthesis.
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Luo Y, Wang M, Wan C, Cai P, Loh XJ, Chen X. Devising Materials Manufacturing Toward Lab-to-Fab Translation of Flexible Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001903. [PMID: 32743815 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics have witnessed exciting progress in academia over the past decade, but most of the research outcomes have yet to be translated into products or gain much market share. For mass production and commercialization, industrial adoption of newly developed functional materials and fabrication techniques is a prerequisite. However, due to the disparate features of academic laboratories and industrial plants, translating materials and manufacturing technologies from labs to fabs is notoriously difficult. Therefore, herein, key challenges in the materials manufacturing of flexible electronics are identified and discussed for its lab-to-fab translation, along the four stages in product manufacturing: design, materials supply, processing, and integration. Perspectives on industry-oriented strategies to overcome some of these obstacles are also proposed. Priorities for action are outlined, including standardization, iteration between basic and applied research, and adoption of smart manufacturing. With concerted efforts from academia and industry, flexible electronics will bring a bigger impact to society as promised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Luo
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Wang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Changjin Wan
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pingqiang Cai
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, Fujian, 362000, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck - NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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16
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Hao N, Liu P, Bachman H, Pei Z, Zhang P, Rufo J, Wang Z, Zhao S, Huang TJ. Acoustofluidics-Assisted Engineering of Multifunctional Three-Dimensional Zinc Oxide Nanoarrays. ACS NANO 2020; 14:6150-6163. [PMID: 32352741 PMCID: PMC7415004 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The integration of acoustics and microfluidics (termed acoustofluidics) presents a frontier in the engineering of functional micro-/nanomaterials. Acoustofluidic techniques enable active and precise spatiotemporal control of matter, providing great potential for the design of advanced nanosystems with tunable material properties. In this work, we introduce an acoustofluidic approach for engineering multifunctional three-dimensional nanostructure arrays and demonstrate their potential in enrichment and biosensing applications. In particular, our acoustofluidic device integrates an acoustic transducer with a sharp-edge-based acoustofluidic reactor that enables uniform patterning of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoarrays with customizable lengths, densities, diameters, and other properties. The resulting ZnO nanoarray-coated glass capillaries can rapidly and efficiently capture and enrich biomolecules with sizes ranging from a few nanometers to several hundred nanometers. In order to enable the detection of these biomolecules, silver (Ag) nanoparticles are deposited onto the ZnO nanoarrays, and the integrated ZnO-Ag capillary device functions as a label-free plasmonic biosensing system for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based detection of exosomes, DNA oligonucleotides, and E. coli bacteria. The optical sensing enhancement of ZnO-Ag capillary is further validated through finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations. These findings not only provide insights into the engineering of functional micro/nanomaterials using acoustofluidics but also shed light onto the development of portable microanalytical devices for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjing Hao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Pengzhan Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Hunter Bachman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Zhichao Pei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Peiran Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Joseph Rufo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Shuaiguo Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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17
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Kanzaki C, Inagawa A, Fukuhara G, Okada T, Numata M. Proton‐Gradient‐Driven Self‐Assembly of Porphyrin and In Situ Dynamic Analysis in a Microflow Platform. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chisako Kanzaki
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Life and Environmental SciencesKyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8522 Japan
| | - Arinori Inagawa
- Graduate School of Regional Development and CreativityUtsunomiya University Tochigi 321-8585 Japan
| | - Gaku Fukuhara
- Department of ChemistryTokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
- JST, PRESTO Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okada
- Department of ChemistryTokyo Institute of Technology Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Munenori Numata
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Life and Environmental SciencesKyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8522 Japan
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18
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Hao N, Zhang M, Zhang JXJ. Microfluidics for ZnO micro-/nanomaterials development: rational design, controllable synthesis, and on-chip bioapplications. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:1783-1801. [PMID: 31965125 PMCID: PMC7768907 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) materials hold great promise in diverse applications due to their attractive physicochemical features. Recent years, especially the last decade, have witnessed considerable progress toward rational design and bioapplications of multiscale ZnO materials through microfluidic techniques. Design of a microfluidic device that allows for precise control over reaction conditions could not only yield ZnO particles with a fast production rate and high quality, but also permit downstream applications with desirable and superior performance. This review summarizes microfluidic approaches for the synthesis and applications of ZnO micro-/nanomaterials. In particular, we discuss the recent achievement of using microfluidic reactors in the controllable synthesis of ZnO structures (wire, rod, sphere, flower, sheet, flake, spindle, and ellipsoid), and highlight the unprecedented opportunities for applying them in biosensing, biological separation, and molecular catalysis applications through microfluidic chips. Finally, major challenges and potential opportunities are explored to guide future studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjing Hao
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
| | - Michael Zhang
- The Lawrenceville School, 2500 Main St, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, USA
| | - John X J Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Drive, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA.
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19
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Kanzaki C, Nakadozono T, Numata M. Creation of Discrete 1D Microstructures: Directional Dissociation from the Ends of a Metastable Supramolecular Polymer. Chempluschem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chisako Kanzaki
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522 Japan
| | - Takuya Nakadozono
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522 Japan
| | - Munenori Numata
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences Kyoto Prefectural University Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522 Japan
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20
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Sengupta J, Hussain CM. Graphene and its derivatives for Analytical Lab on Chip platforms. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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García-Carmona L, Rojas D, González MC, Escarpa A. Microchip in situ electrosynthesis of silver metallic oxide clusters for ultra-FAST detection of galactose in galactosemic newborns' urine samples. Analyst 2018; 141:6002-6007. [PMID: 27704089 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01716a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This work describes for the first time the coupling of microfluidic chips (MC) to electrosynthetized silver metallic oxide clusters (AgMOCs). As an early demonstration of this novel approach, the ultrafast detection of galactose in galactosemic newborns' urine samples is proposed. AgMOCs were in situ electrosynthetized on integrated microchip platinum electrodes using a double pulse technique and characterized in full using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical techniques revealing the presence of silver oxides and electrocatalysis towards galactose as a galactosemia biomarker. Galactose detection in galactosemic newborns' urine samples proceeded in less than 30 s, differentiating between ill and healthy urine samples and requiring negligible urine sample consumption. The significance of the newborns' urine samples confirmed the analytical potency of the MC-AgMOCs approach for future implementation of screening for rare disease diagnosis such as galactosemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Carmona
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Rojas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Cristina González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Molecular Synchronization Enhances Molecular Interactions: An Explanatory Note of Pressure Effects. CRYSTALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst8070300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated a unique aspect of the supramolecular polymerization of tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (TPPS), a self-assembling porphyrin, under non-equilibrium conditions by subtracting the effects of back-pressure on its polymerization. We focused on the enhanced self-assembly abilities of TPPS under a process of rapid proton diffusion in a microflow channel. Rapid protonation caused synchronization of many sets of protonation/deprotonation equilibria on the molecular scale, leading to the production of many sets of growing suparmolecular spices. Pressure effects in the microflow channel, which could potentially promote self-assembly of TPPS, were negligible, becoming predominant only when the system was in the synchronized state.
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23
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Cui C, Huang J, Huang J, Chen G. Size separation of mechanically exfoliated graphene sheets by electrophoresis. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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24
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Chudy M, Tokarska K, Jastrzębska E, Bułka M, Drozdek S, Lamch Ł, Wilk KA, Brzózka Z. Lab-on-a-chip systems for photodynamic therapy investigations. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 101:37-51. [PMID: 29035761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received widespread attention in cancer treatment due to its smaller surgical trauma, better selectivity towards tumor cells, reduced side effects and possibility of repeatable treatment. Since cancer is the second cause of death worldwide, scientists constantly seek for new potential therapeutic agents including nanotechnology-based photosensitizers used in PDT. The new-designed nanostructures must be carefully studied and well characterized what require analytically useful and powerful tools that enable real progress in nanoscience development. This review describes the current status of PDT investigations using microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip systems, including recent developments of nanoparticle-based PDT agents, their combinations with different drugs, designs and examples of in vitro applications. This review mainly lays emphasis on biological evaluation of FDA approved photosensitizing agents as well as newly designed nanophotosensitizers. It also highlights the analytical performances of various microfluidic Lab-on-a-chip systems for PDT efficacy analysis on 3D culture and discusses microsystems designs in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Chudy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tokarska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Jastrzębska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bułka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Drozdek
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Lamch
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kazimiera A Wilk
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Brzózka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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25
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Ghasemi A, Amiri H, Zare H, Masroor M, Hasanzadeh A, Beyzavi A, Aref AR, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Carbon nanotubes in microfluidic lab-on-a-chip technology: current trends and future perspectives. MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 2017; 21:151. [PMID: 30881265 PMCID: PMC6415915 DOI: 10.1007/s10404-017-1989-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Advanced nanomaterials such as carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) display unprecedented properties such as strength, electrical conductance, thermal stability, and intriguing optical properties. These properties of CNT allow construction of small microfluidic devices leading to miniaturization of analyses previously conducted on a laboratory bench. With dimensions of only millimeters to a few square centimeters, these devices are called lab-on-a-chip (LOC). A LOC device requires a multidisciplinary contribution from different fields and offers automation, portability, and high-throughput screening along with a significant reduction in reagent consumption. Today, CNT can play a vital role in many parts of a LOC such as membrane channels, sensors and channel walls. This review paper provides an overview of recent trends in the use of CNT in LOC devices and covers challenges and recent advances in the field. CNTs are also reviewed in terms of synthesis, integration techniques, functionalization and superhydrophobicity. In addition, the toxicity of these nanomaterials is reviewed as a major challenge and recent approaches addressing this issue are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ghasemi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9466, Tehran 14588, Iran
- Advances Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Amiri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9466, Tehran 14588, Iran
| | - Hossein Zare
- Advances Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Biomaterials Group, Materials Science and Engineering Department, Iran University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 1684613114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Masroor
- Advances Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akbar Hasanzadeh
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Beyzavi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amir R. Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Teheran Medical Sciences Branch, Isclamic Azad University, Teheran, Iran
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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26
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Adam V, Vaculovicova M. CE and nanomaterials - Part II: Nanomaterials in CE. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:2405-2430. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Vaculovicova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology; Brno University of Technology; Brno Czech Republic
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27
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Valdez L, Shum H, Ortiz-Rivera I, Balazs AC, Sen A. Solutal and thermal buoyancy effects in self-powered phosphatase micropumps. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2800-2807. [PMID: 28345091 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00022g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized enzymes generate net fluid flow when exposed to specific reagents in solution. Thus, they function as self-powered platforms that combine sensing and on-demand fluid pumping. To uncover the mechanism of pumping, we examine the effects of solutal and thermal buoyancy on the behavior of phosphatase-based micropumps, using a series of reactants with known thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. By combining modeling and experiments, we perform the first quantitative comparison of thermal and solutal effects in an enzyme micropump system. Despite the significant exothermicity of the catalyzed reactions, we find that thermal effects play a minimal role in the observed fluid flow. Instead, fluid transport in phosphatase micropumps is governed by the density difference between the reactants and the products of the reaction. This surprising conclusion suggests new design principles for catalytic pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyanne Valdez
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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28
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Toh RJ, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Han J, Sofer Z, Pumera M. Group 6 Layered Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides in Lab-on-a-Chip Devices: 1T-Phase WS2 for Microfluidics Non-Enzymatic Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4978-4985. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rou Jun Toh
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Science, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
- BioSystems & Micromechanics IRG (BioSyM), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, S16-05-08, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
| | - Carmen C. Mayorga-Martinez
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Science, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Jongyoon Han
- BioSystems & Micromechanics IRG (BioSyM), Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, S16-05-08, 3 Science Drive 2, 117543 Singapore
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Department of Biological
Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Science, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
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29
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Harnessing catalytic pumps for directional delivery of microparticles in microchambers. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14384. [PMID: 28211454 PMCID: PMC5321755 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The directed transport of microparticles in microfluidic devices is vital for efficient bioassays and fabrication of complex microstructures. There remains, however, a need for methods to propel and steer microscopic cargo that do not require modifying these particles. Using theory and experiments, we show that catalytic surface reactions can be used to deliver microparticle cargo to specified regions in microchambers. Here reagents diffuse from a gel reservoir and react with the catalyst-coated surface. Fluid density gradients due to the spatially varying reagent concentration induce a convective flow, which carries the suspended particles until the reagents are consumed. Consequently, the cargo is deposited around a specific position on the surface. The velocity and final peak location of the cargo can be tuned independently. By increasing the local particle concentration, highly sensitive assays can be performed efficiently and rapidly. Moreover, the process can be repeated by introducing fresh reagent into the microchamber. Targeted delivery of microparticles is desirable for rapid, sensitive biological assays or self-assembly process. Here Das et al. use catalytic reactions on the surface of microfluidic chambers to generate unidirectional flows that carry and deposit microparticles to selective regions of the chamber.
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30
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Adam V, Vaculovicova M. Nanomaterials for sample pretreatment prior to capillary electrophoretic analysis. Analyst 2017; 142:849-857. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an02608g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are, in analytical science, used for a broad range of purposes, covering the area of sample pretreatment as well as separation, detection and identification of target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Mendel University in Brno
- CZ-613 00 Brno
- Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology
| | - Marketa Vaculovicova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Mendel University in Brno
- CZ-613 00 Brno
- Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology
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31
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Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Milli, micro and nanomotors: Novel analytical tools for real-world applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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32
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Kherzi B, Pumera M. Self-propelled autonomous nanomotors meet microfluidics. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17415-17421. [PMID: 27714185 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06665h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-propelled autonomous nano/micromotors are in the forefront of current materials science and technology research. These small machines convert chemical energy from the environment into propulsion, and they can move autonomously in the environment and are capable of chemotaxis or magnetotaxis. They can be used for drug delivery, microsurgeries or environmental remediation. It is of immense interest from a future biomedical application point of view to understand the motion of the nano/micromotors in microfluidic channels. In this minireview, we review the progress on the use of nano/micromotors in microfluidic channels and lab-on-chip devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Kherzi
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
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33
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Della Pelle F, Del Carlo M, Sergi M, Compagnone D, Escarpa A. Press-transferred carbon black nanoparticles on board of microfluidic chips for rapid and sensitive amperometric determination of phenyl carbamate pesticides in environmental samples. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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García-Carmona L, Martín A, Sierra T, González MC, Escarpa A. Electrochemical detectors based on carbon and metallic nanostructures in capillary and microchip electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:80-94. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura García-Carmona
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Aida Martín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Tania Sierra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - María Cristina González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
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35
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Della Pelle F, Vázquez L, Del Carlo M, Sergi M, Compagnone D, Escarpa A. Press-Printed Conductive Carbon Black Nanoparticle Films for Molecular Detection at the Microscale. Chemistry 2016; 22:12761-6. [PMID: 27460290 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbon black nanoparticle (CBNP) press-transferred film-based transducers for the molecular detection at the microscale level were proposed for the first time. Current-sensing atomic force microscopy (CS-AFM) revealed that the CBNP films were effectively press-transferred, retaining their good conductivity. A significant correlation between the morphology and the resistance was observed. The highest resistance was localized at the top of the press-transferred film protrusions, whereas low values are usually obtained at the deep crevices or grooves. The amount of press-transferred CBNPs is the key parameter to obtain films with improved conductivity, which is in good agreement with the electrochemical response. In addition, the conductivity of such optimum films was not only Ohmic; in fact, tunneling/hopping contributions were observed, as assessed by CS-AFM. The CBNP films acted as exclusive electrochemical transducers as evidenced by using two classes of molecules, that is, neurotransmitters and environmental organic contaminants. These results revealed the potential of these CBNP press-transferred films for providing new options in microfluidics and other related micro- and nanochemistry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Della Pelle
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain), Fax: (+34) 918854971.,Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64023, Teramo, Italy), Fax:(+39) 0861-266942
| | - Luis Vázquez
- Institute of Materials Science of Madrid (CSIC), C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz No 3, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michele Del Carlo
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64023, Teramo, Italy), Fax:(+39) 0861-266942
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64023, Teramo, Italy), Fax:(+39) 0861-266942
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64023, Teramo, Italy), Fax:(+39) 0861-266942.
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain), Fax: (+34) 918854971.
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36
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Maria-Hormigos R, Jurado-Sánchez B, Escarpa A. Labs-on-a-chip meet self-propelled micromotors. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2397-2407. [PMID: 27250248 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00467a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This frontier review covers recent advances in the field of nanomaterial-based micromotors for the development of novel labs-on-a-chip (LOCs). In this review, we will discuss how carbon nanomaterials "on-board" of micromotors offer particular promise for diverse LOC applications. New trends in the field, directed towards the use of quantum dots and nanoparticles as functional materials for sophisticated micromotors, will be reviewed. Micromotor strategies using functionalized catalytic microengines to capture and transport (bio)molecules between the different reservoirs of LOC devices will also be covered. These recent advances are bringing closer our hopes for personalized medicine and food safety assurance, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maria-Hormigos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcala, Alcala de Henares E-28871, Madrid, Spain.
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37
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Emerging Nanomaterials for Analytical Detection. BIOSENSORS FOR SUSTAINABLE FOOD - NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND TECHNICAL CHALLENGES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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38
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Numata M. Supramolecular Chemistry in Microflow Fields: Toward a New Material World of Precise Kinetic Control. Chem Asian J 2015; 10:2574-88. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Munenori Numata
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku; Kyoto 606-8522 Japan
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Herrasti Z, Martínez F, Baldrich E. Reversible nanostructuration of microfluidic electrode devices by CNT magnetic co-entrapment. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3269-3273. [PMID: 26155767 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00573f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been extensively used to produce electrodes of enhanced performance but have only been very recently exploited in microfluidic devices. In these cases, CNT electrodes had to be produced prior to device assembly, which might damage the CNT layer. Here, we show a fast and simple method for the reversible nanostructuration of microfluidic electrode devices in situ. The procedure is based on the attachment of single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) onto the surface of magnetic particles (MPs) and magnetic confinement of the MP/SWCNT composite onto the sensor in a two-step process that provided homogeneous coating. As it is shown, subsequent magnet removal allows MP/SWCNT release and electrode reutilization. Compared to most previously described methods, ours is faster, simpler and also reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorione Herrasti
- IK4-Ikerlan Technological Research Centre, 20500 Mondragón, Spain
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40
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41
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Simmons MD, Jones N, Evans DJ, Wiles C, Watts P, Salamon S, Escobar Castillo M, Wende H, Lupascu DC, Francesconi MG. Doping of inorganic materials in microreactors - preparation of Zn doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3154-3162. [PMID: 26099495 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microreactor systems are now used more and more for the continuous production of metal nanoparticles and metal oxide nanoparticles owing to the controllability of the particle size, an important property in many applications. Here, for the first time, we used microreactors to prepare metal oxide nanoparticles with controlled and varying metal stoichiometry. We prepared and characterised Zn-substituted Fe3O4 nanoparticles with linear increase of Zn content (ZnxFe3-xO4 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.48), which causes linear increases in properties such as the saturation magnetization, relative to pure Fe3O4. The methodology is simple and low cost and has great potential to be adapted to the targeted doping of a vast array of other inorganic materials, allowing greater control on the chemical stoichiometry for nanoparticles prepared in microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Simmons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
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42
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43
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Monošík R, Angnes L. Utilisation of micro- and nanoscaled materials in microfluidic analytical devices. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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44
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A 3D microfluidic chip for electrochemical detection of hydrolysed nucleic bases by a modified glassy carbon electrode. SENSORS 2015; 15:2438-52. [PMID: 25621613 PMCID: PMC4367314 DOI: 10.3390/s150202438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Modification of carbon materials, especially graphene-based materials, has wide applications in electrochemical detection such as electrochemical lab-on-chip devices. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with chemically alternated graphene oxide was used as a working electrode (glassy carbon modified by graphene oxide with sulphur containing compounds and Nafion) for detection of nucleobases in hydrolysed samples (HCl pH = 2.9, 100 °C, 1 h, neutralization by NaOH). It was found out that modification, especially with trithiocyanuric acid, increased the sensitivity of detection in comparison with pure GCE. All processes were finally implemented in a microfluidic chip formed with a 3D printer by fused deposition modelling technology. As a material for chip fabrication, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene was chosen because of its mechanical and chemical stability. The chip contained the one chamber for the hydrolysis of the nucleic acid and another for the electrochemical detection by the modified GCE. This chamber was fabricated to allow for replacement of the GCE.
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45
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Dey KK, Das S, Poyton MF, Sengupta S, Butler PJ, Cremer PS, Sen A. Chemotactic separation of enzymes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11941-11949. [PMID: 25243599 DOI: 10.1021/nn504418u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a procedure for the separation of enzymes based on their chemotactic response toward an imposed substrate concentration gradient. The separation is observed within a two-inlet, five-outlet microfluidic network, designed to allow mixtures of active (ones that catalyze substrate turnover) and inactive (ones that do not catalyze substrate turnover) enzymes, labeled with different fluorophores, to flow through one of the inlets. Substrate solution prepared in phosphate buffer was introduced through the other inlet of the device at the same flow rate. The steady-state concentration profiles of the enzymes were obtained at specific positions within the outlets of the microchannel using fluorescence microscopy. In the presence of a substrate concentration gradient, active enzyme molecules migrated preferentially toward the substrate channel. The excess migration of the active enzyme molecules was quantified in terms of an enrichment coefficient. Experiments were carried out with different pairs of enzymes. Coupling the physics of laminar flow of liquid and molecular diffusion, multiphysics simulations were carried out to estimate the extent of the chemotactic separation. Our results show that, with appropriate microfluidic arrangement, molecular chemotaxis leads to spontaneous separation of active enzyme molecules from their inactive counterparts of similar charge and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kanti Dey
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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46
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Yepez A, Lam FLY, Romero AA, Kappe CO, Luque R. Continuous Flow Preparation of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Supported on Porous Silicates. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Vilela D, Orozco J, Cheng G, Sattayasamitsathit S, Galarnyk M, Kan C, Wang J, Escarpa A. Multiplexed immunoassay based on micromotors and microscale tags. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3505-3509. [PMID: 25017813 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00596a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the coupling of antibody-functionalized micromotors and microwire-tagged proteins for rapid and multiplexed immunoassays. While micromotor-induced mixing accelerates the immunoreaction, tagging the proteins with microscopic particles of different sizes and shapes allows for their multiplexed discrimination, alerting of the presence of a biological threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vilela
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Abstract
These insights attempt to share with the community the lights and shadows of one emerging and exciting topic, Food Microfluidics, defined as microfluidic technology for food analysis and diagnosis in important areas such as food safety and quality. The reader is invited to question non-easy interrogations such as why Food Microfluidics, what is the next step and what could we do with the available technology. This article invites food analysts to be seduced by this technology and then to take an interesting trip departing from the main gained achievements, having a look at the crossing bridges over Food Microfluidic challenges or having a look at available technology to start. Finally, this trip arrives at a privileged place to gaze the horizons. A wonderful landscape--full of inspiration--for Food Microfluidics is anticipated. These insights have also been written wishing to give improved conceptual and realistic solutions for food analysis, with the additional hope to attract the community with exciting technology, in order to get novel and unexpected achievements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Alcalá E-28871, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km 33,600. 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
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Li Y, Reddy RK, Kumar CSSR, Nandakumar K. Computational investigations of the mixing performance inside liquid slugs generated by a microfluidic T-junction. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:054125. [PMID: 25538812 PMCID: PMC4241778 DOI: 10.1063/1.4900939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidics has gained extensive research interest as it overcomes several challenges confronted by conventional single-phase microfluidics. The mixing performance inside droplets/slugs is critical in many applications such as advanced material syntheses and in situ kinetic measurements. In order to understand the effects of operating conditions on the mixing performance inside liquid slugs generated by a microfluidic T-junction, we have adopted the volume of fluid method coupled with the species transport model to study and quantify the mixing efficiencies inside slugs. Our simulation results demonstrate that an efficient mixing process is achieved by the intimate collaboration of the twirling effect and the recirculating flow. Only if the reagents are distributed transversely by the twirling effect, the recirculating flow can bring in convection mechanism thus facilitating mixing. By comparing the mixing performance inside slugs at various operating conditions, we find that slug size plays the key role in influencing the mixing performance as it determines the amount of fluid to be distributed by the twirling effect. For the cases where short slugs are generated, the mixing process is governed by the fast convection mechanism because the twirling effect can distribute the fluid to the flow path of the recirculating flow effectively. For cases with long slugs, the mixing process is dominated by the slow diffusion mechanism since the twirling effect is insufficient to distribute the large amount of fluid. In addition, our results show that increasing the operating velocity has limited effects on improving the mixing performance. This study provides the insight of the mixing process and may benefit the design and operations of droplet-based microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehao Li
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70802, USA
| | - Rupesh K Reddy
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70802, USA
| | - Challa S S R Kumar
- Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices (CAMD), Louisiana State University , 6980 Jefferson Highway, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806, USA
| | - Krishnaswamy Nandakumar
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70802, USA
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50
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Restrepo-Pérez L, Soler L, Martínez-Cisneros C, Sánchez S, Schmidt OG. Biofunctionalized self-propelled micromotors as an alternative on-chip concentrating system. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2914-7. [PMID: 24935730 PMCID: PMC4120160 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00439f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sample pre-concentration is crucial to achieve high sensitivity and low detection limits in lab-on-a-chip devices. Here, we present a system in which self-propelled catalytic micromotors are biofunctionalized and trapped acting as an alternative concentrating mechanism. This system requires no external energy source, which facilitates integration and miniaturization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Restrepo-Pérez
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences , Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , Helmholtzstraße 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Lluís Soler
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences , Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , Helmholtzstraße 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Cynthia Martínez-Cisneros
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences , Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , Helmholtzstraße 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Samuel Sánchez
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences , Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , Helmholtzstraße 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
| | - Oliver G. Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences , Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , Helmholtzstraße 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany .
- Materials Systems for Nanoelectronics , TU Chemnitz , 09107 Chemnitz , Germany
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