1
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Alpert PA, Kilthau WP, O’Brien RE, Moffet RC, Gilles MK, Wang B, Laskin A, Aller JY, Knopf DA. Ice-nucleating agents in sea spray aerosol identified and quantified with a holistic multimodal freezing model. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq6842. [PMID: 36322651 PMCID: PMC9629709 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq6842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is a widely recognized important source of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere. However, composition-specific identification, nucleation processes, and ice nucleation rates of SSA-INPs have not been well constrained. Microspectroscopic characterization of ambient and laboratory-generated SSA confirms that water-borne exudates from planktonic microorganisms composed of a mixture of proteinaceous and polysaccharidic compounds act as ice-nucleating agents (INAs). These data and data from previously published mesocosm and wave channel studies are subsequently used to further develop the stochastic freezing model (SFM) producing ice nucleation rate coefficients for SSA-INPs. The SFM simultaneously predicts immersion freezing and deposition and homogeneous ice nucleation by SSA particles under tropospheric conditions. Predicted INP concentrations agree with ambient and laboratory measurements. In addition, this holistic freezing model is independent of the source and exact composition of the SSA particles, making it well suited for implementation in cloud and climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Alpert
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Wendy P. Kilthau
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Rachel E. O’Brien
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan C. Moffet
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
- Sonoma Technology, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bingbing Wang
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Alexander Laskin
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Josephine Y. Aller
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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2
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Yao Y, Alpert PA, Zuend A, Wang B. Does liquid-liquid phase separation impact ice nucleation in mixed polyethylene glycol and ammonium sulfate droplets? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 25:80-95. [PMID: 36281770 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04407b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Particles can undergo different phase transitions in the atmosphere including deliquescence, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), melting, and freezing. In this study, phase transitions of particles/droplets containing polyethylene glycol with a molar mass of 400 g mol-1 (PEG400) and ammonium sulfate (AS), i.e., PEG400-AS particles/droplets, were investigated at different organic-to-inorganic dry mass ratios (OIRs) under typical tropospheric temperatures and water activities (aw). The investigated droplets (60-100 μm) with or without LLPS in the closed system froze through homogeneous ice nucleation. At temperatures lower than 200 K, multiple ice nucleation events were observed within the same individual droplets at low aw. Droplets with and without LLPS shared similar lambda values at the same OIR according to the lambda approach indicating they form ice through the same mechanism. A parameterization of lambda values was provided which can be used to predict freezing temperature of aqueous PEG400-AS droplets. We found that adding AS reduces the temperature dependence of aw in aqueous PEG400 droplets. Assuming incorrectly that aw is temperature-independent for a constant droplet composition leads to a deviation between the experimental determined ice nucleation rate coefficients for droplets at OIR > 1 and the predicted values by the water-activity-based ice nucleation theory. We proposed a parameterization of temperature dependence of aw to minimize the deviations of the measured melting temperatures and nucleation rate coefficients from the corresponding predictions for aqueous PEG400-AS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Peter A Alpert
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bingbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.,College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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3
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Alpert PA, Boucly A, Yang S, Yang H, Kilchhofer K, Luo Z, Padeste C, Finizio S, Ammann M, Watts B. Ice nucleation imaged with X-ray spectro-microscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:335-351. [PMID: 35694137 PMCID: PMC9119033 DOI: 10.1039/d1ea00077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ice nucleation is one of the most uncertain microphysical processes, as it occurs in various ways and on many types of particles. To overcome this challenge, we present a heterogeneous ice nucleation study on deposition ice nucleation and immersion freezing in a novel cryogenic X-ray experiment with the capability to spectroscopically probe individual ice nucleating and non-ice nucleating particles. Mineral dust type particles composed of either ferrihydrite or feldspar were used and mixed with organic matter of either citric acid or xanthan gum. We observed in situ ice nucleation using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and identified unique organic carbon functionalities and iron oxidation state using near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy in the new in situ environmental ice cell, termed the ice nucleation X-ray cell (INXCell). Deposition ice nucleation of ferrihydrite occurred at a relative humidity with respect to ice, RH i, between ∼120-138% and temperatures, T ∼ 232 K. However, we also observed water uptake on ferrihydrite at the same T when deposition ice nucleation did not occur. Although, immersion freezing of ferrihydrite both in pure water droplets and in aqueous citric acid occurred at or slightly below conditions for homogeneous freezing, i.e. the effect of ferrihydrite particles acting as a heterogeneous ice nucleus for immersion freezing was small. Microcline K-rich feldspar mixed with xanthan gum was also used in INXCell experiments. Deposition ice nucleation occurred at conditions when xanthan gum was expected to be highly viscous (glassy). At less viscous conditions, immersion freezing was observed. We extended a model for heterogeneous and homogeneous ice nucleation, named the stochastic freezing model (SFM). It was used to quantify heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficients, mimic the competition between homogeneous ice nucleation; water uptake; deposition ice nucleation and immersion freezing, and predict the T and RH i at which ice was observed. The importance of ferrihydrite to act as a heterogeneous ice nucleating particle in the atmosphere using the SFM is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Alpert
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Anthony Boucly
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Shuo Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Huanyu Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Kevin Kilchhofer
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Zhaochu Luo
- Laboratory for Multiscale Materials Experiments, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland
| | - Celestino Padeste
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Biology, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Simone Finizio
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Watts
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
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4
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Alsante AN, Thornton DCO, Brooks SD. Ocean Aerobiology. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:764178. [PMID: 34777320 PMCID: PMC8586456 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.764178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean aerobiology is defined here as the study of biological particles of marine origin, including living organisms, present in the atmosphere and their role in ecological, biogeochemical, and climate processes. Hundreds of trillions of microorganisms are exchanged between ocean and atmosphere daily. Within a few days, tropospheric transport potentially disperses microorganisms over continents and between oceans. There is a need to better identify and quantify marine aerobiota, characterize the time spans and distances of marine microorganisms’ atmospheric transport, and determine whether microorganisms acclimate to atmospheric conditions and remain viable, or even grow. Exploring the atmosphere as a microbial habitat is fundamental for understanding the consequences of dispersal and will expand our knowledge of biodiversity, biogeography, and ecosystem connectivity across different marine environments. Marine organic matter is chemically transformed in the atmosphere, including remineralization back to CO2. The magnitude of these transformations is insignificant in the context of the annual marine carbon cycle, but may be a significant sink for marine recalcitrant organic matter over long (∼104 years) timescales. In addition, organic matter in sea spray aerosol plays a significant role in the Earth’s radiative budget by scattering solar radiation, and indirectly by affecting cloud properties. Marine organic matter is generally a poor source of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), but a significant source of ice nucleating particles (INPs), affecting the formation of mixed-phase and ice clouds. This review will show that marine biogenic aerosol plays an impactful, but poorly constrained, role in marine ecosystems, biogeochemical processes, and the Earth’s climate system. Further work is needed to characterize the connectivity and feedbacks between the atmosphere and ocean ecosystems in order to integrate this complexity into Earth System models, facilitating future climate and biogeochemical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N Alsante
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Daniel C O Thornton
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sarah D Brooks
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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5
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Hussain S, Haji-Akbari A. Role of Nanoscale Interfacial Proximity in Contact Freezing in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2272-2284. [PMID: 33507741 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Contact freezing is a mode of atmospheric ice nucleation in which a collision between a dry ice nucleating particle (INP) and a water droplet results in considerably faster heterogeneous nucleation. The molecular mechanism of such an enhancement is, however, still a mystery. While earlier studies had attributed it to collision-induced transient perturbations, recent experiments point to the pivotal role of nanoscale proximity of the INP and the free interface. By simulating the heterogeneous nucleation of ice within INP-supported nanofilms of two model water-like tetrahedral liquids, we demonstrate that such nanoscale proximity is sufficient for inducing rate increases commensurate with those observed in contact freezing experiments, but only if the free interface has a tendency to enhance homogeneous nucleation. Water is suspected of possessing this latter property, known as surface freezing propensity. Our findings therefore establish a connection between the surface freezing propensity and kinetic enhancement during contact nucleation. We also observe that faster nucleation proceeds through a mechanism markedly distinct from classical heterogeneous nucleation, involving the formation of hourglass-shaped crystalline nuclei that conceive at either interface and that have a lower free energy of formation due to the nanoscale proximity of the interfaces and the modulation of the free interfacial structure by the INP. In addition to providing valuable insights into the physics of contact nucleation, our findings can assist in improving the accuracy of heterogeneous nucleation rate measurements in experiments and in advancing our understanding of ice nucleation on nonuniform surfaces such as organic, polymeric, and biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarwar Hussain
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Amir Haji-Akbari
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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6
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Perkins RJ, Vazquez de Vasquez MG, Beasley EE, Hill TCJ, Stone EA, Allen HC, DeMott PJ. Relating Structure and Ice Nucleation of Mixed Surfactant Systems Relevant to Sea Spray Aerosol. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8806-8821. [PMID: 32924483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ice nucleating particles (INPs) influence weather and climate by their effect on cloud phase state. Fatty alcohols present within aerosol particles confer a potentially important source of ice nucleation activity to sea spray aerosol produced in oceanic regions. However, their interactions with other aerosol components and the influence on freezing were previously largely unknown. Here, we report quantitative measurements of fatty alcohols in model sea spray aerosol and examine the relationships between the composition and structure of the surfactants and subphase in the context of these measurements. Deposited mixtures of surfactants retain the ability to nucleate ice, even in fatty acid-dominant compositions. Strong refreezing effects are also observed, where previously frozen water-surfactant samples nucleate more efficiently. Structural sources of refreezing behavior are identified as either kinetically trapped film states or three-dimensional (3D) solid surfactant particles. Salt effects are especially important for surfactant INPs, where high salt concentrations suppress freezing. A simple water uptake model suggests that surfactant-containing aerosol requires either very low salt content or kinetic trapping as solid particles to act as INPs in the atmosphere. These types of INPs could be identified through comparison of different INP instrument responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Perkins
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Maria G Vazquez de Vasquez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Emma E Beasley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Thomas C J Hill
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Stone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Heather C Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Paul J DeMott
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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7
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Espinosa JR, Navarro C, Sanz E, Valeriani C, Vega C. On the time required to freeze water. J Chem Phys 2018; 145:211922. [PMID: 28799362 DOI: 10.1063/1.4965427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
By using the seeding technique the nucleation rate for the formation of ice at room pressure will be estimated for the TIP4P/ICE model using longer runs and a smaller grid of temperatures than in the previous work. The growth rate of ice will be determined for TIP4P/ICE and for the mW model of water. Although TIP4P/ICE and mW have a similar melting point and melting enthalpy, they differ significantly in the dynamics of freezing. The nucleation rate of mW is lower than that of TIP4P/ICE due to its higher interfacial free energy. Experimental results for the nucleation rate of ice are between the predictions of these two models when obtained from the seeding technique, although closer to the predictions of TIP4P/ICE. The growth rate of ice for the mW model is four orders of magnitude larger than for TIP4P/ICE. Avrami's expression is used to estimate the crystallization time from the values of the nucleation and growth rates. For mW the minimum in the crystallization time is found at approximately 85 K below the melting point and its value is of about a few ns, in agreement with the results obtained from brute force simulations by Moore and Molinero. For the TIP4P/ICE the minimum is found at about 55 K below the melting point, but its value is about ten microseconds. This value is compatible with the minimum cooling rate required to avoid the formation of ice and obtaining a glass phase. The crossover from the nucleation controlled crystallization to the growth controlled crystallization will be discussed for systems of finite size. This crossover could explain the apparent discrepancy between the values of J obtained by different experimental groups for temperatures below 230 K and should be considered as an alternative hypothesis to the two previously suggested: internal pressure and/or surface freezing effects. A maximum in the compressibility was found for the TIP4P/ICE model in supercooled water. The relaxation time is much smaller than the crystallization time at the temperature at which this maximum occurs, so this maximum is a real thermodynamic feature of the model. At the temperature of minimum crystallization time, the crystallization time is larger than the relaxation time by just two orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Espinosa
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain and Departamento de Fisica Aplicada I , Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Navarro
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain and Departamento de Fisica Aplicada I , Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Sanz
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain and Departamento de Fisica Aplicada I , Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Valeriani
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain and Departamento de Fisica Aplicada I , Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Vega
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain and Departamento de Fisica Aplicada I , Facultad de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Abstract
The role of marine bioaerosols in cloud formation and climate is currently so uncertain that even the sign of the climate forcing is unclear. Marine aerosols form through direct emissions and through the conversion of gas-phase emissions to aerosols in the atmosphere. The composition and size of aerosols determine how effective they are in catalyzing the formation of water droplets and ice crystals in clouds by acting as cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles, respectively. Marine organic aerosols may be sourced both from recent regional phytoplankton blooms that add labile organic matter to the surface ocean and from long-term global processes, such as the upwelling of old refractory dissolved organic matter from the deep ocean. Understanding the formation of marine aerosols and their propensity to catalyze cloud formation processes are challenges that must be addressed given the major uncertainties associated with aerosols in climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Brooks
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA;
| | - Daniel C O Thornton
- Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA;
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9
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Perspectives on the Future of Ice Nucleation Research: Research Needs and Unanswered Questions Identified from Two International Workshops. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8080138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Laskin A, Gilles MK, Knopf DA, Wang B, China S. Progress in the Analysis of Complex Atmospheric Particles. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:117-43. [PMID: 27306308 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an overview of recent advances in field and laboratory studies of atmospheric particles formed in processes of environmental air-surface interactions. The overarching goal of these studies is to advance predictive understanding of atmospheric particle composition, particle chemistry during aging, and their environmental impacts. The diversity between chemical constituents and lateral heterogeneity within individual particles adds to the chemical complexity of particles and their surfaces. Once emitted, particles undergo transformation via atmospheric aging processes that further modify their complex composition. We highlight a range of modern analytical approaches that enable multimodal chemical characterization of particles with both molecular and lateral specificity. When combined, these approaches provide a comprehensive arsenal of tools for understanding the nature of particles at air-surface interactions and their reactivity and transformations with atmospheric aging. We discuss applications of these novel approaches in recent studies and highlight additional research areas to explore the environmental effects of air-surface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
| | - Mary K Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
| | - Swarup China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354;
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11
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Wilson TW, Ladino LA, Alpert PA, Breckels MN, Brooks IM, Browse J, Burrows SM, Carslaw KS, Huffman JA, Judd C, Kilthau WP, Mason RH, McFiggans G, Miller LA, Nájera JJ, Polishchuk E, Rae S, Schiller CL, Si M, Temprado JV, Whale TF, Wong JPS, Wurl O, Yakobi-Hancock JD, Abbatt JPD, Aller JY, Bertram AK, Knopf DA, Murray BJ. A marine biogenic source of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles. Nature 2015; 525:234-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Quinn PK, Collins DB, Grassian VH, Prather KA, Bates TS. Chemistry and Related Properties of Freshly Emitted Sea Spray Aerosol. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4383-99. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500713g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K. Quinn
- Pacific
Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Douglas B. Collins
- Center
for Aerosol Impacts on Climate and the Environment, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92024, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Center
for Aerosol Impacts on Climate and the Environment, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92024, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Center
for Aerosol Impacts on Climate and the Environment, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92024, United States
| | - Timothy S. Bates
- Joint
Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
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13
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Knopf DA, Alpert PA. A water activity based model of heterogeneous ice nucleation kinetics for freezing of water and aqueous solution droplets. Faraday Discuss 2014; 165:513-34. [PMID: 24601020 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00035d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immersion freezing of water and aqueous solutions by particles acting as ice nuclei (IN) is a common process of heterogeneous ice nucleation which occurs in many environments, especially in the atmosphere where it results in the glaciation of clouds. Here we experimentally show, using a variety of IN types suspended in various aqueous solutions, that immersion freezing temperatures and kinetics can be described solely by temperature, T, and solution water activity, a(w), which is the ratio of the vapour pressure of the solution and the saturation water vapour pressure under the same conditions and, in equilibrium, equivalent to relative humidity (RH). This allows the freezing point and corresponding heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficient, J(het), to be uniquely expressed by T and a(w), a result we term the a(w) based immersion freezing model (ABIFM). This method is independent of the nature of the solute and accounts for several varying parameters, including cooling rate and IN surface area, while providing a holistic description of immersion freezing and allowing prediction of freezing temperatures, J(het), frozen fractions, ice particle production rates and numbers. Our findings are based on experimental freezing data collected for various IN surface areas, A, and cooling rates, r, of droplets variously containing marine biogenic material, two soil humic acids, four mineral dusts, and one organic monolayer acting as IN. For all investigated IN types we demonstrate that droplet freezing temperatures increase as A increases. Similarly, droplet freezing temperatures increase as the cooling rate decreases. The log10(J(het)) values for the various IN types derived exclusively by Tand a(w), provide a complete description of the heterogeneous ice nucleation kinetics. Thus, the ABIFM can be applied over the entire range of T, RH, total particulate surface area, and cloud activation timescales typical of atmospheric conditions. Lastly, we demonstrate that ABIFM can be used to derive frozen fractions of droplets and ice particle production for atmospheric models of cirrus and mixed phase cloud conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Knopf
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA.
| | - Peter A Alpert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres/School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5000, USA
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14
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Sanz E, Vega C, Espinosa JR, Caballero-Bernal R, Abascal JLF, Valeriani C. Homogeneous Ice Nucleation at Moderate Supercooling from Molecular Simulation. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15008-17. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4028814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Sanz
- Departamento
de Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Vega
- Departamento
de Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. R. Espinosa
- Departamento
de Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Caballero-Bernal
- Departamento
de Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J. L. F. Abascal
- Departamento
de Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Valeriani
- Departamento
de Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Murray BJ, O'Sullivan D, Atkinson JD, Webb ME. Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6519-54. [PMID: 22932664 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation of ice particles in the Earth's atmosphere strongly affects the properties of clouds and their impact on climate. Despite the importance of ice formation in determining the properties of clouds, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) was unable to assess the impact of atmospheric ice formation in their most recent report because our basic knowledge is insufficient. Part of the problem is the paucity of quantitative information on the ability of various atmospheric aerosol species to initiate ice formation. Here we review and assess the existing quantitative knowledge of ice nucleation by particles immersed within supercooled water droplets. We introduce aerosol species which have been identified in the past as potentially important ice nuclei and address their ice-nucleating ability when immersed in a supercooled droplet. We focus on mineral dusts, biological species (pollen, bacteria, fungal spores and plankton), carbonaceous combustion products and volcanic ash. In order to make a quantitative comparison we first introduce several ways of describing ice nucleation and then summarise the existing information according to the time-independent (singular) approximation. Using this approximation in combination with typical atmospheric loadings, we estimate the importance of ice nucleation by different aerosol types. According to these estimates we find that ice nucleation below about -15 °C is dominated by soot and mineral dusts. Above this temperature the only materials known to nucleate ice are biological, with quantitative data for other materials absent from the literature. We conclude with a summary of the challenges our community faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Murray
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Gladich I, Roeselová M. Comparison of selected polarizable and nonpolarizable water models in molecular dynamics simulations of ice Ih. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:11371-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41497j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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