1
|
Dai W, Wang R, Zhong H, Li L, Zhang Y, Li J, Wang Q, Cao J, Ho SSH, Zhang T, Zhou J, Liu S, Li G, Tie X. Impact of formaldehyde on ozone formation in Central China: Important role of biogenic emission in forest region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175182. [PMID: 39089373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is an important source for driving tropospheric ozone (O3) formation. This study investigated the combined effects of anthropogenic and biogenic emission on O3 formation in the Guanzhong Basin (GZB), Central China, providing useful information into the mechanisms of O3 formation due to the interaction between anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A severe O3 pollution episode in summer of 2017 was simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) to examine the impacts of ambient HCHO on ground-level O3. Results showed secondary HCHO dominated ambient levels, peaking in the afternoon (up to 86 %), while primary emissions contributed 14 % on average. This enhanced O3 production by 7.7 % during the morning rush hour and 24.3 % in the afternoon. In addition, HCHO concentration peaked before that of O3, suggesting it plays significant role in O3 formation. Biogenic emission oxidation contributed 3.1 μg m-3 (53.1 %) of HCHO and 5.2 pptv (40.1 %) of hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) in average urban areas, where the downwind regions of the forests had high nitrogen oxides (NOx) levels and favorable conditions for O3 production (17.3 μg m-3, 20.5 %). In forested regions, sustained isoprene oxidation led to elevated oxidized VOCs including HCHO and acetaldehyde downwind, which practiced further photolysis of O3 formation with anthropogenic NOx in urban areas. Sensitivity experiments recommend controlling industrial and traffic NOx emissions, with regional joint prevention and regulation, which are essential to reduce O3 pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Dai
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ruonan Wang
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haobin Zhong
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Lu Li
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, United States
| | - Ting Zhang
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jiamao Zhou
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guohui Li
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Xuexi Tie
- SKLLQG, KLACP, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qu K, Yan Y, Wang X, Jin X, Vrekoussis M, Kanakidou M, Brasseur GP, Lin T, Xiao T, Cai X, Zeng L, Zhang Y. The effect of cross-regional transport on ozone and particulate matter pollution in China: A review of methodology and current knowledge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174196. [PMID: 38942314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
China is currently one of the countries impacted by severe atmospheric ozone (O3) and particulate matter (PM) pollution. Due to their moderately long lifetimes, O3 and PM can be transported over long distances, cross the boundaries of source regions and contribute to air pollution in other regions. The reported contributions of cross-regional transport (CRT) to O3 and fine PM (PM2.5) concentrations often exceed those of local emissions in the major regions of China, highlighting the important role of CRT in regional air pollution. Therefore, further improvement of air quality in China requires more joint efforts among regions to ensure a proper reduction in emissions while accounting for the influence of CRT. This review summarizes the methodologies employed to assess the influence of CRT on O3 and PM pollution as well as current knowledge of CRT influence in China. Quantifying CRT contributions in proportion to O3 and PM levels and studying detailed CRT processes of O3, PM and precursors can be both based on targeted observations and/or model simulations. Reported publications indicate that CRT contributes by 40-80 % to O3 and by 10-70 % to PM2.5 in various regions of China. These contributions exhibit notable spatiotemporal variations, with differences in meteorological conditions and/or emissions often serving as main drivers of such variations. Based on trajectory-based methods, transport pathways contributing to O3 and PM pollution in major regions of China have been revealed. Recent studies also highlighted the important role of horizontal transport in the middle/high atmospheric boundary layer or low free troposphere, of vertical exchange and mixing as well as of interactions between CRT, local meteorology and chemistry in the detailed CRT processes. Drawing on the current knowledge on the influence of CRT, this paper provides recommendations for future studies that aim at supporting ongoing air pollution mitigation strategies in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Qu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Laboratory for Modeling and Observation of the Earth System (LAMOS), Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Yu Yan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Sichuan Academy of Environmental Policy and Planning, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuesong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China.
| | - Xipeng Jin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Mihalis Vrekoussis
- Laboratory for Modeling and Observation of the Earth System (LAMOS), Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Center of Marine Environmental Sciences (MARUM), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Laboratory for Modeling and Observation of the Earth System (LAMOS), Institute of Environmental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Center of Studies of Air quality and Climate Change, Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, Greece
| | - Guy P Brasseur
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany; National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Tingkun Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Teng Xiao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Xuhui Cai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100816, China; Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Characteristics and Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Nanjing Industrial Area. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13071136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 56 volatile organic compounds species (VOCs) and other pollutants (NO, NO2, SO2, O3, CO and PM2.5) were measured in the northern suburbs of Nanjing from September 2014 to August 2015. The total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations were higher in the autumn (40.6 ± 23.8 ppbv) and winter (41.1 ± 21.7 ppbv) and alkanes were the most abundant species among the VOCs (18.4 ± 10.0 ppbv). According to the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, the VOCs were found to be from seven sources in the northern suburbs of Nanjing, including liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) sources, gasoline vehicle emissions, iron and steel industry sources, industrial refining coke sources, solvent sources and petrochemical industry sources. One of the sources was influenced by seasonal variations: it was a diesel vehicle emission source in the spring, while it was a coal combustion source in the winter. According to the conditional probability function (CPF) method, it was found that the main contribution areas of each source were located in the easterly direction (mainly residential areas, industrial areas, major traffic routes, etc.). There were also seasonal differences in concentration, ozone formation potential (OFP), OH radical loss rate (LOH) and secondary organic aerosols potential (SOAP) for each source due to the high volatility of the summer and autumn temperatures, while combustion increases in the winter. Finally, the time series of O3 and OFP was compared to that PM2.5 and SOAP and then they were combined with the wind rose figure. It was found that O3 corresponded poorly to the OFP, while PM2.5 corresponded well to the SOAP. The reason for this was that the O3 generation was influenced by several factors (NOx concentration, solar radiation and non-local transport), among which the influence of non-local transport could not be ignored.
Collapse
|
4
|
Xue Y, Wang L, Liu S, Huang Y, Chen L, Cui L, Cao J. Upward trend and formation of surface ozone in the Guanzhong Basin, Northwest China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:128175. [PMID: 34995999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increase trend of surface ozone (O3) was observed in the Guanzhong Basin (GZB) from 2014 to 2020 with growth rates of 3.9-6.4 μg m-3 yr-1 for the maximum daily average 8 h (MDA8) O3 concentrations. To further understand the formation of O3, investigation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was carried out in the summer of 2018. High levels of VOCs were observed in both residential area and industrialized cities. Elevated concentrations of none-methane Hydrocarbon (NMHCs) were observed in rush hours, which indicated dominated roles of traffic activities on the loading of ambient VOCs. In the nighttime, both of NMHCs and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were raised, and the peaks of VOCs kept pace with accumulation of O3. Wind field indicated that northward and westward air mass, which passed through the remote forest and industrial area in east of the GZB, was responsible to elevated ambient VOCs in the GZB. Traffic emission, fuel evaporation, and solvent using were key contributors to ambient NMHCs, while solvent using and secondary formation dominated the loading of OVOCs. The present study indicated that both local management and regional collaborative control on active VOCs species from typical sources is urgently needed in GZB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Xue
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Long Cui
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; Guanzhong Plain Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Treatment National Observation and Research Station, Xi'an 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mayer M, Schreier SF, Spangl W, Staehle C, Trimmel H, Rieder HE. An analysis of 30 years of surface ozone concentrations in Austria: temporal evolution, changes in precursor emissions and chemical regimes, temperature dependence, and lessons for the future. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:601-615. [PMID: 35968258 PMCID: PMC9281626 DOI: 10.1039/d2ea00004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We analyse the evolution of surface ozone in Austria for 1990–2019 and investigate effects of changes in precursor emissions and climate warming. Our results show that ozone burdens remain a health problem despite reductions in precursor emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Mayer
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Water, Atmosphere, and Environment (WAU), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan F. Schreier
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Water, Atmosphere, and Environment (WAU), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christoph Staehle
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Water, Atmosphere, and Environment (WAU), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidelinde Trimmel
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Water, Atmosphere, and Environment (WAU), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald E. Rieder
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Water, Atmosphere, and Environment (WAU), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yin M, Zhang X, Li Y, Fan K, Li H, Gao R, Li J. Ambient ozone pollution at a coal chemical industry city in the border of Loess Plateau and Mu Us Desert: characteristics, sensitivity analysis and control strategies. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11322. [PMID: 33987008 PMCID: PMC8086580 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, ambient ozone (O3) pollution characteristics and sensitivity analysis were carried out in Yulin, a city in the central area of the Loess Plateau during 2017 to 2019 summer. O3 concentrations increased for 2017 to 2019. Correlation and statistics analysis indicated high temperature (T > 25 °C, low relative humidity (RH < 60%), and low wind speed (WS < 3 m/s) were favorable for O3 formation and accumulation, and the O3 pollution days (MDA8 O3 > 160 µg/m3) were predominantly observed when the wind was traveling from the easterly and southerly. O3 concentration in urban area of Yulin was higher than that in background. The pollution air masses from Fenwei Plain increase the level and duration of O3 pollution. In order to clarify the formation mechanism and source of O3, online measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were conducted from 7 July to 10 August in 2019. The average of VOCs concentration was 26 ± 12 ppbv, and large amounts of alkenes followed by aromatics, characteristic pollutants of the coal chemical industry, were detected in the ambient air. To further measure the sensitivity, the observation-based model (OBM) simulation was conducted. Empirical Kinetic Modeling Approach (EKMA) plot and relative incremental reactivity (RIR) value indicated Yulin located on VOCs-limited regime. That implied a slight decrease of NOx may increase O3 concentration. When the emission reduction ratio of anthropogenic VOCs/NOx higher than 1:1, the O3 will decrease. O3 control strategies analysis shows that the O3 targets of 5% and 10% O3 concentration reductions are achievable through precursor control, but more effort is needed to reach the 30% and 40% reduction control targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Yin
- College of Resource and Environment Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.,Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China.,Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kai Fan
- Yulin Municipal Ecology and Environment Bureau, Yulin, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjuan Li
- College of Resource and Environment Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu R, Ma Z, Liu Y, Shao Y, Zhao W, Bi J. Spatiotemporal distributions of surface ozone levels in China from 2005 to 2017: A machine learning approach. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 142:105823. [PMID: 32521347 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, ground-level ozone has become a severe ambient pollutant in major urban areas of China, which has adverse impacts on population health. However, in-situ measurements of the ozone concentration before 2013 in China are quite scarce, which cannot facilitate the assessment of the long-term trends and effects of ozone pollution. In this study, we used daily maximum 8-hour average (MDA8) ozone observations from 2013 to 2017 combined with concurrent ozone retrievals, aerosol reanalysis, meteorological parameters, and land-use data to establish a nationwide MDA8 prediction model based on the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm. The model achieves high prediction accuracy compared with other studies, with R2 values for the by-year, site-based, and sample-based cross-validation (CV) schemes of 0.61, 0.64, and 0.78, respectively, at the daily level. External testing with regional measurements from 2005 to 2012 and nationwide data in 2018 have shown that the model is robust and reliable for historical data prediction, with external model testing R2 values ranging from 0.60 to 0.87 at the month level in different years. Using the final estimator, we obtained nationwide monthly mean ozone concentrations from 2005 to 2012 and daily MDA8 ozone concentrations from 2013 to 2017 at a resolution of 0.1° × 0.1°. According to the average number of days exceeding the standard and the average of the 90th percentile of the MDA8 ozone concentrations, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, the Jianghan Plain, the Sichuan Basin, and the Northeast Plain regions were identified as pollution hotspots. During the research period, the overall ozone levels fluctuated slightly, and their trends were not spatially continuous. There was a significant increasing trend in the BTH region by 1.37 (95% CI: 0.46,2.29) μg/m3/year between 2013 and 2017. In 2017, 26.24% of the population lived in areas exceeding the Chinese grade II national air quality standard, which shows that ozone pollution has posed an obvious threat to population health in China. Our products will provide reliable support for future long-term nationwide health impact studies and policy-making for pollution control and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yanchuan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lei Y, Shen Z, Tang Z, Zhang Q, Sun J, Ma Y, Wu X, Qin Y, Xu H, Zhang R. Aerosols chemical composition, light extinction, and source apportionment near a desert margin city, Yulin, China. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8447. [PMID: 32095332 PMCID: PMC7025702 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily PM10and PM2.5 sampling was conducted during four seasons from December 2013 to October 2014 at three monitoring sites over Yulin, a desert margin city. PM10 and PM2.5 levels, water soluble ions, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) were also analyzed to characterize their chemical profiles. b ext (light extinction coefficient) was calculated, which showed the highest in winter with an average of 232.95 ± 154.88 Mm-1, followed by autumn, summer, spring. Light extinction source apportionment results investigated (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 played key roles in the light extinction under high RH conditions during summer and winter. Sulfate, nitrate and Ca2 + dominated in PM10/PM2.5 ions. Ion balance results illustrated that PM samples were alkaline, and PM10 samples were more alkaline than PM2.5. High SO4 2-/K+ and Cl-/K+ ratio indicated the important contribution of coal combustion, which was consistent with the OC/EC regression equation intercepts results. Principal component analysis (PCA) analyses results showed that the fugitive dust was the most major source of PM, followed by coal combustion & gasoline vehicle emissions, secondary formation and diesel vehicle emissions. Potential contribution source function (PSCF) results suggested that local emissions, as well as certain regional transport from northwesterly and southerly areas contributed to PM2.5 loadings during the whole year. Local government should take some measures to reduce the PM levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhuoyue Tang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongjing Ma
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiming Qin
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Characteristics of Surface Ozone in Five Provincial Capital Cities of China during 2014–2015. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution has become an increasing concern in China since elevated surface O3 concentrations were observed in recent years. In this study, five provincial cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Xi’an, and Hefei) located in different regions of China were selected to study the spatiotemporal variations and affecting factors of O3 concentrations during 2014–2015. Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou had suffered more severe O3 pollution, yet Beijing had the highest number of days that exceeded the Chinese MDA8 (maximum daily 8 h average) standard of 160 µg m−3. MDA8 O3 exhibited different seasonal patterns among the five cities. In Beijing and Xi’an, MDA8 O3 showed the highest in summer and lowest in winter. Guangzhou also had the highest O3 concentration in summer, but had similar levels in other three seasons. The O3 levels were similarly high in Shanghai during spring, summer, and autumn, while in Hefei, O3 concentration peaked in autumn. No significant difference between weekend and weekday O3 levels was observed in all the five cities. The diurnal cycle reached a maximum in the afternoon and a minimum in the early morning, which was consistent in the five cities. Correlation analyses showed that the associations between O3 and the other five criteria air pollutants, as well as meteorological parameters, were substantially different among the five cities. Air mass cluster analyses during episodic days revealed that the short-distance transport of O3 and its precursors had a greater impact for high O3 pollution in the five cities. Overall, our results demonstrate that O3 pollution exhibited great divergence among different regions and thus region-oriented control measures are suggested to reduce O3 pollution in China.
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun J, Shen Z, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Lei Y, Niu X, Zhang Q, Dang W, Han W, Cao J, Xu H, Liu P, Li X. Volatile organic compounds emissions from traditional and clean domestic heating appliances in Guanzhong Plain, China: Emission factors, source profiles, and effects on regional air quality. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105252. [PMID: 31678907 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solid (biomass and coal) fuels burned for residential heating are major sources of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, VOC samples were collected in-situ from chimneys in 10 typical heating scenarios in rural areas of the Guanzhong Plain. A modified SUMA canister approach was then employed, followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Emission factors (EFs) (as received basis) of targeted non-methane VOCs (NMVOCs) varied from 90.3 ± 29.3 to 12300 ± 1510 mg kg-1 in descending order of fuel wood > maize straw > bitumite ≫ anthracite (p < 0.05). Both clean stove and coal briquetting technologies effectively reduced VOC EFs compared with traditional heating methods. The EFs of methane (CH4) had similar characteristics to those of NMVOCs. However, they yielded different correlations with CO because of their differing mechanisms of formation. Coefficient of divergence (CD) values showed that a semi-gasifier has a limited effect on changing VOC profiles compared with a traditional stove using the same fuels. However, different types of fuel produce CD values over 0.50, which should therefore be classified as different sub-categories in source apportionment models. Correlation analysis showed that volatile matter content (V%) and modified combustion efficiency (MCE) were the two primary factors influencing NMVOC and CH4 emissions. A stepwise linear regression analysis showed that V%, MCE, and element nitrogen content (N%) can be used to predict total VOC (TVOCs, including CH4 and NMVOCs) emissions with regression coefficients of 0.23, -72.8 and -6.53, respectively (R2 = 0.92, p < 0.001). Ozone formation potential (OFP) EFs from burning solid fuel ranged from 72 to 18680 mg kg-1, with an approximate 50% contribution from alkenes. VOCs from burning solid fuel were equivalent to 62 to 22200 mg kg-1 secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAP), most of which (>95%) were contributed by aromatics. A semi-gasifier and coal briquettes were effective in reducing TVOC emissions, even when used in conjunction with a traditional stove and fuels. It is estimated that over 15,000 ton year-1 emissions can be reduced in Guanzhong Plain by adopting a semi-gasifier and coal briquettes, resulting in a 57,000 and 65,000 ton year-1 reduction of OFP and SOAP emissions, respectively. These results demonstrate that the use of clean heating technologies in Guanzhong Plain has considerable potential in relation to emissions reduction and thus provides a feasible solution to mitigate VOCs and related secondary pollutants emitted by residential solid fuel burning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yali Lei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xinyi Niu
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wei Dang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Wenping Han
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Fufeng County, West Street of Fufeng County, 722200, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Pingping Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xuxiang Li
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun J, Shen Z, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Zhang T, Niu X, Huang Y, Cui L, Xu H, Liu H, Cao J, Li X. Urban VOC profiles, possible sources, and its role in ozone formation for a summer campaign over Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:27769-27782. [PMID: 31338768 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05950-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To insight the urban volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles and its contribution to ozone, four-time per day (8:00-9:00, 15:00-16:00, 19:00-20:00, and 23:00-24:00) off-line VOC samples were collected from 16th July to 28th July 2018 for a summer investigation campaign over Xi'an, China. The diurnal variation was significant that the lowest TVOC concentrations were observed in the midnight period (28.4 ± 25.6 ppbv) while the highest was shown in the morning (49.6 ± 40.1 ppbv). The differences of total non-methane VOCs (TVOCs) between weekdays and weekend were also significant that the weekend showed significantly high VOC levels than weekdays (p < 0.05) but did not lead to significant ambient O3 increase (p > 0.05). Isopentane, a general marker for vehicle exhaust, showed descending concentrations from morning to midnight and good correlation with vehicle numbers on road, indicating a potential source to the VOCs at this site. The results from PMF proved that vehicular exhaust was the largest source to the VOCs in this study (64.4%). VOC categories showed a reverse sequence in abundance of concentrations and OFP contributions that alkenes showed the highest OFPs although with the lowest abundance in TOVCs due to their high reactivity in photochemical reactions. High OFPs from ethylene and isopentane indicated that vehicular emissions could be the largest potential OFP source in this site. OFPs from isoprene (from 1.85 to 13.4 ppbv) indicated that biogenic VOCs should not be negligible in urban Xi'an city when controlling O3 pollutants. Comparison of two OFP methods was conducted and MIR method was proved to be more reasonable and scientific in summer Xi'an. Therefore, vehicular emission, the largest contributor to ambient VOCs and also OFPs, as well as biological source should be priority controlled in guiding VOC emissions and reducing O3 control policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Changsha Center for Mineral Resources Exploration, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xinyi Niu
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Long Cui
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongmei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xuxiang Li
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li LJ, Ho SSH, Feng B, Xu H, Wang T, Wu R, Huang W, Qu L, Wang Q, Cao J. Characterization of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and their oxidations in heavy polluted atmosphere: A case study in urban Beijing, China during haze events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:1392-1402. [PMID: 30743933 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Characterizations on polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) during frequent haze periods have been conducted in an urban site of Beijing, China. Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) and other carbonaceous matters were quantified. The average PM2.5 during haze events (256.3 ± 103.7 μg/m3) were one magnitude over than that of clear periods (CRs, 24.7 ± 27.7 μg/m3).The average total quantified PAHs (ΣPAHs) and OPAHs (ΣOPAHs) during haze events were 423.9 ± 178.4 ng/m3 and 581.4 ± 299.8 ng/m3, respectively, which were approximately 10 times higher than those of 40.3 ± 68.2 ng/m3 and 54.4 ± 82.4 ng/m3 in clear days. Four-rings PAHs had the highest compositions. 1,8-Naphthalic anhydride (1,8-NA) is the most abundant OPAHs, accounted for 49.8% of ∑OPAHs, followed by 9,10-anthraquinone (9,10-AQ) (13.8%) and benzo(a)anthracene-7,12-dione (BaAQ) (8.31%). In haze events, the contents of 5- to 7-rings PAHs decreased by 2.32% compared with those of clear days, while lower molecular weight fractions of 3- and 4-rings PAHs increased. The relationships between PAHs, OPAHs and relative humidity (RH) were found to be exponential. High oxygenation rate (R0) ratios of OPAH/PAH represents higher rates in secondary formation or degradation and gas- particle conversion for each PAH or OPAH during the wintertime. Significant positive correlation between BeP and OPAHs (r = 0.97), combined with the results of photochemical aging and negatively correlation with O3, suggest that secondary atmospheric reactions of PAHs played an important role in the burden of OPAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Juan Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - Baihuan Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongshan Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Lai Chi Kok, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zeng Y, Shen Z, Lei Y, Zhang T, Zhang Q, Xu H, Wang Q, Cao J, Liu Y. PAHs in fine particles over Xi'an, a typical northwestern city in China: sources, distribution, and controlling factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1262-1272. [PMID: 30132768 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00144h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Levels of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are affected by emission as well as multiple factors. In this study, we investigated the sources, uptake, affinity, and removal mechanism of PAHs in fine particles (PM2.5). The source strength was analyzed with source apportionment, which was conducted by principal component analysis (PCA), positive matrix factorization (PMF) and diagnostic ratio analysis. The octanol-air and soot-air partitioning model was used to elucidate the partitioning behavior of PM2.5 PAHs. And the chemical reactivity of PM2.5 PAHs was analyzed to explain PAH removal from particles. Coal combustion, biomass burning, and vehicle emissions comprised the major sources of PAHs. The process of partitioning was thermally controlled and component-dependent. Heterogeneous reactions with NO2, OH, and O3, as well as the aqueous reaction, effectively reduced PM2.5 PAH levels. The systematic analysis combined with field observations revealed that the emission strength is the dominant factor controlling PM2.5 PAH distribution. The source strength governed the levels of PM2.5 PAHs, though uptake, partitioning behavior, chemical removal kinetics, and peripheral conditions had a non-ignorable impact. Heterogeneous and aqueous reactions were the dominant mechanisms of PAH removal from particles. This research provides a comprehensive insight into controlling factors on PM2.5 PAH distribution in Xi'an, as well as a theoretical basis for critical steps to control PAH levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Zeng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zong R, Yang X, Wen L, Xu C, Zhu Y, Chen T, Yao L, Wang L, Zhang J, Yang L, Wang X, Shao M, Zhu T, Xue L, Wang W. Strong ozone production at a rural site in theNorth China Plain: Mixed effects of urban plumesand biogenic emissions. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 71:261-270. [PMID: 30195684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Regional ozone (O3) pollution has drawn increasing attention in China over the recent decade, but the contributions from urban pollution and biogenic emissions have not been clearly elucidated. To better understand the formation of the regional O3 problem in the North China Plain (NCP), intensive field measurements of O3 and related parameters were conducted at a rural site downwind of Ji'nan, the capital city of Shandong province, in the summer of 2013. Markedly severe O3 pollution was recorded, with the O3 mixing ratios exceeding the Chinese national ambient air quality standard on 28 days (a frequency of 78%) and with a maximum hourly value of 198 ppbv. Extensive regional transport of well-processed urban plumes to the site was identified. An observation-constrained chemical box model was deployed to evaluate in situ photochemical O3 production on two episodes. The results show that the in situ formation accounted for approximately 46% of the observed O3 accumulation, while the remainder (~54%) was contributed by regional transport of the O3-laden urban plumes. The in situ ozone production was in a mixed controlled regime that reducing either NOx or VOCs would lead to a reduction of ozone formation. Biogenic VOCs played an important role in the local ozone formation. This study demonstrates the significant mixed effects of both anthropogenic pollution from urban zones and biogenic emission in rural areas on the regional O3 pollution in the NCP region, and may have general applicability in facilitating the understanding of the formation of secondary pollution over China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Zong
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China.
| | - Liang Wen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Caihong Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Yanhong Zhu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Tianshu Chen
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan Tyndall Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Junmei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| | - Min Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Day-Night Differences, Seasonal Variations and Source Apportionment of PM10-Bound PAHs over Xi’an, Northwest China. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
16
|
Gao F, Catalayud V, Paoletti E, Hoshika Y, Feng Z. Water stress mitigates the negative effects of ozone on photosynthesis and biomass in poplar plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:268-279. [PMID: 28666133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution frequently overlaps with drought episodes but the combined effects are not yet understood. We investigated the physiological and biomass responses of an O3 sensitive hybrid poplar clone ('546') under three O3 levels (charcoal-filtered ambient air, non-filtered ambient air (NF), and NF plus 40 ppb) and two watering regimes (well-watered (WW) and reduced watering (RW), i.e. 40% irrigation) for one growing season. Water stress increased chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, protecting leaves from pigment degradation by O3. Impairment of photosynthesis by O3 was also reduced by stomatal closure due to water stress, which preserved light-saturated CO2 assimilation rate, and the maximum carboxylation efficiency. Water stress increased water use efficiency of the leaves while O3 decreased it, showing significant interactions. Effects were more evident in older leaves than in younger leaves. Water stress reduced biomass production, but the negative effects of O3 were less in RW than in WW for total biomass per plant. A stomatal O3 flux-based dose-response relationship was parameterized considering water stress effects, which explained biomass losses much better than a concentration-based approach. The O3 critical level of Phytotoxic Ozone Dose over a threshold of 7 nmol O3.m-2.s-1 (POD7) for a 4% biomass loss in this poplar clone under different water regimes was 4.1 mmol m-2. Our results suggest that current O3 levels in most parts of China threaten poplar growth and that interaction with water availability is a key factor for O3 risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Vicent Catalayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, Paterna 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Paoletti
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xue Y, Ho SSH, Huang Y, Li B, Wang L, Dai W, Cao J, Lee S. Source apportionment of VOCs and their impacts on surface ozone in an industry city of Baoji, Northwestern China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9979. [PMID: 28855736 PMCID: PMC5577141 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10631-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Level of surface ozone (O3) has been increasing continuously in China in recent years, while its contributors and formation pathways are less understood. In this study, distributions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the roles on O3 pollution have been investigated in a typical industrial city of Baoji in Northwestern China by means of monitoring of their concentrations and other trace gases. The air samples have been collected at three sites according to urban function area. Concentration of VOCs in Weibin site, which near to industrial zone, was higher than most of other cities in China, and the ambient VOCs were dominated by aromatics and alkenes. The temporal variations of VOCs and O3 coincided with the surface wind, implying that the formation of O3 was impacted by both exports of plumes upwind and local photochemical reactions. Result of source apportionment indicated that industrial emission, vehicular exhaust, and solvent evaporation were three major pollution origins. Alkenes and aromatics contributed to the largest fractions of photochemical reactivity, suggesting the strong influences from industrial and traffic sectors. The study presents the characteristic VOCs and other factors in the contribution of O3 formation in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Xue
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.,State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.,State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.,Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China. .,State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Bowei Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.,School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.,State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.,State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China. .,State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China.
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Churkina G, Kuik F, Bonn B, Lauer A, Grote R, Tomiak K, Butler TM. Effect of VOC Emissions from Vegetation on Air Quality in Berlin during a Heatwave. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6120-6130. [PMID: 28513175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The potential of emissions from urban vegetation combined with anthropogenic emissions to produce ozone and particulate matter has long been recognized. This potential increases with rising temperatures and may lead to severe problems with air quality in densely populated areas during heat waves. Here, we investigate how heat waves affect emissions of volatile organic compounds from urban/suburban vegetation and corresponding ground-level ozone and particulate matter. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with atmospheric chemistry (WRF-Chem) with emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from vegetation simulated with MEGAN to quantify some of these feedbacks in Berlin, Germany, during the heat wave in 2006. The highest ozone concentration observed during that period was ∼200 μg/m3 (∼101 ppbV). The model simulations indicate that the contribution of biogenic VOC emissions to ozone formation is lower in June (9-11%) and August (6-9%) than in July (17-20%). On particular days within the analyzed heat wave period, this contribution increases up to 60%. The actual contribution is expected to be even higher as the model underestimates isoprene concentrations over urban forests and parks by 0.6-1.4 ppbv. Our study demonstrates that biogenic VOCs can considerably enhance air pollution during heat waves. We emphasize the dual role of vegetation for air quality and human health in cities during warm seasons, which is removal and lessening versus enhancement of air pollution. The results of our study suggest that reduction of anthropogenic sources of NOx, VOCs, and PM, for example, reduction of the motorized vehicle fleet, would have to accompany urban tree planting campaigns to make them really beneficial for urban dwellers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Galina Churkina
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies , Berliner Strasse 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
- Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Unter den Linden, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Friderike Kuik
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies , Berliner Strasse 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Boris Bonn
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies , Berliner Strasse 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Axel Lauer
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) , Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Münchener Straße 20, 82234 Weßling, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies , Berliner Strasse 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Karolina Tomiak
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies , Berliner Strasse 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tim M Butler
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies , Berliner Strasse 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guo H, Wang Y, Zhang H. Characterization of criteria air pollutants in Beijing during 2014-2015. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:334-344. [PMID: 28160730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
One year-long criteria air pollutants data collected in Beijing were analyzed in this paper, which can support the research on formation, transport and human health effects of air pollutants. This is the first time to study the spatial and temporal variations of criteria pollutants in Beijing using hourly observational data from 12 sites between June 2014 and May 2015 released by the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) of China. Beijing is facing tremendous air pollution as the daily averaged PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5µm) concentrations in all sites exceeding the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS) Grade I & II standards (15 and 35µg/m3). Slightly differences in PM2.5 and ozone (O3) were observed between sites at the urban and rural areas. Pearson correlation coefficients show that most pollutants are temporally correlated in Beijing except for O3. The coefficients of divergence (COD) indicate that PM2.5 is associated at most sites with only one rural site (Dingling) having observable difference and one site may be insufficient for monitoring surrounding area. The 8h peak O3 (O3-8h) also correlates at different sites but with one urban site (Haidianquwanliu) different from others. In addition, an extreme PM2.5 event (hourly average concentration exceeding 300μg/m3 for ~40h) was examined with the consideration of meteorological conditions. Southerly wind with low speed and high relative humidity allow the accumulation of pollutants while northerly wind with high speed and low relative humidity result in good air quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | | | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang T, Xue L, Brimblecombe P, Lam YF, Li L, Zhang L. Ozone pollution in China: A review of concentrations, meteorological influences, chemical precursors, and effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:1582-1596. [PMID: 27789078 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of ozone in urban and industrial regions worldwide have long been a major air quality issue. With the rapid increase in fossil fuel consumption in China over the past three decades, the emission of chemical precursors to ozone-nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds-has increased sharply, surpassing that of North America and Europe and raising concerns about worsening ozone pollution in China. Historically, research and control have prioritized acid rain, particulate matter, and more recently fine particulate matter (PM2.5). In contrast, less is known about ozone pollution, partly due to a lack of monitoring of atmospheric ozone and its precursors until recently. This review summarizes the main findings from published papers on the characteristics and sources and processes of ozone and ozone precursors in the boundary layer of urban and rural areas of China, including concentration levels, seasonal variation, meteorology conducive to photochemistry and pollution transport, key production and loss processes, ozone dependence on nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, and the effects of ozone on crops and human health. Ozone concentrations exceeding the ambient air quality standard by 100-200% have been observed in China's major urban centers such as Jing-Jin-Ji, the Yangtze River delta, and the Pearl River delta, and limited studies suggest harmful effect of ozone on human health and agricultural corps; key chemical precursors and meteorological conditions conductive to ozone pollution have been investigated, and inter-city/region transport of ozone is significant. Several recommendations are given for future research and policy development on ground-level ozone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - Likun Xue
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong, China
| | - Peter Brimblecombe
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yun Fat Lam
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Li Li
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li L, Manning WJ, Tong L, Wang X. Chronic drought stress reduced but not protected Shantung maple (Acer truncatum Bunge) from adverse effects of ozone (O3) on growth and physiology in the suburb of Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 201:34-41. [PMID: 25765971 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A two-year experiment exposing Acer truncatum Bunge seedlings to elevated ozone (O3) concentrations above ambient air (AO) and drought stress (DS) was carried out using open-top chambers (OTCs) in a suburb of Beijing in north China in 2012-2013. The results suggested that AO and DS had both significantly reduced leaf mass area (LMA), stomatal conductance (Gs), light saturated photosynthetic rate (Asat) as well as above and below ground biomass at the end of the experiment. It appeared that while drought stress mitigated the expression of foliar injury, LMA, leaf photosynthetic pigments, height growth and basal diameter, due to limited carbon fixation, the O3 - induced reductions in Asat, Gs and total biomass were enhanced 23.7%. 15.5% and 8.1% respectively. These data suggest that when the whole plant was considered that drought under the conditions of this experiment did not protect the Shantung maple seedlings from the effects of O3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - William J Manning
- Stockbridge School, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Lei Tong
- Hazardous Air Pollutants Lab, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wei C, Han Y, Bandowe BAM, Cao J, Huang RJ, Ni H, Tian J, Wilcke W. Occurrence, gas/particle partitioning and carcinogenic risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygen and nitrogen containing derivatives in Xi'an, central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:814-822. [PMID: 25461084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
29 parent- and alkyl-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 15 oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs), 11 nitrated-PAHs (NPAHs) and 4 azaarenes (AZAs) in both the gaseous and particulate phases, as well as the particulate-bound carbon fractions (organic carbon, elemental carbon, char, and soot) in ambient air sampled in March and September 2012 from an urban site in Xi'an, central China were extracted and analyzed. The average concentrations (gaseous+particulate) of ∑29PAHs, ∑15OPAHs, ∑11NPAHs and ∑4AZAs were 1267.0 ± 307.5, 113.8 ± 46.1, 11.8 ± 4.8 and 26.5 ± 11.8 ng m(-3) in March and 784.7 ± 165.1, 67.2 ± 9.8, 9.0 ± 1.5 and 21.6 ± 5.1 ng m(-3) in September, respectively. Concentrations of ∑29PAHs, ∑15OPAHs and ∑11NPAHs in particulates were significantly correlated with those of the carbon fractions (OC, EC, char and soot). Both absorption into organic matter in particles and adsorption onto the surface of particles were important for PAHs and OPAHs in both sampling periods, with more absorption occurring in September, while absorption was always the most important process for NPAHs. The total carcinogenic risk of PAHs plus the NPAHs was higher in March. Gaseous compounds, which were not considered in most previous studies, contributed 29 to 44% of the total health risk in March and September, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China.
| | | | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Haiyan Ni
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics (KLACP), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Geographic Institute, University of Berne, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Berne, Switzerland; Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shen Z, Cao J, Zhang L, Zhao Z, Dong J, Wang L, Wang Q, Li G, Liu S, Zhang Q. Characteristics of surface O₃ over Qinghai Lake area in Northeast Tibetan Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 500-501:295-301. [PMID: 25226074 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface O3 was monitored continuously during Aug. 12, 2010 to Jul. 21, 2011 at a high elevation site (3,200 m above sea level) in Qinghai Lake area (36°58'37″N, 99°53'56″E) in Northeast Tibetan Plateau, China. Daily average O3 ranged from 21.8 ppbv to 65.3 ppbv with an annual average of 41.0 ppbv. Seasonal average of O3 followed a decreasing order of summer>autumn>spring>winter. Diurnal variations of O3 showed low concentrations during daytime and high concentrations during late night and early morning. An intensive campaign was also conducted during Aug. 13-31, 2010 to investigate correlations between meteorological or chemical conditions and O3. It was found that O3 was poorly correlated with solar radiation due to the insufficient NOx in the ambient air, thus limiting O3 formation under strong solar radiation. In contrast, high O3 levels always coincided with strong winds, suggesting that stratospheric O3 and long range transport might be the main sources of O3 in this rural area. Back-trajectory analysis supported this hypothesis and further indicated the transport of air masses from northwest, northeast and southeast directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhuzi Zhao
- Key Lab of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Jungang Dong
- School of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Linqing Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Lab of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Lab of Aerosol, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fu X, Wang X, Guo H, Cheung K, Ding X, Zhao X, He Q, Gao B, Zhang Z, Liu T, Zhang Y. Trends of ambient fine particles and major chemical components in the Pearl River Delta region: observation at a regional background site in fall and winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 497-498:274-281. [PMID: 25129163 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In the fall and winter of 2007 to 2011, 167 24-h quartz filter-based fine particle (PM2.5) samples were collected at a regional background site in the central Pearl River Delta. The PM2.5 showed an annual reduction trend with a rate of 8.58 μg m(-3) (p<0.01). The OC component of the PM2.5 reduced by 1.10 μg m(-3) yr(-1) (p<0.01), while the reduction rates of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfate (SO4(2-)) were 10.2 μg m(-3) yr(-1) (p<0.01) and 1.72 μg m(-3) yr(-1) (p<0.01), respectively. In contrast, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and nitrate (NO(3-)) presented growth trends with rates of 6.73 μg m(-3) yr(-1) (p<0.05) and 0.79 μg m(-3) yr(-1) (p<0.05), respectively. The PM2.5 reduction was mainly related to the decrease of primary OC and SO4(2-), and the enhanced conversion efficiency of SO2 to SO4(2-) was related to an increase in the atmospheric oxidizing capacity and a decrease in aerosol acidity. The discrepancy between the annual trends of NOx and NO3(-) was attributable to the small proportion of NO3(-) in the total nitrogen budget. CAPSULE ABSTRACT Understanding annual variations of PM2.5 and its chemical composition is crucial in enabling policymakers to formulate and implement control strategies on particulate pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Air Quality Studies, Department Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - Kalam Cheung
- Air Quality Studies, Department Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiuying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Quanfu He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tengyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Teng Y, Wu J, Lu S, Wang Y, Jiao X, Song L. Soil and soil environmental quality monitoring in China: a review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 69:177-199. [PMID: 24875802 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, numerous concerns have been raised in China over the issue of environmental sustainability. Various soil survey and monitoring programs have been carried out in China to study soil quality, and to provide a scientific basis for environment policy making. This paper provides an overview of past and current soil quality surveys and monitoring activities in China. This paper includes a summary of concerns over background concentrations of elements in soil, and soil environmental standards and guidelines in China. Levels of pollution in urban soil, agricultural soil, and soil in mining and smelting areas were compared using the concentrations and pollution indexes. In addition to soil surveys, soil monitoring is essential to study the data and to examine the effects of contaminants in soils. However, the current soil quality monitoring system was insufficient to accurately determine the soil quality status of soils across China. For accurate soil monitoring in China, it will be necessary to set up routine monitoring systems at various scales (national, provincial, and local scales), taking into consideration monitoring indicators and quality assurance. This is currently an important priority for the environmental protection administration of China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanguo Teng
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jin Wu
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Sijin Lu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yeyao Wang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xudong Jiao
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Liuting Song
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shen Z, Cao J, Zhang L, Liu L, Zhang Q, Li J, Han Y, Zhu C, Zhao Z, Liu S. Day-night differences and seasonal variations of chemical species in PM₁₀ over Xi'an, northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:3697-3705. [PMID: 24277433 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To investigate day-night differences and seasonal variations of PM10 and its chemical composition in an urban environment in Xi'an, northwest China, day- and nighttime PM10 mass and its chemical components including water-soluble ions (Na(+), NH4 (+), K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), F(-), Cl(-), NO3 (-), and SO4 (2-)), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon, and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were measured on selected representative days from 20 December 2006 to 12 November 2007. Annual mean PM10 concentration in this city was five times of the China Ambient Air Quality Standard for annual average (70 μg m(-3)). Carbonaceous fractions and water-soluble ions accounted for nearly one third and 12.4 %, respectively, of the annual mean PM10 mass. No dramatic day-night differences were found in the loadings of PM10 or its chemical components. Spring samples were highlighted by abundance of Ca(2+), while the secondary aerosol species (SO4 (2-), NO3 (-), and NH4 (+)) and OC dominated in summer, autumn, and winter samples. Relatively low NO3 (-)/SO4 (2-) ratio suggested that stationary source emissions were more important than vehicle emissions in the source areas in this city. Strong relationships between WSOC and biomass markers (water-soluble K(+), OC1, and OP) were observed in winter and autumn, indicating that WSOC was derived mainly from biomass burning in these seasons. This was also supported by analysis results on the biomass burning events. In contrast, poor correlations between WSOC and biomass markers were demonstrated in summer and spring, implying that WSOC was mainly formed as secondary organic carbon through photochemical activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bandowe BAM, Meusel H, Huang RJ, Ho K, Cao J, Hoffmann T, Wilcke W. PM₂.₅-bound oxygenated PAHs, nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs from the atmosphere of a Chinese megacity: seasonal variation, sources and cancer risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 473-474:77-87. [PMID: 24361780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in air particulate matter contribute considerably to the health risk of air pollution. The objectives of this study were to assess the occurrence and variation in concentrations and sources of PM2.5-bound PACs [Oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), nitro-PAHs and parent-PAHs] sampled from the atmosphere of a typical Chinese megacity (Xi'an), to study the influence of meteorological conditions on PACs and to estimate the lifetime excess cancer risk to the residents of Xi'an (from inhalation of PM2.5-bound PACs). To achieve these objectives, we sampled 24-h PM2.5 aerosols (once in every 6 days, from 5 July 2008 to 8 August 2009) from the atmosphere of Xi'an and measured the concentrations of PACs in them. The PM2.5-bound concentrations of Σcarbonyl-OPAHs, ∑hydroxyl+carboxyl-OPAHs, Σnitro-PAHs and Σalkyl+parent-PAHs ranged between 5-22, 0.2-13, 0.3-7, and 7-387 ng m(-3), respectively, being markedly higher than in most western cities. This represented a range of 0.01-0.4% and 0.002-0.06% of the mass of organic C in PM2.5 and the total mass of PM2.5, respectively. The sums of the concentrations of each compound group had winter-to-summer ratios ranging from 3 to 8 and most individual OPAHs and nitro-PAHs had higher concentrations in winter than in summer, suggesting a dominant influence of emissions from household heating and winter meteorological conditions. Ambient temperature, air pressure, and wind speed explained a large part of the temporal variation in PACs concentrations. The lifetime excess cancer risk from inhalation (attributable to selected PAHs and nitro-PAHs) was six fold higher in winter (averaging 1450 persons per million residents of Xi'an) than in summer. Our results call for the development of emission control measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Meusel
- Geographic Institute, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Kinfai Ho
- School of Public Health & Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 Fenghui South Road, High-Tech Zone, 710075 Xi'an, China.
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science & Technology, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 Fenghui South Road, High-Tech Zone, 710075 Xi'an, China
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Geographic Institute, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang G, Kawamura K, Cheng C, Li J, Cao J, Zhang R, Zhang T, Liu S, Zhao Z. Molecular distribution and stable carbon isotopic composition of dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids, and α-dicarbonyls in size-resolved atmospheric particles from Xi'an City, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:4783-4791. [PMID: 22475345 DOI: 10.1021/es204322c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Size-resolved airborne particles (9-stages) in urban Xi'an, China, during summer and winter were measured for molecular distributions and stable carbon isotopic compositions of dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids, and α-dicarbonyls. To our best knowledge, we report for the first time the size-resolved differences in stable carbon isotopic compositions of diacids and related compounds in continental organic aerosols. High ambient concentrations of terephthalic (tPh, 379 ± 200 ng m(-3)) and glyoxylic acids (ωC(2), 235 ± 134 ng m(-3)) in Xi'an aerosols during winter compared to those in other Chinese cities suggest significant emissions from plastic waste burning and coal combustions. Most of the target compounds are enriched in the fine mode (<2.1 μm) in both seasons peaking at 0.7-2.1 μm. However, summertime concentrations of malonic (C(3)), succinic (C(4)), azelaic (C(9)), phthalic (Ph), pyruvic (Pyr), 4-oxobutanoic (ωC(4)), and 9-oxononanoic (ωC(9)) acids, and glyoxal (Gly) in the coarse mode (>2.1 μm) are comparable to and even higher than those in the fine mode (<2.1 μm). Stable carbon isotopic compositions of the major organics are higher in winter than in summer, except oxalic acid (C(2)), ωC(4), and Ph. δ(13)C of C(2) showed a clear difference in sizes during summer, with higher values in fine mode (ranging from -22.8‰ to -21.9‰) and lower values in coarse mode (-27.1‰ to -23.6‰). The lower δ(13)C of C(2) in coarse particles indicate that coarse mode of the compound originates from evaporation from fine mode and subsequent condensation/adsorption onto pre-existing coarse particles. Positive linear correlations of C(2), sulfate and ωC(2) and their δ(13)C values suggest that ωC(2) is a key intermediate, which is formed in aqueous-phase via photooxidation of precursors (e.g., Gly and Pyr), followed by a further oxidation to produce C(2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gehui Wang
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|