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Du XY, Yang JY. Biomimetic microfluidic chips for toxicity assessment of environmental pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170745. [PMID: 38340832 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Various types of pollutants widely present in environmental media, including synthetic and natural chemicals, physical pollutants such as radioactive substances, ultraviolet rays, and noise, as well as biological organisms, pose a huge threat to public health. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately and effectively explore the human physiological responses and toxicity mechanisms of pollutants to prevent diseases caused by pollutants. The emerging toxicological testing method biomimetic microfluidic chips (BMCs) exhibit great potential in environmental pollutant toxicity assessment due to their superior biomimetic properties. The BMCs are divided into cell-on-chips and organ-on-chips based on the distinctions in bionic simulation levels. Herein, we first summarize the characteristics, emergence and development history, composition and structure, and application fields of BMCs. Then, with a focus on the toxicity mechanisms of pollutants, we review the applications and advances of the BMCs in the toxicity assessment of physical, chemical, and biological pollutants, respectively, highlighting its potential and development prospects in environmental toxicology testing. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for further use of BMCs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jin-Yan Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China..
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2
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Han S, Cruz SH, Park S, Shin SR. Nano-biomaterials and advanced fabrication techniques for engineering skeletal muscle tissue constructs in regenerative medicine. NANO CONVERGENCE 2023; 10:48. [PMID: 37864632 PMCID: PMC10590364 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00398-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Engineered three-dimensional (3D) tissue constructs have emerged as a promising solution for regenerating damaged muscle tissue resulting from traumatic or surgical events. 3D architecture and function of the muscle tissue constructs can be customized by selecting types of biomaterials and cells that can be engineered with desired shapes and sizes through various nano- and micro-fabrication techniques. Despite significant progress in this field, further research is needed to improve, in terms of biomaterials properties and fabrication techniques, the resemblance of function and complex architecture of engineered constructs to native muscle tissues, potentially enhancing muscle tissue regeneration and restoring muscle function. In this review, we discuss the latest trends in using nano-biomaterials and advanced nano-/micro-fabrication techniques for creating 3D muscle tissue constructs and their regeneration ability. Current challenges and potential solutions are highlighted, and we discuss the implications and opportunities of a future perspective in the field, including the possibility for creating personalized and biomanufacturable platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokgyu Han
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Sebastián Herrera Cruz
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sungsu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics (IQB), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Korea.
| | - Su Ryon Shin
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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Costa S, Vilas-Boas V, Lebre F, Granjeiro JM, Catarino CM, Moreira Teixeira L, Loskill P, Alfaro-Moreno E, Ribeiro AR. Microfluidic-based skin-on-chip systems for safety assessment of nanomaterials. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:1282-1298. [PMID: 37419838 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the body's largest organ, continuously exposed to and affected by natural and anthropogenic nanomaterials (materials with external and internal dimensions in the nanoscale range). This broad spectrum of insults gives rise to irreversible health effects (from skin corrosion to cancer). Organ-on-chip systems can recapitulate skin physiology with high fidelity and potentially revolutionize the safety assessment of nanomaterials. Here, we review current advances in skin-on-chip models and their potential to elucidate biological mechanisms. Further, strategies are discussed to recapitulate skin physiology on-chip, improving control over nanomaterials exposure and transport across cells. Finally, we highlight future opportunities and challenges from design and fabrication to acceptance by regulatory bodies and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Costa
- Nanosafety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - V Vilas-Boas
- Nanosafety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - F Lebre
- Nanosafety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - J M Granjeiro
- Biology Coordination, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - C M Catarino
- Product Safety Management- Quality, Excellence, and Care, Grupo Boticário, Paraná, Brazil
| | - L Moreira Teixeira
- Department of Advanced Organ bioengineering and Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - P Loskill
- 3R-Center for In vitro Models and Alternatives to Animal Testing, Tübingen, Germany
| | - E Alfaro-Moreno
- Nanosafety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - A R Ribeiro
- Nanosafety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
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Zirath H, Spitz S, Roth D, Schellhorn T, Rothbauer M, Müller B, Walch M, Kaur J, Wörle A, Kohl Y, Mayr T, Ertl P. Bridging the academic-industrial gap: application of an oxygen and pH sensor-integrated lab-on-a-chip in nanotoxicology. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4237-4248. [PMID: 34605521 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00528f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Translation of advanced cell-based assays exhibiting a higher degree of automation, miniaturization, and integration of complementary sensing functions is mainly limited by the development of industrial-relevant prototypes that can be readily produced in larger volumes. Despite the increasing number of academic publications in recent years, the manufacturability of these microfluidic cell cultures systems is largely ignored, thus severely restricting their implementation in routine toxicological applications. We have developed a dual-sensor integrated microfluidic cell analysis platform using industrial specifications, materials, and fabrication methods to conduct risk assessment studies of engineered nanoparticles to overcome this academic-industrial gap. Non-invasive and time-resolved monitoring of cellular oxygen uptake and metabolic activity (pH) in the absence and presence of nanoparticle exposure is accomplished by integrating optical sensor spots into a cyclic olefin copolymer (COC)-based microfluidic platform. Results of our nanotoxicological study, including two physiological cell barriers that are essential in the protection from exogenous factors, the intestine (Caco-2) and the vasculature (HUVECs) showed that the assessment of the cells' total energy metabolism is ideally suited to rapidly detect cytotoxicities. Additional viability assay verification using state-of-the-art dye exclusion assays for nanotoxicology demonstrated the similarity and comparability of our results, thus highlighting the benefits of employing a compact and cost-efficient microfluidic dual-sensor platform as a pre-screening tool in nanomaterial risk assessment and as a rapid quality control measure in medium to high-throughput settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Zirath
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Spitz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Roth
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Schellhorn
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Müller
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Manuel Walch
- kdg opticomp GmbH, Am kdg Campus, Dorf 91, 6652 Elbigenalp, Austria
| | - Jatinder Kaur
- kdg opticomp GmbH, Am kdg Campus, Dorf 91, 6652 Elbigenalp, Austria
| | - Alexander Wörle
- kdg opticomp GmbH, Am kdg Campus, Dorf 91, 6652 Elbigenalp, Austria
| | - Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-164, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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Kohl Y, Biehl M, Spring S, Hesler M, Ogourtsov V, Todorovic M, Owen J, Elje E, Kopecka K, Moriones OH, Bastús NG, Simon P, Dubaj T, Rundén-Pran E, Puntes V, William N, von Briesen H, Wagner S, Kapur N, Mariussen E, Nelson A, Gabelova A, Dusinska M, Velten T, Knoll T. Microfluidic In Vitro Platform for (Nano)Safety and (Nano)Drug Efficiency Screening. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006012. [PMID: 33458959 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology is a valuable tool for realizing more in vitro models capturing cellular and organ level responses for rapid and animal-free risk assessment of new chemicals and drugs. Microfluidic cell-based devices allow high-throughput screening and flexible automation while lowering costs and reagent consumption due to their miniaturization. There is a growing need for faster and animal-free approaches for drug development and safety assessment of chemicals (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical Substances, REACH). The work presented describes a microfluidic platform for in vivo-like in vitro cell cultivation. It is equipped with a wafer-based silicon chip including integrated electrodes and a microcavity. A proof-of-concept using different relevant cell models shows its suitability for label-free assessment of cytotoxic effects. A miniaturized microscope within each module monitors cell morphology and proliferation. Electrodes integrated in the microfluidic channels allow the noninvasive monitoring of barrier integrity followed by a label-free assessment of cytotoxic effects. Each microfluidic cell cultivation module can be operated individually or be interconnected in a flexible way. The interconnection of the different modules aims at simulation of the whole-body exposure and response and can contribute to the replacement of animal testing in risk assessment studies in compliance with the 3Rs to replace, reduce, and refine animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Margit Biehl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Sarah Spring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Michelle Hesler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Vladimir Ogourtsov
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Miomir Todorovic
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - Joshua Owen
- Institute of Thermofluids, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Elisabeth Elje
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, Oslo, 0372, Norway
| | - Kristina Kopecka
- Department of Nanobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, 84505, Slovakia
| | - Oscar Hernando Moriones
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus G Bastús
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Simon
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology SUT, Radlinskeho 9, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Dubaj
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology SUT, Radlinskeho 9, Bratislava, 812 37, Slovakia
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
| | - Victor Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Nicola William
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hagen von Briesen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Sylvia Wagner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Nikil Kapur
- Institute of Thermofluids, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Espen Mariussen
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
| | - Andrew Nelson
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Alena Gabelova
- Department of Nanobiology, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, 84505, Slovakia
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Health Effects Laboratory, Instituttveien 18, Kjeller, 2007, Norway
| | - Thomas Velten
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
| | - Thorsten Knoll
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V., Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, Sulzbach, 66280, Germany
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Rothbauer M, Höll G, Eilenberger C, Kratz SRA, Farooq B, Schuller P, Olmos Calvo I, Byrne RA, Meyer B, Niederreiter B, Küpcü S, Sevelda F, Holinka J, Hayden O, Tedde SF, Kiener HP, Ertl P. Monitoring tissue-level remodelling during inflammatory arthritis using a three-dimensional synovium-on-a-chip with non-invasive light scattering biosensing. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1461-1471. [PMID: 32219235 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, systemic joint disease in which an autoimmune response translates into an inflammatory attack resulting in joint damage, disability and decreased quality of life. Despite recent introduction of therapeutic agents such as anti-TNFα, even the best current therapies fail to achieve disease remission in most arthritis patients. Therefore, research into the mechanisms governing the destructive inflammatory process in rheumatoid arthritis is of great importance and may reveal novel strategies for the therapeutic interventions. To gain deeper insight into its pathogensis, we have developed for the first time a three-dimensional synovium-on-a-chip system in order to monitor the onset and progression of inflammatory synovial tissue responses. In our study, patient-derived primary synovial organoids are cultivated on a single chip platform containing embedded organic-photodetector arrays for over a week in the absence and presence of tumor-necrosis-factor. Using a label-free and non-invasive optical light-scatter biosensing strategy inflammation-induced 3D tissue-level architectural changes were already detected after two days. We demonstrate that the integration of complex human synovial organ cultures in a lab-on-a-chip provides reproducible and reliable information on how systemic stress factors affect synovial tissue architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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Yang Y, Liu S, Geng J. Microfluidic-Based Platform for the Evaluation of Nanomaterial-Mediated Drug Delivery: From High-Throughput Screening to Dynamic Monitoring. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2953-2968. [PMID: 31362686 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190730100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterial-based drug delivery holds tremendous promise for improving targeting capacity, biodistribution, and performance of therapeutic/diagnostic agents. Accelerating the clinical translation of current nanomedicine requires an in-depth understanding of the mechanism underlying the dynamic interaction between nanomaterials and cells in a physiological/pathophysiological-relevant condition. The introduction of the advanced microfluidic platform with miniaturized, well-controlled, and high-throughput features opens new investigation and application opportunities for nanomedicine evaluation. This review highlights the current state-of-theart in the field of 1) microfluidic-assisted in vitro assays that are capable of providing physiological-relevant flow conditions and performing high-throughput drug screening, 2) advanced organ-on-a-chip technology with the combination of microfabrication and tissue engineering techniques for mimicking microenvironment and better predicting in vivo response of nanomedicine, and 3) the integration of microdevice with various detection techniques that can monitor cell-nanoparticle interaction with high spatiotemporal resolution. Future perspectives regarding optimized on-chip disease modeling and personalized nanomedicine screening are discussed towards further expanding the utilization of the microfluidic-based platform in assessing the biological behavior of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinfa Geng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
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Ruzycka M, Cimpan MR, Rios-Mondragon I, Grudzinski IP. Microfluidics for studying metastatic patterns of lung cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:71. [PMID: 31133019 PMCID: PMC6537392 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of lung cancer continues to rise worldwide. Because the aggressive metastasis of lung cancer cells is the major drawback of successful therapies, the crucial challenge of modern nanomedicine is to develop diagnostic tools to map the molecular mechanisms of metastasis in lung cancer patients. In recent years, microfluidic platforms have been given much attention as tools for novel point-of-care diagnostic, an important aspect being the reconstruction of the body organs and tissues mimicking the in vivo conditions in one simple microdevice. Herein, we present the first comprehensive overview of the microfluidic systems used as innovative tools in the studies of lung cancer metastasis including single cancer cell analysis, endothelial transmigration, distant niches migration and finally neoangiogenesis. The application of the microfluidic systems to study the intercellular crosstalk between lung cancer cells and surrounding tumor microenvironment and the connection with multiple molecular signals coming from the external cellular matrix are discussed. We also focus on recent breakthrough technologies regarding lab-on-chip devices that serve as tools for detecting circulating lung cancer cells. The superiority of microfluidic systems over traditional in vitro cell-based assays with regard to modern nanosafety studies and new cancer drug design and discovery is also addressed. Finally, the current progress and future challenges regarding printable and paper-based microfluidic devices for personalized nanomedicine are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ruzycka
- Department of Applied Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mihaela R Cimpan
- Biomaterials - Department for Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivan Rios-Mondragon
- Biomaterials - Department for Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ireneusz P Grudzinski
- Department of Applied Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland.
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He Z, Ranganathan N, Li P. Evaluating nanomedicine with microfluidics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:492001. [PMID: 30215611 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aae18a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicines are engineered nanoscale structures that have an extensive range of application in the diagnosis and therapy of many diseases. Despite the rapid progress in and tremendous potential of nanomedicines, their clinical translational process is still slow, owing to the difficulty in understanding, evaluating, and predicting their behavior in complex living organisms. Microfluidic techniques offer a promising way to resolve these challenges. Carefully designed microfluidic chips enable in vivo microenvironment simulation and high-throughput analysis, thus providing robust platforms for nanomedicine evaluation. Here, we summarize the recent developments and achievements in microfluidic methods for nanomedicine evaluation, categorized into four sections based on their target systems: single cell, multicellular system, organ, and organism levels. Finally, we provide our perspectives on the challenges and future directions of microfluidics-based nanomedicine evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi He
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
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10
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Chen HY, Wu SH, Chen CT, Chen YP, Chang FP, Chien FC, Mou CY. Horseradish Peroxidase-Encapsulated Hollow Silica Nanospheres for Intracellular Sensing of Reactive Oxygen Species. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:123. [PMID: 29693204 PMCID: PMC5915989 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have crucial roles in cell signaling and homeostasis. Overproduction of ROS can induce oxidative damage to various biomolecules and cellular structures. Therefore, developing an approach capable of monitoring and quantifying ROS in living cells is significant for physiology and clinical diagnoses. Some cell-permeable fluorogenic probes developed are useful for the detection of ROS while in conjunction with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Their intracellular scenario is however hindered by the membrane-impermeable property of enzymes. Herein, a new approach for intracellular sensing of ROS by using horseradish peroxidase-encapsulated hollow silica nanospheres (designated HRP@HSNs), with satisfactory catalytic activity, cell membrane permeability, and biocompatibility, was prepared via a microemulsion method.These HRP@HSNs, combined with selective probes or targeting ligands, could be foreseen as ROS-detecting tools in specific organelles or cell types. As such, dihydrorhodamine 123-coupled HRP@HSNs were used for the qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis of physiological H2O2 levels in activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. We envision that this HSNs encapsulating active enzymes can be conjugated with selective probes and targeting ligands to detect ROS in specific organelles or cell types of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Si-Han Wu
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031 Taiwan
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031 Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tsu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Chen
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031 Taiwan
- International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, 11031 Taiwan
| | - Feng-Peng Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Fan-Ching Chien
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Taoyuan City, 32001 Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yuan Mou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
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11
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Botelho D, Leo BF, Massa C, Sarkar S, Tetley T, Chung KF, Chen S, Ryan MP, Porter A, Atochina-Vasserman EN, Zhang J, Schwander S, Gow AJ. Exposure to Silver Nanospheres Leads to Altered Respiratory Mechanics and Delayed Immune Response in an in Vivo Murine Model. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:213. [PMID: 29632485 PMCID: PMC5879457 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we examine the organ level toxicology of both carbon black (CB) and silver nanoparticles (AgNP). We aim to determine metal-specific effects to respiratory function, inflammation and potential interactions with lung lining fluid (LLF). C57Bl6/J male mice were intratracheally instilled with saline (control), low (0.05 μg/g) or high (0.5 μg/g) doses of either AgNP or CB 15 nm nanospheres. Lung histology, cytology, surfactant composition and function, inflammatory gene expression, and pulmonary function were measured at 1, 3, and 7 days post-exposure. Acutely, high dose CB resulted in an inflammatory response, increased neutrophilia and cytokine production, without alteration in surfactant composition or respiratory mechanics. Low dose CB had no effect. Neither low nor high dose AgNPs resulted in an acute inflammatory response, but there was an increase in work of breathing. Three days post-exposure with CB, a persistent neutrophilia was noted. High dose AgNP resulted in an elevated number of macrophages and invasion of lymphocytes. Additionally, AgNP treated mice displayed increased expression of IL1B, IL6, CCL2, and IL10. However, there were no significant changes in respiratory mechanics. At day 7, inflammation had resolved in AgNP-treated mice, but tissue stiffness and resistance were significantly decreased, which was accompanied by an increase in surfactant protein D (SP-D) content. These data demonstrate that the presence of metal alters the response of the lung to nanoparticle exposure. AgNP-surfactant interactions may alter respiratory function and result in a delayed immune response, potentially due to modified airway epithelial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Botelho
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Bey F Leo
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Center, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Christopher Massa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Srijata Sarkar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Terry Tetley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kian F Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary P Ryan
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Porter
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena N Atochina-Vasserman
- RASA Center in Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia.,RASA Center, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Stephan Schwander
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Andrew J Gow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,RASA Center in Tomsk, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
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12
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Tong Z, Rajeev G, Guo K, Ivask A, McCormick S, Lombi E, Priest C, Voelcker NH. Microfluidic Cell Microarray Platform for High Throughput Analysis of Particle–Cell Interactions. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4338-4347. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiu Tong
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Gayathri Rajeev
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Keying Guo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Angela Ivask
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Scott McCormick
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Craig Priest
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia 5095, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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13
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Charwat V, Olmos Calvo I, Rothbauer M, Kratz SRA, Jungreuthmayer C, Zanghellini J, Grillari J, Ertl P. Combinatorial in Vitro and in Silico Approach To Describe Shear-Force Dependent Uptake of Nanoparticles in Microfluidic Vascular Models. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3651-3655. [PMID: 29478320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we combine experimental and computational methods to define the critical shear stress as an alternative parameter for nanotoxicological and nanomedical evaluations using an in vitro microfluidic vascular model. We demonstrate that our complementary in vitro and in silico approach is well suited to assess the fluid flow velocity above which clathrin-mediated (active) nanoparticle uptake per cell decreases drastically although higher numbers of nanoparticles per cell are introduced. Results of our study revealed a critical shear stress of 1.8 dyn/cm2, where maximum active cellular nanoparticle uptake took place, followed by a 70% decrease in uptake of 249 nm nanoparticles at 10 dyn/cm2, respectively. The observed nonlinear relationship between flow velocity and nanoparticle uptake strongly suggests that fluid mechanical forces also need to be considered in order to predict potential in vivo distribution, bioaccumulation, and clearance of nanomaterials and novel nanodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Charwat
- Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Isabel Olmos Calvo
- Department of Medicine III , Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry , Vienna University of Technology , Vienna , Austria
| | | | | | - Jürgen Zanghellini
- Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria.,ACIB - Austrian Centre for Industrial Biotechnology , Vienna , Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna , Austria
| | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical Chemistry , Vienna University of Technology , Vienna , Austria
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14
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Vieira LFDA, Lins MP, Viana IMMN, dos Santos JE, Smaniotto S, Reis MDDS. Metallic nanoparticles reduce the migration of human fibroblasts in vitro. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:200. [PMID: 28314368 PMCID: PMC5355407 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-1982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have extremely wide applications in the medical and biological fields. They are being used in biosensors, local drug delivery, diagnostics, and medical therapy. However, the potential effects of nanoparticles on target cell and tissue function, apart from cytotoxicity, are not completely understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on human fibroblasts with respect to their interaction with the extracellular matrix and in cell migration. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that treatment with AgNPs or AuNPs decreased collagen and laminin production at all the concentrations tested (0.1, 1, and 10 μg/mL). Furthermore, cytofluorometric analysis showed that treatment with AgNPs reduced the percentage of cells expressing the collagen receptor very late antigen 2, α2β1 integrin (VLA-2) and the laminin receptor very late antigen 6, α6β1 integrin (VLA-6). In contrast, AuNP treatment increased and decreased the percentages of VLA-2-positive and VLA-6-positive cells, respectively, as compared to the findings for the controls. Analysis of cytoskeletal reorganization showed that treatment with both types of nanoparticles increased the formation of stress fibres and number of cell protrusions and impaired cell polarity. Fibroblasts exposed to different concentrations of AuNPs and AgNPs showed reduced migration through transwell chambers in the functional chemotaxis assay. These results demonstrated that metal nanoparticles may influence fibroblast function by negatively modulating the deposition of extracellular matrix molecules (ECM) and altering the expression of ECM receptors, cytoskeletal reorganization, and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Fernanda de Araújo Vieira
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, CEP 57072-970 Maceió, Alagoas Brazil
| | - Marvin Paulo Lins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, CEP 57072-970 Maceió, Alagoas Brazil
| | - Iana Mayane Mendes Nicácio Viana
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, CEP 57072-970 Maceió, Alagoas Brazil
| | - Jeniffer Estevão dos Santos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, CEP 57072-970 Maceió, Alagoas Brazil
| | - Salete Smaniotto
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, CEP 57072-970 Maceió, Alagoas Brazil
| | - Maria Danielma dos Santos Reis
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, CEP 57072-970 Maceió, Alagoas Brazil
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15
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Chudy M, Tokarska K, Jastrzębska E, Bułka M, Drozdek S, Lamch Ł, Wilk KA, Brzózka Z. Lab-on-a-chip systems for photodynamic therapy investigations. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 101:37-51. [PMID: 29035761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received widespread attention in cancer treatment due to its smaller surgical trauma, better selectivity towards tumor cells, reduced side effects and possibility of repeatable treatment. Since cancer is the second cause of death worldwide, scientists constantly seek for new potential therapeutic agents including nanotechnology-based photosensitizers used in PDT. The new-designed nanostructures must be carefully studied and well characterized what require analytically useful and powerful tools that enable real progress in nanoscience development. This review describes the current status of PDT investigations using microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip systems, including recent developments of nanoparticle-based PDT agents, their combinations with different drugs, designs and examples of in vitro applications. This review mainly lays emphasis on biological evaluation of FDA approved photosensitizing agents as well as newly designed nanophotosensitizers. It also highlights the analytical performances of various microfluidic Lab-on-a-chip systems for PDT efficacy analysis on 3D culture and discusses microsystems designs in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Chudy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tokarska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Jastrzębska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bułka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Drozdek
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Lamch
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kazimiera A Wilk
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Brzózka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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16
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Mondrinos MJ, Yi YS, Wu NK, Ding X, Huh D. Native extracellular matrix-derived semipermeable, optically transparent, and inexpensive membrane inserts for microfluidic cell culture. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3146-3158. [PMID: 28809418 PMCID: PMC5782796 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00317j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Semipermeable cell culture membranes are commonly used in multilayered microfluidic devices to mimic the basement membrane in vivo and to create compartmentalized microenvironments for physiological cell growth and differentiation. However, existing membranes are predominantly made up of synthetic polymers, providing limited capacity to replicate cellular interactions with native extracellular matrices that play a crucial role in the induction of physiological phenotypes. Here we describe a new type of cell culture membranes engineered from native extracellular matrix (ECM) materials that are thin, semipermeable, optically transparent, and amenable to integration into microfluidic cell culture devices. Facile and cost-effective fabrication of these membranes was achieved by controlled sequential steps of vitrification that transformed three-dimensional (3D) ECM hydrogels into structurally stable thin films. By modulating the composition of the ECM, our technique provided a means to tune key membrane properties such as optical transparency, stiffness, and porosity. For microfluidic cell culture, we constructed a multilayered microdevice consisting of two parallel chambers separated by a thin membrane insert derived from different types of ECM. This study showed that our ECM membranes supported attachment and growth of various types of cells (epithelial, endothelial, and mesenchymal cells) under perfusion culture conditions. Our data also revealed the promotive effects of the membranes on adhesion-associated intracellular signaling that mediates cell-ECM interactions. Moreover, we demonstrated the use of these membranes for constructing compartmentalized microfluidic cell culture systems to induce physiological tissue differentiation or to replicate interfaces between different tissue types. Our approach provides a robust platform to produce and engineer biologically active cell culture substrates that serve as promising alternatives to conventional synthetic membrane inserts. This strategy may contribute to the development of physiologically relevant in vitro cell culture models for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Mondrinos
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
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17
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McCormick SC, Kriel FH, Ivask A, Tong Z, Lombi E, Voelcker NH, Priest C. The Use of Microfluidics in Cytotoxicity and Nanotoxicity Experiments. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6190054 DOI: 10.3390/mi8040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many unique chemical compounds and nanomaterials are being developed, and each one requires a considerable range of in vitro and/or in vivo toxicity screening in order to evaluate their safety. The current methodology of in vitro toxicological screening on cells is based on well-plate assays that require time-consuming manual handling or expensive automation to gather enough meaningful toxicology data. Cost reduction; access to faster, more comprehensive toxicity data; and a robust platform capable of quantitative testing, will be essential in evaluating the safety of new chemicals and nanomaterials, and, at the same time, in securing the confidence of regulators and end-users. Microfluidic chips offer an alternative platform for toxicity screening that has the potential to transform both the rates and efficiency of nanomaterial testing, as reviewed here. The inherent advantages of microfluidic technologies offer high-throughput screening with small volumes of analytes, parallel analyses, and low-cost fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. McCormick
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd., Mawson Lakes, 5098 SA, Australia; (S.C.M.); (F.H.K.); (A.I.); (Z.T.); (E.L.); (N.H.V.)
| | - Frederik H. Kriel
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd., Mawson Lakes, 5098 SA, Australia; (S.C.M.); (F.H.K.); (A.I.); (Z.T.); (E.L.); (N.H.V.)
| | - Angela Ivask
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd., Mawson Lakes, 5098 SA, Australia; (S.C.M.); (F.H.K.); (A.I.); (Z.T.); (E.L.); (N.H.V.)
| | - Ziqiu Tong
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd., Mawson Lakes, 5098 SA, Australia; (S.C.M.); (F.H.K.); (A.I.); (Z.T.); (E.L.); (N.H.V.)
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC, Australia
| | - Enzo Lombi
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd., Mawson Lakes, 5098 SA, Australia; (S.C.M.); (F.H.K.); (A.I.); (Z.T.); (E.L.); (N.H.V.)
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd., Mawson Lakes, 5098 SA, Australia; (S.C.M.); (F.H.K.); (A.I.); (Z.T.); (E.L.); (N.H.V.)
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052 VIC, Australia
| | - Craig Priest
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Blvd., Mawson Lakes, 5098 SA, Australia; (S.C.M.); (F.H.K.); (A.I.); (Z.T.); (E.L.); (N.H.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8302-5146
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18
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Abstract
In this chapter the state of the art of live cell microarrays for high-throughput biological assays are reviewed. The fabrication of novel microarrays with respect to material science and cell patterning methods is included. A main focus of the chapter is on various aspects of the application of cell microarrays by providing selected examples in research fields such as biomaterials, stem cell biology and neuroscience. Additionally, the importance of microfluidic technologies for high-throughput on-chip live-cell microarrays is highlighted for single-cell and multi-cell assays as well as for 3D tissue constructs.
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19
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Rothbauer M, Praisler I, Docter D, Stauber RH, Ertl P. Microfluidic Impedimetric Cell Regeneration Assay to Monitor the Enhanced Cytotoxic Effect of Nanomaterial Perfusion. BIOSENSORS 2015; 5:736-49. [PMID: 26633532 PMCID: PMC4697142 DOI: 10.3390/bios5040736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the application of nanomaterials (NMs) in technical products and biomedicine has become a rapidly increasing market trend. As the safety and efficacy of NMs are of utmost importance, new methods are needed to study the dynamic interactions of NMs at the nano-biointerface. However, evaluation of NMs based on standard and static cell culture end-point detection methods does not provide information on the dynamics of living biological systems, which is crucial for the understanding of physiological responses. To bridge this technological gap, we here present a microfluidic cell culture system containing embedded impedance microsensors to continuously and non-invasively monitor the effects of NMs on adherent cells under varying flow conditions. As a model, the impact of silica NMs on the vitality and regenerative capacity of human lung cells after acute and chronic exposure scenarios was studied over an 18-h period following a four-hour NM treatment. Results of the study demonstrated that the developed system is applicable to reliably analyze the consequences of dynamic NM exposure to physiological cell barriers in both nanotoxicology and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rothbauer
- BioSensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Irene Praisler
- BioSensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Dominic Docter
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology, ENT/University Medical Center Mainz, 55116 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Roland H Stauber
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology, ENT/University Medical Center Mainz, 55116 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Peter Ertl
- BioSensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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20
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Recent advances and future applications of microfluidic live-cell microarrays. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:948-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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Passos ML, Pinto PC, Santos JL, Saraiva MLM, Araujo AR. Nanoparticle-based assays in automated flow systems: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 889:22-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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An in vitro microfluidic gradient generator platform for antimicrobial testing. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-014-8406-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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23
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Charwat V, Joksch M, Sticker D, Purtscher M, Rothbauer M, Ertl P. Monitoring cellular stress responses using integrated high-frequency impedance spectroscopy and time-resolved ELISA. Analyst 2014; 139:5271-82. [PMID: 25137192 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00824c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a lab-on-a-chip system for continuous and non-invasive monitoring of microfluidic cell cultures using integrated high-frequency contactless impedance spectroscopy. Electrically insulated microfabricated interdigitated electrode structures were embedded into four individually addressable microchambers to reliably and reproducibly detect cell-substrate interactions, cell viability and metabolic activity. While silicon nitride passivated sensor substrates provided a homogeneous cell culture surface that minimized cell orientation along interdigitated electrode structures, the application of high-frequency AC fields reduced the impact of the 300 nm thick passivation layer on sensor sensitivity. The additional implementation of multivariate data analysis methods such as partial least square (PLS) for high-frequency impedance spectra provided unambiguous information on intracellular pathway activation, up and down-regulation of protein synthesis as well as global cellular stress responses. A comparative cell analysis using connective tissue fibroblasts showed that high-frequency contactless impedance spectroscopy and time-resolved quantification of IL-6 secretion using ELISA provided similar results following stimulation with circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα. The combination of microfluidics with contactless impedance sensing and time-resolved quantification of stress factor release will provide biologist with a new tool to (a) establish a variety of uniform cell culture surfaces that feature complex biochemistries, micro- and nanopatterns; and (b) to simultaneously characterize cell responses under physiologically relevant conditions using a complementary non-invasive cell analysis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Charwat
- BioSensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Mahto SK, Charwat V, Ertl P, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Rhee SW, Sznitman J. Microfluidic platforms for advanced risk assessments of nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:381-95. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.940402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel,
| | - Verena Charwat
- BioSensor Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), Vienna, Austria,
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse, Vienna, Austria,
| | - Peter Ertl
- BioSensor Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), Vienna, Austria,
| | | | - Seog Woo Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Kongju, South Korea
| | - Josué Sznitman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel,
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25
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Gioria S, Chassaigne H, Carpi D, Parracino A, Meschini S, Barboro P, Rossi F. A proteomic approach to investigate AuNPs effects in Balb/3T3 cells. Toxicol Lett 2014; 228:111-26. [PMID: 24780912 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Although gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are currently used in several industrial products and biomedical applications, information about their biological effects is very limited. Thus, it is becoming crucial to assess their safety and adequately investigate the complexity of cell-nanoparticles interactions. In this work, the Balb/3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line was selected as an in vitro model to study the effects of AuNPs. Alteration of cellular processes and biochemical pathways caused by AuNPs exposure was investigated by analysing the differentially expressed proteome. Of interest was the difference observed in the protein pattern expression of cells exposed to AuNPs. It was found that 88 and 83 proteins were de-regulated after exposure to 5 and 15nm AuNPs, respectively. Analysis of the proteome revealed that AuNPs triggers several pathways related to cellular growth and proliferation, cell morphology, cell cycle regulation, cellular function and maintenance, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response. Moreover, SPR analysis showed an increase of ECM proteins biosynthesis in cells exposed to AuNPs. We observed by TEM analysis that NPs are internalized and confined mainly in autophagosomes. Endoplasmic reticulum stressed and modification at mitochondrial level occurred. This study aims to improve existing knowledge necessary for a correct assessment of the balance between AuNPs potential adverse and beneficial effects and might have important implications for biomedical applications (e.g. nanomedicine). To conclude proteomics link to system biology analysis is a valuable tool to understand and predict nanoparticles' toxicity, furthermore it has the potential to reveal pathways that may not be immediately evident with classical toxicological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gioria
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy.
| | - Hubert Chassaigne
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Donatella Carpi
- INGM Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, Via Francesco Sforza 28, I-20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonietta Parracino
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Stefania Meschini
- Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Margherita 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Barboro
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, I-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - François Rossi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, I-21027 Ispra, Italy
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Papavlassopoulos H, Mishra YK, Kaps S, Paulowicz I, Abdelaziz R, Elbahri M, Maser E, Adelung R, Röhl C. Toxicity of functional nano-micro zinc oxide tetrapods: impact of cell culture conditions, cellular age and material properties. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84983. [PMID: 24454775 PMCID: PMC3890288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing production and applications of nanostructured zinc oxide, e.g., for biomedical and consumer products, the question of safety is getting more and more important. Different morphologies of zinc oxide structures have been synthesized and accordingly investigated. In this study, we have particularly focused on nano-micro ZnO tetrapods (ZnO-T), because their large scale fabrication has been made possible by a newly introduced flame transport synthesis approach which will probably lead to several new applications. Moreover, ZnO-T provide a completely different morphology then classical spherical ZnO nanoparticles. To get a better understanding of parameters that affect the interactions between ZnO-T and mammalian cells, and thus their biocompatibility, we have examined the impact of cell culture conditions as well as of material properties on cytotoxicity. Our results demonstrate that the cell density of fibroblasts in culture along with their age, i.e., the number of preceding cell divisions, strongly affect the cytotoxic potency of ZnO-T. Concerning the material properties, the toxic potency of ZnO-T is found to be significantly lower than that of spherical ZnO nanoparticles. Furthermore, the morphology of the ZnO-T influenced cellular toxicity in contrast to surface charges modified by UV illumination or O2 treatment and to the material age. Finally, we have observed that direct contact between tetrapods and cells increases their toxicity compared to transwell culture models which allow only an indirect effect via released zinc ions. The results reveal several parameters that can be of importance for the assessment of ZnO-T toxicity in cell cultures and for particle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Papavlassopoulos
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Yogendra K. Mishra
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail: (YKM); (CR)
| | - Sören Kaps
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ingo Paulowicz
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ramzy Abdelaziz
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Institute for Materials Science, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mady Elbahri
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Institute for Materials Science, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Institute of Polymer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Functional Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Science, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Claudia Röhl
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, Christiana Albertina University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- ZEBET - Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (YKM); (CR)
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Treuel L, Eslahian KA, Docter D, Lang T, Zellner R, Nienhaus K, Nienhaus GU, Stauber RH, Maskos M. Physicochemical characterization of nanoparticles and their behavior in the biological environment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:15053-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00058g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Whilst the physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles in the gas or idealized solvent phase can nowadays be characterized with sufficient accuracy, this is no longer the case for particles in the presence of a complex biological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Treuel
- Fraunhofer ICT-IMM
- 55129 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45141 Essen, Germany
| | | | - D. Docter
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology/Mainz Screening Center (MSC)
- University Hospital of Mainz
- 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - T. Lang
- Fraunhofer ICT-IMM
- 55129 Mainz, Germany
| | - R. Zellner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - K. Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G. U. Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Physics
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - R. H. Stauber
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology/Mainz Screening Center (MSC)
- University Hospital of Mainz
- 55101 Mainz, Germany
| | - M. Maskos
- Fraunhofer ICT-IMM
- 55129 Mainz, Germany
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28
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Testing the nanoparticle-allostatic cross-adaptation-sensitization model for homeopathic remedy effects. HOMEOPATHY 2013; 102:66-81. [PMID: 23290882 DOI: 10.1016/j.homp.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Key concepts of the Nanoparticle-Allostatic Cross-Adaptation-Sensitization (NPCAS) Model for the action of homeopathic remedies in living systems include source nanoparticles as low level environmental stressors, heterotypic hormesis, cross-adaptation, allostasis (stress response network), time-dependent sensitization with endogenous amplification and bidirectional change, and self-organizing complex adaptive systems. The model accommodates the requirement for measurable physical agents in the remedy (source nanoparticles and/or source adsorbed to silica nanoparticles). Hormetic adaptive responses in the organism, triggered by nanoparticles; bipolar, metaplastic change, dependent on the history of the organism. Clinical matching of the patient's symptom picture, including modalities, to the symptom pattern that the source material can cause (cross-adaptation and cross-sensitization). Evidence for nanoparticle-related quantum macro-entanglement in homeopathic pathogenetic trials. This paper examines research implications of the model, discussing the following hypotheses: Variability in nanoparticle size, morphology, and aggregation affects remedy properties and reproducibility of findings. Homeopathic remedies modulate adaptive allostatic responses, with multiple dynamic short- and long-term effects. Simillimum remedy nanoparticles, as novel mild stressors corresponding to the organism's dysfunction initiate time-dependent cross-sensitization, reversing the direction of dysfunctional reactivity to environmental stressors. The NPCAS model suggests a way forward for systematic research on homeopathy. The central proposition is that homeopathic treatment is a form of nanomedicine acting by modulation of endogenous adaptation and metaplastic amplification processes in the organism to enhance long-term systemic resilience and health.
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Charwat V, Purtscher M, Tedde SF, Hayden O, Ertl P. Standardization of microfluidic cell cultures using integrated organic photodiodes and electrode arrays. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:785-97. [PMID: 23254868 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40965h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology provides the tools to develop novel biosensors with improved performance, including sensitivity and response time that can be readily integrated into diagnostic devices. We have developed a miniaturized cell analysis platform to advance microfluidic cell cultures by combining two complementary, label-free and non-invasive cell analysis methods for the long-term monitoring of dynamic cell behavior. The novel dual-parameter cell-on-a-chip detects light scattering from adherent cells to provide information on cell numbers and intracellular granularity, while simultaneously performing impedance spectroscopy to monitor cell adhesion and cell-cell interaction. In the present work we have integrated spray-coated organic photodiode arrays with a lab-on-a-chip containing embedded interdigitated electrode structures to improve assay reproducibility, reliability and accuracy. We successfully demonstrate that the complementary cell chip technology can accurately detect cell numbers, clarify misleading results during cell-substance interaction assays, as well as the cytotoxicity screening of drug substances. The ability to precisely determine cell numbers within minutes constitutes a major step towards standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Charwat
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
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31
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Liu TC, Wohland T, Watt F, Bettiol A, Udalagama C, Wang LP. A new technology for revealing the flow profile in integrated lab-on-a-chip. Med Phys 2012; 39:5060-4. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4737520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Steinkuehler J, Charwat V, Richter L, Ertl P. Characterization of double layer alterations induced by charged particles and protein-membrane interactions using contactless impedance spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:10461-9. [PMID: 22594659 DOI: 10.1021/jp3008392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Double layer interactions between charged particles and surfaces play a vital role in a variety of technical and biological systems because they determine the stability of, e.g., protein-membrane biointerfaces. The underlying theoretical principle is based on the overlap of two different double layers that induce surface charges to be shifted to a new equilibrium distribution, which can be approximated by the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. In the present work we show theoretical and experimental results involving double layer capacitance of surfaces that exhibit charge regulation behavior. Charge regulation is an important parameter to consider when investigating protein-membrane interactions because it defines surface properties between ideal constant charge and constant potential behavior. In this work we introduce a novel theoretical model that also includes charge regulation behavior and can assess changes of double layer disruptions at TiO(2) and supported lipid-bilayers (SLB). The selected surfaces represent important biointerfaces that can be found on implants or cell membranes. We also demonstrate that contactless impedance spectroscopy is well suited to measure double layer capacitance interactions using differently charged silica beads. The combination of a theoretical model with experimental data allowed us further to identify charge regulation effects during protein adsorption (BSA and Annexin V) events at supported lipid-bilayers (SLB) used as a simple cell membrane model. Finally, the first indications of changed charge regulation behavior during protein surface crystallization events were also documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Steinkuehler
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Muthgasse 11/2, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Medina-Sánchez M, Miserere S, Merkoçi A. Nanomaterials and lab-on-a-chip technologies. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:1932-43. [PMID: 22517169 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40063d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) platforms have become important tools for sample analysis and treatment with interest for DNA, protein and cells studies or diagnostics due to benefits such as the reduced sample volume, low cost, portability and the possibility to build new analytical devices or be integrated into conventional ones. These platforms have advantages of a wide set of nanomaterials (NM) (i.e. nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanowires, graphene etc.) and offer excellent improvement in properties for many applications (i.e. detectors sensitivity enhancement, biolabelling capability along with other in-chip applications related to the specificities of the variety of nanomaterials with optical, electrical and/or mechanical properties). This review covers the last trends in the use of nanomaterials in microfluidic systems and the related advantages in analytical and bioanalytical applications. In addition to the applications of nanomaterials in LOCs, we also discuss the employment of such devices for the production and characterization of nanomaterials. Both framed platforms, NMs based LOCs and LOCs for NMs production and characterization, represent promising alternatives to generate new nanotechnology tools for point-of-care diagnostics, drug delivery and nanotoxicology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Medina-Sánchez
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanotecnologia, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona-Spain
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