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Ali A. Development of antidiabetic drugs from benzamide derivatives as glucokinase activator: A computational approach. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3313-3325. [PMID: 35844378 PMCID: PMC9280248 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a condition known for the impairment of insulin secretion and is responsible for diabetes mellitus. Various small molecule inhibitors have been discovered as glucokinase activators. Recent studies on benzamide derivatives showed their importance in the treatment of diabetes as glucokinase activator. The present manuscript showed a computation study on benzamide derivatives to help in the production of potent glucokinase activators. In the present study, pharmacophore development, 3D-QSAR, and docking studies were performed on benzamide derivatives to find out the important features required for the development of a potential glucokinase activator. The generated pharmacophore hypothesis ADRR_1 consisted of essential features required for the activity. The resultant statistical data showed high significant values with R2 > 0.99; 0.98 for the training set and Q2 > 0.52; 0.71 for test set based on atom-based and field-based models, respectively. The potent compound 15b of the series showed a good docking score via binding with different amino acid residues such as (NH…ARG63), (SO2…ARG250, THR65), and π-π staking with (phenyl……TYR214). The virtual screening study used 3563 compounds from ZINC database and screened hit compound ZINC08974524, binds with similar amino acids as shown by compound 15b and crystal ligand with docking scores SP (-11.17 kcal/mol) and XP (-8.43 kcal/mol). Compounds were further evaluated by ADME and MMGBSA parameters. Ligands and ZINC hits showed no violation of Lipinski rules. All the screened compounds showed good synthetic accessibility. The present study may be used by researchers for the development of novel benzamide derivatives as glucokinase activator.
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Khadse SC, Amnerkar ND, Dave MU, Lokwani DK, Patil RR, Ugale VG, Charbe NB, Chatpalliwar VA. Quinazolin-4-one derivatives lacking toxicity-producing attributes as glucokinase activators: design, synthesis, molecular docking, and in-silico ADMET prediction. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-019-0012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A small library of quinazolin-4-one clubbed thiazole acetates/acetamides lacking toxicity-producing functionalities was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antidiabetic potential as glucokinase activators (GKA). Molecular docking studies were done in the allosteric site of the human glucokinase (PDB ID: 1V4S) enzyme to assess the binding mode and interactions of synthesized hits for best-fit conformations. All the compounds were evaluated by in vitro enzymatic assay for GK activation.
Results
Data showed that compounds 3 (EC50 = 632 nM) and 4 (EC50 = 516 nM) showed maximum GK activation compared to the standards RO-281675 and piragliatin. Based on the results of the in vitro enzyme assay, docking studies, and substitution pattern, selected compounds were tested for their glucose-lowering effect in vivo by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal rats. Compounds 3 (133 mg/dL) and 4 (135 mg/dL) exhibited prominent activity by lowering the glucose level to almost normal, eliciting the results in parallel to enzyme assay and docking studies. Binding free energy, hydrogen bonding, and π–π interactions of most active quinazolin-4-one derivatives 3 and 4 with key amino acid residues of the 1V4S enzyme were studied precisely. Preliminary in-silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) prediction was carried out using SwissADME and PreADMET online software which revealed that all the compounds have the potential to become orally active antidiabetic agents as they obeyed Lipinski's rule of five.
Conclusion
The results revealed that the designed lead could be significant for the strategic design of safe, effective, and orally bioavailable quinazolinone derivatives as glucokinase activators.
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Practical application of ligand efficiency metrics in lead optimisation. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3006-3015. [PMID: 29655612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of composite metrics that normalise biological potency values in relation to markers of physicochemical properties, such as size or lipophilicity, has gained a significant amount of traction with many medicinal chemists in recent years. However, there is no consensus on best practice in the area and their application has attracted some criticism. Here we present our approach to their application in lead optimisation projects, provide an objective discussion of the principles we consider important and illustrate how our use of lipophilic ligand efficiency enabled the progression of a number of our successful drug discovery projects. We derive, from this and some recent literature highlights, a set of heuristic guidelines for lipophilicity based optimisation that we believe are generally applicable across chemical series and protein targets.
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Park K, Lee BM, Hyun KH, Han T, Lee DH, Choi HH. Design and Synthesis of Acetylenyl Benzamide Derivatives as Novel Glucokinase Activators for the Treatment of T2DM. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:296-301. [PMID: 25815149 DOI: 10.1021/ml5004712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel acetylenyl-containing benzamide derivatives were synthesized and screened using an in vitro assay measuring increases in glucokinase activity stimulated by 10 mM glucose concentration and glucose uptake in rat hepatocytes. Lead optimization of an acetylenyl benzamide series led to the discovery of several active compounds via in vitro enzyme assays (EC50 < 40 nM) and in vivo OGTT assays (AUC reduction > 40% at 50 mg/kg). Of the active compounds tested, 3-(3-amino-phenylethynyl)-5-(2-methoxy-1-methyl-ethoxy)-N-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-benzamide (19) was identified as a potent glucokinase activator exhibiting an EC50 of 27 nM and eliciting a 2.16-fold increase in glucose uptake. Compound 19 caused a glucose AUC reduction of 47.4% (30 mg/kg) in an OGTT study in C57BL/6J mice compared to 22.6% for sitagliptin (30 mg/kg). Single treatment of the compound 19 in C57BL/6J mice elicited basal glucose lowering activity without any significant evidence for hypoglycemia risk. Compound 19 was therefore selected as a candidate for further preclinical development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaapjoo Park
- Yuhan Research Institute, 25, Tapsil-ro 35beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Moon Lee
- Yuhan Research Institute, 25, Tapsil-ro 35beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Hoon Hyun
- Yuhan Research Institute, 25, Tapsil-ro 35beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Taedong Han
- Yuhan Research Institute, 25, Tapsil-ro 35beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Yuhan Research Institute, 25, Tapsil-ro 35beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Choi
- Yuhan Research Institute, 25, Tapsil-ro 35beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Baker DJ, Wilkinson GP, Atkinson AM, Jones HB, Coghlan M, Charles AD, Leighton B. Chronic glucokinase activator treatment at clinically translatable exposures gives durable glucose lowering in two animal models of type 2 diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1642-54. [PMID: 24772484 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pharmacological activation of glucokinase (GK) lowers blood glucose in animal models and humans, confirming proof of concept for this mechanism. However, recent clinical evidence from chronic studies suggests that the glucose-lowering effects mediated by glucokinase activators (GKAs) are not maintained in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Existing preclinical data with GKAs do not explain this loss of sustained glucose-lowering efficacy in patients. Here, we have assessed the effects of chronic (up to 11 months) treatment with two different GKAs in two models of T2D. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Two validated animal models of T2D, insulin-resistant obese Zucker rats and hyperglycaemic gk(wt/del) mice, were treated with two different GKAs for 1 or 11 months respectively at exposures that translate to clinical exposures in humans. Blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and insulin were measured. GKA pharmacokinetics were also determined. KEY RESULTS Treatment with either GKA provided sustained lowering of blood glucose for up to 1 month in the Zucker rat and up to 11 months in hyperglycaemic gk(wt/del) mice, with maintained compound exposures. This efficacy was achieved without increases in plasma or hepatic triglycerides, accumulation of hepatic glycogen or impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Chronic treatment with two GKAs in two animal models of diabetes provided sustained lowering of blood glucose, in marked contrast to clinical findings. Therefore, either these animal models of T2D are not good predictors of responses in human T2D or we need a better understanding of the consequences of GK activation in humans.
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Abstract
The concept of activation of glucokinase (encoded by the Gck gene) as a potential therapy for type 2 diabetes has been explored by several pharmaceutical companies. Small-molecule Gck activators (GKAs) were found to be effective at increasing glucose disposal by hepatocytes and lowering blood glucose in animal models of diabetes during acute or chronic exposure and in human type 2 diabetes during short-term exposure. However, several clinical trials of GKAs were discontinued because of declining efficacy during chronic exposure or other issues. In some cases, declining efficacy was associated with an increase in plasma triglycerides. Accordingly, increased hepatic triglyceride production or steatosis was inferred as the likely cause for declining efficacy. However, other mechanisms of tachyphylaxis need to be considered. For example, elevated glucose concentration causes induction of glucose 6-phosphatase (G6pc) and repression of Gck in hepatocytes. This is best explained as an adaptative mechanism to maintain intracellular phosphometabolite homeostasis. Enhancement of G6pc induction and Gck repression by GKAs because of perturbed phosphometabolite homeostasis could explain the decline in GKA efficacy during chronic exposure. Progress in understanding the mechanisms of intracellular phosphometabolite homeostasis is crucial for development of better drug therapies and appropriate dietary intervention for type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loranne Agius
- Newcastle University, Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School , Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH , UK +44 1912087033 ;
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Abstract
In this review we highlight recently disclosed progress in the field of small-molecule activators of the human glucokinase enzyme. Several of the reported chemotypes possess structural features that diverge from known leads; some of these modifications appear to be specifically designed to modulate tissue selectivity or discrete parameters of enzyme function (e.g., S0.5 v Vmax). This review will inform the reader of the extent of continued effort being directed toward discovery of a first-in-class drug for Type II diabetes mellitus that functions through this target. Patents were selected from those published in December 2009 up to November 2011; foreign filings were translated where possible to understand the claims and biological techniques utilized to characterize the reported glucokinase activators. Overall, there appears to be a recent trend leading to reduced patent filings for small-molecule glucokinase activators. There are many possible explanations for this trend; however, it is likely that the field has reached maturity and that the downturn of new disclosures represents the transition of many of these programs to the clinic.
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Erion DM, Lapworth A, Amor PA, Bai G, Vera NB, Clark RW, Yan Q, Zhu Y, Ross TT, Purkal J, Gorgoglione M, Zhang G, Bonato V, Baker L, Barucci N, D’Aquila T, Robertson A, Aiello RJ, Yan J, Trimmer J, Rolph TP, Pfefferkorn JA. The hepatoselective glucokinase activator PF-04991532 ameliorates hyperglycemia without causing hepatic steatosis in diabetic rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97139. [PMID: 24858947 PMCID: PMC4032240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia resulting from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the main cause of diabetic complications such as retinopathy and neuropathy. A reduction in hyperglycemia has been shown to prevent these associated complications supporting the importance of glucose control. Glucokinase converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate and determines glucose flux into the β-cells and hepatocytes. Since activation of glucokinase in β-cells is associated with increased risk of hypoglycemia, we hypothesized that selectively activating hepatic glucokinase would reduce fasting and postprandial glucose with minimal risk of hypoglycemia. Previous studies have shown that hepatic glucokinase overexpression is able to restore glucose homeostasis in diabetic models; however, these overexpression experiments have also revealed that excessive increases in hepatic glucokinase activity may also cause hepatosteatosis. Herein we sought to evaluate whether liver specific pharmacological activation of hepatic glucokinase is an effective strategy to reduce hyperglycemia without causing adverse hepatic lipids changes. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated a hepatoselective glucokinase activator, PF-04991532, in Goto-Kakizaki rats. In these studies, PF-04991532 reduced plasma glucose concentrations independent of changes in insulin concentrations in a dose-dependent manner both acutely and after 28 days of sub-chronic treatment. During a hyperglycemic clamp in Goto-Kakizaki rats, the glucose infusion rate was increased approximately 5-fold with PF-04991532. This increase in glucose infusion can be partially attributed to the 60% reduction in endogenous glucose production. While PF-04991532 induced dose-dependent increases in plasma triglyceride concentrations it had no effect on hepatic triglyceride concentrations in Goto-Kakizaki rats. Interestingly, PF-04991532 decreased intracellular AMP concentrations and increased hepatic futile cycling. These data suggest that hepatoselective glucokinase activation may offer glycemic control without inducing hepatic steatosis supporting the evaluation of tissue specific activators in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek M. Erion
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amanda Lapworth
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Amor
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Guoyun Bai
- Groton Center of Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nicholas B. Vera
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ronald W. Clark
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Qingyun Yan
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Trenton T. Ross
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julie Purkal
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew Gorgoglione
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Groton Center of Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vinicius Bonato
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Levenia Baker
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nicole Barucci
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Theresa D’Aquila
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alan Robertson
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Aiello
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jiangli Yan
- Groton Center of Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jeff Trimmer
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Rolph
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Pfefferkorn
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Park K, Lee BM, Hyun KH, Lee DH, Choi HH, Kim H, Chong W, Kim KB, Nam SY. Discovery of 3-(4-methanesulfonylphenoxy)-N-[1-(2-methoxy-ethoxymethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-5-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-benzamide as a novel glucokinase activator (GKA) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2280-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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10
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Leach AG. Predicting the activity and toxicity of new psychoactive substances: a pharmaceutical industry perspective. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:739-45. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Leach
- Liverpool John Moores University; James Parsons Building, Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
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Park K, Lee BM, Kim YH, Han T, Yi W, Lee DH, Choi HH, Chong W, Lee CH. Discovery of a novel phenylethyl benzamide glucokinase activator for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:537-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Waring MJ, Bennett SNL, Boyd S, Campbell L, Davies RDM, Gerhardt S, Hargreaves D, Martin NG, Robb GR, Wilkinson G. Matched triplicate design sets in the optimisation of glucokinase activators – maximising medicinal chemistry information content. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md20367k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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McKerrecher D, Waring MJ. Property-based design in the optimisation of benzamide glucokinase activators: from hit to clinic. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013; 52:1-43. [PMID: 23384665 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62652-3.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren McKerrecher
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
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Bonn P, Brink DM, Fägerhag J, Jurva U, Robb GR, Schnecke V, Svensson Henriksson A, Waring MJ, Westerlund C. The discovery of a novel series of glucokinase activators based on a pyrazolopyrimidine scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7302-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mao W, Ning M, Liu Z, Zhu Q, Leng Y, Zhang A. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of benzamide derivatives as glucokinase activators. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:2982-91. [PMID: 22459213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of benzamide derivatives were assembled by using the privileged-fragment-merging (PFM) strategy and their SAR studies as glucokinase activators were described. Compounds 5 and 16b were identified having a suitable balance of potency and activation profile. They showed EC(50) values of 28.3 and 44.8 nM, and activation folds of 2.4 and 2.2, respectively. However, both compounds displayed a minor reduction in plasma glucose levels on imprinting control region (ICR) mice. Unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles (PK) were also observed on these two compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Mao
- Synthetic Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Waring MJ, Clarke DS, Fenwick MD, Godfrey L, Groombridge SD, Johnstone C, McKerrecher D, Pike KG, Rayner JW, Robb GR, Wilson I. Property based optimisation of glucokinase activators – discovery of the phase IIb clinical candidate AZD1656. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20077e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Winzell MS, Coghlan M, Leighton B, Frangioudakis G, Smith DM, Storlien LH, Ahrén B. Chronic glucokinase activation reduces glycaemia and improves glucose tolerance in high-fat diet fed mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 663:80-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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