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Tran L, Tu VL, Dadam MN, Aziz JMA, Duy TLD, Ahmed HHH, Kwaah PA, Quoc HN, Van Dat T, Mizuta S, Hirayama K, Huy NT. Antimalarial activities of benzothiazole analogs: A systematic review. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2024; 38:410-464. [PMID: 38146774 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzothiazole derivatives have been reported to possess a wide range of biological activities, including antimalarial activity. This systematic review aims to summarize and evaluate the antimalarial activities of benzothiazole analogs. METHODS We conducted an electronic search using nine databases in October 2017 and subsequently updated in September 2022. We included all original in vitro and in vivo studies that documented the antimalarial activities of compounds containing benzothiazole analogs with no restriction. The risk of bias of each included study was assessed by ToxRTool. RESULTS Twenty-eight articles were included in our study, which are in vitro, in vivo, or both. Of these, 232 substances were identified to have potent antiplasmodial activity against various strains of the malaria parasite. Benzothiazole analogs show different antimalarial mechanisms, including inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum enzymes in in vitro studies and inhibition of blood parasites in in vivo studies. CONCLUSIONS Benzothiazole derivatives are promising substances for treating malaria. The structure-activity relationship studies suggest that the substitution pattern of the benzothiazole scaffold plays a crucial role in determining the antimalarial activity of the analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Tran
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Vo Linh Tu
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Traditional Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Mohammad Najm Dadam
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Geriatrics, Helios Klinikum Schwelm, Schwelm, Germany
| | - Jeza Muhamad Abdul Aziz
- Biomedical Science Department, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
- Baxshin Research Center, Baxshin Hospital, Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Tran Le Dinh Duy
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- College of Health Sciences, VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hajer Hatim Hassan Ahmed
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Patrick Amanning Kwaah
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale-Waterbury Internal Medicine Program, Waterbury, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hoang Nghia Quoc
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Truong Van Dat
- Ministry of Health Cabinet, Ministry of Health, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Satoshi Mizuta
- Center for Bioinformatics and Molecular Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- Online Research Club (https://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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2
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Uddin A, Gupta S, Shoaib R, Aneja B, Irfan I, Gupta K, Rawat N, Combrinck J, Kumar B, Aleem M, Hasan P, Joshi MC, Chhonker YS, Zahid M, Hussain A, Pandey K, Alajmi MF, Murry DJ, Egan TJ, Singh S, Abid M. Blood-stage antimalarial activity, favourable metabolic stability and in vivo toxicity of novel piperazine linked 7-chloroquinoline-triazole conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:115969. [PMID: 38039787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of drug resistance poses a significant obstacle to the advancement of efficacious malaria treatments. The remarkable efficacy displayed by 1,2,3-triazole-based compounds against Plasmodium falciparum highlights the potential of triazole conjugates, with diverse pharmacologically active structures, as potential antimalarial agents. We aimed to synthesize 7-dichloroquinoline-triazole conjugates and their structure-activity relationship (SAR) derivatives to investigate their anti-plasmodial activity. Among them, QP11, featuring a m-NO2 substitution, demonstrated efficacy against both chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant parasite strains. QP11 selectively inhibited FP2, a cysteine protease involved in hemoglobin degradation, and showed synergistic effects when combined with chloroquine. Additionally, QP11 hindered hemoglobin degradation and hemozoin formation within the parasite. Metabolic stability studies indicated high stability of QP11, making it a promising antimalarial candidate. In vivo evaluation using a murine malaria model demonstrated QP11's efficacy in eradicating parasite growth without neurotoxicity, presenting it as a promising compound for novel antimalarial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amad Uddin
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India; Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rumaisha Shoaib
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India; Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Babita Aneja
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Iram Irfan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Kanika Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Neha Rawat
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jill Combrinck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Bhumika Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India; National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Mohd Aleem
- Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Phool Hasan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mukesh C Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Yashpal S Chhonker
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986145, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986145, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kailash Pandey
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Mohamed F Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daryl J Murry
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986145, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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3
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Kalita T, Choudhury A, Shakya A, Ghosh SK, Singh UP, Bhat HR. A Review on Synthetic Thiazole Derivatives as an Antimalarial Agent. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2024; 21:e240124226141. [PMID: 38279721 DOI: 10.2174/0115701638276379231223101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazole is a widely studied core structure in heterocyclic chemistry and has proven to be a valuable scaffold in medicinal chemistry. The presence of thiazole in both naturally occurring and synthetic pharmacologically active compounds demonstrates the adaptability of these derivatives. METHODS The current study attempted to review and compile the contributions of numerous researchers over the last 20 years to the medicinal importance of these scaffolds, with a primary focus on antimalarial activity. The review is based on an extensive search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, and other renowned journal sites for a thorough literature survey involving various research and review articles. RESULTS A comprehensive review of the antimalarial activity of the thiazole scaffold revealed potential therapeutic targets in Plasmodium species. Furthermore, the correlation of structure-activity-relationship (SAR) studies from various articles suggests that the thiazole ring has therapeutic potential. CONCLUSION This article intends to point researchers in the right direction for developing potential thiazole-based compounds as antimalarial agents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tutumoni Kalita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Hatkhowapara, Azara, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ankita Choudhury
- Department of Pharmacy, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Anshul Shakya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Surajit Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
| | - Udaya Pratap Singh
- Drug Design & Discovery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
| | - Hans Raj Bhat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
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4
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González JEH, Salas-Sarduy E, Alvarez LH, Valiente PA, Arni RK, Pascutti PG. Three Decades of Targeting Falcipains to Develop Antiplasmodial Agents: What have we Learned and What can be Done Next? Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2234-2263. [PMID: 37711130 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230913165219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a devastating infectious disease that affects large swathes of human populations across the planet's tropical regions. It is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, with Plasmodium falciparum being responsible for the most lethal form of the disease. During the intraerythrocytic stage in the human hosts, malaria parasites multiply and degrade hemoglobin (Hb) using a battery of proteases, which include two cysteine proteases, falcipains 2 and 3 (FP-2 and FP-3). Due to their role as major hemoglobinases, FP-2 and FP-3 have been targeted in studies aiming to discover new antimalarials and numerous inhibitors with activity against these enzymes, and parasites in culture have been identified. Nonetheless, cross-inhibition of human cysteine cathepsins remains a serious hurdle to overcome for these compounds to be used clinically. In this article, we have reviewed key functional and structural properties of FP-2/3 and described different compound series reported as inhibitors of these proteases during decades of active research in the field. Special attention is also paid to the wide range of computer-aided drug design (CADD) techniques successfully applied to discover new active compounds. Finally, we provide guidelines that, in our understanding, will help advance the rational discovery of new FP-2/3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Enrique Hernández González
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UZA II, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Emir Salas-Sarduy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo Ugalde, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnología (EByN), Universidad de San Martín (UNSAM), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Pedro Alberto Valiente
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Pedro Geraldo Pascutti
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Dinâmica Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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5
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Benzothiazoles from Condensation of o-Aminothiophenoles with Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216518. [PMID: 34770926 PMCID: PMC8587170 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, organic chemists are interested in the field of heterocyclic chemistry due to its use in the synthesis of a great variety of biologically active compounds. Heterocyclic compounds are widely found in nature and are essential for life. Among these, some natural nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds have been used as chemotherapeutic agents. Their attachment to sugar molecules either as thioglycosides or as nucleosides analogues plays an important role in vital biological processes as well as in synthetic organic chemistry. Molecules containing benzothiazole (BT) nuclei are of this interesting class of compounds because some of them have been found to have a wide variety of biological activities. In this sense, we selected this topic to review and to then summarize the procedures related to the condensation reactions of o-aminothiophenoles (ATPs) as well as their disulfides with carboxylic acids, esters, orthoesters, acyl chlorides, amides, and nitriles. The condensation reactions with carbon dioxide (CO2) are included. Conventional methods with the use of acid and metal catalysts as well as recent green techniques, such as microwave irradiation, the use of ionic liquids, and ultrasound (US) chemistry, which have proven to have many advantages, were found in the review.
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6
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Ettari R, Previti S, Di Chio C, Zappalà M. Falcipain-2 and Falcipain-3 Inhibitors as Promising Antimalarial Agents. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3010-3031. [PMID: 32744954 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200730215316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a serious problem in global public health, particularly widespread in South America and in tropical regions of Africa and Asia. Chemotherapy is actually the only way to treat this poverty-related disease, since an effective vaccine is not currently available. However, the onset of resistance to the most common antimalarial drugs sometimes makes the current therapeutic regimen problematic. Therefore, the identification of new targets for a new drug discovery process is an urgent priority. In this context, falcipain-2 and falcipain- 3 of P. falciparum represent the key enzymes in the life-cycle of the parasite. Both falcipain- 2 and falcipain-3 are involved in hemoglobin hydrolysis, an essential pathway to provide free amino acids for the parasite metabolic needs. In addition, falcipain-2 is involved in cleaving ankirin and band 4.1 protein, which are cytoskeletal elements essential for the stability of the red cell membrane. This review article is focused on the most recent and effective inhibitors of falcipain-2 and falcipain-3, with particular attention to peptide, peptidomimetic or nonpeptide inhibitors, which targeted one or both the malarial cysteine proteases, endowed with a consistent activity against P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Santo Previti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Carla Di Chio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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7
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Sethiya A, Sahiba N, Soni J, Agarwal S. Urea nitrate–catalyzed
C‐N
and
C‐S
bond formation: A mechanochemical approach for
5‐chloro
‐2‐arylbenzo
[d]
thiazole derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Sethiya
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Mohanlal Sukhadia University Udaipur Rajasthan India
| | - Nusrat Sahiba
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Mohanlal Sukhadia University Udaipur Rajasthan India
| | - Jay Soni
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Mohanlal Sukhadia University Udaipur Rajasthan India
| | - Shikha Agarwal
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Mohanlal Sukhadia University Udaipur Rajasthan India
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8
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Singh V, Hada RS, Uddin A, Aneja B, Abid M, Pandey KC, Singh S. Inhibition of Hemoglobin Degrading Protease Falcipain-2 as a Mechanism for Anti-Malarial Activity of Triazole-Amino Acid Hybrids. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:377-389. [PMID: 32000644 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200130162347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel drug development against malaria parasite over old conventional antimalarial drugs is essential due to rapid and indiscriminate use of drugs, which led to the emergence of resistant strains. METHODS In this study, previously reported triazole-amino acid hybrids (13-18) are explored against Plasmodium falciparum as antimalarial agents. Among six compounds, 15 and 18 exhibited antimalarial activity against P. falciparum with insignificant hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity towards HepG2 mammalian cells. In molecular docking studies, both compounds bind into the active site of PfFP-2 and block its accessibility to the substrate that leads to the inhibition of target protein further supported by in vitro analysis. RESULTS Antimalarial half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 15 and 18 compounds were found to be 9.26 μM and 20.62 μM, respectively. Blood stage specific studies showed that compounds, 15 and 18 are effective at late trophozoite stage and block egress pathway of parasites. Decreased level of free monomeric heme was found in a dose dependent manner after the treatment with compounds 15 and 18, which was further evidenced by the reduction in percent of hemoglobin hydrolysis. Compounds 15 and 18 hindered hemoglobin degradation via intra- and extracellular cysteine protease falcipain-2 (PfFP-2) inhibitory activity both in in vitro and in vivo in P. falciparum. CONCLUSION We report antimalarial potential of triazole-amino acid hybrids and their role in the inhibition of cysteine protease PfFP-2 as its mechanistic aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigyasa Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rahul Singh Hada
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar UP, 201314, India
| | - Amad Uddin
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Babita Aneja
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Kailash C Pandey
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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9
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Singh A, Kalamuddin M, Maqbool M, Mohmmed A, Malhotra P, Hoda N. Quinoline carboxamide core moiety-based compounds inhibit P. falciparumfalcipain-2: Design, synthesis and antimalarial efficacy studies. Bioorg Chem 2020; 108:104514. [PMID: 33280833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeting Falcipain-2 (FP2) for the development of antimalarials is a promising and established concept in antimalarial drug discovery and development. FP2, a member of papain-family cysteine protease of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum holds an important role in hemoglobin degradation pathway. A new series of quinoline carboxamide-based compounds was designed, synthesized and evaluated for antimalarial activity. We integrated molecular hybridization strategy with in-silico drug design to develop FP2 inhibitors. In-vitro results of FP2 inhibition by Qs17, Qs18, Qs20 and Qs21 were found to be in low micromolar range with IC50 4.78, 7.37, 2.14 and 2.64 µM, respectively. Among the 25 synthesized compounds, four compounds showed significant antimalarial activities. These compounds also depicted morphological and food-vacuole abnormalities much better than that of E-64, an established FP2 inhibitor. Overall these aromatic substituted quinoline carboxamides can serve as promising leads for the development of novel antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Singh
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Md Kalamuddin
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mudasir Maqbool
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Asif Mohmmed
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
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10
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Sethiya A, Sahiba N, Teli P, Soni J, Agarwal S. Current advances in the synthetic strategies of 2-arylbenzothiazole. Mol Divers 2020; 26:513-553. [PMID: 33180241 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazole is a privileged scaffold in the field of synthetic and medicinal chemistry. Its derivatives and metal complexes possess a gamut of pharmacological properties and high degree of structural diversity that has proven it vital for the investigation for novel therapeutics. The 2nd position of benzothiazole is the most active site that makes 2-arylbenzothiazole as felicitous scaffolds in pharmaceutical chemistry. The extensive significance of benzo-fused heterocyclic moieties formation has led to broad and valuable different approaches for their synthesis. This review deals with the synthetic approaches developed so far for the synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazoles. Moreover, this article abridges the publications devoted to the synthesis of this moiety over the last 6 years. This study gives a current precis of research on the fabrication of 2-arylbenzothiazoles through different synthetic pathways and shall be helpful for researchers and scientists who are working in this field to make more potent biologically active benzothiazole-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Sethiya
- Department of Chemistry, Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, MLSU, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Nusrat Sahiba
- Department of Chemistry, Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, MLSU, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Pankaj Teli
- Department of Chemistry, Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, MLSU, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Jay Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, MLSU, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Shikha Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, MLSU, Udaipur, 313001, India.
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11
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Screening and Molecular Docking of Novel Benzothiazole Derivatives as Potential Antimicrobial Agents. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9050221. [PMID: 32365587 PMCID: PMC7277330 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9050221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The burden of antibiotic resistance necessitates a continued search for new antimicrobials. We evaluated the antimicrobial activities of novel benzothiazoles synthesized by our group. Antibacterial activity was evaluated in vitro in Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli, while the antifungal activity was tested in Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, and expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; µg/mL). MIC values of benzothiazole compounds ranged from 25 to 200 µg/mL. Compounds 3 and 4 gave high antibacterial and moderate antifungal activities, while 10 and 12 showed moderate activity against all tested organisms. In addition, some benzothiazole compounds significantly suppressed the activity of Escherichia coli dihydroorotase and inhibited the dimorphic transition of Candida albicans. Moreover, the active benzothiazole compounds induced DNA and protein leakage in Aspergillus niger spores. Molecular interactions of benzothiazole derivatives with dihydroorotase revealed the formation of hydrogen bonds with the active site residues LEU222 or ASN44. Strong hydrophobic interactions of the bulky thiazole and naphthalene rings at the entrance to the active site might interfere with the access of substrates to their binding sites, which results in dihydroorotase inhibition. Thus, inhibition of dihydroorotase might contribute to the observed antimicrobial actions of these compounds.
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12
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Sharma M, Prasher P. An epigrammatic status of the ' azole'-based antimalarial drugs. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:184-211. [PMID: 33479627 PMCID: PMC7536834 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00479c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multidrug resistance in the malarial parasite has sabotaged majority of the eradication efforts by restraining the inhibition profile of first line as well as second line antimalarial drugs, thus necessitating the development of novel pharmaceutics constructed on appropriate scaffolds with superior potency against the drug-resistant and drug-susceptible Plasmodium parasite. Over the past decades, the infectious malarial parasite has developed resistance against most of the contemporary therapeutics, thus necessitating the rational development of novel approaches principally focused on MDR malaria. This review presents an epigrammatic collation of the epidemiology and the contemporary antimalarial therapeutics based on the 'azole' motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousmee Sharma
- Department of Chemistry , Uttaranchal University , Dehradun 248007 , India
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies , Department of Chemistry , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143005 , India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry , University of Petroleum & Energy Studies , Dehradun 248007 , India . ;
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies , Department of Chemistry , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143005 , India
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13
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Venugopala KN, Chandrashekharappa S, Pillay M, Bhandary S, Kandeel M, Mahomoodally FM, Morsy MA, Chopra D, Aldhubiab BE, Attimarad M, Alwassil OI, Harsha S, Mlisana K, Odhav B. Synthesis and Structural Elucidation of Novel Benzothiazole Derivatives as Anti-tubercular Agents: In-silico Screening for Possible Target Identification. Med Chem 2019; 15:311-326. [PMID: 29968540 DOI: 10.2174/1573406414666180703121815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzothiazole derivatives are known for anti-TB properties. Based on the known anti-TB benzothiazole pharmacophore, in the present study, we described the synthesis, structural elucidation, and anti-tubercular screening of a series of novel benzothiazole (BNTZ) derivatives (BNTZ 1-7 and BNTZ 8-13). OBJECTIVE The study aims to carry out the development of benzothiazole based anti-TB compounds. METHODS Title compounds are synthesized by microwave method and purified by column chromatography. Characterization of the compounds is achieved by FT-IR, NMR (1H and 13C), LCMS and elemental analysis. Screening of test compounds for anti-TB activity is achieved by Resazurin Microplate Assay (REMA) Plate method. RESULTS It was noted that the BNTZ compound with an isoquinoline nucleus (BNTZ 9) exhibited remarkable anti-tubercular activity at 8 µg/mL against both the susceptible strain H37Rv and the multi-drug resistant tuberculosis strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. On the other hand, the BNTZ compound with a naphthalene nucleus (BNTZ 2) revealed anti-tubercular activity at 6 µg/mL and 11 µg/mL against both the susceptible strain H37Rv and the multi-drug resistant tuberculosis strains of M. tuberculosis, respectively. One of the selected BNTZ derivatives BNTZ 13 was used for single crystal X-ray studies. CONCLUSION To identify the appropriate target for potent BNTZ compounds from the series, molecular modeling studies revealed the multiple strong binding of several BNTZs with mycobacterium lysine-ɛ-aminotransferase and decaprenyl-phosphoryl-β-D-ribose 2'-oxidase. The interaction is derived by forming favorable hydrogen bonds and stacking interactions. This new class of BNTZ compounds gave promising anti-tubercular actions in the low micromolar range, and can be further optimized on a structural basis to develop promising, novel, BNTZ pharmacophore-based anti-tubercular drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharigatta N Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Sandeep Chandrashekharappa
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, NCBS, TIFR, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560 065, India
| | - Melendhran Pillay
- Department of Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Services, KZN Academic Complex, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Subhrajyoti Bhandary
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33511, Egypt
| | - Fawzi M Mahomoodally
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - Mohamed A Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, 61511 El-Minia, Egypt
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Bandar E Aldhubiab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahesh Attimarad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama I Alwassil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, 3163, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sree Harsha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Koleka Mlisana
- Department of Microbiology, National Health Laboratory Services, KZN Academic Complex, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Bharti Odhav
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
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14
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Triazole derivatives and their antiplasmodial and antimalarial activities. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 166:206-223. [PMID: 30711831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium especially by the most prevalent parasite Plasmodium falciparum, represents one of the most devastating and common infectious disease globally. Nearly half of the world population is under the risk of being infected, and more than 200 million new clinical cases with around half a million deaths occur annually. Drug therapy is the mainstay of antimalarial therapy, yet current drugs are threatened by the development of resistance, so it's imperative to develop new antimalarials with great potency against both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant malaria. Triazoles, bearing a five-membered heterocyclic ring with three nitrogen atoms, exhibit promising in vitro antiplasmodial and in vivo antimalarial activities. Moreover, several triazole-based drugs have already used in clinics for the treatment of various diseases, demonstrating the excellent pharmaceutical profiles. Therefore, triazole derivatives have the potential for clinical deployment in the control and eradication of malaria. This review covers the recent advances of triazole derivatives especially triazole hybrids as potential antimalarials. The structure-activity relationship is also discussed to provide an insight for rational designs of more efficient antimalarial candidates.
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15
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Singh A, Kalamuddin M, Mohmmed A, Malhotra P, Hoda N. Quinoline-triazole hybrids inhibit falcipain-2 and arrest the development ofPlasmodium falciparumat the trophozoite stage. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39410-39421. [PMID: 35540629 PMCID: PMC9076119 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06571g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study involves development of novel quinoline triazole-containing cysteine protease inhibitors which arrest the development ofP. falciparumat the trophozoite stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Singh
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi-110025
- India
| | - Md Kalamuddin
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)
- New Delhi-110067
- India
| | - Asif Mohmmed
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)
- New Delhi-110067
- India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)
- New Delhi-110067
- India
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi-110025
- India
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16
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Kalaria PN, Karad SC, Raval DK. A review on diverse heterocyclic compounds as the privileged scaffolds in antimalarial drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 158:917-936. [PMID: 30261467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The upward extend of malaria collectively with the emergence of resistance against predictable drugs has put enormous pressure on public health systems to introduce new malaria treatments. Heterocycles play an important role in the design and discovery of new malaria active compounds. Heterocyclic compounds have attracted significant attention for malaria treatment because of simplicity of parallelization and the examining power with regard to chemical space. Introduction of a variety of heterocyclic compounds have enabled to maintain the high levels of antimalarial potency observed for other more lipophilic analogues whilst improving the solubility and the oral bioavailability in pre-clinical species. In this review, we present an overview of recent literature to provide imminent into the applications of different heterocyclic scaffolds in fighting against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush N Kalaria
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388120, Gujarat, India.
| | - Sharad C Karad
- Department of Chemistry, Marwadi University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
| | - Dipak K Raval
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388120, Gujarat, India.
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17
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Faidallah HM, Panda SS, Serrano JC, Girgis AS, Khan KA, Alamry KA, Therathanakorn T, Meyers MJ, Sverdrup FM, Eickhoff CS, Getchell SG, Katritzky AR. Synthesis, antimalarial properties and 2D-QSAR studies of novel triazole-quinine conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3527-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Dar AA, Shadab M, Khan S, Ali N, Khan AT. One-Pot Synthesis and Evaluation of Antileishmanial Activities of Functionalized S-Alkyl/Aryl Benzothiazole-2-carbothioate Scaffold. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3149-60. [PMID: 26999637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of hitherto unreported S-alkyl/aryl benzothiazole-2-carbothioate is reported from thiols, oxalyl chloride, and 2-aminothiophenols using 10 mol % n-tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) as catalyst in acetonitrile through multicomponent reaction (MCR) strategy. The present protocol favored formation of benzothiazoles and thioesters via simultaneous formation of C-N and C-S bonds in good yields with a wide range of substrates. A few of the synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Further, these compounds displayed no toxicity toward macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and are therefore nontoxic and effective antileishmanial leads. In silico docking studies were performed to understand the possible binding site interaction with trypanothione reductase (TryR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz A Dar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - M Shadab
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Suman Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang, 37673, Republic of South Korea
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Abu T Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781 039, India
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19
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Aneja B, Kumar B, Jairajpuri MA, Abid M. A structure guided drug-discovery approach towards identification of Plasmodium inhibitors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19673f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review of inhibitors from natural, semisynthetic or synthetic sources against key targets ofPlasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Aneja
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Bhumika Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Mohamad Aman Jairajpuri
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
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20
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Sharma RK, Younis Y, Mugumbate G, Njoroge M, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Chibale K. Synthesis and structure-activity-relationship studies of thiazolidinediones as antiplasmodial inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-2. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:507-18. [PMID: 25486422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Following a structure-based virtual screening, a series of 2,4 thiazolidinediones was synthesized in order to explore structure activity relationships for inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-2 (FP-2) and of whole cell antiparasitic activity. Most compounds exhibited low micromolar antiplasmodial activities against the P. falciparum drug resistant W2 strain. The most active compounds of the series were tested for in vitro microsomal metabolic stability and found to be susceptible to hepatic metabolism. Subsequent metabolite identification studies highlighted the metabolic hot spots. Molecular docking studies of a frontrunner inhibitor were carried out to determine the probable binding mode of this class of inhibitors in the active site of FP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Kant Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Yassir Younis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Grace Mugumbate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Drug Discovery and Development Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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21
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Keri RS, Patil MR, Patil SA, Budagumpi S. A comprehensive review in current developments of benzothiazole-based molecules in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 89:207-51. [PMID: 25462241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiazole (BTA) and its derivatives are the most important heterocyclic compounds, which are common and integral feature of a variety of natural products and pharmaceutical agents. BTA shows a variety of pharmacological properties, and its analogs offer a high degree of structural diversity that has proven useful for the search of new therapeutic agents. The broad spectrum of pharmacological activity in individual BTA derivative indicates that, this series of compounds is of an undoubted interest. The related research and developments in BTA-based medicinal chemistry have become a rapidly developing and increasingly active topic. Particularly, numerous BTA-based compounds as clinical drugs have been extensively used in practice to treat various types of diseases with high therapeutic potency. This work systematically gives a comprehensive review in current developments of BTA-based compounds in the whole range of medicinal chemistry as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiinflammatory, analgesic, anti-HIV, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, antihistaminic, antimalarial and other medicinal agents. It is believed that, this review article is helpful for new thoughts in the quest for rational designs of more active and less toxic BTA-based drugs, as well as more effective diagnostic agents and pathologic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangappa S Keri
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India.
| | - Mahadeo R Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Siddappa A Patil
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinivasa Budagumpi
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Bangalore 562112, Karnataka, India
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22
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Prajapati NP, Vekariya RH, Borad MA, Patel HD. Recent advances in the synthesis of 2-substituted benzothiazoles: a review. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07437h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in various synthetic protocols of 2-substituted benzothiazole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajesh H. Vekariya
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Sciences
- Gujarat University
- Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mayuri A. Borad
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Sciences
- Gujarat University
- Ahmedabad, India
| | - Hitesh D. Patel
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Sciences
- Gujarat University
- Ahmedabad, India
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23
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Abstract
Computer-aided drug discovery/design methods have played a major role in the development of therapeutically important small molecules for over three decades. These methods are broadly classified as either structure-based or ligand-based methods. Structure-based methods are in principle analogous to high-throughput screening in that both target and ligand structure information is imperative. Structure-based approaches include ligand docking, pharmacophore, and ligand design methods. The article discusses theory behind the most important methods and recent successful applications. Ligand-based methods use only ligand information for predicting activity depending on its similarity/dissimilarity to previously known active ligands. We review widely used ligand-based methods such as ligand-based pharmacophores, molecular descriptors, and quantitative structure-activity relationships. In addition, important tools such as target/ligand data bases, homology modeling, ligand fingerprint methods, etc., necessary for successful implementation of various computer-aided drug discovery/design methods in a drug discovery campaign are discussed. Finally, computational methods for toxicity prediction and optimization for favorable physiologic properties are discussed with successful examples from literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Sliwoski
- Jr., Center for Structural Biology, 465 21st Ave South, BIOSCI/MRBIII, Room 5144A, Nashville, TN 37232-8725.
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