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Liu W, Liu RZ, Yang H, Gao W, Li P. Biosynthetic pathway analysis combined with feature-based molecular networking to comprehensively characterize the chemical constituents in seeds of Sterculia lychnophora. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024. [PMID: 38706424 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The seeds of Sterculia lychnophora Hance, commonly known as Pangdahai (PDH) in Chinese, have found extensive use in both culinary and traditional medicinal practices. However, a comprehensive understanding of the chemical composition of PDH has been lacking. OBJECTIVES This study proposes a strategy that integrates biosynthetic pathway analysis with feature-based molecular networking (FBMN), aiming for a thorough and global characterization of the chemical compositions of PDH. METHODOLOGY The FBMN map reveals potential compounds with structural similarity, and the MS/MS fragments could be annotated based on library matches, which could predict the plausible biosynthetic pathways in PDH, accomplishing the annotation of compounds clustered in FBMN by integrating biosynthetic pathways. RESULTS Consequently, 126 compounds were plausibly or unambiguously identified, including 37 phenolic acids and glycosides, 20 flavonoids and glycosides, 12 procyanidins, 21 alkaloids, 22 lipids, and 14 others. Leveraging the information, 40 compounds, including 1 unique isoquinoline alkaloid and 2 rare linear furocoumarins, were isolated and confirmed. CONCLUSIONS This study not only demonstrates a highly effective approach for identifying compounds within complex herbal mixtures but also establishes a robust foundation for the further development of PDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines & School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Run-Zhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines & School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines & School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines & School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines & School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Li J, Han N, He Z, Dai X, Zhao F, Li Y, Xiong W, Zeng Z. Bavachin Rejuvenates Sensitivity of Colistin against Colistin-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2349. [PMID: 38397028 PMCID: PMC10889384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance threatens the efficacy of colistin as a last-resort antibiotic used to treat infection caused by Gram-negative bacteria (GNB). Given the shortage of new antibiotics, the discovery of adjuvants to existing antibiotics is a promising strategy to combat infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) GNB. This study was designed to investigate the potential synergistic antibacterial activity of bavachin, a bioactive compound extracted from the Psoralea Fructus, combined with colistin against MDR GNB. Herein, the synergistic efficacy in vitro and the therapeutic efficacy of colistin combined with bavachin in vivo were evaluated. The synergistic mechanism was detected by fluorescent probe and the transcript levels of mcr-1. Bavachin combined with colistin showed an excellent synergistic activity against GNB, as the FICI ≤ 0.5. In contrast to colistin alone, combination therapy dramatically increased the survival rate of Galleria mellonella and mice in vivo. Moreover, the combination of bavachin and colistin significantly reduced the amount of bacterial biofilm formation, improved the membrane disruption of colistin and inhibited mcr-1 transcription. These findings show that bavachin is a potential adjuvant of colistin, which may provide a new strategy to combat colistin-resistant bacteria infection with lower doses of colistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.)
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (W.X.)
| | - Ning Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.)
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (W.X.)
| | - Zhengyuan He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.)
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaolan Dai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.)
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Feifei Zhao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (W.X.)
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- National Laboratory of Safety Evaluation (Environmental Assessment) of Veterinary Drugs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wenguang Xiong
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (W.X.)
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.)
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China (W.X.)
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Zhang X, Wang D, Chang M, Xu X, Li W, Wang W. Pd(II)-Catalyzed tandem selective dehydrogenative [4+2] annulation of 2-methyl-1,3-cycloalkanediones with olefins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:594-597. [PMID: 38099810 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05191a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
A practical and effective palladium-catalyzed selective dehydrogenative [4+2] annulation of 2-methyl-1,3-cycloalkanediones with olefins was reported. The active 2-methylene-1,3-cycloalkanedione was in situ generated via Pd-catalyzed enolate oxidation processes, and it subsequently reacted with a wide variety of olefins to afford various polysubstituted dihydropyran derivatives in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Di Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Mengfan Chang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Wenguang Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Wanya Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
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Li J, Zhao R, Miao P, Xu F, Chen J, Jiang X, Hui Z, Wang L, Bai R. Discovery of anti-inflammatory natural flavonoids: Diverse scaffolds and promising leads for drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115791. [PMID: 37683361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural products have been utilized for medicinal purposes for millennia, endowing them with a rich source of chemical scaffolds and pharmacological leads for drug discovery. Among the vast array of natural products, flavonoids represent a prominent class, renowned for their diverse biological activities and promising therapeutic advantages. Notably, their anti-inflammatory properties have positioned them as promising lead compounds for developing novel drugs combating various inflammatory diseases. This review presents a comprehensive overview of flavonoids, highlighting their manifold anti-inflammatory activities and elucidating the underlying pathways in mediating inflammation. Furthermore, this review encompasses systematical classification of flavonoids, related anti-inflammatory targets, involved in vitro and in vivo test models, and detailed statistical analysis. We hope this review will provide researchers engaged in active natural products and anti-inflammatory drug discovery with practical information and potential leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Rui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Peiran Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Fengfeng Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Zi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
| | - Liwei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
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Xu K, Ren X, Wang J, Zhang Q, Fu X, Zhang PC. Clinical development and informatics analysis of natural and semi-synthetic flavonoid drugs: A critical review. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00330-2. [PMID: 37949300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids are one of the most important metabolites with vast structural diversity and a plethora of potential pharmacological applications, which have drawn considerable attention in the laboratory. Nevertheless, it remains uncertain how many candidates were progressed to clinical application. AIM OF REVIEW We carried out a critical review of natural and semi-synthetic flavonoid drugs and candidates undergoing different clinical phases worldwide by applying an adequate search method and conducted a brief cheminformatic and bioinformatic analysis. It was expected that the obtained results might narrow the screening scope and reduce the cost of drug research and development. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW To our knowledge, this is the most systematic summarization of flavonoid-based drugs and clinical candidates to date. It was found that a total of 19 flavonoid-based drugs have been approved for the market, and of these, natural flavonoids accounted for 52.6%. Besides, a total of 36 flavonoid-based clinical candidates are undergoing or suspended in different phases, and of these, natural flavonoids account for 44.4%. Thus, natural flavonoids remain the best option for finding novel agents/active templates, and when investigated in conjunction with synthetic chemicals and biologicals, they offer the potential to discover novel structures that can lead to effective agents against a variety of human diseases. Additionally, flavonoid-based marketed drugs have been successful in cardiovascular treatment, and the related drugs account for more than 30% of marketed drugs. However, the use of flavonoids as antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents is not likely for approximately 50% of the candidates suspended in the clinical stage. Interestingly, the marketed drugs covered a broader range of chemical spaces based on size, polarity, and three-dimensional structure compared to the clinical candidates. In addition, flavonoid glycosides with poor oral bioavailability account for 36.8% of the marketed drugs, and thus, they could be thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Xu
- Research Institute for Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shandong Universities, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center on Omics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Research in Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Technology Innovation Center of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine's Deep Development and Industrialization, Qingdao 266114, China
| | - Xia Ren
- Research Institute for Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shandong Universities, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center on Omics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Research in Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Technology Innovation Center of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine's Deep Development and Industrialization, Qingdao 266114, China
| | - Jintao Wang
- Chongqing Kangzhou Big Data (Group) Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401336, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Chongqing Kangzhou Big Data (Group) Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401336, China
| | - Xianjun Fu
- Research Institute for Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine in Shandong Universities, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center on Omics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Research in Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao Key Technology Innovation Center of Marine Traditional Chinese Medicine's Deep Development and Industrialization, Qingdao 266114, China.
| | - Pei-Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.
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Shinde J, Kavala V, Yao CF. Pd-Catalyzed Regioselective (Markovnikov) Addition of Aryl Boronic Acids to Terminal Alkynes of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds and Cyclization/Debenzoylation of Olefinic Dicarbonyl: Access to Arylated Pyran and ( E)-4-Methylene-1,6-diphenylhex-5-en-1-one. Org Lett 2023; 25:6943-6948. [PMID: 37713283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
This Letter outlines palladium-catalyzed regioselective (Markovnikov's) addition of aryl boronic acids to propargyl 1,3-dicarbonyl alkyne to accomplish olefinic/diene 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds without the need for water workup. This methodology showcases remarkable performance with wide-ranging substrate diversity, achieving high yields while employing merely 3 mol % [Pd] alongside a mild KOAc base. Moreover, the utility of dicarbonyl olefins is exemplified through their application in intramolecular cyclization and debenzoylation reactions to access valuable trisubstituted pyran building blocks and (E)-4-methylene-1,6-diphenylhex-5-en-1-one synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jivan Shinde
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan Normal University 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Zhou Road, Taipei 116, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Veerababurao Kavala
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan Normal University 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Zhou Road, Taipei 116, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Ching-Fa Yao
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan Normal University 88, Sec. 4, Ting-Zhou Road, Taipei 116, Taiwan R.O.C
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7
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de Luna FCF, Ferreira WAS, Casseb SMM, de Oliveira EHC. Anticancer Potential of Flavonoids: An Overview with an Emphasis on Tangeretin. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1229. [PMID: 37765037 PMCID: PMC10537037 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds with pharmacological activity, flavonoids have been the subject of an exponential increase in studies in the field of scientific research focused on therapeutic purposes due to their bioactive properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, antibacterial, antiviral, neuroprotective, radioprotective, and antitumor activities. The biological potential of flavonoids, added to their bioavailability, cost-effectiveness, and minimal side effects, direct them as promising cytotoxic anticancer compounds in the optimization of therapies and the search for new drugs in the treatment of cancer, since some extensively antineoplastic therapeutic approaches have become less effective due to tumor resistance to drugs commonly used in chemotherapy. In this review, we emphasize the antitumor properties of tangeretin, a flavonoid found in citrus fruits that has shown activity against some hallmarks of cancer in several types of cancerous cell lines, such as antiproliferative, apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-metastatic, anti-angiogenic, antioxidant, regulatory expression of tumor-suppressor genes, and epigenetic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Canindé Ferreira de Luna
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Environment Section (SEAMB), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), BR 316, KM 7, s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil; (W.A.S.F.); (E.H.C.d.O.)
| | - Wallax Augusto Silva Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Environment Section (SEAMB), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), BR 316, KM 7, s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil; (W.A.S.F.); (E.H.C.d.O.)
| | | | - Edivaldo Herculano Correa de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Environmental Mutagenesis, Environment Section (SEAMB), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC), BR 316, KM 7, s/n, Levilândia, Ananindeua 67030-000, Brazil; (W.A.S.F.); (E.H.C.d.O.)
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Correa, 01, Belém 66075-990, Brazil
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Touzout SN, Merghni A, Laouani A, Boukhibar H, Alenazy R, Alobaid A, Alenazy M, Ben-Attia M, Saguem K, El-Bok S. Antibacterial Properties of Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Melia azedarach L. against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Pathogenic Bacteria. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2062. [PMID: 37630622 PMCID: PMC10457991 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Melia azedarach L., a Meliaceae family tree, is widely used in traditional folkloric medicine for its pharmaceutical properties. In the present study, we investigated the phytochemical composition of four methanolic leaf extracts of M. azedarach of various origins (Algeria and Tunisia) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antibacterial efficacy and mechanisms of action against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic microorganisms were then evaluated. Our findings revealed a presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids, such as gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, hyperoside, isoquercetin, quercetin, and isorhamnetin both in Algerian and Tunisian localities, with an abundance of phenolic acids compared to flavonoids. Additionally, the studied extracts exhibit a broad spectrum of antibacterial activities, with MIC values ranging from 31.25 mg/mL to 125 mg/mL. Methanolic leaf extracts of M. azedarach from Algeria exhibited more potent biofilm eradication, with a percentage of inhibition reaching 72.17% against the S. aureus strain. Furthermore, inhibitory concentrations of tested substances, particularly the extract from the Relizane area, were capable of disrupting the membrane integrity of the treated bacteria as well as producing oxidative stress through ROS generation. Likewise, our results reveal that plant extract induces lipid peroxidation by raising MDA levels in comparison to untreated cells, particularly with the plant extract of Blida. M. azedarach extracts also reduced the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes (CAT and SOD). Our findings illustrate that M. azedarach remains a plant with significant antibacterial potential and distinct mechanisms of action that are closely related to the origins of this specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Naila Touzout
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Biotechnologies and Climate Change (LR11/ES09), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (S.N.T.); (H.B.); (S.E.-B.)
| | - Abderrahmen Merghni
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance LR99ES09, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1007, Tunisia
| | - Aicha Laouani
- Laboratory of Metabolic Biophysics and Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4002, Tunisia; (A.L.); (K.S.)
- USCR Analytical Platform UHPLC-MS &Research in Medicine and Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4002, Tunisia
| | - Halima Boukhibar
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Biotechnologies and Climate Change (LR11/ES09), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (S.N.T.); (H.B.); (S.E.-B.)
| | - Rawaf Alenazy
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences-Shaqra, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen Alobaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Aliman General Hospital-Riyadh, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12684, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Mossadok Ben-Attia
- Environment Biomonitoring Laboratory (LR01/ES14), Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna 7021, Tunisia;
| | - Khaled Saguem
- Laboratory of Metabolic Biophysics and Applied Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4002, Tunisia; (A.L.); (K.S.)
- USCR Analytical Platform UHPLC-MS &Research in Medicine and Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4002, Tunisia
| | - Safia El-Bok
- Laboratory of Biodiversity, Biotechnologies and Climate Change (LR11/ES09), Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El-Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; (S.N.T.); (H.B.); (S.E.-B.)
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Tronina T, Łużny M, Dymarska M, Urbaniak M, Kozłowska E, Piegza M, Stępień Ł, Janeczko T. Glycosylation of Quercetin by Selected Entomopathogenic Filamentous Fungi and Prediction of Its Products' Bioactivity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11857. [PMID: 37511613 PMCID: PMC10380404 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is the most abundant flavonoid in food products, including berries, apples, cauliflower, tea, cabbage, nuts, onions, red wine and fruit juices. It exhibits various biological activities and is used for medical applications, such as treating allergic, inflammatory and metabolic disorders, ophthalmic and cardiovascular diseases, and arthritis. However, its low water solubility may limit quercetin's therapeutic potential. One method of increasing the solubility of active compounds is their coupling to polar molecules, such as sugars. The attachment of a glucose unit impacts the stability and solubility of flavonoids and often determines their bioavailability and bioactivity. Entomopathogenic fungi are biocatalysts well known for their ability to attach glucose and its 4-O-methyl derivative to bioactive compounds, including flavonoids. We investigated the ability of cultures of entomopathogenic fungi belonging to Beauveria, Isaria, Metapochonia, Lecanicillium and Metarhizium genera to biotransform quercetin. Three major glycosylation products were detected: (1), 7-O-β-D-(4″-O-methylglucopyranosyl)-quercetin, (2) 3-O-β-D-(4″-O-methylglucopyranosyl)-quercetin and (3) 3-O-β-D-(glucopyranosyl)-quercetin. The results show evident variability of the biotransformation process, both between strains of the tested biocatalysts from different species and between strains of the same species. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the obtained compounds were predicted with the use of cheminformatics tools. The study showed that the obtained compounds may have applications as effective modulators of intestinal flora and may be stronger hepato-, cardio- and vasoprotectants and free radical scavengers than quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Tronina
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Łużny
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Dymarska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Kozłowska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Piegza
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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10
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Chong Y, Kim BG, Park YJ, Yang Y, Lee SW, Lee Y, Ahn JH. Production of Four Flavonoid C-Glucosides in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5302-5313. [PMID: 36952620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid C-glucosides, which are found in several plant families, are characterized by several biological properties, including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antibacterial, antihyperalgesic, antiviral, and antinociceptive activities. The biosynthetic pathway of flavonoid C-glucosides in plants has been elucidated. In the present study, a pathway was introduced to Escherichia coli to synthesize four flavonoid C-glucosides, namely, isovitexin, vitexin, kaempferol 6-C-glucoside, and kaempferol 8-C-glucoside. A five- or six-step metabolic pathway for synthesizing flavonoid aglycones from tyrosine was constructed and two regioselective flavonoid C-glycosyltransferases from Wasabia japonica (WjGT1) and Trollius chinensis (TcCGT) were used. Additionally, the best shikimate gene module construct was selected to maximize the titer of each C-glucoside flavonoid. Isovitexin (30.2 mg/L), vitexin (93.9 mg/L), kaempferol 6-C-glucoside (14.4 mg/L), and kaempferol 8-C-glucoside (38.6 mg/L) were synthesized using these approaches. The flavonoid C-glucosides synthesized in this study provide a basis for investigating and unraveling their novel biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoojin Chong
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Gyu Kim
- Department of Forest Resources, Gyeongsang National University, 33 Dongjin-ro, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangman-do 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo-Jin Park
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youri Yang
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Won Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngshim Lee
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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11
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Jdanova S, Taylor MS. Mechanistic Study of the Copper(II)-Mediated Site-Selective O-Arylation of Glycosides with Arylboronic Acids. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3487-3498. [PMID: 36888595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Glycosides having multiple free OH groups have been shown to undergo site-selective O-arylations in the presence of arylboronic acids and copper(II) acetate. Herein, a mechanistic analysis of these Chan-Evans-Lam-type couplings is presented based on reaction kinetics, mass spectrometric analysis of reaction mixtures, and substituent effect studies. The results establish that the formation of a substrate-derived boronic ester accelerates the rate-determining transmetalation step. Intramolecular transfer of the aryl group from the boronic ester is ruled out in favor of a pathway in which the key pre-transmetalation assembly is generated from a boronic ester, a copper complex, and a second equivalent of arylboronic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Jdanova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
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12
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Integrating Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Mechanisms of White-Violet Mutant Flowers in Grape Hyacinth ( Muscari latifolium). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055044. [PMID: 36902472 PMCID: PMC10003623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Grape hyacinth (Muscari spp.) is a famous bulbous blue flower; however, few bicolor varieties are available in the market. Therefore, the discovery of bicolor varieties and understanding of their mechanisms are crucial to the breeding of new varieties. In this study, we report a significant bicolor mutant with white upper and violet lower portions, with both parts belonging to a single raceme. Ionomics showed that pH and metal element contents were not responsible for the bicolor formation. Targeted metabolomics illustrated that the content of the 24 color-related compounds was significantly lower in the upper part than that in the lower part. Moreover, full-length transcriptomics combined with second-generation transcriptomics revealed 12,237 differentially expressed genes in which anthocyanin synthesis gene expression of the upper part was noted to be significantly lower than that of the lower part. Transcription factor differential expression analysis was used to describe the presence of a pair of MaMYB113a/b sequences, with low levels of expression in the upper part and high expression in the lower part. Furthermore, tobacco transformation confirmed that overexpression of MaMYB113a/b can promote anthocyanin accumulation in tobacco leaves. Accordingly, the differential expression of MaMYB113a/b contributes the formation of a bicolor mutant in Muscari latifolium.
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13
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Zhang X, Wang J, Li P, Sun C, Dong W. Integrative metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveals the black fruit coloring mechanism of Crataegus maximowiczii C. K. Schneid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:111-121. [PMID: 36399912 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Crataegus is an economically important plant due to its medicinal and health-promoting properties. Flavonoids are the main functional components of Crataegus fruit. Fruits of naturally pollinated Crataegus maximowiczii possess an extraordinary black skin and are rich in anthocyanins and other flavonoids. However, the composition of anthocyanins and the overall molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in C. maximowiczii fruits have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the metabolome and transcriptome of C. maximowiczii fruits with black and red skin were analyzed. The results revealed that the differential metabolites and genes were enriched in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways in C. maximowiczii fruits. In total, 52 differentially accumulated flavonoid metabolites, 12 differentially accumulated anthocyanins and 22 differentially expressed genes were identified. After weighted gene coexpression network analysis, two modules were found to be highly interrelated with the accumulation of anthocyanin components. The coexpression networks of these two modules were used to identify key candidate transcription factors associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis, such as MYB5, MYB113, bHLH60, ERF105, bZIP44, NAC082, and WRKY11. The results revealed that cyanidin-based anthocyanins were the main pigments responsible for the black coloration of C. maximowiczii fruits. Based on these differentially accumulated anthocyanins and key genes, genetic and metabolic regulatory networks of anthocyanin biosynthesis were also proposed. Overall, this study elucidates the molecular basis of the formation of black color in C. maximowiczii fruits, and provides an intensive study on anthocyanin biosynthesis in C. maximowiczii for comprehensive utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Peihao Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Chao Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Wenxuan Dong
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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14
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A New Method of Preparing Aurone by Marine Actinomycetes and Its Potential Application in Agricultural Fungicides. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010017. [PMID: 36615212 PMCID: PMC9822012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A strain of marine actinomycetes was isolated from an intertidal zone and identified as Streptomyces cinereoruber. Through the fermentation of this strain, a compound with fungicidal activity was extracted and purified. Using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data, the metabolite was determined to be an aurone. The toxicity of the aurone toward four kinds of tumor cells-SH-SY5Y, HepG2, A549, and HeLa cells-was verified by the MTT method, delivering IC50 values of 41.81, 47.19, 63.95, and 51.92 μg/mL, respectively. Greenhouse bioassay showed that the aurone exhibited a high fungicidal activity against powder mildew (Botrytis cinerea), cucurbits powder mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht ex Ff.) Poll), and rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae).
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15
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Phenolic compounds classification and their distribution in winemaking by-products. Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Chemical profiling of six Stachys taxa from Balkan Peninsula. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2022.104482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Yuan G, Xia X, Guan Y, Yi H, Lai S, Sun Y, Cao S. Antimicrobial Quantitative Relationship and Mechanism of Plant Flavonoids to Gram-Positive Bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101190. [PMID: 36297302 PMCID: PMC9611191 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious threat to human health, and new antimicrobial agents are desperately needed. Plant flavonoids are increasingly being paid attention to for their antibacterial activities, for the enhancing of the antibacterial activity of antimicrobials, and for the reversing of AMR. To obtain more scientific and reliable equations, another two regression equations, between the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (y) and the lipophilicity parameter ACD/LogP or LogD7.40 (x), were established once again, based on the reported data. Using statistical methods, the best one of the four regression equations, including the two previously reported, with regard to the antimicrobial quantitative relationship of plant flavonoids to Gram-positive bacteria, is y = −0.1285 x6 + 0.7944 x5 + 51.785 x4 − 947.64 x3 + 6638.7 x2 − 21,273 x + 26,087; here, x is the LogP value. From this equation, the MICs of most plant flavonoids to Gram-positive bacteria can be calculated, and the minimum MIC was predicted as approximately 0.9644 μM and was probably from 0.24 to 0.96 μM. This more reliable equation further proved that the lipophilicity is a key factor of plant flavonoids against Gram-positive bacteria; this was further confirmed by the more intuitive evidence subsequently provided. Based on the antibacterial mechanism proposed in our previous work, these also confirmed the antibacterial mechanism: the cell membrane is the major site of plant flavonoids acting on the Gram-positive bacteria, and this involves the damage of the phospholipid bilayers. The above will greatly accelerate the discovery and application of plant flavonoids with remarkable antibacterial activity and the thorough research on their antimicrobial mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganjun Yuan
- Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0791-83813459
| | - Xuexue Xia
- Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yingying Guan
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Houqin Yi
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shan Lai
- Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yifei Sun
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Seng Cao
- Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
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18
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Liu H, Laporte AG, Tardieu D, Hazelard D, Compain P. Formal Glycosylation of Quinones with exo-Glycals Enabled by Iron-Mediated Oxidative Radical-Polar Crossover. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13178-13194. [PMID: 36095170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The intermolecular C-O coupling reaction of 1,4-quinones with exo-glycals under iron hydride hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) conditions is described. This method provides a direct and regioselective access to a wide range of phenolic O-ketosides related to biologically relevant natural products in diastereomeric ratios up to >98:2 in the furanose and pyranose series. No trace of the corresponding C-glycosylated products that might have resulted from the radical alkylation of 1,4-quinones was observed. The results of mechanistic experiments suggest that the key C-O bond-forming event proceeds through an oxidative radical-polar crossover process involving a single-electron transfer between the HAT-generated glycosyl radical and the electron-acceptor quinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Liu
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Univ. de Strasbourg
- Univ. de Haute-Alsace
- CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Adrien G Laporte
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Univ. de Strasbourg
- Univ. de Haute-Alsace
- CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Damien Tardieu
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Univ. de Strasbourg
- Univ. de Haute-Alsace
- CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Damien Hazelard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Univ. de Strasbourg
- Univ. de Haute-Alsace
- CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Compain
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Univ. de Strasbourg
- Univ. de Haute-Alsace
- CNRS (UMR 7042), Equipe de Synthèse Organique et Molécules Bioactives (SYBIO), ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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19
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Samota MK, Sharma M, Kaur K, Sarita, Yadav DK, Pandey AK, Tak Y, Rawat M, Thakur J, Rani H. Onion anthocyanins: Extraction, stability, bioavailability, dietary effect, and health implications. Front Nutr 2022; 9:917617. [PMID: 35967791 PMCID: PMC9363841 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.917617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are high-value compounds, and their use as functional foods and their natural colorant have potential health benefits. Anthocyanins seem to possess antioxidant properties, which help prevent neuronal diseases and thereby exhibit anti-inflammatory, chemotherapeutic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. They also show different therapeutic effects against various chronic diseases. Anthocyanins are present in high concentrations in onion. In recent years, although both conventional and improved methods have been used for extraction of anthocyanins, nowadays, improved methods are of great importance because of their higher yield and stability of anthocyanins. In this review, we compile anthocyanins and their derivatives found in onion and the factors affecting their stability. We also analyze different extraction techniques of anthocyanins. From this point of view, it is very important to be precisely aware of the impact that each parameter has on the stability and subsequently potentiate its bioavailability or beneficial health effects. We present up-to-date information on bioavailability, dietary effects, and health implications of anthocyanins such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancerous, antiobesity, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Kumar Samota
- Horticulture Crop Processing (HCP) Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering & Technology (CIPHET), Punjab, India
| | - Madhvi Sharma
- Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Kulwinder Kaur
- Department of Processing and Food Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Sarita
- College of Agriculture, Agriculture University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Division of Environmental Soil Science, ICAR-Indian Institute of Soil Science (IISS), Bhopal, MP, India
| | - Abhay K Pandey
- Department of Mycology and Microbiology, Tea Research Association-North Bengal Regional R & D Center, Nagrakata, West Bengal, India
| | - Yamini Tak
- Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Agriculture University, Kota, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mandeep Rawat
- Department of Horticulture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Julie Thakur
- Department of Botany, Bhaskaracharya College of Applied Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Heena Rani
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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20
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Berger A, Knak T, Kiffe-Delf AL, Mudrovcic K, Singh V, Njoroge M, Burckhardt BB, Gopalswamy M, Lungerich B, Ackermann L, Gohlke H, Chibale K, Kalscheuer R, Kurz T. Total Synthesis of the Antimycobacterial Natural Product Chlorflavonin and Analogs via a Late-Stage Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed ortho-C(sp2)-H-Hydroxylation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080984. [PMID: 36015133 PMCID: PMC9415896 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous, worldwide spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) endanger the World Health Organization’s (WHO) goal to end the global TB pandemic by the year 2035. During the past 50 years, very few new drugs have been approved by medical agencies to treat drug-resistant TB. Therefore, the development of novel antimycobacterial drug candidates to combat the threat of drug-resistant TB is urgent. In this work, we developed and optimized a total synthesis of the antimycobacterial natural flavonoid chlorflavonin by selective ruthenium(II)-catalyzed ortho-C(sp2)-H-hydroxylation of a substituted 3′-methoxyflavonoid skeleton. We extended our methodology to synthesize a small compound library of 14 structural analogs. The new analogs were tested for their antimycobacterial in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and their cytotoxicity against various human cell lines. The most promising new analog bromflavonin exhibited improved antimycobacterial in vitro activity against the virulent H37Rv strain of Mtb (Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC90) = 0.78 μm). In addition, we determined the chemical and metabolic stability as well as the pKa values of chlorflavonin and bromflavonin. Furthermore, we established a quantitative structure–activity relationship model using a thermodynamic integration approach. Our computations may be used for suggesting further structural changes to develop improved derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Berger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany or
| | - Talea Knak
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany or
| | - Anna-Lene Kiffe-Delf
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Korana Mudrovcic
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany or
| | - Vinayak Singh
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Bjoern B. Burckhardt
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohanraj Gopalswamy
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany or
| | - Beate Lungerich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany or
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany or
- John-von-Neumann-Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), and Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kelly Chibale
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany or
- Correspondence:
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21
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Han F, Choi PH, Ye CX, Grell Y, Xie X, Ivlev SI, Chen S, Meggers E. Cyclometalated Chiral-at-Ruthenium Catalyst for Enantioselective Ring-Closing C(sp 3)–H Carbene Insertion to Access Chiral Flavanones. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Han
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Peter H. Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Chen-Xi Ye
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Yvonne Grell
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Sergei I. Ivlev
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Shuming Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, Marburg 35043, Germany
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22
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Shi H, Yang J, Cheng Y, Yang J, Lu X, Ma X. 1, 2-trans-Stereoselective 7-O-Glycosylation of Flavonoids with Unprotected Pyranoses by Mitsunobu Reaction. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200120. [PMID: 35244345 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The glycosylation of protecting-group-free pyranoses with flavonoids to generate flavonoid O-glycosides under Mitsunobu conditions was reported. The methodology allows to prepare a wide range of natural 7-flavonoid O -glycosides and their derivatives from commercially available chemicals in good to excellent yields with exclusive 1,2- trans -stereoselectivity regardless the anomeric configuration of employed pyranoses. The highly regioselective glycosylation was also achieved among different types of hydroxyl groups on the glycosyl acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Shi
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Natural Products Research Centre, CHINA
| | - Jian Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Natural Products Research Centre, CHINA
| | - Yao Cheng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Natural Products Research Centre, CHINA
| | - Jinlian Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Natural Products Research Centre, CHINA
| | - Xiaoxia Lu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Natural Products Research Centre, CHINA
| | - Xiaofeng Ma
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Natural Products Research Centre, No. 9, Section 4, South Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, CHINA
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23
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He B, Bai X, Tan Y, Xie W, Feng Y, Yang GY. Glycosyltransferases: Mining, engineering and applications in biosynthesis of glycosylated plant natural products. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:602-620. [PMID: 35261926 PMCID: PMC8883072 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-Glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the transfer of nucleotide-activated sugars to specific acceptors, among which the GT1 family enzymes are well-known for their function in biosynthesis of natural product glycosides. Elucidating GT function represents necessary step in metabolic engineering of aglycone glycosylation to produce drug leads, cosmetics, nutrients and sweeteners. In this review, we systematically summarize the phylogenetic distribution and catalytic diversity of plant GTs. We also discuss recent progress in the identification of novel GT candidates for synthesis of plant natural products (PNPs) using multi-omics technology and deep learning predicted models. We also highlight recent advances in rational design and directed evolution engineering strategies for new or improved GT functions. Finally, we cover recent breakthroughs in the application of GTs for microbial biosynthesis of some representative glycosylated PNPs, including flavonoid glycosides (fisetin 3-O-glycosides, astragalin, scutellarein 7-O-glucoside), terpenoid glycosides (rebaudioside A, ginsenosides) and polyketide glycosides (salidroside, polydatin).
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24
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Liu BR, Zheng HR, Jiang XJ, Zhang PZ, Wei GZ. Serratene triterpenoids from Lycopodium cernuum L. as α-glucosidase inhibitors: Identification, structure-activity relationship and molecular docking studies. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 185:112702. [PMID: 34953266 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of Lycopodium cernuum L. afforded seven undescribed serratene triterpenoids named 3β, 21β-dihydroxyserra-14-en-24-oic acid-3β-(5'-hydroxybenzoate) (1), 3β, 21β, 24-trihydroxyserrat-14-en-3β-(5'-hydroxyl benzoate) (2), 3β, 14α, 15α, 21β-tetrahydroxyserratane-24-methyl ester (3), 3β, 14α, 21β-trihydroxyserratane-15α-(4'-methoxy-5'-hydroxybenzoate)-24-methyl ester (4), 3β, 14α, 21β-trihydroxyserratane-15α-(4'-methoxy-5'-hydroxybenzoate) (5), 3β-hydroxy-21β-acetate-16-oxoserrat-14-en-24-oic acid (6), 3β, 21β-dihydroxy-16α, 29-epoxyserrat-14-en-24-methyl ester (7), together with eleven known compounds (8-18), whose chemical structures were elucidated through spectroscopic analysis of HRESIMS, 1D NMR, 2D NMR and comparison between the literature. All compounds were evaluated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity for the first time. The results showed that compounds 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, 15, and 16 were among the most potent α-glucosidase inhibitors, with IC50 values ranging from 23.22 ± 0.64 to 50.65 ± 0.82 μM. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies indicated that the combined properties of the 5-hydroxybenzoate moiety at C-3, β-OH at C-21, COOH- at C-24, and Δ14,15 groups enabled an increase in the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect. In addition, molecular docking studies showed that the potential inhibitors mainly interact with key amino acid residues in the active site of α-glucosidase through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Rui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Huanghua, 061100, PR China; College of Public Heath, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063503, PR China
| | - Hai-Rong Zheng
- Reference Substance Branch, National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650201, PR China; BioBioPha Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Xian-Jun Jiang
- Reference Substance Branch, National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650201, PR China; BioBioPha Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Pu-Zhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM. Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, PR China.
| | - Guo-Zhu Wei
- Reference Substance Branch, National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650201, PR China; BioBioPha Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650201, PR China.
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25
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Xiao K, Hu Y, Wan Y, Li X, Nie Q, Yan H, Wang L, Liao J, Liu D, Tu Y, Sun J, Codée JDC, Zhang Q. Hydrogen bond activated glycosylation under mild conditions. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1600-1607. [PMID: 35282639 PMCID: PMC8826775 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05772c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a new glycosylation system for the highly efficient and stereoselective formation of glycosidic bonds using glycosyl N-phenyl trifluoroacetimidate (PTFAI) donors and a charged thiourea hydrogen-bond-donor catalyst. The glycosylation protocol features broad substrate scope, controllable stereoselectivity, good to excellent yields and exceptionally mild catalysis conditions. Benefitting from the mild reaction conditions, this new hydrogen bond-mediated glycosylation system in combination with a hydrogen bond-mediated aglycon delivery system provides a reliable method for the synthesis of challenging phenolic glycosides. In addition, a chemoselective glycosylation procedure was developed using different imidate donors (trichloroacetimidates, N-phenyl trifluoroacetimidates, N-4-nitrophenyl trifluoroacetimidates, benzoxazolyl imidates and 6-nitro-benzothiazolyl imidates) and it was applied for a trisaccharide synthesis through a novel one-pot single catalyst strategy. A mild glycosylation system was developed using glycosyl imidate donors and a charge-enhanced thiourea H-bond donor catalyst. The method can be used for the effective synthesis of O-, C-, S- and N-glycosides and chemoselective one-pot glycosylation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiao
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Yongxin Hu
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Yongyong Wan
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - XinXin Li
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Qin Nie
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Hao Yan
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Liming Wang
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Jinxi Liao
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Deyong Liu
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Yuanhong Tu
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Jiansong Sun
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Qingju Zhang
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China .,Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecule, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University 99 Ziyang Avenue Nanchang 330022 China
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26
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Aribi-Zouioueche L, Merabet-Khelassi M, Braïa N, Toffano M. Practical access to (S)-heterocyclic aromatic acetates via CAL-B/Na2CO3-deacylation and Mitsunobu reaction protocol. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2022.2030726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Aribi-Zouioueche
- Ecocompatible Asymmetric Catalysis Laboratory (LCAE), Badji Mokhtar Annaba-University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Mounia Merabet-Khelassi
- Ecocompatible Asymmetric Catalysis Laboratory (LCAE), Badji Mokhtar Annaba-University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Nabila Braïa
- Ecocompatible Asymmetric Catalysis Laboratory (LCAE), Badji Mokhtar Annaba-University, Annaba, Algeria
| | - Martial Toffano
- Equipe de Catalyse Moléculaire-ICMMO Bât 420. Université PARIS- SACLAY, Orsay, France
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López V, Cásedas G, Petersen-Ross K, Powrie Y, Smith C. Neuroprotective and anxiolytic potential of green rooibos ( Aspalathus linearis) polyphenolic extract. Food Funct 2022; 13:91-101. [PMID: 34877951 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03178c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
South African rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) tea is globally consumed for its health benefits and caffeine free nature, but no information is available on the neuroprotective capacity of (unfermented) green rooibos. Our aim was to investigate the cytoprotective activity of green rooibos in neuronal cells, including probing antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties that could explain observed effects in these cells. We also investigated the anxiolytic potential of green rooibos using zebrafish larval models. Green rooibos extract (Green oxithin™) was assessed for its neuroprotective potential in Neuro-2a cells treated with different concentrations of the extract (12.5-25-50-100 μg mL-1) and different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (250 or 125 μM) as oxidizing agent. Cell viability (MTT) and redox status (intracellular ROS) were also quantified in these cells. Antioxidant properties of the extract were quantified using cell-free systems (DPPH, ORAC and xanthine/xanthine oxidase), and potential neuroprotection evaluated in terms of its potential to inhibit key enzymes of the CNS (monoamine oxidase A (MOA-A), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tyrosinase (TYR)). Results demonstrated that green rooibos extract exerted significant cytoprotective properties in Neuro-2a cells, particularly when exposed to lethal 250 μM hydrogen peroxide, increasing cell survival by more than 100%. This may be ascribed (at least partially) to its capacity to limit intracellular ROS accumulation in these cells. Data from cell-free systems confirmed that green rooibos was able to scavenge free radicals (synthetic and physiological) in a dose dependent manner with a similar profile activity to vitamins C and E. Green rooibos also acted as a moderate MAO-A inhibitor, but had no significant effect on AChE or TYR. Finally, zebrafish larvae treated with lower doses of green rooibos demonstrated a significant anxiolytic effect in the light-dark anxiety model. Using the PTZ excitotoxicity model, green rooibos was shown to rescue GABA receptor signalling, which together with its demonstrated inhibition of MAO-A, may account for the anxiolytic outcome. Current data confirms that green rooibos could be considered a "functional brain food" and may be a good option as starting ingredient in the development of new nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor López
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón, IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cásedas
- Department of Pharmacy, Universidad San Jorge, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Kelly Petersen-Ross
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
| | - Yigael Powrie
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
| | - Carine Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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28
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Wang L, Gong X, Lei T, Jiang S. Research Progress on Asymmetric Synthesis of Flavanones. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202109030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Nie Z, Liu S, Wang T, Shen Z, Nie H, Xi J, Zhang D, Zheng XH, Zhang S, Yao L. Facile access to chiral chromanone-2-carboxylic acids enabled by Rhodium-catalyzed chemo- and enantioselective hydrogenation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5837-5840. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00589a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rh-catalyzed highly chemo- and enantioselective hydrogenation of chromone-2-carboxylic acids was first successfully established, providing a wide range of enantiopure chromanone-2-carboxylic acids with excellent results (up to 97% yield and 99%...
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30
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Kornpointner C, Scheibelreiter J, Halbwirth H. Snailase: A Promising Tool for the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Flavonoid Glycosides From Plant Extracts. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:889184. [PMID: 35755698 PMCID: PMC9218754 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.889184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants typically contain a broad spectrum of flavonoids in varying concentrations. As a rule, several flavonoid classes occur in parallel, and, even for a single flavonoid, divergent glycosylation patterns are frequently observed, many of which are not commercially available. This can be challenging in studies in which the distribution between flavonoid classes, or features that are not affected by glycosylation patterns, are adressed. In addition, hydrolysis simplifies the quantification process by reducing peak interferences and improving the peak intensity due to the accumulation of the respective aglycone. Effective removal of glycose moieties can also be relevant for technological applications of flavonoid aglycones. Herein, we present a fast and reliable method for the enzymatic hydrolysis glycosides from plant extracts using the commercial enzyme mix snailase, which provided the highest aglycone yields across all investigated flavonoids (aurones: leptosidin, maritimetin, sulfuretin; chalcones: butein, lanceoletin, okanin, phloretin; dihydroflavonols: dihydrokaempferol; flavanones: eriodictyol, hesperetin; flavones: acacetin, apigenin, diosmetin, luteolin; flavonols: isorhamnetin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin; isoflavones: biochanin A, formononetin, genistein) from methanolic extracts of nine plants (Bidens ferulifolia, Coreopsis grandiflora, Fagus sylvatica, Malus × domestica, Mentha × piperita, Petunia × hybrida, Quercus robur, Robinia pseudoacacia, and Trifolium pratense) in comparison to four other enzymes (cellobiase, cellulase, β-glucosidase, and pectinase), as well as to acidic hydrolysis by hydrochloric acid.
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31
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Ali MY, Jannat S, Jung HA, Choi JS. Structural Bases for Hesperetin Derivatives: Inhibition of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B, Kinetics Mechanism and Molecular Docking Study. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247433. [PMID: 34946519 PMCID: PMC8705904 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the structure-activity relationship of naturally occurring hesperetin derivatives, as well as the effects of their glycosylation on the inhibition of diabetes-related enzyme systems, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and α-glycosidase. Among the tested hesperetin derivatives, hesperetin 5-O-glucoside, a single-glucose-containing flavanone glycoside, significantly inhibited PTP1B with an IC50 value of 37.14 ± 0.07 µM. Hesperetin, which lacks a sugar molecule, was the weakest inhibitor compared to the reference compound, ursolic acid (IC50 = 9.65 ± 0.01 µM). The most active flavanone hesperetin 5-O-glucoside suggested that the position of a sugar moiety at the C-5-position influences the PTP1B inhibition. It was observed that the ability to inhibit PTP1B is dependent on the nature, position, and number of sugar moieties in the flavonoid structure, as well as conjugation. In the kinetic study of PTP1B enzyme inhibition, hesperetin 5-O-glucoside led to mixed-type inhibition. Molecular docking studies revealed that hesperetin 5-O-glucoside had a higher binding affinity with key amino residues, suggesting that this molecule best fits the PTP1B allosteric site cavity. The data reported here support hesperetin 5-O-glucoside as a hit for the design of more potent and selective inhibitors against PTP1B in the search for a new anti-diabetic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Yousof Ali
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
| | - Susoma Jannat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Hyun-Ah Jung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-A.J.); (J.-S.C.); Tel.: +82-51-629-7547 (J.-S.C.)
| | - Jae-Sue Choi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-A.J.); (J.-S.C.); Tel.: +82-51-629-7547 (J.-S.C.)
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32
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Morphological and Physiological Response of Different Lettuce Genotypes to Salt Stress. STRESSES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses1040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salt stress (SS) refers to excessive soluble salt concentrations in the plant root zone. SS also causes cellular water deficits, ion toxicity, and oxidative stress in plants, all of which can cause growth inhibition, molecular damage, and even plant mortality. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) has a threshold electrical conductivity of 1.3–2.0 dS/m. Thus, this research focused on physiological, morphological, and biochemical attributes in multiple lettuce genotypes under SS compared to plants grown under control conditions. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. One month after planting, the salt treatment was applied at the rate of 100 millimoles (mM). The 0 mM salt in water treatment was considered the control. A significant effect of SS on different morphological and physiological traits was observed in one-month-old lettuce plants. PI 212099, Buttercrunch-1, and PI 171676 were highly salt-tolerant. Genotypes with high salt tolerance usually had poor growth potential under control conditions. This suggests that the morphological and physiological response of 38 lettuce cultivars towards SS is genotype dependent. Identifying SS’s physiological, morphological, and biochemical attributes in lettuce may help plant-breeders develop salt-tolerant lettuce genotypes.
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Shen Z, Li W, Li Y, Liu M, Cao H, Provart N, Ding X, Sun M, Tang Z, Yue C, Cao Y, Yuan D, Zhang L. The red flower wintersweet genome provides insights into the evolution of magnoliids and the molecular mechanism for tepal color development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:1662-1678. [PMID: 34624152 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) is one of the most important ornamental plants. Its color is mainly determined by the middle tepals. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the intriguing flower color development among different wintersweet groups are still largely unknown. In addition, wintersweet belongs to magnoliids, and the phylogenetic position of magnoliids remains to be determined conclusively. Here, the whole genome of red flower wintersweet, a new wintersweet type, was sequenced and assembled with high quality. The genome comprised 11 super-scaffolds (chromosomes) with a total size of 737.03 Mb. Based on the analyses of the long branch attraction, incomplete lineage sorting, sparse taxon sampling, and other factors, we suggest that a bifurcating tree may not fully represent the complex early diversification of the angiosperms and that magnoliids are most likely sister to the eudicots. The wintersweet genome appears to have undergone two whole-genome duplication (WGD) events: a recent WGD event representing an independent event specific to the Calycanthaceae and an ancient WGD event shared by Laurales. By integrating genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic data, CpANS1 and the transcription factor CpMYB1 were found to play key roles in regulating tepal color development, whereas CpMYB1 needs to form a complex with bHLH and WD40 to fully perform its regulatory function. The present study not only provides novel insights into the evolution of magnoliids and the molecular mechanism for flower color development, but also lays the foundation for subsequent functional genomics study and molecular breeding of wintersweet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Shen
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
- National Innovation Alliance of Wintersweet, Henan Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenying Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Meilan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Heping Cao
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA, 70124, USA
| | - Nicholas Provart
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology/Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Xin Ding
- National Innovation Alliance of Wintersweet, Henan Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Sun
- National Innovation Alliance of Wintersweet, Henan Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghui Tang
- National Innovation Alliance of Wintersweet, Henan Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, People's Republic of China
| | - Changping Yue
- Forestry Research Institute of Yanling County, Xuchang, Henan, 461200, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, People's Republic of China
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34
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Liu Q, Liu Y, Li G, Savolainen O, Chen Y, Nielsen J. De novo biosynthesis of bioactive isoflavonoids by engineered yeast cell factories. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6085. [PMID: 34667183 PMCID: PMC8526750 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavonoids comprise a class of plant natural products with great nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and agricultural significance. Their low abundance in nature and structural complexity however hampers access to these phytochemicals through traditional crop-based manufacturing or chemical synthesis. Microbial bioproduction therefore represents an attractive alternative. Here, we engineer the metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to become a platform for efficient production of daidzein, a core chemical scaffold for isoflavonoid biosynthesis, and demonstrate its application towards producing bioactive glucosides from glucose, following the screening-reconstruction-application engineering framework. First, we rebuild daidzein biosynthesis in yeast and its production is then improved by 94-fold through screening biosynthetic enzymes, identifying rate-limiting steps, implementing dynamic control, engineering substrate trafficking and fine-tuning competing metabolic processes. The optimized strain produces up to 85.4 mg L-1 of daidzein and introducing plant glycosyltransferases in this strain results in production of bioactive puerarin (72.8 mg L-1) and daidzin (73.2 mg L-1). Our work provides a promising step towards developing synthetic yeast cell factories for de novo biosynthesis of value-added isoflavonoids and the multi-phased framework may be extended to engineer pathways of complex natural products in other microbial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanli Liu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Otto Savolainen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Chalmers Mass Spectrometry Infrastructure, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. .,BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes vej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Patil VM, Masand N, Verma S, Masand V. Chromones: Privileged scaffold in anticancer drug discovery. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:943-953. [PMID: 34519163 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the design and discovery of anticancer drugs, various natural heterocyclic scaffolds have attracted considerable interest as privileged structures. For rational drug design, some of the natural scaffolds such as chromones have exhibited wide acceptability due to their drug-like properties. Among the approved anticancer drugs, the scaffolds with high selectivity for a small group of closely related targets are of importance. In the development of selective anticancer agents, the natural, as well as synthetic, can generate highly selective compounds toward cancer targets. The present manuscript includes more particularly the development of cancer inhibitors incorporating the chromone scaffold, with a strong emphasis on their molecular interactions in the anticancer mechanism. It also includes the structure-activity relationship studies and related examples of lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali M Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Delhi-NCR, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Neeraj Masand
- Department of Pharmacy, Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saroj Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Vijay Masand
- Department of Chemistry, Vidya Bharati College, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
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Rha CS, Park CS, Kim DO. Optimized enzymatic synthesis of digestive resistant anomalous isoquercitrin glucosides using amylosucrase and response surface methodology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6931-6941. [PMID: 34477942 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Diverse flavonoid glycosides are present in the plant kingdom. Advanced technologies have been utilized to synthesize glycosyl flavonoids which exhibit good physicochemical characteristics. Previously, novel isoquercitrin (IQ) mono-, di-, and tri-glucosides (IQ-G1', IQ-G2', and IQ-G3'; atypical IQ-Gs (IQ-Gap)) were synthesized through the reaction of amylosucrase. Here, the regio-selective transglycosylation yields were predicted using response surface methodology for three variables (glucose donor (sucrose; 100-1500 mM), glucose acceptor (IQ; 100-400 µM), and pH (5.0-8.8)) using 1 unit/mL of enzyme at 45 °C; then, the optima were verified according to the experimental responses. Acidity (pH 5.0) was a major contributor for IQ-G1' production (> 50%), and high sucrose concentration (1500 mM) limited IQ-G3' production (< 15%). Low sucrose concentration (100 mM) at pH 7.0 promoted higher glycosyl IQ production (> 30%). Time-course production of IQ-Gap showed an exponential growth with different rates. IQ-Gap was stable under the simulated intestinal conditions compared with typical IQ-Gs. Digestive stable IQ-Gap can be effectively synthesized by modulating reaction conditions; thereby, atypical glycosyl products may contribute to the elucidation of nutraceutical potential of flavonoid glycosides. KEY POINTS: •Predictions of RSM were validated for the regio-selective IQ-Gap production. • Time course changes of IQ-Gap indicate non-processive glycosylation of DGAS. • IQ-Gap exceed typical IQ-G in digestive stability at simulated intestinal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Su Rha
- AMOREPACIFIC R&D Center, Yongin, 17074, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheon-Seok Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, 17104, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Ok Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Republic of Korea
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Tatsuzawa F, Mizuno T, Kikuchi R, Kato K, Ota T, Murai Y, Yangzom R, Iwashina T. Flavonoids in the flowers of Primula ×polyantha Mill. and Primula primulina (Spreng.) H. Hara (Primulaceae). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 189:112827. [PMID: 34146990 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two undescribed anthocyanins and two undescribed flavonols were isolated from the flowers of Primula ×polyantha Mill., along with five known anthocyanins and four known flavonols. The two undescribed anthocyanins and the two undescribed flavonols were determined to be hirsutidin 3-O-β-galactopyranoside-5-O-β-glucopyranoside, 7-O-methyl-petunidin 3-O-β-galactopyranoside-5-O-β-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-β-[(6""-acetylglucopyranosyl)-(1 → 2)-β-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-glucopyranoside], and kaempferol 3-O-β-[(6""-acetylglucopyranosyl)-(1 → 2)-β-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-glucopyranoside] using chemical and spectroscopic methods. They were also found in the flowers of the Himalayan wild species, Primula primulina (Spreng.) H. Hara except for quercetin 3-O-β-[(6""-acetylglucopyranosyl)-(1 → 2)-β-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-glucopyranoside]. The flower color variations of P. ×polyantha cultivars, reflected by the hue values (b*/a*) of the colors, were due to the glycosidic patterns in the anthocyanins and their concentrations in the petals. Moreover, in the P. ×polyantha cultivars with violet-blue flowers, both the intermolecular copigmentation occurs between hirsutidin 3-O-β-galactopyranoside-5-O-β-glucopyranoside and another flavonol, quercetin 3-O-β-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-glucopyranoside. Moreover, the flower color variation was affected by the pH value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Tatsuzawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan; Agri-Innovation Center, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Mizuno
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Ryo Kikuchi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Kato
- Graduate School of Agriculture Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Toru Ota
- Faculty of Nutritional Science, Morioka University, Takizawa, Iwate, 020-0694, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Murai
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Rinchen Yangzom
- National Biodiversity Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Tsukasa Iwashina
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan
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Joyner PM. Protein Adducts and Protein Oxidation as Molecular Mechanisms of Flavonoid Bioactivity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165102. [PMID: 34443698 PMCID: PMC8401221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There are tens of thousands of scientific papers about flavonoids and their impacts on human health. However, despite the vast amount of energy that has been put toward studying these compounds, a unified molecular mechanism that explains their bioactivity remains elusive. One contributing factor to the absence of a general mechanistic explanation of their bioactivity is the complexity of flavonoid chemistry in aqueous solutions at neutral pH. Flavonoids have acidic protons, are redox active, and frequently auto-oxidize to produce an array of degradation products including electrophilic quinones. Flavonoids are also known to interact with specificity and high affinity with a variety of proteins, and there is evidence that some of these interactions may be covalent. This review summarizes the mechanisms of flavonoid oxidation in aqueous solutions at neutral pH and proposes the formation of protein-flavonoid adducts or flavonoid-induced protein oxidation as putative mechanisms of flavonoid bioactivity in cells. Nucleophilic residues in proteins may be able to form covalent bonds with flavonoid quinones; alternatively, specific amino acid residues such as cysteine, methionine, or tyrosine in proteins could be oxidized by flavonoids. In either case, these protein-flavonoid interactions would likely occur at specific binding sites and the formation of these types of products could effectively explain how flavonoids modify proteins in cells to induce downstream biochemical and cellular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Matthew Joyner
- Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
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Song M, Liu Y, Li T, Liu X, Hao Z, Ding S, Panichayupakaranant P, Zhu K, Shen J. Plant Natural Flavonoids Against Multidrug Resistant Pathogens. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100749. [PMID: 34041861 PMCID: PMC8336499 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The increasing emergence and dissemination of multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens accelerate the desires for new antibiotics. Natural products dominate the preferred chemical scaffolds for the discovery of antibacterial agents. Here, the potential of natural flavonoids from plants against MDR bacteria, is demonstrated. Structure-activity relationship analysis shows the prenylation modulates the activity of flavonoids and obtains two compounds, α-mangostin (AMG) and isobavachalcone (IBC). AMG and IBC not only display rapid bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria, but also restore the susceptibility of colistin against Gram-negative pathogens. Mechanistic studies generally show such compounds bind to the phospholipids of bacterial membrane, and result in the dissipation of proton motive force and metabolic perturbations, through distinctive modes of action. The efficacy of AMG and IBC in four models associated with infection or contamination, is demonstrated. These results suggest that natural products of plants may be a promising and underappreciated reservoir to circumvent the existing antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Song
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Ying Liu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Tingting Li
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Xiaojia Liu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- Center of Research and Innovation of Chinese Traditional Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shuangyang Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal‐Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and SafetyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical BotanyFaculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesPrince of Songkla UniversityHat‐Yai90112Thailand
| | - Kui Zhu
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Center of Research and Innovation of Chinese Traditional Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety EvaluationCollege of Veterinary MedicineChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal‐Derived Food Safety and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and SafetyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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Lv Y, Tong X, Zhang P, Yu N, Gui S, Han R, Ge D. Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis on White and Blue Flowers of Platycodon grandiflorus to Elucidate Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Anthocyanins. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 19:e2811. [PMID: 34825015 PMCID: PMC8590723 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2021.239899.2811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platycodon grandiflorus has long been used in Northeast Asia as a food and folk medicine to treat various diseases. The intense blue color of P. grandiflorus corolla is its characteristic feature. OBJECTIVES By comparing deep transcriptomic data of P. grandiflorus and its white cultivar, we intended to elucidate the molecular mechanisms concerning the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in this plant. MATERIAL AND METHODS We sampled blue mature flowers (PgB) and yellow young buds (PgY) of P. grandiflorus. Meanwhile, mature flowers (PgW) of P. grandiflorus white cultivar were also collected for RNA extraction and next-generation sequencing. After high-throughput sequencing, Trinity software was applied for de novo assembly and the resultant 49934 unigenes were subjected for expression analysis and annotation against NR, KEGG, UniProt, and Pfam databases. RESULTS In all, 32.77 Gb raw data were generated and the gene expression profile for the flowers of P. grandiflorus was constructed. Pathway enrichment analysis demonstrated that genes involved in flavone and flavonol biosynthesis were differently expressed. CONCLUSIONS The extremely low expression of flavonoid-3',5'-hydroxylase in PgY and PgW was regarded as the reason for the formation of its white cultivar. Our findings provided useful information for further studies into the biosynthetic mechanism of anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei 230012, China
| | - Xiaohui Tong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei 230012, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei 230012, China
| | - Nianjun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei 230012, China
| | - Shuangying Gui
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei 230012, China
| | - Rongchun Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine; Hefei 230012, China
| | - Dezhu Ge
- Department of Research and Development, Anhui Jiren Pharmaceutical Company; Bozhou 236800, China
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Dong B, Yang Q, Song Z, Niu L, Cao H, Liu T, Du T, Yang W, Qi M, Chen T, Wang M, Jin H, Meng D, Fu Y. Hyperoside promotes pollen tube growth by regulating the depolymerization effect of actin-depolymerizing factor 1 on microfilaments in okra. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:145. [PMID: 34193835 PMCID: PMC8245483 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mature pollen germinates rapidly on the stigma, extending its pollen tube to deliver sperm cells to the ovule for fertilization. The success of this process is an important factor that limits output. The flavonoid content increased significantly during pollen germination and pollen tube growth, which suggests it may play an important role in these processes. However, the specific mechanism of this involvement has been little researched. Our previous research found that hyperoside can prolong the flowering period of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra), but its specific mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the effect of hyperoside in regulating the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF), which further affects the germination and growth of pollen. We found that hyperoside can prolong the effective pollination period of okra by 2-3-fold and promote the growth of pollen tubes in the style. Then, we used Nicotiana benthamiana cells as a research system and found that hyperoside accelerates the depolymerization of intercellular microfilaments. Hyperoside can promote pollen germination and pollen tube elongation in vitro. Moreover, AeADF1 was identified out of all AeADF genes as being highly expressed in pollen tubes in response to hyperoside. In addition, hyperoside promoted AeADF1-mediated microfilament dissipation according to microfilament severing experiments in vitro. In the pollen tube, the gene expression of AeADF1 was reduced to 1/5 by oligonucleotide transfection. The decrease in the expression level of AeADF1 partially reduced the promoting effect of hyperoside on pollen germination and pollen tube growth. This research provides new research directions for flavonoids in reproductive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biying Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Zhihua Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Hongyan Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Tengyue Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Tingting Du
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Wanlong Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Meng Qi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Mengying Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Haojie Jin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Dong Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China.
| | - Yujie Fu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150000, China.
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Effects of Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone (NHDC) on Oxidative Phosphorylation, Cytokine Production, and Lipid Deposition. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061408. [PMID: 34207068 PMCID: PMC8233977 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The sweetener neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC) is a precursor for anthocyanins and has been reported to have various bioactivities, including antioxidant and hepatitis inhibitory effects. However, its inflammatory functions and mechanisms of action are poorly understood. In this study, RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were treated with NHDC and its metabolite dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA), after which cytokine production and mitochondrial respiration were assessed. DHCA significantly down-regulated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, NHDC had a marginal effect, suggesting that the biological metabolism of NHDC to DHCA is required for its anti-inflammatory function. However, both NHDC and DHCA rescued LPS-induced suppression of oxidative phosphorylation, which is a hallmark of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. 3T3-L1 adipocytes showed lower fat deposition in the presence of DHCA, while sugar-containing NHDC showed a slight increase in fat deposition. In high-fat diet-induced obese mice, treatment with NHDC successfully down-regulated body weight gain in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, M2 polarized bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) from NHDC-fed mice secreted an increased amount of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Overall, these results indicate that NHDC and its physiological metabolite DHCA have the potential to suppress the inflammatory response and obese status.
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Ardaillou A, Alsarraf J, Legault J, Simard F, Pichette A. Hemisynthesis and Biological Evaluation of Cinnamylated, Benzylated, and Prenylated Dihydrochalcones from a Common Bio-Sourced Precursor. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:620. [PMID: 34067407 PMCID: PMC8224620 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several families of naturally occurring C-alkylated dihydrochalcones display a broad range of biological activities, including antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, depending on their alkylation sidechain. The catalytic Friedel-Crafts alkylation of the readily available aglycon moiety of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone was performed using cinnamyl, benzyl, and isoprenyl alcohols. This procedure provided a straightforward access to a series of derivatives that were structurally related to natural balsacones, uvaretin, and erioschalcones, respectively. The antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of these novel analogs was evaluated in vitro and highlighted some relations between the structure and the pharmacological properties of alkylated dihydrochalcones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jérôme Alsarraf
- Centre de Recherche sur la Boréalie (CREB), Laboratoire d’Analyse et de Séparation des Essences Végétales (LASEVE), Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada; (A.A.); (J.L.); (F.S.)
| | | | | | - André Pichette
- Centre de Recherche sur la Boréalie (CREB), Laboratoire d’Analyse et de Séparation des Essences Végétales (LASEVE), Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 Boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada; (A.A.); (J.L.); (F.S.)
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Magozwi DK, Dinala M, Mokwana N, Siwe-Noundou X, Krause RWM, Sonopo M, McGaw LJ, Augustyn WA, Tembu VJ. Flavonoids from the Genus Euphorbia: Isolation, Structure, Pharmacological Activities and Structure-Activity Relationships. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:428. [PMID: 34063311 PMCID: PMC8147481 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants of the genus Euphorbia are widely distributed across temperate, tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Asia and Africa with established Ayurvedic, Chinese and Malay ethnomedical records. The present review reports the isolation, occurrence, phytochemistry, biological properties, therapeutic potential and structure-activity relationship of Euphorbia flavonoids for the period covering 2000-2020, while identifying potential areas for future studies aimed at development of new therapeutic agents from these plants. The findings suggest that the extracts and isolated flavonoids possess anticancer, antiproliferative, antimalarial, antibacterial, anti-venom, anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatitis and antioxidant properties and have different mechanisms of action against cancer cells. Of the investigated species, over 80 different types of flavonoids have been isolated to date. Most of the isolated flavonoids were flavonols and comprised simple O-substitution patterns, C-methylation and prenylation. Others had a glycoside, glycosidic linkages and a carbohydrate attached at either C-3 or C-7, and were designated as d-glucose, l-rhamnose or glucorhamnose. The structure-activity relationship studies showed that methylation of the hydroxyl groups on C-3 or C-7 reduces the activities while glycosylation loses the activity and that the parent skeletal structure is essential in retaining the activity. These constituents can therefore offer potential alternative scaffolds towards development of new Euphorbia-based therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Kemboi Magozwi
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.D.); (N.M.); (W.A.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa;
| | - Mmabatho Dinala
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.D.); (N.M.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Nthabiseng Mokwana
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.D.); (N.M.); (W.A.A.)
| | | | - Rui W. M. Krause
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa;
| | - Molahlehi Sonopo
- Radiochemistry, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pelindaba, Brits R104, South Africa;
| | - Lyndy J. McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04 Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Wilma A. Augustyn
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.D.); (N.M.); (W.A.A.)
| | - Vuyelwa Jacqueline Tembu
- Department of Chemistry, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (M.D.); (N.M.); (W.A.A.)
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Wang S, Huang S, Yang J, Li Z, Zhang M, Fang Y, Yang Q, Jin W. Metabolite profiling of violet, white and pink flowers revealing flavonoids composition patterns in Rhododendron pulchrum Sweet. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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46
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Dimakos V, Taylor MS. Recent advances in the direct O-arylation of carbohydrates. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:514-524. [PMID: 33331387 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02009e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the O-arylation of hydroxyl and hemiacetal groups in carbohydrates via C(sp2)-O bond formation are discussed. Such methods provide an alternative disconnection to the traditional approach of nucleophilic substitution between a sugar-derived electrophile and a phenol or phenoxide nucleophile. They have led to new opportunities for stereoselectivity, site-selectivity and chemoselectivity in the preparation of O-aryl glycosides and carbohydrate-derived aryl ethers, compounds that are useful for a broad range of applications in medicinal chemistry, glycobiology and organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Dimakos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Mark S Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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Dayarathne LA, Ranaweera SS, Natraj P, Rajan P, Lee YJ, Han CH. Restoration of the adipogenic gene expression by naringenin and naringin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e55. [PMID: 34313040 PMCID: PMC8318791 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Naringenin and its glycoside naringin are well known citrus flavonoids with several therapeutic benefits. Although the anti-adipogenic effects of naringenin and naringin have been reported previously, the detailed mechanism underlying their anti-adipogenesis effects is poorly understood. Objectives This study examined the anti-adipogenic effects of naringenin and naringin by determining differential gene expression patterns in these flavonoids-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Methods Lipid accumulation and triglyceride (TG) content were determined by Oil red O staining and TG assay. Glucose uptake was measured using a 2-[N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose fluorescent d-glucose analog. The phosphorylation levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl Co-A carboxylase (ACC) were observed via Western blot analysis. Differential gene expressions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were evaluated via RNA sequencing analysis. Results Naringenin and naringin inhibited both lipid accumulation and TG content, increased phosphorylation levels of both AMPK and ACC and decreased the expression level of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGCR) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that 32 up-regulated (> 2-fold) and 17 down-regulated (< 0.6-fold) genes related to lipid metabolism, including Acaca, Fasn, Scd1, Mogat1, Dgat, Lipin1, Cpt1a, and Lepr, were normalized to the control level in naringenin-treated adipocytes. In addition, 25 up-regulated (> 2-fold) and 25 down-regulated (< 0.6-fold) genes related to lipid metabolism, including Acaca, Fasn, Fabp5, Scd1, Srebf1, Hmgcs1, Cpt1c, Lepr, and Lrp1, were normalized to the control level by naringin. Conclusions The results indicate that naringenin and naringin have anti-adipogenic potentials that are achieved by normalizing the expression levels of lipid metabolism-related genes that were perturbed in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Premkumar Natraj
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Priyanka Rajan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Young Jae Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea.
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48
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Li C, Roy JK, Park KC, Cho AE, Lee J, Kim YW. pH-promoted O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids using an engineered α-glucosidase mutant. Bioorg Chem 2020; 107:104581. [PMID: 33383321 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Retaining glycosidase mutants lacking its general acid/base catalytic residue are originally termed thioglycoligases which synthesize thio-linked disaccharides using sugar acceptor bearing a nucleophilic thiol group. A few thioglycoligases derived from retaining α-glycosidases have been classified into a new class of catalysts, O-glycoligases which transfer sugar moiety to a hydroxy group of sugar acceptors, resulting in the formation of O-linked glycosides or oligosaccharides. In this study, an efficient O-α-glucosylation of flavonoids was developed using an O-α-glycoligase derived from a thermostable α-glucosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (MalA-D416A). The O-glycoligase exhibited efficient transglycosylation activity with a broad substrate spectrum for all kinds of tested flavonoids including flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, flavanol and isoflavone classes in yields of higher than 90%. The glucosylation by MalA-D416A preferred alkaline conditions, suggesting that pH-promoted deprotonation of hydroxyl groups of the flavonoids would accelerate turnover of covalent enzyme intermediate via transglucosylation. More importantly, the glucosylation of flavonoids by MalA-D416A was exclusively regioselective, resulting in the synthesis of flavonoid 7-O-α-glucosides as the sole product. Kinetic analysis and molecular dynamics simulations provided insights into the acceptor specificity and the regiospecificity of O-α-glucosylation by MalA-D416A. This pH promoted transglycosylation using O-α-glycoligases may prove to be a general synthesis route to flavonoid O-α-glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-Ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jetendra Kumar Roy
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-Ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Cheul Park
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-Ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Art E Cho
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-Ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-Ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Wan Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-Ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Kumar R, Sharma N, Prakash O. Hypervalent Iodine Reagents in the Synthesis of Flavonoids and Related Compounds. CURR ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999200420074551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypervalent iodine compounds have proved to be very useful reagents to bring
about various oxidative transformations including (i) α-functionalization of carbonyl compounds,
(ii) oxidation of phenols, and (iii) oxidative rearrangement of ketones and α,β-
unsaturated ketones. These reactions find interesting applications in the development of
newer and convenient approaches for the synthesis of flavonoids. This review focuses on
the use of most common three hypervalent compounds, namely iodobenzene diacetate,
[hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene, and [bis-trifluoroacetoxy(iodo)]benzene in the synthesis
of cis/trans-3-hydroxyflavanones, 3-hydroxyflavones (flavonols), flavones, isoflavones
and related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, M.L.N. College, Yamuna Nagar-135001, Haryana, India
| | - Nitya Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, M.L.N. College, Yamuna Nagar-135001, Haryana, India
| | - Om Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India
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Waki T, Takahashi S, Nakayama T. Managing enzyme promiscuity in plant specialized metabolism: A lesson from flavonoid biosynthesis: Mission of a "body double" protein clarified. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000164. [PMID: 33179351 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Specificities of enzymes involved in plant specialized metabolism, including flavonoid biosynthesis, are generally promiscuous. This enzyme promiscuity has served as an evolutionary basis for new enzyme functions and metabolic pathways in land plants adapting to environmental challenges. This phenomenon may lead, however, to inefficiency in specialized metabolism and adversely affect metabolite-mediated plant survival. How plants manage enzyme promiscuity for efficient specialized metabolism is, thus, an open question. Recent studies of flavonoid biosynthesis addressing this issue have revealed a conserved strategy, namely, a homolog of chalcone isomerase with no catalytic activity binds to chalcone synthase, a key flavonoid pathway enzyme, to narrow (or rectify) the enzyme's highly promiscuous product specificity. Reducing promiscuity via specific protein-protein interactions among metabolic enzymes and proteins may be a solution adopted by land plants to achieve efficient operation of specialized metabolism, while the intrinsic promiscuity of enzymes has likely been retained incidentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Waki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Seiji Takahashi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toru Nakayama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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