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Rhamnogalacturonan Endolyase Family 4 Enzymes: An Update on Their Importance in the Fruit Ripening Process. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a process that produces fruit with top sensory qualities that are ideal for consumption. For the plant, the final objective is seed dispersal. One of the fruit characteristics observed by consumers is texture, which is related to the ripening and softening of the fruit. Controlled and orchestrated events occur to regulate the expression of genes involved in disassembling and solubilizing the cell wall. Studies have shown that changes in pectins are closely related to the loss of firmness and fruit softening. For this reason, studying the mechanisms and enzymes that act on pectins could help to elucidate the molecular events that occur in the fruit. This paper provides a review of the enzyme rhamnogalacturonan endolyase (RGL; EC 4.2.2.23), which is responsible for cleavage of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan I (RGL-I) between rhamnose (Rha) and galacturonic acid (GalA) through the mechanism of β-elimination during fruit ripening. RGL promotes the loosening and weakening of the cell wall and exposes the backbone of the polysaccharide to the action of other enzymes. Investigations into RGL and its relationship with fruit ripening have reliably demonstrated that this enzyme has an important role in this process.
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2
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Lei J, Jiang Y, Xia Y, Fang Q, Duan S, Ruan Y, Yang J. Stereoselective Synthesis of a Tetrasaccharide Fragment from Rhamnogalacturonan
II
Side Chain A. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Cai Lei
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yuan‐Yuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yi‐Fei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Qing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Shi‐Chao Duan
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yu‐Xiong Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Jin‐Song Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug‐Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant‐Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
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3
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Chemical synthesis of the pentasaccharide related to the anti-inflammatory oleanane type saponins isolated from medicinal plant Aster tataricus L. f. Carbohydr Res 2022; 516:108563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Wang Y, Li X, Wei J, Zhang X, Liu Y. Mechanism of Sugar Ring Contraction and Closure Catalyzed by UDP-d-apiose/UDP-d-xylose Synthase (UAXS). J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:632-646. [PMID: 35043627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-apiose/UDP-xylose synthase (UAXS) is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily (SDR), which catalyzes the ring contraction and closure of UDP-d-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA), affording UDP-apiose and UDP-xylose. UAXS is a special enzyme that integrates ring-opening, decarboxylation, rearrangement, and ring closure/contraction in a single active site. Recently, the ternary complex structure of UAXS was crystallized from Arabidopsis thaliana. In this work, to gain insights into the detailed formation mechanism of UDP-apiose and UDP-xylose, an enzyme-substrate reactant model has been constructed and quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations have been performed. Our calculation results reveal that the reaction starts from the C4-OH oxidation, which is accompanied by the conformational transformation of the sugar ring from chair type to boat type. The sugar ring-opening is prior to decarboxylation, and the deprotonation of the C2-OH group is the prerequisite for sugar ring-opening. Moreover, the keto-enol tautomerization of the decarboxylated intermediate is a necessary step for ring closure/contraction. Based on our calculation results, more UDP-apiose product was expected, which is in line with the experimental observation. Three titratable residues, Tyr185, Cys100, and Cys140, steer the reaction by proton transfer from or to UDP-GlcA, and Arg182, Glu141, and D337 constitute a proton conduit for sugar C2-OH deprotonation. Although Thr139 and Tyr105 are not directly involved in the enzymatic reaction, they are responsible for promoting the catalysis by forming hydrogen-bonding interactions with GlcA. Our calculations may provide useful information for understanding the catalysis of the SDR family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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5
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Abstract
Apiose is a branched pentose naturally occurring either as a component of the plant cell wall polysaccharides or as a sugar moiety present in numerous plant secondary metabolites such as flavonoid and phenylethanoid glycosides, substrates in plant defense systems or as glycosylated aroma precursors. The enzymes catalyzing hydrolysis of such apiosylated substances (mainly glycosidases specific towards apiose or acuminose) have promising applications not only in hydrolysis (flavor development), but potentially also in the synthesis of apiosides and apioglucosides with pharmaceutical relevance. This review summarizes the actual knowledge of glycosidases recognizing apiose and their potential application in biocatalysis.
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6
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Lee K, Kim M, Rhee YH. A Convergent Synthesis of the Tetrasaccharide Fragment of the Purported Structure of Durantanin I. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keehwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Kyungbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Kyungbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Rhee
- Department of Chemistry Pohang University of Science and Technology Kyungbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
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7
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Labourel A, Baslé A, Munoz-Munoz J, Ndeh D, Booth S, Nepogodiev SA, Field RA, Cartmell A. Structural and functional analyses of glycoside hydrolase 138 enzymes targeting chain A galacturonic acid in the complex pectin rhamnogalacturonan II. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7711-7721. [PMID: 30877196 PMCID: PMC6514610 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of carbohydrate polymers drives microbial diversity in the human gut microbiome. The selection pressures in this environment have spurred the evolution of a complex reservoir of microbial genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Previously, we have shown that the human gut bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt) can depolymerize the most structurally complex glycan, the plant pectin rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII), commonly found in the human diet. Previous investigation of the RGII-degrading apparatus in Bt identified BT0997 as a new CAZyme family, classified as glycoside hydrolase 138 (GH138). The mechanism of substrate recognition by GH138, however, remains unclear. Here, using synthetic substrates and biochemical assays, we show that BT0997 targets the d-galacturonic acid-α-1,2-l-rhamnose linkage in chain A of RGII and that it absolutely requires the presence of a second d-galacturonic acid side chain (linked β-1,3 to l-rhamnose) for activity. NMR analysis revealed that BT0997 operates through a double displacement retaining mechanism. We also report the crystal structure of a BT0997 homolog, BPA0997 from Bacteroides paurosaccharolyticus, in complex with ligands at 1.6 Å resolution. The structure disclosed that the enzyme comprises four domains, including a catalytic TIM (α/β)8 barrel. Characterization of several BT0997 variants identified Glu-294 and Glu-361 as the catalytic acid/base and nucleophile, respectively, and we observed a chloride ion close to the active site. The three-dimensional structure and bioinformatic analysis revealed that two arginines, Arg-332 and Arg-521, are key specificity determinants of BT0997 in targeting d-galacturonic acid residues. In summary, our study reports the first structural and mechanistic analyses of GH138 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Labourel
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom and
| | - Arnaud Baslé
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom and
| | - Jose Munoz-Munoz
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom and
| | - Didier Ndeh
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom and
| | - Simon Booth
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom and
| | - Sergey A Nepogodiev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Cartmell
- From the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom and
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8
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Mastihuba V, Karnišová Potocká E, Uhliariková I, Kis P, Kozmon S, Mastihubová M. Reaction mechanism of β-apiosidase from Aspergillus aculeatus. Food Chem 2019; 274:543-546. [PMID: 30372976 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Apiosidases are glycosidases relevant for aroma development during fermentation of wines and black tea. Reaction mechanism of apiosidase from Aspergillus aculeatus in commercial glycanase Viscozyme L was studied by 1H NMR technique. Study of hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl β-D-apiofuranoside revealed that this reaction proceeds with inversion of hydroxyl group in the anomeric center, which confirms inverting mechanism of the enzyme and its inability to catalyze transapiosylation in syntheses of apiosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Mastihuba
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Elena Karnišová Potocká
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Iveta Uhliariková
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Kis
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Kozmon
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Mastihubová
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
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9
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Kinnaert C, Daugaard M, Nami F, Clausen MH. Chemical Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Related to the Cell Walls of Plants and Algae. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11337-11405. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kinnaert
- Center for Nanomedicine and
Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathilde Daugaard
- Center for Nanomedicine and
Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Faranak Nami
- Center for Nanomedicine and
Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and
Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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10
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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11
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Ndeh D, Rogowski A, Cartmell A, Luis AS, Baslé A, Gray J, Venditto I, Briggs J, Zhang X, Labourel A, Terrapon N, Buffetto F, Nepogodiev S, Xiao Y, Field RA, Zhu Y, O’Neil MA, Urbanowicz BR, York WS, Davies GJ, Abbott DW, Ralet MC, Martens EC, Henrissat B, Gilbert HJ. Complex pectin metabolism by gut bacteria reveals novel catalytic functions. Nature 2017; 544:65-70. [PMID: 28329766 PMCID: PMC5388186 DOI: 10.1038/nature21725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of carbohydrate polymers drives microbial diversity in the human gut microbiota. It is unclear, however, whether bacterial consortia or single organisms are required to depolymerize highly complex glycans. Here we show that the gut bacterium Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron uses the most structurally complex glycan known: the plant pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-II, cleaving all but 1 of its 21 distinct glycosidic linkages. The deconstruction of rhamnogalacturonan-II side chains and backbone are coordinated to overcome steric constraints, and the degradation involves previously undiscovered enzyme families and catalytic activities. The degradation system informs revision of the current structural model of rhamnogalacturonan-II and highlights how individual gut bacteria orchestrate manifold enzymes to metabolize the most challenging glycan in the human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Ndeh
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Artur Rogowski
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Alan Cartmell
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Ana S. Luis
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Arnaud Baslé
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Joseph Gray
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Immacolata Venditto
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Jonathon Briggs
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Aurore Labourel
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Nicolas Terrapon
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques,
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University,
F-13288 Marseille, France
| | - Fanny Buffetto
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, 44300
Nantes, France
| | - Sergey Nepogodiev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre Norwich
Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yao Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan
Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert A. Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre Norwich
Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Yanping Zhu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315
Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Malcolm A. O’Neil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315
Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Breeana R. Urbanowicz
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315
Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - William S. York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315
Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | | | | | - Eric C. Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan
Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques,
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University,
F-13288 Marseille, France
- INRA, USC 1408 AFMB, F-13288 Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harry J. Gilbert
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
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12
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Kim M, Kang S, Rhee YH. De Novo Synthesis of Furanose Sugars: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Apiose and Apiose-Containing Oligosaccharides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Kim
- Department of Chemistry; POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology); Hyoja-dong San 31 Pohang Nam-gu, Kyungbook 37673 Korea
| | - Soyeong Kang
- Department of Chemistry; POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology); Hyoja-dong San 31 Pohang Nam-gu, Kyungbook 37673 Korea
| | - Young Ho Rhee
- Department of Chemistry; POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology); Hyoja-dong San 31 Pohang Nam-gu, Kyungbook 37673 Korea
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13
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Kim M, Kang S, Rhee YH. De Novo Synthesis of Furanose Sugars: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Apiose and Apiose-Containing Oligosaccharides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9733-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mijin Kim
- Department of Chemistry; POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology); Hyoja-dong San 31 Pohang Nam-gu, Kyungbook 37673 Korea
| | - Soyeong Kang
- Department of Chemistry; POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology); Hyoja-dong San 31 Pohang Nam-gu, Kyungbook 37673 Korea
| | - Young Ho Rhee
- Department of Chemistry; POSTECH (Pohang University of Science and Technology); Hyoja-dong San 31 Pohang Nam-gu, Kyungbook 37673 Korea
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14
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Efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of 4-nitrophenyl β-d-apiofuranoside and its use in screening of β-d-apiofuranosidases. Carbohydr Res 2016; 430:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Pičmanová M, Møller BL. Apiose: one of nature's witty games. Glycobiology 2016; 26:430-42. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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16
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Pabst M, Fischl RM, Brecker L, Morelle W, Fauland A, Köfeler H, Altmann F, Léonard R. Rhamnogalacturonan II structure shows variation in the side chains monosaccharide composition and methylation status within and across different plant species. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:61-72. [PMID: 23802881 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A paradigm regarding rhamnogalacturonans II (RGII) is their strictly conserved structure within a given plant. We developed and employed a fast structural characterization method based on chromatography and mass spectrometry, allowing analysis of RGII side chains from microgram amounts of cell wall. We found that RGII structures are much more diverse than so far described. In chain A of wild-type plants, up to 45% of the l-fucose is substituted by l-galactose, a state that is seemingly uncorrelated with RGII dimerization capacity. This led us to completely reinvestigate RGII structures of the Arabidopsis thaliana fucose-deficient mutant mur1, which provided insights into RGII chain A biosynthesis, and suggested that chain A truncation, rather than l-fucose to l-galactose substitution, is responsible for the mur1 dwarf phenotype. Mass spectrometry data for chain A coupled with NMR analysis revealed a high degree of methyl esterification of its glucuronic acid, providing a plausible explanation for the puzzling RGII antibody recognition. The β-galacturonic acid of chain A exhibits up to two methyl etherifications in an organ-specific manner. Combined with variation in the length of side chain B, this gives rise to a family of RGII structures instead of the unique structure described up to now. These findings pave the way for studies on the physiological roles of modulation of RGII composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pabst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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