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Rudra S, Mondal S, Chakraborty M, Swamy MJ, Jana T. Galactose Glycopolymer- Grafted Silica Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Binding Studies with Lectin. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:5689-5701. [PMID: 39116418 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Weak binding of carbohydrates with protein receptors possesses serious drawbacks in the advancement of therapeutics; however, the development of strategies for multipoint interactions between carbohydrates and protein can overcome these challenges. One such method is developed in this work where glycopolymer-grafted silica nanoparticles with a large number of carbohydrate units are prepared for the interactions with multiple binding sites of the protein. First, a glycomonomer, β-d-galactose-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (β-GEMA), was synthesized in a two-step process by coupling β-d-galactose pentaacetate and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), followed by deacetylation for the preparation of poly(β-GEMA) glycopolymers (GPs). Further, the poly(β-GEMA) chains were grafted onto the silica nanoparticle (SiNP) surface by utilizing the "grafting-from" strategy of surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to prepare p(β-GEMA)-grafted SiNPs (GNPs). Five different chain lengths ranging from 10 to 40 kDa of the GPs and the GNPs were prepared, and various characterization techniques confirmed the formation of GPs and grafting of the GPs on the SiNP surface. The particle size of GNPs and the number of GPs grafted on the SiNP surface showed a strong dependence on the chain length of the GPs. Further, the GNPs were subjected to a binding study with β-galactose-specific protein peanut agglutinin (PNA). A much stronger binding in the case of GNPs was observed with an association constant ∼320 times and ∼53 times than that of the monomeric methyl-β-d-galactopyranoside and the GPs, respectively. Additionally, the binding of the PNA with GNPs and GPs was also studied with varying chain lengths to understand the effects of the chain length on the binding affinity. A clear increase in binding constants was observed in the case of GNPs with increasing chain length of grafted GPs, attributed to the enhanced enthalpic and entropic contributions. This work holds its uniqueness in these improved interactions between carbohydrates and proteins, which can be used for carbohydrate-based targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somdatta Rudra
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Saradamoni Mondal
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | | | - Musti J Swamy
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Tushar Jana
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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2
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Chittum JE, Thompson A, Desai UR. Glycosaminoglycan microarrays for studying glycosaminoglycan-protein systems. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122106. [PMID: 38616080 PMCID: PMC11032185 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
More than 3000 proteins are now known to bind to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Yet, GAG-protein systems are rather poorly understood in terms of selectivity of recognition, molecular mechanism of action, and translational promise. High-throughput screening (HTS) technologies are critically needed for studying GAG biology and developing GAG-based therapeutics. Microarrays, developed within the past two decades, have now improved to the point of being the preferred tool in the HTS of biomolecules. GAG microarrays, in which GAG sequences are immobilized on slides, while similar to other microarrays, have their own sets of challenges and considerations. GAG microarrays are rapidly becoming the first choice in studying GAG-protein systems. Here, we review different modalities and applications of GAG microarrays presented to date. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of this technology, explain covalent and non-covalent immobilization strategies using different chemically reactive groups, and present various assay formats for qualitative and quantitative interpretations, including selectivity screening, binding affinity studies, competitive binding studies etc. We also highlight recent advances in implementing this technology, cataloging of data, and project its future promise. Overall, the technology of GAG microarray exhibits enormous potential of evolving into more than a mere screening tool for studying GAG - protein systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Chittum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - Ally Thompson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America.
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3
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Jiang L, Zhang D, Li Y, Chen W, Shi W, Wu H, Ma Z. Eukaryotic Expression of the Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I of Sitophilus zeamais and Its Interaction with Allyl Isothiocyanate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3497-3507. [PMID: 36757172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a destructive pest of stored grains around the world. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) was shown to have good bioactivity in the control of S. zeamais. In this study, the interaction of AITC on cytochrome c oxidase core subunits I (COX I) and their binding mechanism were determined using spectroscopic, isothermal titration calorimetry and molecular docking techniques. The results indicate the binding constant (Ka) of AITC and COX I was 6.742 × 103 L/mol. Analysis of spectroscopic revealed that the binding of COX I to reduced Cyt c induced conformational changes of reduced Cyt c, while AITC could competitively bind and inhibit the activity of the COX I protein. Moreover, molecular docking results suggested a sulfur atom in the AITC structure could form a hydrogen bond having a length of 3.3 Å with the Gly- 27 of COX I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Jiang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Weilin Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hua Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Zhiqing Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Provincial Center for Bio-Pesticide Engineering, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
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4
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Zhang Y, Cheng Y, Yu Y, Li J, Hu Y, Gao Y, Huang S, Wang W, Zhang X. A Virus-like-inspired Nanoparticles Facilitates Bacterial Internalization for Enhanced Eradication of Drug-resistant Pathogen. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01868c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and rapid spread of bacterial resistance pose an extremely serious threat to treat infections. Inspired that the spiny surface structure of virus plays an important role in mediating...
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5
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Wang H, Liu Z, An C, Li H, Hu F, Dong S. Self-Assembling Glycopeptide Conjugate as a Versatile Platform for Mimicking Complex Polysaccharides. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001264. [PMID: 32832369 PMCID: PMC7435236 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are a class of carbohydrates that play pivotal roles in living systems such as being chemical messengers in many vital biological pathways. However, the complexity and heterogeneity of these natural structures have posed daunting challenges on their production, characterization, evaluation, and applications. While there have been various types of synthetic skeletons that could mimic some biological aspects of polysaccharides, a safer and more easily accessed system is still desired to avoid the unnatural components and difficulties in modifying the structures. In this work, conveniently accessible self-assembling glycopeptide conjugates are developed, where the natural O-glycosidic linkages and phosphoryl modifications assist the self-assembly and concurrently reduce the risk of toxicity. The generated nanoparticles in aqueous solution offer a multivalent display of structurally controllable carbohydrates as mimics of polysaccharides, among which a mannosylated version exhibits immunostimulatory effects in both cellular assays and vaccination of mice. The obtained results demonstrate the potential of this glycopeptide conjugate-derived platform in exploiting the intriguing properties of carbohydrates in a more structurally maneuverable fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugsand Department of Chemical BiologySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Zhichao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugsand Department of Chemical BiologySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Chuanjing An
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugsand Department of Chemical BiologySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Haoting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugsand Department of Chemical BiologySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Fanlei Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and ImmunologyPeking University People's Hospital & Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism Mechanism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135)Beijing100044China
| | - Suwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugsand Department of Chemical BiologySchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
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6
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Dai X, Bai Y, Zhang Y, Ma Z, Li J, Sun H, Zhang X. Protonation-Activity Relationship of Bioinspired Ionizable Glycomimetics for the Growth Inhibition of Bacteria. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3868-3879. [PMID: 35025257 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Variations in physiological parameters (i.e., pH, redox potential, and ions) for distinct types of diseases make them attractive targets. Ionizable groups capable of pH-dependent charge conversion impart pH-switchable materials under acid condition through the protonation effect, which stimulates the emergence of various pH-inspired materials. However, it is confusing to distinguish preferable groups for high-efficiency drug-delivery vehicles attributing to the lack of perceiving the relationship between protonation and activity. Herein, we developed a series of bioinspired ionizable glycomimetics responses to the ambient variation from physiological environment (pH 7.4) to bacterial infectious acidic microenvironment (pH 6.0) to explore the protonation-activity relationship of various ionizable groups. The nanoparticles are coated with bacterial adhesion molecules galactose and fucose to target Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Moreover, the particle cores were composed of ionizable polymers responding to acidic microenvironment changes and entrapped antibiotic payload. Ionizable glyconanoparticles targeted bacteria and local cues as triggers to transfer payloads in on-demand patterns for the inhibition of bacteria-related infection. Significantly, we find that the nanoparticles with the pH-sensitive block of ionizable poly(2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (pDPA) exhibit predominant bacterial adhesion and killing and growth inhibition of biofilm in acid environment (pH 6.0) due to the ionizable polymer protonation effect with more positive charge cooperated with the lectin-targeted effect of polysaccharide causing a huge bacterial aggregation and a highly favorable germicidal effect. The nanoparticles with poly(2-(hexamethyleneimino)ethyl methacrylate) (pHMEMA) have suboptimal antibacterial activity but advanced protonation at pH 6.3 compared to pDPA at 6.1, suggesting its selection as an applicable pH-switchable group for a slightly higher acid microenvironment like tumor (pH 6.9-6.5) because of the efficient performance after protonation than at deprotonation. On the other hand, the glycomimetic containing poly(2-(dibutylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (pDBA) as a pH-sensitive moiety displayed weak antimicrobial activity and superior stability before protonation (pH 4.7), which make it possible to prevent premature drug leakage, suggesting that pDBA is a good candidate to be applied to construct pH-sensitive drug-delivery carriers for the treatment of bacteria-related infection with a low acidic microenvironment. Overall, the structure-activity relationship of ionizable glycomimetics for the inhibition of bacteria signifies not only the development of a drug-delivery system but also the mechanism-dependent treatment of nanomedicine for infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijuan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yayun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhuang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haonan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinge Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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7
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Hoffmann M, Gau E, Braun S, Pich A, Elling L. Enzymatic Synthesis of 2-(β-Galactosyl)-ethyl Methacrylate by β-Galactosidase from Pyrococcus woesei and Application for Glycopolymer Synthesis and Lectin Studies. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:974-987. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Hoffmann
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße. 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Gau
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI—Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne Braun
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI—Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers, Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI—Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials, Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße. 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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8
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Han J, Huang X, Liu H, Wang J, Xiong C, Nie Z. Laser cleavable probes for in situ multiplexed glycan detection by single cell mass spectrometry. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10958-10962. [PMID: 32190253 PMCID: PMC7066667 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03912k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A single-cell MS approach for multiplexed glycan detection to investigate the relationship between drug resistance and glycans at a single-cell level and quantify multiple glycans, overcoming the limit of low ionization efficiency of glycans.
Glycans binding on the cell surface through glycosylation play a key role in controlling various cellular processes, and glycan analysis at a single-cell level is necessary to study cellular heterogeneity and diagnose diseases in the early stage. Herein, we synthesized a series of laser cleavable probes, which could sensitively detect glycans on single cells and tissues by laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). This multiplexed and quantitative glycan detection was applied to evaluate the alterations of four types of glycans on breast cancer cells and drug-resistant cancer cells at a single-cell level, indicating that drug resistance may be related to the upregulation of glycan with a β-d-galactoside (Galβ) group and Neu5Aca2-6Gal(NAc)-R. Moreover, the glycan spatial distribution in cancerous and paracancerous human tissues was also demonstrated by MS imaging, showing that glycans are overexpressed in cancerous tissues. Therefore, this single-cell MS approach exhibits promise for application in studying glycan functions which are essential for clinical biomarker discovery and diagnosis of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China . ; .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xi Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China . ;
| | - Huihui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China . ;
| | - Jiyun Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China . ;
| | - Caiqiao Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China . ;
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China . ; .,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China.,National Center for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing , Beijing 100049 , China
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9
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Zhou C, Reesink HL, Putnam DA. Selective and Tunable Galectin Binding of Glycopolymers Synthesized by a Generalizable Conjugation Method. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3704-3712. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Ma Z, Zhu XX. Copolymers containing carbohydrates and other biomolecules: design, synthesis and applications. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:1361-1378. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03162b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent progress in random and block copolymers containing sugar and other biocompounds, including their design, synthesis, properties and selected applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Ma
- Département de Chimie
- Université de Montréal
- Montreal
- Canada
| | - X. X. Zhu
- Département de Chimie
- Université de Montréal
- Montreal
- Canada
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11
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Wilkins L, Badi N, Du Prez F, Gibson MI. Double-Modified Glycopolymers from Thiolactones to Modulate Lectin Selectivity and Affinity. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1498-1502. [PMID: 30662815 PMCID: PMC6326524 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multivalent glycomaterials show high affinity toward lectins but are often nonselective as they lack the precise 3-D presentation found in native glycans. Here, thiolactone chemistry is exploited to enable the synthesis of glycopolymers with both a primary binding (galactose) and a variable secondary binding unit in close proximity to each other on the linker. These polymers are used to target the Cholera toxin B subunit, CTxB, inspired by its native branched glycan target, GM-1. The secondary, nonbinding unit was shown to dramatically modulate affinity and selectivity toward the Cholera toxin. These increasingly complex glycopolymers, assembled using accessible chemistry, can help breach the synthetic/biological divide to obtain future glycomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura
E. Wilkins
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Nezha Badi
- Polymer
Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC),
Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Filip Du Prez
- Polymer
Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC),
Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Warwick
Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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12
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Martyn B, Biggs CI, Gibson MI. Comparison of systematically functionalized heterogeneous and homogenous glycopolymers as toxin inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Martyn
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
| | - Caroline I. Biggs
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
- Warwick Medical SchoolUniversity of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL United Kingdom
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13
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Pomin VH, Wang X. Synthetic Oligosaccharide Libraries and Microarray Technology: A Powerful Combination for the Success of Current Glycosaminoglycan Interactomics. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:648-661. [PMID: 29160016 PMCID: PMC5895483 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are extracellular matrix and/or cell-surface sulfated glycans crucial to the regulation of various signaling proteins, the functions of which are essential in many pathophysiological systems. Because structural heterogeneity is high in GAG chains and purification is difficult, the use of structurally defined GAG oligosaccharides from natural sources as molecular models in both biophysical and pharmacological assays is limited. To overcome this obstacle, GAG-like oligosaccharides of well-defined structures are currently being synthesized by chemical and/or enzymatic means in many research groups around the world. These synthetic GAG oligosaccharides serve as useful molecular tools in studies of GAG-protein interactions. In this review, besides discussing the commonest routes used for the synthesis of GAG oligosaccharides, we also survey some libraries of these synthetic models currently available for research and discuss their activities in interaction studies with functional proteins, especially through the microarray approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Pomin
- Program of Glycobiology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis and University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-913, Brazil
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
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14
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Ma Z, Jia YG, Zhu XX. Glycopolymers Bearing Galactose and Betulin: Synthesis, Encapsulation, and Lectin Recognition. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3812-3818. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Yong-Guang Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - X. X. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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15
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Isolation of a lectin binding rhamnogalacturonan-I containing pectic polysaccharide from pumpkin. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 163:330-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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A photo-cleavable biotin affinity tag for the facile release of a photo-crosslinked carbohydrate-binding protein. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1216-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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17
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Xu J, Yu HQ, Sheng GP. Kinetics and thermodynamics of interaction between sulfonamide antibiotics and humic acids: Surface plasmon resonance and isothermal titration microcalorimetry analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 302:262-266. [PMID: 26476313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The presence of sulfonamide antibiotics in the environments has been recognized as a crucial issue. Their migration and transformation in the environment is determined by natural organic matters that widely exist in natural water and soil. In this study, the kinetics and thermodynamics of interactions between humic acids (HA) and sulfamethazine (SMZ) were investigated by employing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) combined with isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC) technologies. Results show that SMZ could be effectively bound with HA. The binding strength could be enhanced by increasing ionic strength and decreasing temperature. High pH was not favorable for the interaction. Hydrogen bond and electrostatic interaction may play important roles in driving the binding process, with auxiliary contribution from hydrophobic interaction. The results implied that HA existed in the environment may have a significant influence on the migration and transformation of organic pollutants through the binding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guo-Ping Sheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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18
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Lazar J, Park H, Rosencrantz RR, Böker A, Elling L, Schnakenberg U. Evaluating the Thickness of Multivalent Glycopolymer Brushes for Lectin Binding. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1472-8. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Lazar
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1; RWTH Aachen University; Sommerfeldstr. 24 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Hyunji Park
- DWI-Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V; Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen; Forckenbeckstr. 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ruben R. Rosencrantz
- Laboratory for Biomaterials Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstr. 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- DWI-Leibniz Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V; Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen; Forckenbeckstr. 50 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Lothar Elling
- Laboratory for Biomaterials Institute for Biotechnology and Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Pauwelsstr. 20 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Uwe Schnakenberg
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1; RWTH Aachen University; Sommerfeldstr. 24 52074 Aachen Germany
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19
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Worm-Like Micelles and Vesicles: Adjusting the Morphology of Self-Assembled Fructose Based Block Copolymers by Fine-Tuning the Processing Parameters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2015-1188.ch007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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20
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Tanaka T, Inoue G, Shoda SI, Kimura Y. Protecting-group-free synthesis of glycopolymers bearing thioglycosides via one-pot monomer synthesis from free saccharides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Tanaka
- Department of Biobased Materials Science; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Genri Inoue
- Department of Biobased Materials Science; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba; Sendai Miyagi 980-8579 Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Kimura
- Department of Biobased Materials Science; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki; Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
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21
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Xue L, Lyu Z, Shi X, Tang Z, Chen G, Chen H. Fast and Green Synthesis of a Smart Glyco-surface via Aqueous Single Electron Transfer-Living Radical Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Xue
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Zhonglin Lyu
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Xiujuan Shi
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Zengchao Tang
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research; Soochow University; Suzhou 215006 P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Soochow University; 199 Ren-Ai Road Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
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22
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Chang TC, Lai CH, Chien CW, Liang CF, Adak AK, Chuang YJ, Chen YJ, Lin CC. Synthesis and Evaluation of a Photoactive Probe with a Multivalent Carbohydrate for Capturing Carbohydrate–Lectin Interactions. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1895-906. [DOI: 10.1021/bc400306g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chih-Wei Chien
- Department
of Chemistry and
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Nankang Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Yung-Jen Chuang
- Institute
of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute
of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Sec. 2, Academia Rd, Nankang Taipei 115, Taiwan
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23
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Immobilized glycosylated Fmoc-amino acid for SPR: comparative studies of lectin-binding to linear or biantennary diLacNAc structures. Carbohydr Res 2013; 382:77-85. [PMID: 24211369 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method to immobilize glycan-linked amino acids with protected α-amino groups, which are key intermediates to produce the desired neoglycoprotein, to a Biacore sensor chip was developed and its utility for interaction analyses was demonstrated. Two types of diN-acetyllactosamine (diLacNAc)-containing glycans, a core 2 hexasaccharide involving linear diLacNAc that is O-linked to N-(9-fluorenyl)methoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-Thr and a biantennary diLacNAc that is N-linked to Fmoc-Asn, were used as ligands. For immobilization, the free carboxyl groups of the amino acid residues were activated with EDC/NHS, then reacted with the ethylenediamine-derivatized carboxymethyldextran sensor chip to obtain the desired ligand concentrations. Interactions of the ligands with five plant lectins were analyzed by surface plasmon resonance, and the bindings were compared. The resonance unit of each lectin was corrected by subtracting that of the reference cell on which the Fmoc-Thr-core 1 or Fmoc-Asn was immobilized as a ligand. The carbohydrate specificities of interactions were verified by preincubating lectins with their respective inhibitory sugar before injection. By steady state analysis, the Lycopersicon esculentum lectin showed a 27-fold higher affinity to linear diLacNAc than to biantennary diLacNAc, while Datura stramonium and Solanum tuberosum lectins both showed low Ka,apps of 10(6)M(-1) for these two ligands. In contrast, Ricinus communis agglutinin-120 showed a 3.2-fold higher Ka,app to biantennary LacNAc than to linear diLacNAc. A lectin purified from Pleurocybella porrigens mushroom interacted at the high affinity of 10(8)M(-1) with both linear and biantennary diLacNAcs, which identified it as a unique probe. This method provides a useful and sensitive system to analyze interactions by simulating the glycans on the cell surface.
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24
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Wang Z, Chen G, Lu J, Hong L, Ngai T. Investigation of the factors affecting the carbohydrate–lectin interaction by ITC and QCM-D. Colloid Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-013-3080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Borase T, Ninjbadgar T, Kapetanakis A, Roche S, O'Connor R, Kerskens C, Heise A, Brougham DF. Stable aqueous dispersions of glycopeptide-grafted selectably functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3164-7. [PMID: 23371331 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Borase
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
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26
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Borase T, Ninjbadgar T, Kapetanakis A, Roche S, O'Connor R, Kerskens C, Heise A, Brougham DF. Stable Aqueous Dispersions of Glycopeptide-Grafted Selectably Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Otten L, Richards SJ, Fullam E, Besra GS, Gibson MI. Gold nanoparticle-linked analysis of carbohydrate–protein interactions, and polymeric inhibitors, using unlabelled proteins; easy measurements using a ‘simple’ digital camera. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:2665-2672. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20259c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Olmsted IR, Kussrow A, Bornhop DJ. Comparison of free-solution and surface-immobilized molecular interactions using a single platform. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10817-22. [PMID: 23173653 DOI: 10.1021/ac302933h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
While it is generally accepted that surface immobilization affects the binding properties of proteins, it has been difficult to quantify these effects due to the lack of technology capable of making affinity measurements with species tethered and in free solution on a single platform. Further, quantifying the interaction of binding pairs with widely differing masses has also been challenging, particularly when it is desirable to tether the high molecular weight protein. Here we describe the use of backscattering interferometry (BSI) to quantify the binding affinity of mannose and glucose to concanavalin A (ConA), a 106 KDa homotetramer protein, in free solution using picomoles of the protein. Using the same platform, BSI, we then studied the effect on the binding constants of the ConA-carbohydrate interactions upon chemically immobilizing ConA on the sensor surface. By varying the distances (0, 7.17, and 20.35 nm) of the ConA tether and comparing these results to the free-solution measurements, it has been possible to quantify the effect that protein immobilization has on binding. Our results indicate that the apparent binding affinity of the sugar-lectin pair increases as the distance between ConA and the surface decreases. These observations could lend insight as to why the affinity values reported in the literature sometimes vary significantly from one measurement technique to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Olmsted
- Department of Chemistry and the Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, 4226 Stevenson Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
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29
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Sunasee R, Narain R. Glycopolymers and Glyco-nanoparticles in Biomolecular Recognition Processes and Vaccine Development. Macromol Biosci 2012; 13:9-27. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Tian X, Pai J, Shin I. Analysis of Density-Dependent Binding of Glycans by Lectins Using Carbohydrate Microarrays. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:2052-60. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Becer CR. The Glycopolymer Code: Synthesis of Glycopolymers and Multivalent Carbohydrate-Lectin Interactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:742-52. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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33
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process – A Third Update. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 825] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a third update to the review of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds (ZC(=S)SR) by a mechanism of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) that was published in June 2005 (Aust. J. Chem. 2005, 58, 379). The first update was published in November 2006 (Aust. J. Chem. 2006, 59, 669) and the second in December 2009 (Aust. J. Chem. 2009, 62, 1402). This review cites over 700 publications that appeared during the period mid 2009 to early 2012 covering various aspects of RAFT polymerization which include reagent synthesis and properties, kinetics and mechanism of polymerization, novel polymer syntheses, and a diverse range of applications. This period has witnessed further significant developments, particularly in the areas of novel RAFT agents, techniques for end-group transformation, the production of micro/nanoparticles and modified surfaces, and biopolymer conjugates both for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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34
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Gou Y, Richards SJ, Haddleton DM, Gibson MI. Investigation of glycopolymer–lectin interactions using QCM-d: comparison of surface binding with inhibitory activity. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20140b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Zhang Q, Slavin S, Jones MW, Haddleton AJ, Haddleton DM. Terminal functional glycopolymers via a combination of catalytic chain transfer polymerisation (CCTP) followed by three consecutive click reactions. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20013a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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36
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Wang Y, Yu G, Han Z, Yang B, Hu Y, Zhao X, Wu J, Lv Y, Chai W. Specificities of Ricinus communis agglutinin 120 interaction with sulfated galactose. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3927-34. [PMID: 22079878 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are used extensively as research tools to detect and target specific oligosaccharide sequences. Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA(120)) recognizes non-reducing terminal β-D-galactose (Galβ) and its specificities of interactions with neutral and sialylated oligosaccharides have been well documented. Here we use carbohydrate arrays of sulfated Galβ-containing oligosaccharide probes, prepared from marine-derived galactans, to investigate their interactions with RCA(120). Our results showed that RCA(120) binding to Galβ1-4 was enhanced by 2-O- or 6-O-sulfation but abolished by 4-O-sulfation. The results were corroborated with competition experiments. Erythrina cristagalli lectin is also a Galβ-binding protein but it cannot accommodate any sulfation on Galβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycoengineering, and Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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