1
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Correddu D, Helmy Aly S, Di Nardo G, Catucci G, Prandi C, Blangetti M, Bellomo C, Bonometti E, Viscardi G, Gilardi G. Enhanced and specific epoxidation activity of P450 BM3 mutants for the production of high value terpene derivatives. RSC Adv 2022; 12:33964-33969. [PMID: 36505709 PMCID: PMC9703296 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06029a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenes are natural molecules of valuable interest for different industrial applications. Cytochromes P450 enzymes can functionalize terpenoids to form high value oxidized derivatives in a green and sustainable manner, representing a valid alternative to chemical catalysis. In this work, an enhanced and specific epoxidation activity of cytochrome P450 BM3 mutants was found for the terpenes geraniol and linalool. This is the first report showing the epoxidation of linalool by P450 BM3 and its mutant A2 (Asp251Gly/Gln307His) with the formation of valuable oxide derivatives, highlighting the relevance of this enzymes for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Correddu
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TorinoVia Accademia Albertina 1310123TorinoItaly
| | - Sabrina Helmy Aly
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TorinoVia Accademia Albertina 1310123TorinoItaly
| | - Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TorinoVia Accademia Albertina 1310123TorinoItaly
| | - Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TorinoVia Accademia Albertina 1310123TorinoItaly
| | - Cristina Prandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of TorinoVia P. Giuria 710125TorinoItaly
| | - Marco Blangetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of TorinoVia P. Giuria 710125TorinoItaly
| | - Chiara Bellomo
- Department of Chemistry, University of TorinoVia P. Giuria 710125TorinoItaly
| | | | - Guido Viscardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of TorinoVia P. Giuria 710125TorinoItaly
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TorinoVia Accademia Albertina 1310123TorinoItaly
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2
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Catucci G, Turella S, Cheropkina H, De Angelis M, Gilardi G, Sadeghi SJ. Green production of indigo and indirubin by an engineered Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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3
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Patharia MA, Raut SV, Dhotre BK, Pathan MA. Design, Synthesis of Some New N-(2-fluoro-4-morpholin-4-yl-phenyl)-Substituted-Benzamide Derivatives and Screening of Their Microbial Activities. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1833047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murtaza A. Patharia
- Research and Development, Navin Research and Innovation Centre, NFIL, Surat, Gujarat, India
| | - Santosh V. Raut
- Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad College and Research Center, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bharat K. Dhotre
- Department of Chemistry, Swami Vivekanand Sr. College, Mantha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohammad Arif Pathan
- Department of Chemistry, Maulana Azad College and Research Center, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
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4
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Potential bacterial biofilm, MRSA, and DHFR inhibitors based on new morpholine-linked chromene-thiazole hybrids: One-pot synthesis and in silico study. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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Non-cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics: Focus on the regulation of gene expression and enzyme activity. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108020. [PMID: 34637840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative metabolism is one of the major biotransformation reactions that regulates the exposure of xenobiotics and their metabolites in the circulatory system and local tissues and organs, and influences their efficacy and toxicity. Although cytochrome (CY)P450s play critical roles in the oxidative reaction, extensive CYP450-independent oxidative metabolism also occurs in some xenobiotics, such as aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, monoamine oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, or aldehyde dehydrogenase-dependent oxidative metabolism. Drugs form a large portion of xenobiotics and are the primary target of this review. The common reaction mechanisms and roles of non-CYP450 enzymes in metabolism, factors affecting the expression and activity of non-CYP450 enzymes in terms of inhibition, induction, regulation, and species differences in pharmaceutical research and development have been summarized. These non-CYP450 enzymes are detoxifying enzymes, although sometimes they mediate severe toxicity. Synthetic or natural chemicals serve as inhibitors for these non-CYP450 enzymes. However, pharmacokinetic-based drug interactions through these inhibitors have rarely been reported in vivo. Although multiple mechanisms participate in the basal expression and regulation of non-CYP450 enzymes, only a limited number of inducers upregulate their expression. Therefore, these enzymes are considered non-inducible or less inducible. Overall, this review focuses on the potential xenobiotic factors that contribute to variations in gene expression levels and the activities of non-CYP450 enzymes.
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6
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Mügge C, Heine T, Baraibar AG, van Berkel WJH, Paul CE, Tischler D. Flavin-dependent N-hydroxylating enzymes: distribution and application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6481-6499. [PMID: 32504128 PMCID: PMC7347517 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10705-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amino groups derived from naturally abundant amino acids or (di)amines can be used as "shuttles" in nature for oxygen transfer to provide intermediates or products comprising N-O functional groups such as N-hydroxy, oxazine, isoxazolidine, nitro, nitrone, oxime, C-, S-, or N-nitroso, and azoxy units. To this end, molecular oxygen is activated by flavin, heme, or metal cofactor-containing enzymes and transferred to initially obtain N-hydroxy compounds, which can be further functionalized. In this review, we focus on flavin-dependent N-hydroxylating enzymes, which play a major role in the production of secondary metabolites, such as siderophores or antimicrobial agents. Flavoprotein monooxygenases of higher organisms (among others, in humans) can interact with nitrogen-bearing secondary metabolites or are relevant with respect to detoxification metabolism and are thus of importance to understand potential medical applications. Many enzymes that catalyze N-hydroxylation reactions have specific substrate scopes and others are rather relaxed. The subsequent conversion towards various N-O or N-N comprising molecules is also described. Overall, flavin-dependent N-hydroxylating enzymes can accept amines, diamines, amino acids, amino sugars, and amino aromatic compounds and thus provide access to versatile families of compounds containing the N-O motif. Natural roles as well as synthetic applications are highlighted. Key points • N-O and N-N comprising natural and (semi)synthetic products are highlighted. • Flavin-based NMOs with respect to mechanism, structure, and phylogeny are reviewed. • Applications in natural product formation and synthetic approaches are provided. Graphical abstract .
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Mügge
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Environmental Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry and Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Alvaro Gomez Baraibar
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
- Rottendorf Pharma GmbH, Ostenfelder Str. 51-61, 59320, Ennigerloh, Germany
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, HZ 2629, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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7
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Abstract
Flavoenzymes are broadly employed as biocatalysts for a large variety of reactions, owing to the chemical versatility of the flavin cofactor. Oxidases set aside, many flavoenzymes require a source of electrons in form of the biological reductant nicotinamide NAD(P)H in order to initiate catalysis via the reduced flavin. Chemists can take advantage of the reactivity of reduced flavins with oxygen to carry out monooxygenation reactions, while the reduced flavin can also be used for formal hydrogenation reactions. The main advantage of these reactions compared to chemical approaches is the frequent regio-, chemo- and stereo-selectivity of the biocatalysts, which allows the synthesis of chiral molecules in optically active form. This chapter provides an overview of the variety of biocatalytic processes that have been developed with flavoenzymes, with a particular focus on nicotinamide-dependent enzymes. The diversity of molecules obtained is highlighted and in several cases, strategies that allow control of the stereochemical outcome of the reactions are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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8
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Wiltschi B, Cernava T, Dennig A, Galindo Casas M, Geier M, Gruber S, Haberbauer M, Heidinger P, Herrero Acero E, Kratzer R, Luley-Goedl C, Müller CA, Pitzer J, Ribitsch D, Sauer M, Schmölzer K, Schnitzhofer W, Sensen CW, Soh J, Steiner K, Winkler CK, Winkler M, Wriessnegger T. Enzymes revolutionize the bioproduction of value-added compounds: From enzyme discovery to special applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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9
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Masuyama Y, Nishikawa M, Yasuda K, Sakaki T, Ikushiro S. Whole-cell dependent biosynthesis of N- and S-oxides using human flavin containing monooxygenases expressing budding yeast. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:274-280. [PMID: 32305264 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Flavin containing monooxygenases (FMOs) represent one of the predominant types of phase I drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), and thus play an important role in the metabolism of xeno- and endobiotics for the generation of their corresponding oxides. These oxides often display biological activities, however they are difficult to study since their chemical or biological synthesis is generally challenging even though only small amounts are required to evaluate their efficacy and safety. Previously, we constructed a DME expression system for cytochrome P450, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), and sulfotransferase (SULT) using yeast cells, and successfully produced xenobiotic metabolites in a whole-cell dependent manner. In this study, we developed a heterologous expression system for human FMOs, including FMO1-FMO5, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and examined its N- and S-oxide productivity. The recombinant yeast cells expressed each of the FMO successfully, and the FMO4 transformant produced N- and S-oxide metabolites at several milligrams per liter within 24 h. This whole-cell dependent biosynthesis enabled the production of N- and S-oxides without the use of the expensive cofactor NADPH. Such novel yeast expression system could be a powerful tool for the production of oxide metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuka Masuyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Miyu Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
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10
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Catucci G, Gilardi G, Sadeghi SJ. Production of drug metabolites by human FMO3 in Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:74. [PMID: 32197603 PMCID: PMC7085137 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the course of drug discovery and development process, sufficient reference standards of drug metabolites are required, especially for preclinical/clinical or new therapeutic drugs. Whole-cell synthesis of drug metabolites is of great interest due to its low cost, low environmental impact and specificity of the enzymatic reaction compared to chemical synthesis. Here, Escherichia coli (E. coli) JM109 cells over-expressing the recombinant human FMO3 (flavin-containing monooxygenase isoform 3) were used for the conversions of clomiphene, dasatinib, GSK5182 and tozasertib to their corresponding N-oxide metabolites. Results The effects of NADPH regeneration, organic solvents as well as C-terminal truncations of human FMO3 were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, in excess of 200 mg/L of N-oxide metabolite of each of the four drugs could be produced by whole-cell catalysis within 24 h. Of these, more than 90% yield conversions were obtained for the N-oxidation of clomiphene and dasatinib. In addition, FMO3 shows high regio-selectivity in metabolizing GSK5182 where only the (Z) isomer is monooxygenated. Conclusions The study shows the successful use of human FMO3-based whole-cell as a biocatalyst for the efficient synthesis of drug metabolites including regio-selective reactions involving GSK5182, a new candidate against type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Sheila J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy.
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11
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Gao C, Zheng T. Drug metabolite synthesis by immobilized human FMO3 and whole cell catalysts. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:133. [PMID: 31405378 PMCID: PMC6691536 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sufficient reference standards of drug metabolites are required in the drug discovery and development process. However, such drug standards are often expensive or not commercially available. Chemical synthesis of drug metabolite is often difficulty due to the highly regio- and stereo-chemically demanding. The present work aims to construct stable and efficient biocatalysts for the generation of drug metabolites in vitro. Result In this work, using benzydamine as a model drug, two easy-to-perform approaches (whole cell catalysis and enzyme immobilization) were investigated for the synthesis of FMO3-generated drug metabolites. The whole cell catalysis was carried out by using cell suspensions of E. coli JM109 harboring FMO3 and E. coli BL21 harboring GDH (glucose dehydrogenase), giving 1.2 g/L benzydamine N-oxide within 9 h under the optimized conditions. While for another approach, two HisTrap HP columns respectively carrying His6-GDH and His6-FMO3 were connected in series used for the biocatalysis. In this case, 0.47 g/L benzydamine N-oxide was generated within 2.5 h under the optimized conditions. In addition, FMO3 immobilization at the C-terminal (membrane anchor region) significantly improved its enzymatic thermostability by more than 10 times. Moreover, the high efficiency of these two biocatalytic approaches was also confirmed by the N-oxidation of tamoxifen. Conclusions The results presented in this work provides new possibilities for the drug-metabolizing enzymes-mediated biocatalysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1189-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongliang Gao
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy.
| | - Tingjie Zheng
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
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12
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Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3): genetic variants and their consequences for drug metabolism and disease. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:19-33. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1643515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Phillips
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth A. Shephard
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Rinnofner C, Kerschbaumer B, Weber H, Glieder A, Winkler M. Cytochrome P450 mediated hydroxylation of ibuprofen using Pichia pastoris as biocatalyst. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Winkler M, Geier M, Hanlon SP, Nidetzky B, Glieder A. Human Enzymes for Organic Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13406-13423. [PMID: 29600541 PMCID: PMC6334177 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201800678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human enzymes have been widely studied in various disciplines. The number of reactions taking place in the human body is vast, and so is the number of potential catalysts for synthesis. Herein, we focus on the application of human enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions in course of the metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics. Some of these reactions have been explored on the preparative scale. The major field of application of human enzymes is currently drug development, where they are applied for the synthesis of drug metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Winkler
- Institute for Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- acib GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | | | | | - Bernd Nidetzky
- acib GmbHPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 128010GrazAustria
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute for Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
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15
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Migglautsch AK, Willim M, Schweda B, Glieder A, Breinbauer R, Winkler M. Aliphatic hydroxylation and epoxidation of capsaicin by cytochrome P450 CYP505X. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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Winkler M, Geier M, Hanlon SP, Nidetzky B, Glieder A. Humane Enzyme für die organische Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201800678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margit Winkler
- Institut für Molekulare Biotechnologie; Technische Universität Graz; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Österreich
- acib GmbH; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Österreich
| | | | | | - Bernd Nidetzky
- acib GmbH; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Österreich
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Bioprozesstechnik; Technische Universität Graz; Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Österreich
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institut für Molekulare Biotechnologie; Technische Universität Graz; Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Österreich
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17
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Fiorentini F, Romero E, Fraaije MW, Faber K, Hall M, Mattevi A. Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase FMO5 as Entry Point in Drug Metabolism. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2379-2387. [PMID: 28783300 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) are emerging as effective players in oxidative drug metabolism. Until recently, the functions of the five human FMO isoforms were mostly linked to their capability of oxygenating molecules containing soft N- and S-nucleophiles. However, the human FMO isoform 5 was recently shown to feature an atypical activity as Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase. With the aim of evaluating such an alternative entry point in the metabolism of active pharmaceutical ingredients, we selected and tested drug molecules bearing a carbonyl group on an aliphatic chain. Nabumetone and pentoxifylline, two widely used pharmaceuticals, were thereby demonstrated to be efficiently oxidized in vitro by FMO5 to the corresponding acetate esters with high selectivity. The proposed pathways explain the formation of a predominant plasma metabolite of pentoxifylline as well as the crucial transformation of the pro-drug nabumetone into the pharmacologically active compound. Using the recombinant enzyme, the ester derivatives of both drugs were obtained in milligram amounts, purified, and fully characterized. This protocol can potentially be extended to other FMO5 candidate substrates as it represents an effective and robust bench-ready platform applicable to API screening and metabolite synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Fiorentini
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata
9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elvira Romero
- Molecular
Enzymology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular
Enzymology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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18
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Fu CW, Lin TH. Predicting the Metabolic Sites by Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase on Drug Molecules Using SVM Classification on Computed Quantum Mechanics and Circular Fingerprints Molecular Descriptors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169910. [PMID: 28072829 PMCID: PMC5224990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important enzyme in Phase I drug metabolism, the flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) also metabolizes some xenobiotics with soft nucleophiles. The site of metabolism (SOM) on a molecule is the site where the metabolic reaction is exerted by an enzyme. Accurate prediction of SOMs on drug molecules will assist the search for drug leads during the optimization process. Here, some quantum mechanics features such as the condensed Fukui function and attributes from circular fingerprints (called Molprint2D) are computed and classified using the support vector machine (SVM) for predicting some potential SOMs on a series of drugs that can be metabolized by FMO enzymes. The condensed Fukui function fA- representing the nucleophilicity of central atom A and the attributes from circular fingerprints accounting the influence of neighbors on the central atom. The total number of FMO substrates and non-substrates collected in the study is 85 and they are equally divided into the training and test sets with each carrying roughly the same number of potential SOMs. However, only N-oxidation and S-oxidation features were considered in the prediction since the available C-oxidation data was scarce. In the training process, the LibSVM package of WEKA package and the option of 10-fold cross validation are employed. The prediction performance on the test set evaluated by accuracy, Matthews correlation coefficient and area under ROC curve computed are 0.829, 0.659, and 0.877 respectively. This work reveals that the SVM model built can accurately predict the potential SOMs for drug molecules that are metabolizable by the FMO enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-wei Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Thy-Hou Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, HsinChu, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail:
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19
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Lenci E, Rossi A, Menchi G, Trabocchi A. Short synthesis of polyfunctional sp3-rich threonine-derived morpholine scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:9710-9717. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02454a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A convenient synthesis of sp3-rich complex morpholines was achieved in two steps involving a Petasis three-component coupling reaction followed by an acid- or base-mediated cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lenci
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”
- University of Florence
- 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”
- University of Florence
- 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
| | - Gloria Menchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”
- University of Florence
- 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Preclinical Development of Molecular Imaging (CISPIM)
| | - Andrea Trabocchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”
- University of Florence
- 50019 Sesto Fiorentino
- Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Preclinical Development of Molecular Imaging (CISPIM)
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20
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Chemical applications of Class B flavoprotein monooxygenases. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-016-0583-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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21
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Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Drug metabolism by flavin-containing monooxygenases of human and mouse. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:167-181. [PMID: 27678284 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1239718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) play an important role in drug metabolism. Areas covered: We focus on the role of FMOs in the metabolism of drugs in human and mouse. We describe FMO genes and proteins of human and mouse; the catalytic mechanism of FMOs and their significance for drug metabolism; differences between FMOs and CYPs; factors contributing to potential underestimation of the contribution of FMOs to drug metabolism; the developmental and tissue-specific expression of FMO genes and differences between human and mouse; and factors that induce or inhibit FMOs. We discuss the contribution of FMOs of human and mouse to the metabolism of drugs and how genetic variation of FMOs affects drug metabolism. Finally, we discuss the utility of animal models for FMO-mediated drug metabolism in humans. Expert opinion: The contribution of FMOs to drug metabolism may be underestimated. As FMOs are not readily induced or inhibited and their reactions are generally detoxifications, the design of drugs that are metabolized predominantly by FMOs offers clinical advantages. Fmo1(-/-),Fmo2(-/-),Fmo4(-/-) mice provide a good animal model for FMO-mediated drug metabolism in humans. Identification of roles for FMO1 and FMO5 in endogenous metabolism has implications for drug therapy and initiates an exciting area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Phillips
- a Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology , University College London , London , UK.,b School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Elizabeth A Shephard
- a Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology , University College London , London , UK
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22
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Fiorentini F, Geier M, Binda C, Winkler M, Faber K, Hall M, Mattevi A. Biocatalytic Characterization of Human FMO5: Unearthing Baeyer-Villiger Reactions in Humans. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:1039-48. [PMID: 26771671 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Flavin-containing mono-oxygenases are known as potent drug-metabolizing enzymes, providing complementary functions to the well-investigated cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases. While human FMO isoforms are typically involved in the oxidation of soft nucleophiles, the biocatalytic activity of human FMO5 (along its physiological role) has long remained unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate the atypical in vitro activity of human FMO5 as a Baeyer-Villiger mono-oxygenase on a broad range of substrates, revealing the first example to date of a human protein catalyzing such reactions. The isolated and purified protein was active on diverse carbonyl compounds, whereas soft nucleophiles were mostly non- or poorly reactive. The absence of the typical characteristic sequence motifs sets human FMO5 apart from all characterized Baeyer-Villiger mono-oxygenases so far. These findings open new perspectives in human oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Fiorentini
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata
9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Geier
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Claudia Binda
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata
9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Margit Winkler
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department
of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, via Ferrata
9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Ferreira Antunes M, Eggimann FK, Kittelmann M, Lütz S, Hanlon SP, Wirz B, Bachler T, Winkler M. Human xanthine oxidase recombinant in E. coli: A whole cell catalyst for preparative drug metabolite synthesis. J Biotechnol 2016; 235:3-10. [PMID: 27021957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), which is responsible for the final steps of the purine metabolism pathway and involved in oxidative drug metabolism, was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) Gold. Recombinant human (rh) XOR yielded higher productivity with the gene sequence optimized for expression in E.coli than with the native gene sequence. Induction of XOR expression with lactose or IPTG resulted in complete loss of activity whereas shake flasks cultures using media rather poor in nutrients resulted in functional XOR expression in the stationary phase. LB medium was used for a 25L fermentation in fed-batch mode, which led to a 5 fold increase of the enzyme productivity when compared to cultivation in shake flasks. Quinazoline was used as a substrate on the semi-preparative scale using an optimized whole cell biotransformation protocol, yielding 73mg of the isolated product, 4-quinazolinone, from 104mg of starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Ferreira Antunes
- Edifício da Unidade Piloto do IBET, Estação Agronómica Nacional, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Beat Wirz
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Bachler
- acib GmbH c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Margit Winkler
- acib GmbH c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Geier M, Bachler T, Hanlon SP, Eggimann FK, Kittelmann M, Weber H, Lütz S, Wirz B, Winkler M. Human FMO2-based microbial whole-cell catalysts for drug metabolite synthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:82. [PMID: 26062974 PMCID: PMC4464233 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Getting access to authentic human drug metabolites is an important issue during the drug discovery and development process. Employing recombinant microorganisms as whole-cell biocatalysts constitutes an elegant alternative to organic synthesis to produce these compounds. The present work aimed for the generation of an efficient whole-cell catalyst based on the flavin monooxygenase isoform 2 (FMO2), which is part of the human phase I metabolism. RESULTS We show for the first time the functional expression of human FMO2 in E. coli. Truncations of the C-terminal membrane anchor region did not result in soluble FMO2 protein, but had a significant effect on levels of recombinant protein. The FMO2 biocatalysts were employed for substrate screening purposes, revealing trifluoperazine and propranolol as FMO2 substrates. Biomass cultivation on the 100 L scale afforded active catalyst for biotransformations on preparative scale. The whole-cell conversion of trifluoperazine resulted in perfectly selective oxidation to 48 mg (46% yield) of the corresponding N (1)-oxide with a purity >98%. CONCLUSIONS The generated FMO2 whole-cell catalysts are not only useful as screening tool for human metabolites of drug molecules but more importantly also for their chemo- and regioselective preparation on the multi-milligram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Geier
- acib GmbH c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Thorsten Bachler
- acib GmbH c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | | | | | | | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Beat Wirz
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Margit Winkler
- acib GmbH c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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25
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Cruciani G, Valeri A, Goracci L, Pellegrino RM, Buonerba F, Baroni M. Flavin monooxygenase metabolism: why medicinal chemists should matter. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6183-96. [PMID: 25003501 DOI: 10.1021/jm5007098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
FMO enzymes (FMOs) play a key role in the processes of detoxification and/or bioactivation of specific pharmaceuticals and xenobiotics bearing nucleophilic centers. The N-oxide and S-oxide metabolites produced by FMOs are often active metabolites. The FMOs are more active than cytochromes in the brain and work in tandem with CYP3A4 in the liver. FMOs might reduce the risk of phospholipidosis of CAD-like drugs, although some FMOs metabolites seem to be neurotoxic and hepatotoxic. However, in silico methods for FMO metabolism prediction are not yet available. This paper reports, for the first time, a substrate-specificity and catalytic-activity model for FMO3, the most relevant isoform of the FMOs in humans. The application of this model to a series of compounds with unknown FMO metabolism is also reported. The model has also been very useful to design compounds with optimal clearance and in finding erroneous literature data, particularly cases in which substances have been reported to be FMO3 substrates when, in reality, the experimentally validated in silico model correctly predicts that they are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Cruciani
- Laboratory for Chemoinformatics and Molecular Modelling, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia , Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Human flavin monooxygenase 2: Heterologous expression in E. coli and API modification. N Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2014.05.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Rodrigues D, Kittelmann M, Eggimann F, Bachler T, Abad S, Camattari A, Glieder A, Winkler M, Lütz S. Production of Recombinant Human Aldehyde Oxidase in Escherichia coli
and Optimization of Its Application for the Preparative Synthesis of Oxidized Drug Metabolites. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201301094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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28
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Luo C, Qian C, Luo H, Feng L, Chen Y, Chen X. Study on deactivation of the CuO-NiO/γ-Al2O3catalyst in the synthesis ofN-alkylmorpholines. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Chao Qian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hu Luo
- Low-Carbon Conversion Center, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 201210 China
| | - Lie Feng
- Zhejiang Jianye Chemical Co., Ltd.; Jiande 311600 China
| | - Yunbin Chen
- Zhejiang Jianye Chemical Co., Ltd.; Jiande 311600 China
| | - Xinzhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
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Pal’chikov VA. Morpholines. Synthesis and biological activity. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428013060018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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In situ DRIFTS study on the synthesis of N-alkylmorpholines. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-012-0801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Winkler M, Camattari A. Recombinant human flavin monooxygenases: Expression and moclobemide N-oxide synthesis on semi-preparative scale. N Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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