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Fan Y, Kim HJ, Seok Jung Y, Na SY, Radhakrishnan K, Sik Choi H. Chenodeoxycholic acid regulates fibroblast growth factor 23 gene expression via estrogen-related receptor γ in human hepatoma Huh7 cells. Steroids 2023:109257. [PMID: 37301529 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a glycoprotein that belongs to the FGF19 subfamily and participates in phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), one of the primary bile acids, is reported to induce the secretion of FGF19 subfamily members, FGF21 and FGF19, in hepatocytes. However, whether and how CDCA influences FGF23 gene expression are largely unknown. Thus, we performed real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of FGF23 in Huh7 cells. CDCA upregulated estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) alongside FGF23 mRNA and protein levels, while, the knockdown of ERRγ ablated the induction effect of CDCA on FGF23 expression. Promoter studies showed that CDCA-induced FGF23 promoter activity occurred partly through ERRγ binding directly to the ERR response element (ERRE) in the human FGF23 gene promoter. Finally, the inverse agonist of ERRγ, GSK5182 inhibited the induction of FGF23 by CDCA. Overall, our results revealed the mechanism of CDCA-mediated FGF23 gene upregulation in the human hepatoma cell line. Moreover, the ability of GSK5182 to reduce CDCA-induced FGF23 gene expression might represent a therapeutic strategy to control abnormal FGF23 induction in conditions that involve elevated levels of bile acids, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and biliary atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Fan
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Jung
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Young Na
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kamalakannan Radhakrishnan
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hueng Sik Choi
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Fan Y, Na SY, Jung YS, Radhakrishnan K, Choi HS. Estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) is a key regulator of lysyl oxidase gene expression in mouse hepatocytes. Steroids 2023; 194:109226. [PMID: 36948345 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX), the copper-dependent extracellular enzyme, plays a critical role in the regulation of protein cross-linking in the extracellular matrix (ECM). It is also involved in liver regeneration and liver fibrosis. However, the mechanism of LOX regulation in mouse hepatocytes is still unclear. Here, we identify a molecular mechanism showing that orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) regulates LOX gene expression in the presence of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 6 (IL6). IL6 significantly stimulated the expression of ERRγ and LOX in mouse hepatocytes. Overexpression of ERRγ increased LOX mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, knockdown of ERRγ attenuated IL6-mediated LOX gene expression at mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of ERRγ or IL6 treatment upregulated LOX gene promoter activity, while knockdown of ERRγ decreased the IL6-induced LOX promoter activity. Furthermore, GSK5182, a specific ERRγ inverse agonist, inhibited the induction effect of IL6 on LOX promoter activity and gene expression in mouse hepatocytes. Overall, our study elucidates the mechanism involved in the LOX gene regulation by nuclear receptor ERRγ in response to IL6 in mouse hepatocytes, suggesting that, in conditions such as chronic inflammation, IL6 may contribute to liver fibrosis via inducing LOX gene expression. Thus, LOX gene regulation by the inverse agonist of ERRγ can be applied to improve liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Fan
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Young Na
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Jung
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kamalakannan Radhakrishnan
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Jung YS, Kim YH, Radhakrishnan K, Kim J, Lee IK, Cho SJ, Kim DK, Dooley S, Lee CH, Choi HS. Orphan nuclear receptor ERRγ regulates hepatic TGF-β2 expression and fibrogenic response in CCl 4-induced acute liver injury. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3071-84. [PMID: 34191077 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver injury results from the complex interactions of various pathological processes. The TGF-β superfamily plays a crucial role in orchestrating fibrogenic response. In contrast to TGF-β1, a role of TGF-β2 in hepatic fibrogenic response has not been fully investigated. In this study, we showed that TGF-β2 gene expression and secretion are induced in the liver of CCl4 (1 ml/kg)-treated WT mice. Studies with hepatocyte specific ERRγ knockout mice or treatment with an ERRγ-specific inverse agonist, GSK5182 (40 mg/kg), indicated that CCl4-induced hepatic TGF-β2 production is ERRγ dependent. Moreover, IL6 was found as upstream signal to induce hepatic ERRγ and TGF-β2 gene expression in CCl4-mediated acute toxicity model. Over-expression of ERRγ was sufficient to induce hepatic TGF-β2 expression, whereas ERRγ depletion markedly reduces IL6-induced TGF-β2 gene expression and secretion in vitro and in vivo. Promoter assays showed that ERRγ directly binds to an ERR response element in the TGF-β2 promoter to induce TGF-β2 transcription. Finally, GSK5182 diminished CCl4-induced fibrogenic response through inhibition of ERRγ-mediated TGF-β2 production. Taken together, these results firstly demonstrate that ERRγ can regulate the TGF-β2-mediated fibrogenic response in a mouse model of CC14-induced acute liver injury.
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Min Y, Kim D, Suminda GGD, Zhao X, Kim M, Zhao Y, Son YO. GSK5182, 4-Hydroxytamoxifen Analog, a New Potential Therapeutic Drug for Osteoarthritis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120429. [PMID: 33261216 PMCID: PMC7761342 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are the first identified orphan nuclear receptors. The ERR family consists of ERRα, ERRβ, and ERRγ, regulating diverse isoform-specific functions. We have reported the importance of ERRγ in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. However, therapeutic approaches with ERRγ against OA associated with inflammatory mechanisms remain limited. Herein, we examined the therapeutic potential of a small-molecule ERRγ inverse agonist, GSK5182 (4-hydroxytamoxifen analog), in OA, to assess the relationship between ERRγ expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines in mouse articular chondrocyte cultures. ERRγ expression increased following chondrocyte exposure to various pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Pro-inflammatory cytokines dose-dependently increased ERRγ protein levels. In mouse articular chondrocytes, adenovirus-mediated ERRγ overexpression upregulated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-13, which participate in cartilage destruction during OA. Adenovirus-mediated ERRγ overexpression in mouse knee joints or ERRγ transgenic mice resulted in OA. In mouse joint tissues, genetic ablation of Esrrg obscured experimental OA. These results indicate that ERRγ is involved in OA pathogenesis. In mouse articular chondrocytes, GSK5182 inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced catabolic factors. Consistent with the in vitro results, GSK5182 significantly reduced cartilage degeneration in ERRγ-overexpressing mice administered intra-articular Ad-Esrrg. Overall, the ERRγ inverse agonist GSK5182 represents a promising therapeutic small molecule for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Min
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea; (Y.M.); (G.G.D.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Dahye Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea; (D.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Godagama Gamaarachchige Dinesh Suminda
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea; (Y.M.); (G.G.D.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiangyu Zhao
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea; (Y.M.); (G.G.D.S.); (X.Z.)
| | - Mangeun Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea; (D.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Yaping Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Young-Ok Son
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea; (Y.M.); (G.G.D.S.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea; (D.K.); (M.K.)
- Bio-Health Materials Core-Facility Center, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea
- Practical Translational Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(64)-754-3331
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Abstract
Background In the course of drug discovery and development process, sufficient reference standards of drug metabolites are required, especially for preclinical/clinical or new therapeutic drugs. Whole-cell synthesis of drug metabolites is of great interest due to its low cost, low environmental impact and specificity of the enzymatic reaction compared to chemical synthesis. Here, Escherichia coli (E. coli) JM109 cells over-expressing the recombinant human FMO3 (flavin-containing monooxygenase isoform 3) were used for the conversions of clomiphene, dasatinib, GSK5182 and tozasertib to their corresponding N-oxide metabolites. Results The effects of NADPH regeneration, organic solvents as well as C-terminal truncations of human FMO3 were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, in excess of 200 mg/L of N-oxide metabolite of each of the four drugs could be produced by whole-cell catalysis within 24 h. Of these, more than 90% yield conversions were obtained for the N-oxidation of clomiphene and dasatinib. In addition, FMO3 shows high regio-selectivity in metabolizing GSK5182 where only the (Z) isomer is monooxygenated. Conclusions The study shows the successful use of human FMO3-based whole-cell as a biocatalyst for the efficient synthesis of drug metabolites including regio-selective reactions involving GSK5182, a new candidate against type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Sheila J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Turin, Italy.
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Jung YS, Kim YH, Radhakrishnan K, Kim J, Kim DK, Lee JH, Oh H, Lee IK, Kim W, Cho SJ, Choi CS, Dooley S, Egan JM, Lee CH, Choi HS. An inverse agonist of estrogen-related receptor γ regulates 2-arachidonoylglycerol synthesis by modulating diacylglycerol lipase expression in alcohol-intoxicated mice. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:427-38. [PMID: 31912162 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol feeding increases the levels of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in the liver, which activates hepatic cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R), leading to oxidative liver injury. 2-AG biosynthesis is catalyzed by diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL). However, the mechanisms regulating hepatic DAGL gene expression and 2-AG production are largely unknown. In this study, we show that CB1R-induced estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) controls hepatic DAGL gene expression and 2-AG levels. Arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA), a synthetic CB1R agonist, significantly upregulated ERRγ, DAGLα, and DAGLβ, and increased 2-AG levels in the liver (10 mg/kg) and hepatocytes (10 μM) of wild-type (WT) mice. ERRγ overexpression upregulated DAGLα and DAGLβ expressions and increased 2-AG levels, whereas ERRγ knockdown abolished ACEA-induced DAGLα, DAGLβ, and 2-AG in vitro and in vivo. Promoter assays showed that ERRγ positively regulated DAGLα and DAGLβ transcription by binding to the ERR response element in the DAGLα and DAGLβ promoters. Chronic alcohol feeding (27.5% of total calories) induced hepatic steatosis and upregulated ERRγ, leading to increased DAGLα, DAGLβ, or 2-AG in WT mice, whereas these alcohol-induced effects did not occur in hepatocyte-specific CB1R knockout mice or in those treated with the ERRγ inverse agonist GSK5182 (40 mg/kg in mice and 10 μM in vitro). Taken together, these results indicate that suppression of alcohol-induced DAGLα and DAGLβ gene expressions and 2-AG levels by an ERRγ-specific inverse agonist may be a novel and attractive therapeutic approach for the treatment of alcoholic liver disease.
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Zhang Y, Kim DK, Jung YS, Kim YH, Lee YS, Kim J, Jeong WI, Lee IK, Cho SJ, Dooley S, Lee CH, Choi HS. Inverse agonist of ERRγ reduces cannabinoid receptor type 1-mediated induction of fibrinogen synthesis in mice with a high-fat diet-intoxicated liver. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2885-2896. [PMID: 30019168 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Upon liver intoxication with malnutrition or high-fat diet feeding, fibrinogen is synthesized by hepatocytes and secreted into the blood in human and mouse. Its primary function is to occlude blood vessels upon damage and thereby stop excessive bleeding. High fibrinogen levels may contribute to the development of pathological thrombosis, which is one mechanism linking fatty liver disease with cardiovascular disease. Our previous results present ERRγ as key regulator of hepatocytic fibrinogen gene expression in human. In a therapeutic approach, we now tested ERRγ inverse agonist GSK5182 as regulator of fibrinogen levels in mouse hyperfibrinogenemia caused by diet-induced obesity and in mouse hepatocytes. ACEA, a CB1R agonist, up-regulated transcription of mouse fibrinogen via induction of ERRγ, whereas knockdown of ERRγ attenuated the effect of ACEA (10 µM) on fibrinogen expression in AML12 mouse hepatocytes. Deletion analyses of the mouse fibrinogen γ (FGG) gene promoter and ChIP assays revealed binding sites for ERRγ on the mouse FGG promoter. ACEA or adenovirus ERRγ injection induced FGA, FGB and FGG mRNA and protein expression in mouse liver, while ERRγ knockdown with Ad-shERRγ attenuated ACEA-mediated induction of fibrinogen gene expression. Moreover, mice maintained on a high-fat diet (HFD) expressed higher levels of fibrinogen, whereas cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R)-KO mice fed an HFD had nearly normal fibrinogen levels. Finally, GSK5182 (40 mg/kg) strongly inhibits the ACEA (10 mg/kg) or HFD-mediated induction of fibrinogen level in mice. Taken together, targeting ERRγ with its inverse agonist GSK5182 represents a promising therapeutic strategy for ameliorating hyperfibrinogenemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaochen Zhang
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Jung
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Soo Lee
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Jeong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Cho
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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Kim J, Im CY, Yoo EK, Ma MJ, Kim SB, Hong E, Chin J, Hwang H, Lee S, Kim ND, Jeon JH, Lee IK, Jeon YH, Choi HS, Kim SH, Cho SJ. Identification of Selective ERRγ Inverse Agonists. Molecules 2016; 21:80. [PMID: 26771593 PMCID: PMC6273807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
GSK5182 (4) is currently one of the lead compounds for the development of estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ) inverse agonists. Here, we report the design, synthesis, pharmacological and in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity (ADMET) properties of a series of compounds related to 4. Starting from 4, a series of analogs were structurally modified and their ERRγ inverse agonist activity was measured. A key pharmacophore feature of this novel class of ligands is the introduction of a heterocyclic group for A-ring substitution in the core scaffold. Among the tested compounds, several of them are potent ERRγ inverse agonists as determined by binding and functional assays. The most promising compound, 15g, had excellent binding selectivity over related subtypes (IC50 = 0.44, >10, >10, and 10 μM at the ERRγ, ERRα, ERRβ, and ERα subtypes, respectively). Compound 15g also resulted in 95% transcriptional repression at a concentration of 10 μM, while still maintaining an acceptable in vitro ADMET profile. This novel class of ERRγ inverse agonists shows promise in the development of drugs targeting ERRγ-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea.
| | - Chun Young Im
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea.
| | - Eun Kyung Yoo
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea.
| | - Min Jung Ma
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea.
| | - Sang-Bum Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea.
| | - Eunmi Hong
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea.
| | - Jungwook Chin
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea.
| | - Hayoung Hwang
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea.
| | - Sungwoo Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea.
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea.
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-Edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
| | - Yong Hyun Jeon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea.
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea.
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea.
| | - Sung Jin Cho
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea.
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Zhang Y, Kim DK, Lee JM, Park SB, Jeong WI, Kim SH, Lee IK, Lee CH, Chiang JY, Choi HS. Orphan nuclear receptor oestrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) plays a key role in hepatic cannabinoid receptor type 1-mediated induction of CYP7A1 gene expression. Biochem J 2015; 470:181-93. [PMID: 26348907 DOI: 10.1042/BJ20141494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are primarily synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and have important roles in dietary lipid absorption and cholesterol homoeostasis. Detailed roles of the orphan nuclear receptors regulating cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis, have not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, we report that oestrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) is a novel transcriptional regulator of CYP7A1 expression. Activation of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1 receptor) signalling induced ERRγ-mediated transcription of the CYP7A1 gene. Overexpression of ERRγ increased CYP7A1 expression in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of ERRγ attenuated CYP7A1 expression. Deletion analysis of the CYP7A1 gene promoter and a ChIP assay revealed an ERRγ-binding site on the CYP7A1 gene promoter. Small heterodimer partner (SHP) inhibited the transcriptional activity of ERRγ and thus regulated CYP7A1 expression. Overexpression of ERRγ led to increased bile acid levels, whereas an inverse agonist of ERRγ, GSK5182, reduced CYP7A1 expression and bile acid synthesis. Finally, GSK5182 significantly reduced hepatic CB1 receptor-mediated induction of CYP7A1 expression and bile acid synthesis in alcohol-treated mice. These results provide the molecular mechanism linking ERRγ and bile acid metabolism.
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Joo J, Wu Z, Lee B, Shon JC, Lee T, Lee IK, Sim T, Kim KH, Kim ND, Kim SH, Liu KH. In vitro metabolism of an estrogen-related receptor γ modulator, GSK5182, by human liver microsomes and recombinant cytochrome P450s. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2015; 36:163-73. [PMID: 25451157 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
GSK5182 (4-[(Z)-1-[4-(2-dimethylaminoethyloxy)phenyl]-hydroxy-2-phenylpent-1-enyl]phenol) is a specific inverse agonist for estrogen-related receptor γ, a member of the orphan nuclear receptor family that has important functions in development and homeostasis. This study was performed to elucidate the metabolites of GSK5182 and to characterize the enzymes involved in its metabolism. Incubation of human liver microsomes with GSK5182 in the presence of NADPH resulted in the formation of three metabolites, M1, M2 and M3. M1 and M3 were identified as N-desmethyl-GSK5182 and GSK5182 N-oxide, respectively, on the basis of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) analysis. M2 was suggested to be hydroxy-GSK5182 through interpretation of its MS/MS fragmentation pattern. In addition, the specific cytochrome P450 (P450) and flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) isoforms responsible for GSK5182 oxidation to the three metabolites were identified using a combination of correlation analysis, chemical inhibition in human liver microsomes and metabolism by expressed recombinant P450 and FMO isoforms. GSK5182 N-demethylation and hydroxylation is mainly mediated by CYP3A4, whereas FMO1 and FMO3 contribute to the formation of GSK5182 N-oxide from GSK5182. The present data will be useful for understanding the pharmacokinetics and drug interactions of GSK5182 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Joo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
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