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Mahmoud Halabi J, Al-Handawi MB, Ceballos R, Naumov P. Intersectional Effects of Crystal Features on the Actuation Performance of Dynamic Molecular Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37235774 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite being researched for decades, shape-shifting molecular crystals have yet to claim their spot as an actuating materials class among the primary functional materials. While the process for developing and commercializing materials can be lengthy, it inevitably starts with building an extensive knowledge base, which for molecular crystal actuators remains scattered and disjointed. Using machine learning for the first time, we identify inherent features and structure-function relationships that fundamentally impact the mechanical response of molecular crystal actuators. Our model can factor in different crystal properties in tandem and decipher their intersectional and combined effects on each actuation performance. This analysis is an open invitation to utilize interdisciplinary expertise in translating the current basic research on molecular crystal actuators into technology-based development that promotes large-scale experimentation and prototyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad Mahmoud Halabi
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Marieh B Al-Handawi
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Center for Smart Engineering Materials, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Bul. Krste Misirkov 2, Skopje MK-1000, Macedonia
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003, United States
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2
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Yue Y, Shu Y, Ye K, Sun J, Liu C, Dai S, Jin L, Ding C, Lu R. Molecular Twisting Affects the Solid-State Photochemical Reactions of Unsaturated Ketones and the Photomechanical Effects of Molecular Crystals. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203178. [PMID: 36344439 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Three groups of chalcone derivatives and their analogues involving halogen atoms (X=F, Cl, Br) have been synthesized. Firstly, the nearly planar acyclic chalcone derivatives were inclined to undergo photo-induced stereospecific [2+2] cycloaddition, which triggered the crystals to exhibit macroscopic motions of bending or cracking. In particular, the single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation happened upon UV irradiation of the crystals, which was helpful for the understanding photomechanical effects. Cyclic 3,4-dihydronaphthalene-based chalcone analogues possess a more twisted conformation, and they tend to undergo trans-cis isomerization. No photomechanical effect was observed for the crystals of the cyclic chalcone analogues due to the lower isomerization rate. The twist degree of chroman-based molecules was in between of the first two, [2+2] cycloaddition and trans-cis isomerization simultaneously took place in crystals. Photo-induced bending and twisting were observed for the crystals of chroman-based chalcone analogues. Therefore, the differences in molecular dihedral angles in α,β-unsaturated ketones were responsible for their photochemical characters and in turn to tune the photomechanical effects. In this work, a bridge between the molecular structures and solid-state photochemical reactions triggered photomechanical crystals is built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Kaiqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Shuting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Liuyang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Chengde Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
| | - Ran Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China
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3
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Khan S, Akhtaruzzaman, Medishetty R, Ekka A, Mir MH. Mechanical Motion in Crystals Triggered by Solid State Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2806-2816. [PMID: 34355513 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Some special crystals respond to light by jumping, scattering or bursting just like popping of popcorn kernels on a hot surface. This rare phenomenon is called the photosalient (PS) effect. Molecular level control over the arrangement of light-responsive molecules in microscopic crystals for macroscale deformation or mechanical motion offers the possibility of using light to control smart material structures across the length scales. Photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition has recently emerged as a promising route to obtain photoswitchable structures and a wide variety of frameworks, but such reaction in crystals leading to macroscopic mechanical motion is relatively less explored. Study of chemistry of such novel soft crystals for the generation of smart materials is an imperative task. This minireview highlights recent advances in solid-state [2+2] cycloaddition in crystals to induce macroscale mechanical motion and thereby transduction of light into kinetic energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samim Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Aliah University, New Town, Kolkata, 700 156, India
| | - Akhtaruzzaman
- Department of Chemistry, Aliah University, New Town, Kolkata, 700 156, India
| | | | - Akansha Ekka
- Department of Chemistry, IIT Bhilai, Sejbahar, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492015, India
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4
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Kato K, Seki T, Ito H. (9-Isocyanoanthracene)gold(I) Complexes Exhibiting Two Modes of Crystal Jumps by Different Structure Change Mechanisms. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10849-10856. [PMID: 33886301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of single crystals exhibiting salient effects by different structure change mechanisms are reported. The crystals of newly prepared aryl(9-isocyanoanthracene)gold(I) complexes jump in response to two different external stimuli: ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and cooling. The photosalient effect is triggered by photodimerization reaction of the anthracene moieties under photoirradiation. By contrast, the thermosalient effect is caused by anisotropic thermal contraction upon cooling without a chemical structure change. By taking advantage of the multiple-jump feature, we also show sequential jumps of crystals by cooling and then UV irradiation for demonstration of the programmed motion of molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kato
- Division of Applied Chemistry & Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Seki
- Division of Applied Chemistry & Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry & Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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5
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Vittardi SB, Thapa Magar R, Breen DJ, Rack JJ. A Future Perspective on Phototriggered Isomerizations of Transition Metal Sulfoxides and Related Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:526-537. [PMID: 33400512 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photochromic molecules are examples of light-activated bistable molecules. We highlight the design criteria for a class of ruthenium and osmium sulfoxide complexes that undergo phototriggered isomerization of the bound sulfoxide. The mode of action in these complexes is an excited-state isomerization of the sulfoxide from S-bonded to O-bonded. We discuss the basic mechanism for this transformation and highlight specific examples that demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the isomerization. We subsequently discuss future research directions within the field of phototriggered sulfoxide isomerizations on transition metal polypyridine complexes. These efforts involve new synthetic directions, including the choice of metal as well as new ambidentate ligands for isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian B Vittardi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 300 Terrace Street NE, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-001 United States
| | - Rajani Thapa Magar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 300 Terrace Street NE, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-001 United States
| | - Douglas J Breen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 300 Terrace Street NE, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-001 United States
| | - Jeffrey J Rack
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 300 Terrace Street NE, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-001 United States
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6
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Gately TJ, Sontising W, Easley CJ, Islam I, Al-Kaysi RO, Beran GJO, Bardeen CJ. Effect of halogen substitution on energies and dynamics of reversible photomechanical crystals based on 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00846c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A combined experimental/computational analysis of photomechanical anthracene derivatives reveals their kinetic behavior is not simply related to the monomer-photodimer energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Gately
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Watit Sontising
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Connor J. Easley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Imadul Islam
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabih O. Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (Nanomedicine), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gregory J. O. Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Yelgaonkar SP, Campillo-Alvarado G, MacGillivray LR. Phototriggered Guest Release from a Nonporous Organic Crystal: Remarkable Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Transformation of a Binary Cocrystal Solvate to a Ternary Cocrystal. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20772-20777. [PMID: 33236628 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of organic solids for applications in materials science requires a fundamental understanding of how close packing of molecules can affect structure and function. We report here nonporous organic crystals that release entrapped guest molecules upon application of UV light. We show components of binary cocrystal solvates to undergo an intermolecular photoreaction to generate ternary cocrystals that results in release of entrapped solvent molecules. The phototriggered guest release occurs in a single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation that is in the absence pores and channels in the solid. The cocrystals are composed of a tetratopic hydrogen-bond-acceptor molecule synthesized in the solid state. The UV-light results in [2 + 2] photodimerization of an isocoumarin to generate a ternary cocrystal with cyclobutane molecules that support guest release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta P Yelgaonkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52245, United States
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8
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Chalek KR, Dong X, Tong F, Kudla RA, Zhu L, Gill AD, Xu W, Yang C, Hartman JD, Magalhães A, Al-Kaysi RO, Hayward RC, Hooley RJ, Beran GJO, Bardeen CJ, Mueller LJ. Bridging photochemistry and photomechanics with NMR crystallography: the molecular basis for the macroscopic expansion of an anthracene ester nanorod. Chem Sci 2020; 12:453-463. [PMID: 34163608 PMCID: PMC8178812 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05118g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystals composed of photoreactive molecules represent a new class of photomechanical materials with the potential to generate large forces on fast timescales. An example is the photodimerization of 9-tert-butyl-anthracene ester (9TBAE) in molecular crystal nanorods that leads to an average elongation of 8%. Previous work showed that this expansion results from the formation of a metastable crystalline product. In this article, it is shown how a novel combination of ensemble oriented-crystal solid-state NMR, X-ray diffraction, and first principles computational modeling can be used to establish the absolute unit cell orientations relative to the shape change, revealing the atomic-resolution mechanism for the photomechanical response and enabling the construction of a model that predicts an elongation of 7.4%, in good agreement with the experimental value. According to this model, the nanorod expansion does not result from an overall change in the volume of the unit cell, but rather from an anisotropic rearrangement of the molecular contents. The ability to understand quantitatively how molecular-level photochemistry generates mechanical displacements allows us to predict that the expansion could be tuned from +9% to -9.5% by controlling the initial orientation of the unit cell with respect to the nanorod axis. This application of NMR-assisted crystallography provides a new tool capable of tying the atomic-level structural rearrangement of the reacting molecular species to the mechanical response of a nanostructured sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Chalek
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Xinning Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Ryan A Kudla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Adam D Gill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Wenwen Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder 3415 Colorado Ave. Boulder CO 80303 USA
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Joshua D Hartman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Alviclér Magalhães
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-909 Brazil
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh 11426 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder 3415 Colorado Ave. Boulder CO 80303 USA
| | - Richard J Hooley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Gregory J O Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | | | - Leonard J Mueller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
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9
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Abstract
Photomechanical materials exhibit mechanical motion in response to light as an external stimulus. They have attracted much attention because they can convert light energy directly to mechanical energy, and their motions can be controlled without any physical contact. This review paper introduces the photomechanical motions of photoresponsive molecular crystals, especially bending and twisting behaviors, from the viewpoint of symmetry breaking. The bending (right–left symmetry breaking) and twisting (chiral symmetry breaking) of photomechanical crystals are based on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors like molecular orientation in the crystal and illumination conditions. The ability to design and control this symmetry breaking will be vital for generating new science and new technological applications for organic crystalline materials.
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10
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Hazra A, Maji TK. Guest-Responsive Reversal in Structural Transformation after a [2 + 2] Topochemical Reaction in a 3D Pillared Layer MOF: Uncovering the Role of C–H···O Interaction. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12793-12801. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Hazra
- Molecular Materials Laboratory, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Maji
- Molecular Materials Laboratory, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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12
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Beran GJO. Solid state photodimerization of 9-tert-butyl anthracene ester produces an exceptionally metastable polymorph according to first-principles calculations. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01985a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular crystal engineering seeks to tune the material properties by controlling the crystal packing.
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13
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Peng J, Zhao J, Ye K, Gao H, Sun J, Lu R. Light-Induced Bending of Needle-Like Crystals of Naphthylvinylbenzoxazole Triggered by trans-cis Isomerization. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1719-1724. [PMID: 29679455 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
New diarylethene derivatives containing benzoxazole (NBO) and benzothiazole (NBT) have been synthesized. Light-induced trans-cis isomerization of NBO and NBT took place in crystals, and only induced the needle-like crystals of NBO to bend backwards away from the UV light source. The movement of the atoms was deemed to take place during the isomerization of NBO; hence, strain would be produced and accumulated rapidly in the surface of crystals exposed to UV light. The uniform release of strain led to the bending of needle-like crystals. The light-induced trans-cis isomerization efficiency of NBT was too low to drive the motion of crystals, which might have originated from the large repulsion between naphthyl and benzothiazole. These results provide a new platform for the transformation of light energy into mechanical energy in molecular crystals through the unimolecular photochemical reaction of diarylethene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jinyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Kaiqi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Hongqiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Ran Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
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Tong F, Xu W, Al‐Haidar M, Kitagawa D, Al‐Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Photomechanically Induced Magnetic Field Response by Controlling Molecular Orientation in 9‐Methylanthracene Microcrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Chemistry Department University of California, Riverside 501 Big Spring Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Chemistry Department University of California, Riverside 501 Big Spring Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Maram Al‐Haidar
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh 11426 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Osaka City University Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Rabih O. Al‐Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh 11426 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J. Bardeen
- Chemistry Department University of California, Riverside 501 Big Spring Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
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Tong F, Xu W, Al-Haidar M, Kitagawa D, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Photomechanically Induced Magnetic Field Response by Controlling Molecular Orientation in 9-Methylanthracene Microcrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7080-7084. [PMID: 29660217 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A surfactant-assisted seeded-growth method is used to form single-crystal platelets composed of 9-methylanthracene with two different internal molecular orientations. The more stable form exhibits a photoinduced twisting, as observed previously for 9-methylanthracene microribbons grown by the floating drop method. However, the newly discovered elongated hexagonal platelets undergo a photoinduced rolling-up and unrolling. The ability of the rolled-up cylindrical shape to trap superparamagnetic nanoparticles enables it to be carried along in a magnetic field gradient. The new photoinduced shape change, made possible by a novel surfactant-assisted crystal growth method, opens up the possibility of using light to modulate the crystal translational motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Spring Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Spring Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Maram Al-Haidar
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Spring Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Chirality-controlled spontaneous twisting of crystals due to thermal topochemical reaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:2896-2901. [PMID: 29507233 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718965115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystals that show mechanical response against various stimuli are of great interest. These stimuli induce polymorphic transitions, isomerizations, or chemical reactions in the crystal and the strain generated between the daughter and parent domains is transcribed into mechanical response. We observed that the crystals of modified dipeptide LL (N3-l-Ala-l-Val-NHCH2C≡CH) undergo spontaneous twisting to form right-handed twisted crystals not only at room temperature but also at 0 °C over time. Using various spectroscopic techniques, we have established that the twisting is due to the spontaneous topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) reaction at room temperature or lower temperatures. The rate of twisting can be increased by heating, exploiting the faster kinetics of the TAAC reaction at higher temperatures. To address the role of molecular chirality in the direction of twisting the enantiomer of dipeptide LL, N3-d-Ala-d-Val-NHCH2C≡CH (DD), was synthesized and topochemical reactivity and mechanoresponse of its crystals were studied. We have found that dipeptide DD not only underwent TAAC reaction, giving 1,4-triazole-linked pseudopolypeptides of d-amino acids, but also underwent twisting with opposite handedness (left-handed twisting), establishing the role of molecular chirality in controlling the direction of mechanoresponse. This paper reports (i) a mechanical response due to a thermal reaction and (ii) a spontaneous mechanical response in crystals and (iii) explains the role of molecular chirality in the handedness of the macroscopic mechanical response.
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Tong F, Kitagawa D, Dong X, Kobatake S, Bardeen CJ. Photomechanical motion of diarylethene molecular crystal nanowires. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:3393-3398. [PMID: 29388653 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09571f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline nanowires composed of the photochromic diarylethene derivative 1,2-bis(2,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (1a) are prepared and characterized. 200 nanometer diameter wires with a length of 60 microns are grown by slow solvent annealing in a porous anodic aluminum oxide template. The nanowires are oriented crystals, as determined by X-ray diffraction measurements, and can be liberated by dissolving the template in acid. They exhibit pronounced bending when exposed to ultraviolet light that can be reversed by visible light irradiation. The bending-unbending sequence can be repeated for more than 10 cycles without fatigue. This robustness results from the ability of the nanowires to maintain their crystallinity during the forward and reverse reactions. The small diameter of these nanowires allows them to achieve curvatures that are at least 40 times greater (200 mm-1versus 5 mm-1) than those observed for micron-thick diarylethene needles. This first demonstration of photomechanical nanostructures based on diarylethene photochromism opens up the possibility of making more complicated structures composed of this high-performance photochrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Mulijanto CE, Quah HS, Tan GK, Donnadieu B, Vittal JJ. Curved crystal morphology, photoreactivity and photosalient behaviour of mononuclear Zn(II) complexes. IUCRJ 2017; 4:65-71. [PMID: 28250942 PMCID: PMC5331466 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252516019072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A dramatic effect of crystal morphology, photoreactivity and photosalient property is observed in a zinc(II) complex due to solvent effects and fluorine substitution at the backbone of the ligand. Of the two crystal forms with a 3-fluoro derivative, one yielded a curved morphology of single crystals and the second form shows photoreactivity in the solid state, whereas crystals of the 2-fluoro derivative pop during the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction. This is the first report documenting curved single crystals of metal complexes obtained naturally during crystallization, although such bent crystals have been observed in extended solids naturally, or bent by mechanical force or by UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Evania Mulijanto
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hong Sheng Quah
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Geok Kheng Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Bruno Donnadieu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jagadese J. Vittal
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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19
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Takanabe A, Tanaka M, Johmoto K, Uekusa H, Mori T, Koshima H, Asahi T. Optical Activity and Optical Anisotropy in Photomechanical Crystals of Chiral Salicylidenephenylethylamines. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15066-15077. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Takanabe
- Department
of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science
and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masahito Tanaka
- Research
Institute for Measurement and Analytical Instrumentation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Kohei Johmoto
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and
Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and
Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1
Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideko Koshima
- Researh Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Toru Asahi
- Department
of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science
and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
- Researh Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
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20
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Karothu DP, Weston J, Desta IT, Naumov P. Shape-Memory and Self-Healing Effects in Mechanosalient Molecular Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13298-13306. [PMID: 27618207 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The thermosalient crystals of terephthalic acid are extraordinarily mechanically compliant and reversibly shape-shift between two forms with different crystal habits. While the transition of form II to form I is spontaneous, the transition of form I to form II is latent and can be triggered by applying local mechanical stress, whereby crystals leap several centimeters in air. This mechanosalient effect (mechanically stimulated motility) is due to sudden release of strain that has accrued in the crystal of form I, which is a metastable structure at ambient conditions. High-speed optical analysis and serial scanning electron microscopy reveal that the mechanical effect is due to rapid reshaping of crystal domains on a millisecond time scale triggered by mechanical stimulation. Mechanically pre-deformed crystals taken over the thermal phase transition exhibit memory effects and partially regain their shape, while cracked, sliced, or otherwise damaged crystals tend to recover their macroscopic integrity by restorative action of intermolecular π-π interactions in a manner which resembles the behavior of shape-memory and self-healing polymers. These observations provide additional evidence that the thermo-/photo-/mechanosalient effects are macroscopic manifestations of martensitic-type transitions in molecular solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Prasad Karothu
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - James Weston
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Israel Tilahun Desta
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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21
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Zhu L, Al‐Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Photoinduced Ratchet‐Like Rotational Motion of Branched Molecular Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Rabih O. Al‐Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs Riyadh 11426 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J. Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
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22
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Zhu L, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Photoinduced Ratchet-Like Rotational Motion of Branched Molecular Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:7073-6. [PMID: 27150819 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photomechanical molecular crystals can undergo a variety of light-induced motions, including expansion, bending, twisting, and jumping. The use of more complex crystal shapes may provide ways to turn these motions into useful work. To generate such shapes, pH-driven reprecipitation has been used to grow branched microcrystals of the anthracene derivative 4-fluoroanthracenecarboxylic acid. When these microcrystals are illuminated with light of λ=405 nm, an intermolecular [4+4] photodimerization reaction drives twisting and bending of the individual branches. These deformations drive a rotation of the overall crystal that can be repeated over multiple exposures to light. The magnitude and direction of this rotation vary because of differences in the crystal shape, but a typical branched crystal undergoes a 50° net rotation after 25 consecutive irradiations for 1 s. The ability of these crystals to undergo ratchet-like rotation is attributed to their chiral shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Rabih O Al-Kaysi
- College of Science and Health Professions-3124, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Road, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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23
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Structural transformations and solid-state reactivity involving nano lead(II) coordination polymers via thermal, mechanochemical and photochemical approaches. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Kitagawa D, Tanaka R, Kobatake S. Photoinduced stepwise bending behavior of photochromic diarylethene crystals. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00607h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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25
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Koshima H, Uchimoto H, Taniguchi T, Nakamura J, Asahi T, Asahi T. Mechanical motion of molecular crystals induced by [4 + 4] photodimerisation. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00848h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Morimoto M, Irie M. Light-Driven Molecular Crystal Actuators: An Approach to Molecular Machinery. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2016. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.74.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masahiro Irie
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University
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27
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d'Agostino S, Spinelli F, Boanini E, Braga D, Grepioni F. Single crystal to single crystal [2+2] photoreactions in chloride and sulphate salts of 4-amino-cinnamic acid via solid-solution formation: a structural and kinetic study. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1899-902. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09412g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
SCSC [2+2] photodimerizationviathe formation of solid state solution is achieved in chloride and sulfate salts of 4-amino-cinnamic acid, and structural and kinetic analyses have been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone d'Agostino
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Floriana Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Elisa Boanini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Dario Braga
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Fabrizia Grepioni
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
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28
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Quantitative Evaluation of Photoinduced Bending Speed of Diarylethene Crystals. CRYSTALS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst5040551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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29
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Naumov P, Chizhik S, Panda MK, Nath NK, Boldyreva E. Mechanically Responsive Molecular Crystals. Chem Rev 2015; 115:12440-90. [PMID: 26535606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stanislav Chizhik
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , ul. Kutateladze, 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , ul. Pirogova, 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Manas K Panda
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naba K Nath
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Elena Boldyreva
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences , ul. Kutateladze, 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , ul. Pirogova, 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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30
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Nath NK, Runčevski T, Lai CY, Chiesa M, Dinnebier RE, Naumov P. Surface and Bulk Effects in Photochemical Reactions and Photomechanical Effects in Dynamic Molecular Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:13866-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naba K. Nath
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box
129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tomče Runčevski
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Chia-Yun Lai
- Masdar Institute of Science and Technology,
P. O. Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Matteo Chiesa
- Masdar Institute of Science and Technology,
P. O. Box 54224, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Robert E. Dinnebier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P. O. Box
129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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31
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Ohshima S, Morimoto M, Irie M. Light-driven bending of diarylethene mixed crystals. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5746-5752. [PMID: 28757955 PMCID: PMC5515063 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01994j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed crystals composed of 1,2-bis(2-methyl-5-(p-methoxyphenyl)-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (1a) and 1,2-bis(5-methyl-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-4-thiazolyl)perfluorocyclopentene (2a) were prepared, and their photochromic as well as light-driven bending performance was studied to reveal how shape changes of individual molecules cause the bending response. 1a and 2a molecules, having similar geometrical structures, randomly mix with each other in a single crystal. The absorption spectra of the closed-ring isomers 1b and 2b were, however, distinctly different. The difference of the spectra made it possible to discriminate the cycloreversion reactions of 1b and 2b in the mixed crystals by irradiation with 750 nm light. The bending response of the mixed crystals by the selective photoisomerization revealed that the local shape change of each molecule is additively linked to the macroscopic deformation of the crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Ohshima
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules , Rikkyo University , Nishi-Ikebukuro 3-34-1 , Toshima-ku , Tokyo 171-8501 , Japan .
| | - Masakazu Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules , Rikkyo University , Nishi-Ikebukuro 3-34-1 , Toshima-ku , Tokyo 171-8501 , Japan .
| | - Masahiro Irie
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules , Rikkyo University , Nishi-Ikebukuro 3-34-1 , Toshima-ku , Tokyo 171-8501 , Japan .
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32
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Kitagawa D, Kobatake S. Crystal thickness dependence of the photoinduced crystal bending of 1-(5-methyl-2-(4-(p-vinylbenzoyloxymethyl)phenyl)-4-thiazolyl)-2-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-thiazolyl)perfluorocyclopentene. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 13:764-9. [PMID: 24618854 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50417d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rod-like crystals of 1-(5-methyl-2-(4-(p-vinylbenzoyloxymethyl)phenyl)-4-thiazolyl)-2-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-4-thiazolyl)perfluorocyclopentene with lengths of over 1 mm showed photoreversible bending over 100 cycles upon irradiation with alternating ultraviolet (UV) and visible light. The crystals bent toward the incident light due to a contraction of the crystal length and a gradient of the crystal thickness, which depend on the extent of photoisomerization. It was observed that the bending speed depends on the crystal thickness, and the curvature change on changing the crystal thickness agrees well with Timoshenko's bimetal model, as well as with the observation that crystals of 1,2-bis(2-methyl-5-(4-(1-naphthoyloxymethyl)phenyl)-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene bend away from the incident light due to an expansion of the crystal length and a gradient of the crystal thickness, which depend on the extent of photoisomerization. It was revealed that Timoshenko's bimetal model can be applied to photoinduced crystal bending behaviors caused by both contraction and expansion. These findings are very useful for evaluating and designing photomechanical actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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33
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Al-Kaysi RO, Zhu L, Al-Haidar M, Al-Muhannah MK, El-Boubbou K, Hamdan TM, Bardeen CJ. Chemical reaction method for growing photomechanical organic microcrystals. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce02387k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Kitagawa D, Kobatake S. Photoreversible current ON/OFF switching by the photoinduced bending of gold-coated diarylethene crystals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:4421-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00355e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Gold-coated diarylethene crystals exhibited photoreversible bending upon irradiation with UV and visible light without any breaking of the gold layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Kitagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka City University
- Osaka 558-8585
- Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Osaka City University
- Osaka 558-8585
- Japan
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35
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Kim T, Zhu L, Mueller LJ, Bardeen CJ. Mechanism of photoinduced bending and twisting in crystalline microneedles and microribbons composed of 9-methylanthracene. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:6617-25. [PMID: 24724968 DOI: 10.1021/ja412216z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state photodimerization of 9-methylanthracene is used as a model system to investigate how crystal morphology and reaction dynamics affect photomechanical deformations of single microcrystals. By varying the crystallization conditions, two different crystal shapes, microneedles and microribbons, are grown on a clean water surface. The microribbons twist under irradiation, while the microneedles bend. In both shapes, the maximum deformation occurs at roughly the midpoint of the reaction, while further dimerization causes the crystals return to their original shapes. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns establish that the needles and ribbons have the same crystal orientation and that the photoreaction proceeds in a crystal-to-crystal manner. NMR spin-lattice relaxation measurements are consistent with the rapid formation of large (>100 nm) dimer crystal domains. Simultaneous measurement of the needle bending and monomer fluorescence signal allows us to correlate the bending with the reaction progress. The behavior is qualitatively reproduced by a model in which the motion is driven by strain between spatially distinct reactant and product domains, also called heterometry. We consider several different mechanisms that could give rise to these spatially distinct domains. The ability to control the photoinduced crystal deformation by manipulating crystal shape and solid-state reaction kinetics suggests that photoreactive molecular crystals may be useful for generating well-defined motions on small length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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36
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Medishetty R, Husain A, Bai Z, Runčevski T, Dinnebier RE, Naumov P, Vittal JJ. Single crystals popping under UV light: a photosalient effect triggered by a [2+2] cycloaddition reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:5907-11. [PMID: 24664890 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The extremely rare examples of dynamic single crystals where excitation by light or heat induces macroscopic motility present not only a visually appealing demonstration of the utility of molecular materials for conversion of energy to work, but they also provide a unique opportunity to explore the mechanistic link between collective molecular processes and their consequences at a macroscopic level. Here, we report the first example of a photosalient effect (photoinduced leaping) observed with crystals of three coordination complexes which is induced by a [2+2] photocycloaddition reaction. Unlike a plethora of other dimerization reactions, when exposed to even weak UV light, single crystals of these materials burst violently, whereby they are propelled to travel several millimeters. The results point to a multistep mechanism where the strain energy that has been accumulated during the dimerization triggers a rapid structure transformation which ultimately results in crystal disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavender Medishetty
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543 (Singapore)
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37
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Medishetty R, Husain A, Bai Z, Runčevski T, Dinnebier RE, Naumov P, Vittal JJ. Single Crystals Popping Under UV Light: A Photosalient Effect Triggered by a [2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Nath NK, Pejov L, Nichols SM, Hu C, Saleh N, Kahr B, Naumov P. Model for photoinduced bending of slender molecular crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2757-66. [PMID: 24456191 DOI: 10.1021/ja4101497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The growing realization that photoinduced bending of slender photoreactive single crystals is surprisingly common has inspired researchers to control crystal motility for actuation. However, new mechanically responsive crystals are reported at a greater rate than their quantitative photophysical characterization; a quantitative identification of measurable parameters and molecular-scale factors that determine the mechanical response has yet to be established. Herein, a simple mathematical description of the quasi-static and time-dependent photoinduced bending of macroscopic single crystals is provided. This kinetic model goes beyond the approximate treatment of a bending crystal as a simple composite bilayer. It includes alternative pathways for excited-state decay and provides a more accurate description of the bending by accounting for the spatial gradient in the product/reactant ratio. A new crystal form (space group P21/n) of the photoresponsive azo-dye Disperse Red 1 (DR1) is analyzed within the constraints of the aforementioned model. The crystal bending kinetics depends on intrinsic factors (crystal size) and external factors (excitation time, direction, and intensity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naba K Nath
- New York University Abu Dhabi , P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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39
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Kim T, Zhu L, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Organic Photomechanical Materials. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:400-14. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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40
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Nath NK, Panda MK, Sahoo SC, Naumov P. Thermally induced and photoinduced mechanical effects in molecular single crystals—a revival. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce41313f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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41
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Sahoo SC, Sinha SB, Kiran MSRN, Ramamurty U, Dericioglu AF, Reddy CM, Naumov P. Kinematic and Mechanical Profile of the Self-Actuation of Thermosalient Crystal Twins of 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene: A Molecular Crystalline Analogue of a Bimetallic Strip. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13843-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4056323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shashi Bhushan Sinha
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal 741252, India
| | - M. S. R. N. Kiran
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Upadrasta Ramamurty
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Arcan F. Dericioglu
- Department of Metallurgical
and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - C. Malla Reddy
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal 741252, India
| | - Panče Naumov
- New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box
129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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42
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Sylvester SO, Cole JM. Solar-powered nanomechanical transduction from crystalline molecular rotors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:3324-3328. [PMID: 23504645 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201300478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A photoinduced solid-state SO₂ isomerism drives a larger mechanical change (benzene-ring rotation) in a neighbouring ion (i.e., the system acts as a solar-powered molecular transducer). The ring rotation and SO₂ photoisomerisation are observed using in situ X-ray crystallography and are controllable, reproducible, and metastable at low temperatures. This discovery presents a new range of materials for solar-energy-based molecular transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven O Sylvester
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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Kim T, Al-Muhanna MK, Al-Suwaidan SD, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Photoinduced Curling of Organic Molecular Crystal Nanowires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Kim T, Al-Muhanna MK, Al-Suwaidan SD, Al-Kaysi RO, Bardeen CJ. Photoinduced Curling of Organic Molecular Crystal Nanowires. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:6889-93. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ghorai S, Sumrak JC, Hutchins KM, Bučar DK, Tivanski AV, MacGillivray LR. From co-crystals to functional thin films: photolithography using [2+2] photodimerization. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51073e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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