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Ozbek M, Voorhies N, Howard L, Swanson R, Fox T. Delineation of a PFOA Plume and Assessment of Data Gaps in its Conceptual Model Using PlumeSeeker™. GROUND WATER 2024; 62:44-59. [PMID: 37930157 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
An accurate conceptual site model (CSM) and plume-delineation at contamination sites are pre-requisites for successful remediation and for satisfying regulators and stakeholders. PlumeSeeker™ is well-suited for assessing data gaps in CSMs by using available site data and for identifying the optimal number and locations of sampling locations to delineate contaminant plumes. It is an enhancement of a university research code for plume delineation using geostatistical and stochastic modeling integrated with the groundwater modeling software MODFLOW-SURFACT™. PlumeSeeker™ increases the overall confidence in the location of the plume boundary through a variance-reduction approach that selects existing- or new monitoring wells for sampling based on minimizing the uncertainty in plume boundary and on new field information. Applicable at sites with or without existing monitoring wells, PlumeSeeker™ is particularly powerful for optimally allocating project resources (labor, well installation, and laboratory costs) between existing wells and sampling at new locations. An application of PlumeSeeker™ at Lakehurst, the naval component of Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst in New Jersey, demonstrates how the cost of delineating the migration pathway of a perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) plume can be minimized by requiring only 9 new sampling locations in addition to samples from 2 existing wells for achieving a 70% reduction in plume uncertainty. In addition, the use of available site data in three different scenarios identified CSM data-gaps in the source area and in the interaction between Manapaqua Branch and groundwater, where the observed high concentration in this area could have resulted from a combination of groundwater migration and induced infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Ozbek
- HydroGeoLogic Inc., Reston, Virginia, 20190, USA
| | | | - Lucas Howard
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Ryan Swanson
- HydroGeoLogic Inc., Lakewood, Colorado, 80228, USA
| | - Tad Fox
- HydroGeoLogic Inc., Reston, Virginia, 20190, USA
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2
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Ding X, Song X, Xu M, Yao J, Xu C, Tang Z, Zhang Z. Co-occurrence and correlations of PFASs and chlorinated volatile organic compounds (cVOCs) in subsurface in a fluorochemical industrial park: Laboratory and field investigations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152814. [PMID: 34990671 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorochemical industrial park (FIP) represents an important source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and chlorinated volatile organic compounds (cVOCs). Exploring the co-occurrence and correlations of PFASs and cVOCs is a key step towards the understanding their distributions in the field. In this study, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was the dominant compound in groundwater and aquifer solids, and elevated concentrations of short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and hexafluoropropylene oxide oligomers were also detected in the field, suggesting their wide applications as substitutes for PFOA. Correlation analyses between PFASs and cVOCs suggested that cVOCs had a significant influence on the distribution and composition of PFASs in the field. In addition, the presence of cVOCs in the form of dense non-aqueous-phase organic liquids (DNAPL) affected the distribution and migration of PFASs at various depths, as evidenced by the relatively high PFASs concentrations (204 μg/L) and PFOA abundance (85.4%) in the deep aquifer, likely due to DNAPL-water interfaces sorption or partition into bulk DNAPL. The log Kd values, determined in the laboratory, were found to increase in the presence of DNAPL, especially for PFOA, with more than one time higher than those of perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA). This conclusion further demonstrated that PFOA had a higher potential to participate into DNAPL, which can migrate with DNAPL to the deep aquifer, supporting the higher abundance of PFOA in the deep aquifer mentioned above. However, the log Kd-field values of PFBA and HFPO-DA in the field were higher than that of PFOA, and no significant correlations (p > 0.05) were found between log Kd-field values and the chain-length of PFCAs at various depths, suggesting that the phenomena observed in the field are a result of composite influencing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Minmin Xu
- Shandong Academy of Environmental Sciences Co., Ltd., Jinan 250013, China
| | - Jin Yao
- Zhongke Hualu Soil Remediation Engineering Co., Ltd., Dezhou 253500, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Sichuan Tianshengyuan Environmental Services Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zhiwen Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuanxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Hua Z, Yu L, Liu X, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Lu Y, Wang Y, Yang Y, Xue H. Perfluoroalkyl acids in surface sediments from the lower Yangtze River: Occurrence, distribution, sources, inventory, and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149332. [PMID: 34375265 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence, spatial distribution, potential sources, mass inventory, and ecological risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in surface sediments from the lower Yangtze River were investigated based on field and laboratory assays conducted in November 2019. The total concentrations of 13 target PFAAs (∑PFAAs) ranged from 13.83 to 20.33 ng/g dw, and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were predominant in the surface sediments with average concentrations of 2.89 and 4.07 ng/g dw, respectively. The ∑PFAAs concentrations in pore-water ranged from 23.30 to 58.81 ng/L, and PFOA and PFOS were predominant with mean concentrations of 6.29 and 5.04 ng/L, respectively. The profiles of PFAAs composition in surface sediments showed limited difference. Results of fugacity model revealed that PFOS was in relative equilibrium, whereas PFOA exhibited a diffusion trend from sediments to water body. Correlation analysis and positive matrix factorization demonstrated that the main sources of ∑PFAAs were electroplating and fast-food packaging, degradation products and textile, mixed sources, and PFOA-based products. The mass inventory of ∑PFAAs was estimated to be 1680.72 kg, and the results of ecological risk assessments based on equilibrium partition and species sensitivity distribution methods suggested that the hazards of PFAAs in sediments to local aquatic organisms are low. However, the evaluation methods and control measures of PFAAs in surface sediments are still limited, requiring further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulin Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; Yangtze Institute for Conservation and Development, Hohai University, Jiangsu 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Liang Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yixin Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Ying Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Yundong Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Hongqin Xue
- School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
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4
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Sima MW, Jaffé PR. A critical review of modeling Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the soil-water environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143793. [PMID: 33303199 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to their health effects and the recalcitrant nature of their CF bonds, Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) are widely investigated for their distribution, remediation, and toxicology in ecosystems. However, very few studies have focused on modeling PFAS in the soil-water environment. In this review, we summarized the recent development in PFAS modeling for various chemical, physical, and biological processes, including sorption, volatilization, degradation, bioaccumulation, and transport. PFAS sorption is kinetic in nature with sorption equilibrium commonly quantified by either a linear, the Freundlich, or the Langmuir isotherms. Volatilization of PFAS depends on carbon chain length and ionization status and has been simulated by a two-layer diffusion process across the air water interface. First-order kinetics is commonly used for physical, chemical, and biological degradation processes. Uptake by plants and other biota can be passive and/or active. As surfactants, PFAS have a tendency to be sorbed or concentrated on air-water or non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL)-water interfaces, where the same three isotherms for soil sorption are adopted. PFAS transport in the soil-water environment is simulated by solving the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) that is coupled to PFAS sorption, phase transfer, as well as physical, chemical, and biological transformations. As the physicochemical properties and concentration vary greatly among the potentially thousands of PFAS species in the environment, systematic efforts are needed to identify models and model parameters to simulate their fate, transport, and response to remediation techniques. Since many process formulations are empirical in nature, mechanistic approaches are needed to further the understanding of PFAS-soil-water-plant interactions so that the model parameters are less site dependent and more predictive in simulating PFAS remediation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Sima
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Peter R Jaffé
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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5
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Knight ER, Bräunig J, Janik LJ, Navarro DA, Kookana RS, Mueller JF, McLaughlin MJ. An investigation into the long-term binding and uptake of PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS in soil - plant systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124065. [PMID: 33069992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential aging and plant bioaccumulation of three perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), perfluorosulphonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanesulphonic acid (PFHxS) in 20 soils over a six-month period. Sorption coefficients (Log Kd) ranged from 0.13-1.28 for PFHxS, 0.17-1.06 for PFOA and 0.98-2.03 for PFOS, respectively, and bioaccumulation factors (Log BAFs) ranged from 0.29-1.24, 0.22-1.46 and 0.05-0.65 for PFHxS, PFOA and PFOS, respectively. Over the six-month period, Kd values significantly increased for PFHxS and PFOA but the magnitude of the increase was very small and did not translate into differences in plant PFAA-concentrations between aged and freshly spiked treatments. The Kd and BAF values were modelled by multiple linear regression (MLR) to soil physico-chemical properties and by partial least squares regression to soil spectra acquired by mid-infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT-PLSR). Modelling of each PFAA was influenced by different soil properties, including organic carbon, pH, CEC, exchangeable cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and oxalate extractable Al. BAF values were not strongly correlated to any soil property but were inversely correlated to Kd values. Our results indicate that limited aging occurred in these soils over the six-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Knight
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1 Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, PMB 2 Land and Water, Waite Campus, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Bräunig
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leslie J Janik
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1 Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Divina A Navarro
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, PMB 2 Land and Water, Waite Campus, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rai S Kookana
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1 Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J McLaughlin
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1 Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
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6
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Knight ER, Janik LJ, Navarro DA, Kookana RS, McLaughlin MJ. Predicting partitioning of radiolabelled 14C-PFOA in a range of soils using diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:505-513. [PMID: 31185399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish partitioning coefficients (Kd) of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a wide range of soils and determine if those values can be predicted from soil properties using multiple linear regression (MLR) and from infrared spectra of soils using partial least squares regression (PLSR). For 100 different soils, the Kd values of spiked radiolabelled 14C-PFOA ranged from 0.6 to 14.8 L/kg and significantly decreased with soil depth (p < 0.05) due to soil properties that change with depth. The MLR modelling revealed that PFOA sorption was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced, in decreasing order, by organic carbon (OC) content, silt-plus-clay content and soil pH. Soils were partitioned into all soils and surface soils alone. The MLR models using OC, silt-plus-clay content and pH together explained most of the variation in sorption in all soils as well as surface soils alone (0-15 cm). However, correlations between soil properties and Kd values in some soils could not be explained by the MLR model. Modelling of Kd prediction in soils with PLSR and diffuse reflectance (mid) infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT) showed comparable success in explaining the predictions of Kd values, including some of the outliers identified in the MLR model. The PLSR loading weights suggested that quartz, and possibly pyrophyllite minerals, were inversely correlated with the Kd values. Given that MLR requires a-priori characterisation of a range of soil properties and PLSR-DRIFT is a method based on the direct relationship between spectra and soil components, mid-infrared spectroscopy may be a more economical and rapid technique to predict the solid-liquid partitioning of PFOA in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R Knight
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Leslie J Janik
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Divina A Navarro
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Rai S Kookana
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia; CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 2, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
| | - Michael J McLaughlin
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
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7
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Martz M, Heil J, Marschner B, Stumpe B. Effects of soil organic carbon (SOC) content and accessibility in subsoils on the sorption processes of the model pollutants nonylphenol (4-n-NP) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:162-173. [PMID: 30954815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Subsoils control the release of hydrophobic pollutants to groundwater systems, but the role of subsoil soil organic carbon (SOC) in sorption processes of hydrophobic organic pollutants remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to understand the role of subsoil SOC in sorption processes of 4-n-nonylphenol (NP) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as model pollutants. To characterize the sorption behavior of NP and PFOA, 42 sub- and 54 topsoil samples were used for batch experiments. Differences in NP and PFOA sorption between sub- and topsoil samples and its mechanisms were identified using multiple regression analysis. Generally, the sorption of NP and PFOA was linear in all samples. The sorption of NP to soil samples (logKD = 1.78-3.68) was significantly higher and less variable than that of PFOA (logKD = -0.97-1.44). In topsoils, SOC content had the highest influence on NP and PFOA sorption. For NP, hydrophobic interactions between NP and SOC were identified as the most important sorption mechanism. For PFOA, hydrophobic as well as electrostatic interactions were determined depending on soil pH. In subsoils, the relevance of SOC content for pollutant sorption decreased drastically. For NP, not SOC content but rather SOC quality was relevant in SOC poor subsoils. For PFOA, clay and iron oxide content were found to be relevant for pollutant interactions with the solid phase. Thus, especially in SOC depleted subsoils, the sorption potential for PFOA remained unpredictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Martz
- Department of Human & Environmental Research, Institute of Geography, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Jannis Heil
- Department of Human & Environmental Research, Institute of Geography, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Bernd Marschner
- Department of Soil Science and Soil Ecology, Institute of Geography, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Britta Stumpe
- Department of Human & Environmental Research, Institute of Geography, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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8
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Weiss-Errico MJ, O'Shea KE. Detailed NMR investigation of cyclodextrin-perfluorinated surfactant interactions in aqueous media. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 329:57-65. [PMID: 28122278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) are contaminants of serious concern because of their toxicological properties, widespread presence in drinking water sources, and incredible stability in the environment. To assess the potential application of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins for PFC remediation, we investigated their complexation with linear fluorinated carboxylic acids, sulfonates, and a sulfonamide with carbon backbones ranging from C4-C9. 19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy studies demonstrated β-CD formed the strongest complexes with these PFCs. The polar head group had a modest influence, but for PFCs with backbones longer than six carbons, strong association constants are observed for 1:1 (K1:1∼105M-1) and 2:1 (K2:1∼103M-1) β-CD:PFC complexes. Excess β-CD can be used to complex 99.5% of the longer chain PFCs. Competition studies with adamantane-carboxylic acid and phenol confirmed the nature and persistence of the β-CD:PFC complex. Detailed analyses of the individual NMR chemical shifts and Job plots indicate the favored positions of the β-CD along the PFC chain. Solution pH, ionic strength, and the presence of humic acid have modest influence on the β-CD:PFC complexes. The strong encapsulation of PFCs by β-CD under a variety of water quality conditions demonstrates the tremendous potential of CD-based materials for the environmental remediation of PFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Weiss-Errico
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Kevin E O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW Eighth Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
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9
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Miao Y, Guo X, Fan T, Yang C. Rates and equilibria of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) sorption on soils from different regions of China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 139:102-108. [PMID: 28113113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding sorption of PFOA on soil particles is crucial to evaluate its environmental risk. Here, sorption of PFOA onto ten agricultural soils was examined. The influence of soil physico-chemical properties on PFOA sorption was investigated. The sorption rate of PFOA followed a pseudo-second-order kinetics. Isotherm data of PFOA sorption was fitted with both Freundlich and linear models and the latter fitted better. The sorption-desorption of PFOA onto ten soil samples depended on soil organic carbon content and composition of soil minerals. The sorption and desorption isotherms of PFOA on ten soils were linear, except for the sorption of PFOA onto a few soils, which was described by the Freundlich equation with the parameter N >1. The main sorption mechanism of PFOA was hydrophobic interaction between the perfluorinated carbon chain and the organic matter of soil, as evidenced by the correlation between the solid-liquid distribution coefficient and the fraction of soil organic carbon. The sorption of PFOA in soils was highly irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Miao
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Xuetao Guo
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tingyu Fan
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control (SCUT), Guangzhou 510006, China
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10
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Liu Z, Lu Y, Wang P, Wang T, Liu S, Johnson AC, Sweetman AJ, Baninla Y. Pollution pathways and release estimation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in central and eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:1247-1256. [PMID: 28040212 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
China has gradually become the most important manufacturing and consumption centre for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the world, and inadvertently become the world's major contamination hotspots. However, a systematic analysis of pollution pathways for PFOS/PFOA into the different environmental compartments and their quantification in China has yet to be carried out. This study focused on PFOS and PFOA release into the environment in the central and eastern region of China, which accounts for the vast majority of national emission. About 80-90% of PFOS/PFOA contamination in the Chinese environment was estimated to come directly from manufacturing and industrial sites mostly via wastewater discharge from these facilities. The other major contamination sources for PFOS were identified as being linked to aqueous fire-fighting foams (AFFFs), and pesticides including sulfluramid. For PFOA, following some way behind industrial wastewater, were industrial exhaust gas, domestic wastewater and landfill leachate as contamination sources. For surface water contamination, the major pollution contributors after industrial wastewater were AFFF spill runoff for PFOS, and domestic wastewater and precipitation-runoff for PFOA. The majority of PFOS that contaminated soil was considered to be linked with infiltration of AFFF and pesticides, while most PFOA in soil was attributed to atmospheric deposition and landfill leachate. Where groundwater had become contaminated, surface water seepage was estimated to contribute about 50% of PFOS and 40% of PFOA while the remainder was mostly derived from soil leaching. A review of the available monitoring data for PFOS/PFOA in the literature supported the view that industrial wastewater, landfill leachate and AFFF application were the dominant sources. Higher concentrations of PFOA than PFOS found in precipitation also corroborated the prediction of more PFOA release into air. To reduce PFOS/PFOA contamination of the Chinese environment the focus for control should be on industrial wastewater emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Andrew C Johnson
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, UK; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Yvette Baninla
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Zhang M, Engelhardt I, Šimůnek J, Bradford SA, Kasel D, Berns AE, Vereecken H, Klumpp E. Co-transport of chlordecone and sulfadiazine in the presence of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes in soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 221:470-479. [PMID: 28012669 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Batch and saturated soil column experiments were conducted to investigate sorption and mobility of two 14C-labeled contaminants, the hydrophobic chlordecone (CLD) and the sulfadiazine (SDZ), in the absence or presence of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The transport behaviors of CLD, SDZ, and MWCNTs were studied at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.1-10 mg L-1) and they were applied in the column studies at different times. The breakthrough curves and retention profiles were simulated using a numerical model that accounted for the advective-dispersive transport of all compounds, attachment/detachment of MWCNTs, equilibrium and kinetic sorption of contaminants, and co-transport of contaminants with MWCNTs. The experimental results indicated that the presence of mobile MWCNTs facilitated remobilization of previously deposited CLD and its co-transport into deeper soil layers, while retained MWCNTs enhanced SDZ deposition in the topsoil layers due to the increased adsorption capacity of the soil. The modeling results then demonstrated that the mobility of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in the environment and the high affinity and entrapment of contaminants to ENPs were the main reasons for ENP-facilitated contaminant transport. On the other hand, immobile MWCNTs had a less significant impact on the contaminant transport, even though they were still able to enhance the adsorption capacity of the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoyue Zhang
- Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Irina Engelhardt
- Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; TU Freiberg, Department of Hydrogeology, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Jirka Šimůnek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Scott A Bradford
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Daniela Kasel
- Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Anne E Berns
- Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Harry Vereecken
- Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Erwin Klumpp
- Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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12
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Shafique U, Dorn V, Paschke A, Schüürmann G. Adsorption of perfluorocarboxylic acids at the silica surface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:589-592. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07525h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental findings suggest a molecular mechanism for the adsorption of perfluorocarboxylic acids (anionic surfactants) at the negatively charged silica surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Shafique
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research
- 04318 Leipzig
- Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry
| | - Vivien Dorn
- Institute for Organic Chemistry
- Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg
- 09596 Freiberg
- Germany
| | - Albrecht Paschke
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research
- 04318 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research
- 04318 Leipzig
- Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry
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13
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Yang Z, Ren K, Guibal E, Jia S, Shen J, Zhang X, Yang W. Removal of trace nonylphenol from water in the coexistence of suspended inorganic particles and NOMs by using a cellulose-based flocculant. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 161:482-490. [PMID: 27459160 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A flocculation method was used for the removal of trace nonylphenol (NP) from synthetic surface water containing natural organic matters (humic acid, HA) and suspended inorganic particles (kaolin). A polymeric flocculant (CMCND), with enhanced cationic property and unique switchable hydrophobic/hydrophilic characteristic, was specially designed for this application. CMCND showed a high efficiency for trace NP removal, turbidity and UV254 abatements: under optimized conditions (pH: 4; T: 35 °C; dosage: 40 mg/L), the removal of NP reached up to 79%. By using dosage-pH flocculation diagrams and correlation analyses as tools, kaolin and HA were found to exert synergistic effects on NP removal, with the aid of CMCND; the synergistic effect of HA is higher due to π-π stacking. Zeta potential-dosage profiles clearly demonstrated charge neutralization predominated at pH 4, due to the strong cationic groups in the flocculant. Floc size monitoring displayed that the delayed phase transformation process (from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity) of CMCND at 35 °C enhanced NP removal. In addition, spectral analyses clarified the interactions among CMCND, NP, kaolin and HA: charge attraction and hydrophobic interaction between CMCND and NP played the key roles. The findings are of significance for removing endocrine-disrupting chemicals in environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Kexin Ren
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Eric Guibal
- Centre des Matériaux des Mines d'Alès, C2MA-MPA, Ecole des mines d'Alès, 6 avenue de Clavières, F-30319, Alès cedex, France
| | - Shuying Jia
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Jiachun Shen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Xuntong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Weiben Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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14
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Lyons R, Van de Bittner K, Morgan-Jones S. Deposition patterns and transport mechanisms for the endocrine disruptor 4-nonylphenol across the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 195:123-32. [PMID: 25215456 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dust and particulate distribution patterns are shifting as global climate change brings about longer drought periods. Particulates act as vehicles for long range transport of organic pollutants, depositing at locations far from their source. Nonylphenol, a biodegradation product of nonylphenol polyethoxylate, is a known endocrine disruptor. Nonylphenol polyethoxylate enters the environment as an inert ingredient in pesticide sprays, potentially traveling great distances from its application site. This is of concern when a highly agricultural region, California's Central Valley, lies adjacent to sensitive areas like the Eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains. The distribution and transport mechanisms for 4-nonylphenol were investigated in Eastern Sierra Nevada canyons. Regions close to canyon headwalls showed trace amounts of 4-nonylphenol in surface water, snow, and atmospheric deposition. Exposed areas had yearly average concentrations as high as 9 μg/L. Distribution patterns are consistent with particulate-bound transport. This suggests with increasing drought periods, higher levels of persistent organic pollutants are likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lyons
- University of Redlands, 1200 E. Colton Ave., Chemistry Department, Redlands, CA 92374, USA.
| | - Kyle Van de Bittner
- University of Redlands, 1200 E. Colton Ave., Chemistry Department, Redlands, CA 92374, USA
| | - Sean Morgan-Jones
- University of Redlands, 1200 E. Colton Ave., Chemistry Department, Redlands, CA 92374, USA
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15
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Shan J, Wang Y, Wang L, Yan X, Ji R. Effects of the geophagous earthworm Metaphire guillelmi on sorption, mineralization, and bound-residue formation of 4-nonylphenol in an agricultural soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 189:202-207. [PMID: 24681511 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Effects of earthworms on fate of nonylphenol (NP) are obscure. Using (14)C-4-NP111 as a representative, we studied the fate of 4-NP in an agricultural soil with or without the earthworm Metaphire guillelmi and in fresh cast of the earthworm. Sorption of 4-NP on the cast (Kd 1564) was significantly higher than on the parent soil (Kd 1474). Mineralization of 4-NP was significantly lower in the cast (13.2%) and the soil with earthworms (10.4%) than in the earthworm-free soil (16.0%). One nitro metabolite of 4-NP111 (2-nitro-4-NP111) was identified in the soil and cast, and the presence of the earthworm significantly decreased its amounts. The presence of earthworm also significantly decreased formation of bound residues of 4-NP in the soil. Our results demonstrate that earthworms could significantly change the fate of 4-NP, underlining that earthworm effects should be considered when evaluating behavior and risk of 4-NP in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Changshu Agro-ecological Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changshu 215555, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lianhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Changshu Agro-ecological Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changshu 215555, China.
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China; Institute for Marine Sciences & Institute for Climate and Global Change Research, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
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16
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Liao X, Zhang C, Yao L, Li J, Liu M, Xu L, Evalde M. Sorption behavior of nonylphenol (NP) on sewage-irrigated soil: kinetic and thermodynamic studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 473-474:530-6. [PMID: 24388903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of wastewater for irrigation of agricultural land is a well established resources management practice but has the disadvantage of inputting various forms of contaminants into the terrestrial environment including nonylphenol (NP), a well known endocrine disrupting substance. To elucidate the environmental fate and transport of NP, the sorption behavior on sewage-irrigated soil was studied by batch experiment. It was found that sorption processes of NP on different sorbents (soil, humic acid (HA) and silica) could be expressed well using two compartment pseudo first-order model, where both surface and intra-particle diffusion were probable rate-controlling processes. Linear model could better express the sorption of NP on soil, black carbon (BC) and mineral (e.g., SiO2) except HA than Freundlich model. The large value of distribution coefficients of normalized organic carbon (Koc) on soils indicated that NP was limited to migrate to deep soil. The higher desorption partition coefficient of NP on soil showed enhanced hysteresis. According to the experimental data, the calculated thermodynamic parameters implied that the sorption reaction on sewage-irrigation was spontaneous, exothermic and entropy decreasing process. The amount of soil organic matter (SOM) dominated the sorption capacity, whereas the sorption behavior of NP on soil showed no significant correlation with ionic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Caixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Linlin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jiale Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Mulindankaka Evalde
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
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17
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Zareitalabad P, Siemens J, Wichern F, Amelung W, Joergensen RG. Dose-dependent reactions of Aporrectodea caliginosa to perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid in soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 95:39-43. [PMID: 23755864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of their widespread use, e.g. as protective coatings for fabrics, and their resistance to thermal and biological breakdown, perfluorinated compounds are increasingly found in the environment, but little is known about their ecotoxicological properties. A 40-day microcosm experiment was carried out to examine the effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) on the endogeic geophagus earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa, its survival and feeding on soil organic C and microbial biomass C. Three levels of concentration (1, 100, and 500 mg kg(-1)) were chosen. The lowest represented the maximum found in sediments and soils and the other two are extreme concentrations that might occur in pollution hotspots and that have been shown to poison organisms. Earthworms promoted the production of CO2 and decreased microbial biomass C in soil, regardless of the presence of PFOA or PFOS. Both compounds significantly decreased the surviving numbers and dry weight of earthworms at concentrations of 100 mg kg(-1). No earthworms survived at PFOA and PFOS concentrations of 500 mg kg(-1). At concentrations of 1 mg kg(-1), no negative effects were observed. The δ(13)C values of A. caliginosa did not differ between treatments. In contrast, the δ(15)N values were significantly increased after adding 1 mg kg(-1) of PFOA, reflecting elevated portions of soil-derived N in the earthworm tissue. In contrast, these portions of soil-derived N were lower in the earthworms after addition of 100 mg kg(-1) of PFOA and PFOS. In conclusion, extreme concentrations of PFOA and PFOS negatively affected endogeic A. caliginosa, whereas a concentration of 1 mg kg(-1) of PFOA and PFOS was related to an increased uptake of soil N by the earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parva Zareitalabad
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Division Soil Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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18
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Zareitalabad P, Siemens J, Hamer M, Amelung W. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in surface waters, sediments, soils and wastewater - A review on concentrations and distribution coefficients. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:725-32. [PMID: 23498059 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The sorption of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) to soils and sediments determines their fate and distribution in the environment, but there is little consensus regarding distribution coefficients that should be used for assessing the environmental fate of these compounds. Here we reviewed sorption coefficients for PFCs derived from laboratory experiments and compared these values with the gross distribution between the concentrations of PFCs in surface waters and sediments or between wastewater and sewage sludge. Sorption experiments with perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) suggest that their sorption can be described reasonably well as a partitioning-like process with an average log K(oc) of approximately 2.8 for PFOA and 3.0 for PFOS. However, median concentrations in sediments (PFOA, 0.27 ng g(-1); PFOS, 0.54 ng g(-1)) or sewage sludge (PFOA, 37 ng g(-1); PFOS, 69 ng g(-1)) in relation to median concentrations in surface water (PFOA, 3ngl(-1); PFOS, 3ngl(-1)) or wastewater treatment effluent (PFOA, 24 ng l(-1); PFOS, 11 ng l(-1)), suggest that effective log K(oc) distribution coefficients for the field situation may be close to 3.7 for PFOA and 4.2 for PFOS. Applying lab-based log K(oc) distribution coefficients can therefore result in a serious overestimation of PFC concentrations in water and in turn to an underestimation of the residence time of PFOA and PFOS in contaminated soils. Irrespective of the dissipation kinetics, the majority of PFOA and PFOS from contaminated soils will be transported to groundwater and surface water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zareitalabad
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation-Soil Science and Soil Ecology, University of Bonn, Nussallee 13, Bonn, Germany
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