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Zhao J, Liu L, Wang T, Zhang J, Wang X, Du X, Hao R, Liu J, Liu Y, Liu Y. Quantitative phase imaging of living red blood cells combining digital holographic microscopy and deep learning. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023; 16:e202300090. [PMID: 37321984 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Digital holographic microscopy as a non-contacting, non-invasive, and highly accurate measurement technology, is becoming a valuable method for quantitatively investigating cells and tissues. Reconstruction of phases from a digital hologram is a key step in quantitative phase imaging for biological and biomedical research. This study proposes a two-stage deep convolutional neural network named VY-Net, to realize the effective and robust phase reconstruction of living red blood cells. The VY-Net can obtain the phase information of an object directly from a single-shot off-axis digital hologram. We also propose two new indices to evaluate the reconstructed phases. In experiments, the mean of the structural similarity index of reconstructed phases can reach 0.9309, and the mean of the accuracy of reconstructions of reconstructed phases is as high as 91.54%. An unseen phase map of a living human white blood cell is successfully reconstructed by the trained VY-Net, demonstrating its strong generality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianhe Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangzhou Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohui Du
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruqian Hao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Juanxiu Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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2
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Zhang Y, Xie Y, Lu W, Xu S, Wang X, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Ding X, Zhao S. Identification of resident progenitors labeled with Top2a responsible for proximal tubular regeneration in ischemia reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. Cell Signal 2023; 101:110506. [PMID: 36309330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury is a common fatal disease with complex etiology and limited treatment methods. Proximal tubules (PTs) are the most vulnerable segment. Not only in injured kidneys but also in normal kidneys, shedding of PTs often happens. However, the source cells and mechanism of their regeneration remain unclear. METHODS ScRNA and snRNA sequencing data of acute injured or normal kidney were downloaded from GEO database to identify the candidate biomarker of progenitor of proximal tubules. SLICE algorithm and CytoTRACE analyses were employed to evaluate the stemness of progenitors. Then the repairing trajectory was constructed through pseudotime analyses. SCENIC algorithm was used to detect cell-type-specific regulon. With spatial transcriptome data, the location of progenitors was simulated. Neonatal/ adult/ aged mice and preconditioning AKI mice model and deconvolution of 2 RNA-seq data were employed for validation. RESULTS Through cluster identification, PT cluster expressed Top2a specifically was identified to increase significantly during AKI. With relatively strong stemness, the Top2a-labeled PT cluster tended to be the origin of the repairing trajectory. Moreover, the cluster was regulated by Pbx3-based regulon and possessed great segmental heterogeneity. Changes of Top2a between neonatal and aged mice and among AKI models validated the progenitor role of Top2a-labeled cluster. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided transcriptomic evidence that resident proximal tubular progenitors labeled with Top2a participated in regeneration. Considering the segmental heterogeneity, we find that there is a group of reserve progenitor cells in each tubular segment. When AKI occurs, the reserve progenitors of each tubular segment proliferate and replenish first, and PT-progenitors, a cluster with no obvious PT markers replenish each subpopulation of the reserve cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Yeqing Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney Disease; Kidney and Dialysis Institute of Shanghai; Kidney and Blood Purification Key Laboratory of Shanghai
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Sujuan Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Weiran Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Yingjia Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney Disease; Kidney and Dialysis Institute of Shanghai; Kidney and Blood Purification Key Laboratory of Shanghai.
| | - Shuan Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Shanghai Medical Center of Kidney Disease; Kidney and Dialysis Institute of Shanghai; Kidney and Blood Purification Key Laboratory of Shanghai.
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3
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Ojaghi A, Kendall Williams E, Kaza N, Gorti V, Choi H, Torey J, Wiley T, Turner B, Jackson S, Park S, Lam WA, Robles FE. Label-free deep-UV microscopy detection and grading of neutropenia using a passive microfluidic device. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:6005-6008. [PMID: 37219158 DOI: 10.1364/ol.472691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Neutropenia is a condition comprising an abnormally low number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, which puts patients at an increased risk of severe infections. Neutropenia is especially common among cancer patients and can disrupt their treatment or even be life-threatening in severe cases. Therefore, routine monitoring of neutrophil counts is crucial. However, the current standard of care to assess neutropenia, the complete blood count (CBC), is resource-intensive, time-consuming, and expensive, thereby limiting easy or timely access to critical hematological information such as neutrophil counts. Here, we present a simple technique for fast, label-free neutropenia detection and grading via deep-ultraviolet (deep-UV) microscopy of blood cells in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based passive microfluidic devices. The devices can potentially be manufactured in large quantities at a low cost, requiring only 1 μL of whole blood for operation. We show that the absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) obtained from our proposed microfluidic device-enabled deep-UV microscopy system are highly correlated with those from CBCs using commercial hematology analyzers in patients with moderate and severe neutropenia, as well as healthy donors. This work lays the foundation for the development of a compact, easy-to-use UV microscope system to track neutrophil counts that is suitable for low-resource, at-home, or point-of-care settings.
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4
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Nguyen TL, Pradeep S, Judson-Torres RL, Reed J, Teitell MA, Zangle TA. Quantitative Phase Imaging: Recent Advances and Expanding Potential in Biomedicine. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11516-11544. [PMID: 35916417 PMCID: PMC10112851 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) is a label-free, wide-field microscopy approach with significant opportunities for biomedical applications. QPI uses the natural phase shift of light as it passes through a transparent object, such as a mammalian cell, to quantify biomass distribution and spatial and temporal changes in biomass. Reported in cell studies more than 60 years ago, ongoing advances in QPI hardware and software are leading to numerous applications in biology, with a dramatic expansion in utility over the past two decades. Today, investigations of cell size, morphology, behavior, cellular viscoelasticity, drug efficacy, biomass accumulation and turnover, and transport mechanics are supporting studies of development, physiology, neural activity, cancer, and additional physiological processes and diseases. Here, we review the field of QPI in biology starting with underlying principles, followed by a discussion of technical approaches currently available or being developed, and end with an examination of the breadth of applications in use or under development. We comment on strengths and shortcomings for the deployment of QPI in key biomedical contexts and conclude with emerging challenges and opportunities based on combining QPI with other methodologies that expand the scope and utility of QPI even further.
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5
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Chen Y, Guo K, Jiang L, Zhu S, Ni Z, Xiang N. Microfluidic deformability cytometry: A review. Talanta 2022; 251:123815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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6
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Digital Holographic Microscopy for Label-Free Detection of Leukocyte Alternations Associated with Perioperative Inflammation after Cardiac Surgery. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040755. [PMID: 35203403 PMCID: PMC8869820 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In a prospective observational pilot study on patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, we evaluated label-free quantitative phase imaging (QPI) with digital holographic microscopy (DHM) to describe perioperative inflammation by changes in biophysical cell properties of lymphocytes and monocytes. Blood samples from 25 patients were investigated prior to cardiac surgery and postoperatively at day 1, 3 and 6. Biophysical and morphological cell parameters accessible with DHM, such as cell volume, refractive index, dry mass, and cell shape related form factor, were acquired and compared to common flow cytometric blood cell markers of inflammation and selected routine laboratory parameters. In all examined patients, cardiac surgery induced an acute inflammatory response as indicated by changes in routine laboratory parameters and flow cytometric cell markers. DHM results were associated with routine laboratory and flow cytometric data and correlated with complications in the postoperative course. In a subgroup analysis, patients were classified according to the inflammation related C-reactive protein (CRP) level, treatment with epinephrine and the occurrence of postoperative complications. Patients with regular courses, without epinephrine treatment and with low CRP values showed a postoperative lymphocyte volume increase. In contrast, the group of patients with increased CRP levels indicated an even further enlarged lymphocyte volume, while for the groups of epinephrine treated patients and patients with complicative courses, no postoperative lymphocyte volume changes were detected. In summary, the study demonstrates the capability of DHM to describe biophysical cell parameters of perioperative lymphocytes and monocytes changes in cardiac surgery patients. The pattern of correlations between biophysical DHM data and laboratory parameters, flow cytometric cell markers, and the postoperative course exemplify DHM as a promising diagnostic tool for a characterization of inflammatory processes and course of disease.
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7
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Bazow B, Phan T, Raub CB, Nehmetallah G. Computational multi-wavelength phase synthesis using convolutional neural networks [Invited]. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:B132-B146. [PMID: 35201134 DOI: 10.1364/ao.439323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multi-wavelength digital holographic microscopy (MWDHM) provides indirect measurements of the refractive index for non-dispersive samples. Successive-shot MWDHM is not appropriate for dynamic samples and single-shot MWDHM significantly increases the complexity of the optical setup due to the need for multiple lasers or a wavelength tunable source. Here we consider deep learning convolutional neural networks for computational phase synthesis to obtain high-speed simultaneous phase estimates on different wavelengths and thus single-shot estimates of the integral refractive index without increased experimental complexity. This novel, to the best of our knowledge, computational concept is validated using cell phantoms consisting of internal refractive index variations representing cytoplasm and membrane-bound organelles, respectively, and a simulation of a realistic holographic recording process. Specifically, in this work we employed data-driven computational techniques to perform accurate dual-wavelength hologram synthesis (hologram-to-hologram prediction), dual-wavelength phase synthesis (unwrapped phase-to-phase prediction), direct phase-to-index prediction using a single wavelength, hologram-to-phase prediction, and 2D phase unwrapping with sharp discontinuities (wrapped-to-unwrapped phase prediction).
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8
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Investigating Morphological Changes of T-lymphocytes after Exposure with Bacterial Determinants for Early Detection of Septic Conditions. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020391. [PMID: 35208846 PMCID: PMC8879819 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, annually affecting millions of people worldwide. Immediate treatment initiation is crucial to improve the outcome but despite great progress, early identification of septic patients remains a challenge. Recently, white blood cell morphology was proposed as a new biomarker for sepsis diagnosis. In this proof-of-concept study, we aimed to investigate the effect of different bacteria and their determinants on T-lymphocytes by digital holographic microscopy (DHM). We hypothesize that species- and strain-specific morphological changes occur, which may offer a new approach for early sepsis diagnosis and identification of the causative agent. Jurkat cells as a model system were exposed to different S. aureus or E. coli strains either using sterile determinants or living bacteria. Time-lapse DHM was applied to analyze cellular morphological changes. There were not only living bacteria but also membrane vesicles and sterile culture supernatant-induced changes of cell area, circularity, and mean phase contrast. Interestingly, different cellular responses occurred depending on both the species and strain of the causative bacteria. Our findings suggest that investigation of T-lymphocyte morphology might provide a promising tool for the early identification of bacterial infections and possibly discrimination between different causative agents. Distinguishing gram-positive from gram-negative infection would already offer a great benefit for the proper administration of antibiotics.
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9
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Ojaghi A, Casteleiro Costa P, Caruso C, Lam WA, Robles FE. Label-free automated neutropenia detection and grading using deep-ultraviolet microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6115-6128. [PMID: 34745725 PMCID: PMC8547990 DOI: 10.1364/boe.434465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Neutropenia is a condition identified by an abnormally low number of neutrophils in the bloodstream and signifies an increased risk of severe infection. Cancer patients are particularly susceptible to this condition, which can be disruptive to their treatment and even life-threatening in severe cases. Thus, it is critical to routinely monitor neutrophil counts in cancer patients. However, the standard of care to assess neutropenia, the complete blood count (CBC), requires expensive and complex equipment, as well as cumbersome procedures, which precludes easy or timely access to critical hematological information, namely neutrophil counts. Here we present a simple, low-cost, fast, and robust technique to detect and grade neutropenia based on label-free multi-spectral deep-UV microscopy. Results show that the developed framework for automated segmentation and classification of live, unstained blood cells in a smear accurately differentiates patients with moderate and severe neutropenia from healthy samples in minutes. This work has significant implications towards the development of a low-cost and easy-to-use point-of-care device for tracking neutrophil counts, which can not only improve the quality of life and treatment-outcomes of many patients but can also be lifesaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Ojaghi
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory
University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Paloma Casteleiro Costa
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Christina Caruso
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics,
Emory University School of Medicine,
Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wilbur A. Lam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory
University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center of
Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Department of Pediatrics,
Emory University School of Medicine,
Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Francisco E. Robles
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory
University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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10
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Guo R, Barnea I, Shaked NT. Limited-angle tomographic phase microscopy utilizing confocal scanning fluorescence microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:1869-1881. [PMID: 33996204 PMCID: PMC8086471 DOI: 10.1364/boe.419598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a multimodal imaging technique, combining tomographic phase microscopy with limited angular projection range and number, and two-channel spinning-disk confocal scanning fluorescence microscopy. This technique allows high-accuracy 3D refractive index (RI) profiling of live cells in spite of the missing projections. The cellular outer shape and its interior organelles measured by the confocal fluorescence imaging not only specify the cell in molecular levels, but also provide the 3D distributions of the whole cell as well as its organelles. We take these additional 3D morphological details as constraints in Gerchberg-Papoulis-based optical diffraction tomography algorithm. We then obtain an accurate 3D RI tomogram, even with a sparse angular range having a small number of perspective projections, otherwise providing low-accuracy RI reconstruction. Then, we obtain both cellular molecular specificity and inner RI values of the cell and its organelles. We compare the reconstructed 3D RI profiles of various samples, demonstrating the superiority of the proposed technique.
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11
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Kim D, Lee S, Lee M, Oh J, Yang SA, Park Y. Holotomography: Refractive Index as an Intrinsic Imaging Contrast for 3-D Label-Free Live Cell Imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1310:211-238. [PMID: 33834439 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6064-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Live cell imaging provides essential information in the investigation of cell biology and related pathophysiology. Refractive index (RI) can serve as intrinsic optical imaging contrast for 3-D label-free and quantitative live cell imaging, and provide invaluable information to understand various dynamics of cells and tissues for the study of numerous fields. Recently significant advances have been made in imaging methods and analysis approaches utilizing RI, which are now being transferred to biological and medical research fields, providing novel approaches to investigate the pathophysiology of cells. To provide insight into how RI can be used as an imaging contrast for imaging of biological specimens, here we provide the basic principle of RI-based imaging techniques and summarize recent progress on applications, ranging from microbiology, hematology, infectious diseases, hematology, and histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sangyun Lee
- Department of Physics, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Moosung Lee
- Department of Physics, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Juntaek Oh
- Department of Physics, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Su-A Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - YongKeun Park
- Department of Physics, KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea. .,KAIST Institute Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea. .,Tomocube Inc., Daejeon, South Korea.
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12
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Gul B, Ashraf S, Khan S, Nisar H, Ahmad I. Cell refractive index: Models, insights, applications and future perspectives. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102096. [PMID: 33188939 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell refractive index (RI) is an intrinsic optical parameter that governs the propagation of light (i.e., scattering and absorption) in the cell matrix. The RI of cell is sensitively correlated with its mass distribution and thereby has the capability to provide important insights for diverse biological models. Herein, we review the cell refractive index and the fundamental models for measurement of cell RI, summarize the published RI data of cell and cell organelles and discuss the associated insights. Illustrative applications of cell RI in cell biology are also outlined. Finally, future research trends and applications of cell RI, including novel imaging techniques, reshaping flow cytometry and microfluidic platforms for single cell manipulation are discussed. The rapid technological advances in optical imaging integrated with microfluidic regime seems to enable deeper understanding of subcellular dynamics with high spatio-temporal resolution in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banat Gul
- Department of Basic Sciences, Military College of Engineering, National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sumara Ashraf
- Department of Physics, The Women University Multan, Pakistan
| | - Shamim Khan
- Department of Physics, Islamia College Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hasan Nisar
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Germany
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM), Peshawar, Pakistan.
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13
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Cohen-Maslaton S, Barnea I, Taieb A, Shaked NT. Cell and nucleus refractive-index mapping by interferometric phase microscopy and rapid confocal fluorescence microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000117. [PMID: 32468735 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a multimodal technique for measuring the integral refractive index and the thickness of biological cells and their organelles by integrating interferometric phase microscopy (IPM) and rapid confocal fluorescence microscopy. First, the actual thickness maps of the cellular compartments are reconstructed using the confocal fluorescent sections, and then the optical path difference (OPD) map of the same cell is reconstructed using IPM. Based on the co-registered data, the integral refractive index maps of the cell and its organelles are calculated. This technique enables rapidly measuring refractive index of live, dynamic cells, where IPM provides quantitative imaging capabilities and confocal fluorescence microscopy provides molecular specificity of the cell organelles. We acquire human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and show that the integral refractive index values are similar for the whole cell, the cytoplasm and the nucleus on the population level, but significantly different on the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shir Cohen-Maslaton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Itay Barnea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Almog Taieb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Natan T Shaked
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Miccio L, Cimmino F, Kurelac I, Villone MM, Bianco V, Memmolo P, Merola F, Mugnano M, Capasso M, Iolascon A, Maffettone PL, Ferraro P. Perspectives on liquid biopsy for label‐free detection of “circulating tumor cells” through intelligent lab‐on‐chips. VIEW 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Miccio
- CNR‐ISASI Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems E. Caianiello Pozzuoli Italy
- NEAPoLIS, Numerical and Experimental Advanced Program on Liquids and Interface Systems Joint Research Center CNR ‐ Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | | | - Ivana Kurelac
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche Università di Bologna Bologna Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata (CRBA) Università di Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Massimiliano M. Villone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
- NEAPoLIS, Numerical and Experimental Advanced Program on Liquids and Interface Systems Joint Research Center CNR ‐ Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | - Vittorio Bianco
- CNR‐ISASI Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems E. Caianiello Pozzuoli Italy
- NEAPoLIS, Numerical and Experimental Advanced Program on Liquids and Interface Systems Joint Research Center CNR ‐ Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | - Pasquale Memmolo
- CNR‐ISASI Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems E. Caianiello Pozzuoli Italy
- NEAPoLIS, Numerical and Experimental Advanced Program on Liquids and Interface Systems Joint Research Center CNR ‐ Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | - Francesco Merola
- CNR‐ISASI Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems E. Caianiello Pozzuoli Italy
- NEAPoLIS, Numerical and Experimental Advanced Program on Liquids and Interface Systems Joint Research Center CNR ‐ Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | - Martina Mugnano
- CNR‐ISASI Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems E. Caianiello Pozzuoli Italy
- NEAPoLIS, Numerical and Experimental Advanced Program on Liquids and Interface Systems Joint Research Center CNR ‐ Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | - Mario Capasso
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Naples Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples Italy
| | - Achille Iolascon
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate Naples Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II Naples Italy
| | - Pier Luca Maffettone
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
- NEAPoLIS, Numerical and Experimental Advanced Program on Liquids and Interface Systems Joint Research Center CNR ‐ Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
| | - Pietro Ferraro
- CNR‐ISASI Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems E. Caianiello Pozzuoli Italy
- NEAPoLIS, Numerical and Experimental Advanced Program on Liquids and Interface Systems Joint Research Center CNR ‐ Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” Napoli Italy
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15
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Abstract
Hematological analysis, via a complete blood count (CBC) and microscopy, is critical for screening, diagnosing, and monitoring blood conditions and diseases but requires complex equipment, multiple chemical reagents, laborious system calibration and procedures, and highly trained personnel for operation. Here we introduce a hematological assay based on label-free molecular imaging with deep-ultraviolet microscopy that can provide fast quantitative information of key hematological parameters to facilitate and improve hematological analysis. We demonstrate that this label-free approach yields 1) a quantitative five-part white blood cell differential, 2) quantitative red blood cell and hemoglobin characterization, 3) clear identification of platelets, and 4) detailed subcellular morphology. Analysis of tens of thousands of live cells is achieved in minutes without any sample preparation. Finally, we introduce a pseudocolorization scheme that accurately recapitulates the appearance of cells under conventional staining protocols for microscopic analysis of blood smears and bone marrow aspirates. Diagnostic efficacy is evaluated by a panel of hematologists performing a blind analysis of blood smears from healthy donors and thrombocytopenic and sickle cell disease patients. This work has significant implications toward simplifying and improving CBC and blood smear analysis, which is currently performed manually via bright-field microscopy, and toward the development of a low-cost, easy-to-use, and fast hematological analyzer as a point-of-care device and for low-resource settings.
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16
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Gladilin E, Ohse S, Boerries M, Busch H, Xu C, Schneider M, Meister M, Eils R. TGFβ-induced cytoskeletal remodeling mediates elevation of cell stiffness and invasiveness in NSCLC. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7667. [PMID: 31113982 PMCID: PMC6529472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance of growth factor (GF) signaling in cancer progression is widely acknowledged. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is known to play a key role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastatic cell transformation that are characterized by alterations in cell mechanical architecture and behavior towards a more robust and motile single cell phenotype. However, mechanisms mediating cancer type specific enhancement of cell mechanical phenotype in response to TGFβ remain poorly understood. Here, we combine high-throughput mechanical cell phenotyping, microarray analysis and gene-silencing to dissect cytoskeletal mediators of TGFβ-induced changes in mechanical properties of on-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells. Our experimental results show that elevation of rigidity and invasiveness of TGFβ-stimulated NSCLC cells correlates with upregulation of several cytoskeletal and motor proteins including vimentin, a canonical marker of EMT, and less-known unconventional myosins. Selective probing of gene-silenced cells lead to identification of unconventional myosin MYH15 as a novel mediator of elevated cell rigidity and invasiveness in TGFβ-stimulated NSCLC cells. Our experimental results provide insights into TGFβ-induced cytoskeletal remodeling of NSCLC cells and suggest that mediators of elevated cell stiffness and migratory activity such as unconventional cytoskeletal and motor proteins may represent promising pharmaceutical targets for restraining invasive spread of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gladilin
- German Cancer Research Center, Div. Bioinformatics and Omics Data Analytics, Mathematikon - Berliner Str. 41, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,University Heidelberg, BioQuant, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, OT Gatersleben Corrensstrasse 3, 06466, Seeland, Germany.
| | - S Ohse
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Boerries
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Medical Bioinformatics and Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 153, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - H Busch
- University of Freiburg, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Stefan-Meier-Str. 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,University of Lübeck, Institute of Experimental Dermatology, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - C Xu
- Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Amalienstr. 5, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schneider
- Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Amalienstr. 5, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC-H), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Meister
- Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Amalienstr. 5, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Eils
- Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health, and Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Kapelle-Ufer 2, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Health Data Science Unit, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Sridharan Weaver S, Li Y, Foucard L, Majeed H, Bhaduri B, Levine AJ, Kilian KA, Popescu G. Simultaneous cell traction and growth measurements using light. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800182. [PMID: 30105846 PMCID: PMC7236521 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the effects of force fields generated by cells on proliferation, migration and differentiation processes is challenging due to limited availability of nondestructive imaging modalities. Here, we integrate a new real-time traction stress imaging modality, Hilbert phase dynamometry (HPD), with spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM) for simultaneous monitoring of cell growth during differentiation processes. HPD uses holographic principles to extract displacement fields from chemically patterned fluorescent grid on deformable substrates. This is converted into forces by solving an elasticity inverse problem. Since HPD uses the epi-fluorescence channel of an inverted microscope, cellular behavior can be concurrently studied in transmission with SLIM. We studied the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and found that cells undergoing osteogenesis and adipogenesis exerted larger and more dynamic stresses than their precursors, with MSCs developing the smallest forces and growth rates. Thus, we develop a powerful means to study mechanotransduction during dynamic processes where the matrix provides context to guide cells toward a physiological or pathological outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamira Sridharan Weaver
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Yanfen Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Louis Foucard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hassaan Majeed
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Basanta Bhaduri
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Alex J Levine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biomathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kristopher A Kilian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Gabriel Popescu
- Quantitative Light Imaging Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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18
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Label-free classification of neurons and glia in neural stem cell cultures using a hyperspectral imaging microscopy combined with machine learning. Sci Rep 2019; 9:633. [PMID: 30679652 PMCID: PMC6345994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to a growing demand for a viable label-free observation method in the biomedical field, many techniques, such as quantitative phase imaging and Raman spectroscopy, have been studied, and a complementary approach, hyperspectral imaging, has also been introduced. We developed a high-speed hyperspectral imaging microscopy imaging method with commercially available apparatus, employing a liquid crystal tunable bandpass filter combined with a pixel-wise machine learning classification. Next, we evaluated the feasibility of the application of this method for stem cell research utilizing neural stem cells. Employing this microscopy method, with a 562 × 562 μm2 field of view, 2048 × 2048 pixel resolution images containing 63 wavelength pixel-wise spectra could be obtained in 30 seconds. The neural stem cells were differentiated into neurons and astroglia (glia), and a four-class cell classification evaluation (including neuronal cell body, glial cell body, process and extracellular region) was conducted under co-cultured conditions. As a result, an average of 88% of the objects of interest were correctly classified, with an average precision of 94%, and more than 99% of the extracellular pixels were correctly segregated. These results indicated that the proposed hyperspectral imaging microscopy is feasible as a label-free observation method for stem cell research.
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19
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Ugele M, Weniger M, Stanzel M, Bassler M, Krause SW, Friedrich O, Hayden O, Richter L. Label-Free High-Throughput Leukemia Detection by Holographic Microscopy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800761. [PMID: 30581697 PMCID: PMC6299719 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Complete blood count and differentiation of leukocytes (DIFF) belong to the most frequently performed laboratory diagnostic tests. Here, a flow cytometry-based method for label-free DIFF of untouched leukocytes by digital holographic microscopy on the rich phase contrast of peripheral leukocyte images, using highly controlled 2D hydrodynamic focusing conditions is reported. Principal component analysis of morphological characteristics of the reconstructed images allows classification of nine leukocyte types, in addition to different types of leukemia and demonstrates disappearance of acute myeloid leukemia cells in remission. To exclude confounding effects, the classification strategy is tested by the analysis of 20 blinded clinical samples. Here, 70% of the specimens are correctly classified with further 20% classifications close to a correct diagnosis. Taken together, the findings indicate a broad clinical applicability of the cytometry method for automated and reagent-free diagnosis of hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ugele
- In‐Vitro DX and BioscienceDepartment of Strategy and InnovationSiemens Healthcare GmbHGünther‐Scharowsky‐Str. 191058ErlangenGermany
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Medical BiotechnologyFriedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐NurembergPaul‐Gordan‐Str. 391052ErlangenGermany
| | - Markus Weniger
- In‐Vitro DX and BioscienceDepartment of Strategy and InnovationSiemens Healthcare GmbHGünther‐Scharowsky‐Str. 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Manfred Stanzel
- In‐Vitro DX and BioscienceDepartment of Strategy and InnovationSiemens Healthcare GmbHGünther‐Scharowsky‐Str. 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Michael Bassler
- Analysesysteme und SensorikFraunhofer IMMCarl‐Zeiss‐Str. 18‐2055129MainzGermany
| | - Stefan W. Krause
- Medizinische Klinik 5Hämatologie and Internistische OnkologieUlmenweg 1891054ErlangenGermany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Medical BiotechnologyFriedrich‐Alexander‐University Erlangen‐NurembergPaul‐Gordan‐Str. 391052ErlangenGermany
| | - Oliver Hayden
- In‐Vitro DX and BioscienceDepartment of Strategy and InnovationSiemens Healthcare GmbHGünther‐Scharowsky‐Str. 191058ErlangenGermany
- Heinz‐Nixdorf‐Chair of Biomedical ElectronicsDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringTranslaTUMCampus Klinikum rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichIsmaningerstr. 2281675MunichGermany
| | - Lukas Richter
- In‐Vitro DX and BioscienceDepartment of Strategy and InnovationSiemens Healthcare GmbHGünther‐Scharowsky‐Str. 191058ErlangenGermany
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20
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Wu PH, Aroush DRB, Asnacios A, Chen WC, Dokukin ME, Doss BL, Durand-Smet P, Ekpenyong A, Guck J, Guz NV, Janmey PA, Lee JSH, Moore NM, Ott A, Poh YC, Ros R, Sander M, Sokolov I, Staunton JR, Wang N, Whyte G, Wirtz D. A comparison of methods to assess cell mechanical properties. Nat Methods 2018; 15:491-498. [PMID: 29915189 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cells influence their cellular and subcellular functions, including cell adhesion, migration, polarization, and differentiation, as well as organelle organization and trafficking inside the cytoplasm. Yet reported values of cell stiffness and viscosity vary substantially, which suggests differences in how the results of different methods are obtained or analyzed by different groups. To address this issue and illustrate the complementarity of certain approaches, here we present, analyze, and critically compare measurements obtained by means of some of the most widely used methods for cell mechanics: atomic force microscopy, magnetic twisting cytometry, particle-tracking microrheology, parallel-plate rheometry, cell monolayer rheology, and optical stretching. These measurements highlight how elastic and viscous moduli of MCF-7 breast cancer cells can vary 1,000-fold and 100-fold, respectively. We discuss the sources of these variations, including the level of applied mechanical stress, the rate of deformation, the geometry of the probe, the location probed in the cell, and the extracellular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsun Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Dikla Raz-Ben Aroush
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7057, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Université Paris-Diderot (Paris 7), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Wei-Chiang Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maxim E Dokukin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Bryant L Doss
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Pauline Durand-Smet
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7057, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Université Paris-Diderot (Paris 7), Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Andrew Ekpenyong
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Nataliia V Guz
- Department of Physics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Jerry S H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Center for Strategic Scientific Initiatives, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole M Moore
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Albrecht Ott
- Biological Experimental Physics Department, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany.
| | - Yeh-Chuin Poh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Robert Ros
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Mathias Sander
- Biological Experimental Physics Department, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Igor Sokolov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
| | - Jack R Staunton
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Graeme Whyte
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Denis Wirtz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Departments of Pathology and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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21
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Baroux C, Schubert V. Technical Review: Microscopy and Image Processing Tools to Analyze Plant Chromatin: Practical Considerations. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1675:537-589. [PMID: 29052212 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7318-7_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
In situ nucleus and chromatin analyses rely on microscopy imaging that benefits from versatile, efficient fluorescent probes and proteins for static or live imaging. Yet the broad choice in imaging instruments offered to the user poses orientation problems. Which imaging instrument should be used for which purpose? What are the main caveats and what are the considerations to best exploit each instrument's ability to obtain informative and high-quality images? How to infer quantitative information on chromatin or nuclear organization from microscopy images? In this review, we present an overview of common, fluorescence-based microscopy systems and discuss recently developed super-resolution microscopy systems, which are able to bridge the resolution gap between common fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. We briefly present their basic principles and discuss their possible applications in the field, while providing experience-based recommendations to guide the user toward best-possible imaging. In addition to raw data acquisition methods, we discuss commercial and noncommercial processing tools required for optimal image presentation and signal evaluation in two and three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Baroux
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Veit Schubert
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, 06466, Seeland, Germany
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22
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Rostykus M, Soulez F, Unser M, Moser C. Compact in-line lensfree digital holographic microscope. Methods 2018; 136:17-23. [PMID: 29162547 PMCID: PMC5869056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase imaging provides intensity contrast to visualize transparent samples such as found in biology without any staining. Among them, digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is a well-known quantitative phase method. Lensfree implementations of DHMs offer the added advantage to provide large field of views (several mm2 compared to several hundred μm2) and more compact setups that traditional DHM which have high quality microscope objectives. In this article, a lensfree DHM is presented using a side illumination technique in order to further reduce the device size. Its practical use is described and results on a transparent (phase only) sample are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Rostykus
- Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ferréol Soulez
- Biomedical Imaging Group, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland; Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon1, Ens de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574, F-69230 Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - Michael Unser
- Biomedical Imaging Group, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Moser
- Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Lam VK, Nguyen TC, Chung BM, Nehmetallah G, Raub CB. Quantitative assessment of cancer cell morphology and motility using telecentric digital holographic microscopy and machine learning. Cytometry A 2018; 93:334-345. [PMID: 29283496 PMCID: PMC8245299 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The noninvasive, fast acquisition of quantitative phase maps using digital holographic microscopy (DHM) allows tracking of rapid cellular motility on transparent substrates. On two-dimensional surfaces in vitro, MDA-MB-231 cancer cells assume several morphologies related to the mode of migration and substrate stiffness, relevant to mechanisms of cancer invasiveness in vivo. The quantitative phase information from DHM may accurately classify adhesive cancer cell subpopulations with clinical relevance. To test this, cells from the invasive breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line were cultured on glass, tissue-culture treated polystyrene, and collagen hydrogels, and imaged with DHM followed by epifluorescence microscopy after staining F-actin and nuclei. Trends in cell phase parameters were tracked on the different substrates, during cell division, and during matrix adhesion, relating them to F-actin features. Support vector machine learning algorithms were trained and tested using parameters from holographic phase reconstructions and cell geometric features from conventional phase images, and used to distinguish between elongated and rounded cell morphologies. DHM was able to distinguish between elongated and rounded morphologies of MDA-MB-231 cells with 94% accuracy, compared to 83% accuracy using cell geometric features from conventional brightfield microscopy. This finding indicates the potential of DHM to detect and monitor cancer cell morphologies relevant to cell cycle phase status, substrate adhesion, and motility. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van K. Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
| | - Thanh C. Nguyen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
| | - Byung M. Chung
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
| | - George Nehmetallah
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
| | - Christopher B. Raub
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064
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24
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Schürmann M, Cojoc G, Girardo S, Ulbricht E, Guck J, Müller P. Three-dimensional correlative single-cell imaging utilizing fluorescence and refractive index tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11. [PMID: 28800386 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells alter the path of light, a fact that leads to well-known aberrations in single cell or tissue imaging. Optical diffraction tomography (ODT) measures the biophysical property that causes these aberrations, the refractive index (RI). ODT is complementary to fluorescence imaging and does not require any markers. The present study introduces RI and fluorescence tomography with optofluidic rotation (RAFTOR) of suspended cells, facilitating the segmentation of the 3D-correlated RI and fluorescence data for a quantitative interpretation of the nuclear RI. The technique is validated with cell phantoms and used to confirm a lower nuclear RI for HL60 cells. Furthermore, the nuclear inversion of adult mouse photoreceptor cells is observed in the RI distribution. The applications shown confirm predictions of previous studies and illustrate the potential of RAFTOR to improve our understanding of cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gheorghe Cojoc
- Biotechnology Center of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Elke Ulbricht
- Biotechnology Center of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul Müller
- Biotechnology Center of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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25
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Hejna M, Jorapur A, Song JS, Judson RL. High accuracy label-free classification of single-cell kinetic states from holographic cytometry of human melanoma cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11943. [PMID: 28931937 PMCID: PMC5607248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital holographic cytometry (DHC) permits label-free visualization of adherent cells. Dozens of cellular features can be derived from segmentation of hologram-derived images. However, the accuracy of single cell classification by these features remains limited for most applications, and lack of standardization metrics has hindered independent experimental comparison and validation. Here we identify twenty-six DHC-derived features that provide biologically independent information across a variety of mammalian cell state transitions. When trained on these features, machine-learning algorithms achieve blind single cell classification with up to 95% accuracy. Using classification accuracy to guide platform optimization, we develop methods to standardize holograms for the purpose of kinetic single cell cytometry. Applying our approach to human melanoma cells treated with a panel of cancer therapeutics, we track dynamic changes in cellular behavior and cell state over time. We provide the methods and computational tools for optimizing DHC for kinetic single adherent cell classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Hejna
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W Green St, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Aparna Jorapur
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, Box# 3111, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 1701 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Jun S Song
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W Green St, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Robert L Judson
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, Box# 3111, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, 1701 Divisadero Street, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA.
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26
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Guo M, Bao EL, Wagner M, Whitsett JA, Xu Y. SLICE: determining cell differentiation and lineage based on single cell entropy. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:e54. [PMID: 27998929 PMCID: PMC5397210 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A complex organ contains a variety of cell types, each with its own distinct lineage and function. Understanding the lineage and differentiation state of each cell is fundamentally important for the ultimate delineation of organ formation and function. We developed SLICE, a novel algorithm that utilizes single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) to quantitatively measure cellular differentiation states based on single cell entropy and predict cell differentiation lineages via the construction of entropy directed cell trajectories. We validated our approach using three independent data sets with known lineage and developmental time information from both Homo sapiens and Mus musculus. SLICE successfully measured the differentiation states of single cells and reconstructed cell differentiation trajectories that have been previously experimentally validated. We then applied SLICE to scRNA-seq of embryonic mouse lung at E16.5 to identify lung mesenchymal cell lineage relationships that currently remain poorly defined. A two-branched differentiation pathway of five fibroblastic subtypes was predicted using SLICE. The present study demonstrated the general applicability and high predictive accuracy of SLICE in determining cellular differentiation states and reconstructing cell differentiation lineages in scRNA-seq analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzhe Guo
- The Perinatal Institute, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Erik L Bao
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Wagner
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- The Perinatal Institute, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- The Perinatal Institute, Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Lemoine A, Delvigne F, Bockisch A, Neubauer P, Junne S. Tools for the determination of population heterogeneity caused by inhomogeneous cultivation conditions. J Biotechnol 2017; 251:84-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ekpenyong AE, Toepfner N, Fiddler C, Herbig M, Li W, Cojoc G, Summers C, Guck J, Chilvers ER. Mechanical deformation induces depolarization of neutrophils. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602536. [PMID: 28630905 PMCID: PMC5470826 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The transition of neutrophils from a resting state to a primed state is an essential requirement for their function as competent immune cells. This transition can be caused not only by chemical signals but also by mechanical perturbation. After cessation of either, these cells gradually revert to a quiescent state over 40 to 120 min. We use two biophysical tools, an optical stretcher and a novel microcirculation mimetic, to effect physiologically relevant mechanical deformations of single nonadherent human neutrophils. We establish quantitative morphological analysis and mechanical phenotyping as label-free markers of neutrophil priming. We show that continued mechanical deformation of primed cells can cause active depolarization, which occurs two orders of magnitude faster than by spontaneous depriming. This work provides a cellular-level mechanism that potentially explains recent clinical studies demonstrating the potential importance, and physiological role, of neutrophil depriming in vivo and the pathophysiological implications when this deactivation is impaired, especially in disorders such as acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E. Ekpenyong
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Biotechnology Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Physics, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Nicole Toepfner
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder-und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s and Papworth Hospitals, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Christine Fiddler
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s and Papworth Hospitals, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Maik Herbig
- Biotechnology Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wenhong Li
- Biotechnology Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gheorghe Cojoc
- Biotechnology Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Charlotte Summers
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s and Papworth Hospitals, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jochen Guck
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
- Biotechnology Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Edwin R. Chilvers
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke’s and Papworth Hospitals, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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Vijayarathna S, Chen Y, Kanwar JR, Sasidharan S. Standardized Polyalthia longifolia leaf extract (PLME) inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis: The anti-cancer study with various microscopy methods. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:366-377. [PMID: 28463800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years a number of microscopy methods have been developed to assess the changes in cells. Some non-invasive techniques such as holographic digital microscopy (HDM), which although does not destroy the cells, but helps to monitor the events that leads to initiation of apoptotic cell death. In this study, the apoptogenic property and the cytotoxic effect of P. longifolia leaf methanolic extract (PLME) against the human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) was studied using light microscope (LM), holographic digital microscopy (HDM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The average IC50 value of PLME against HeLa cells obtained by MTT and CyQuant assay was 22.00μg/mL at 24h. However, noncancerous Vero cells tested with PLME exhibited no cytotoxicity with the IC50 value of 51.07μg/mL at 24h by using MTT assay. Cytological observations showed nuclear condensation, cell shrinkage, multinucleation, abnormalities of mitochondrial cristae, membrane blebbing, disappearance of microvilli and filopodia, narrowing of lamellipodia, holes, formation of numerous smaller vacuoles, cytoplasmic extrusions and formation of apoptotic bodies as confirmed collectively by HDM, LM, SEM and TEM. In conclusion, PLME was able to produce distinctive morphological features of HeLa cell death that corresponds to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundararajan Vijayarathna
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Yeng Chen
- Dental Research & Training Unit, and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre (OCRCC), Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Sreenivasan Sasidharan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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30
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Kastl L, Isbach M, Dirksen D, Schnekenburger J, Kemper B. Quantitative phase imaging for cell culture quality control. Cytometry A 2017; 91:470-481. [PMID: 28264140 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The potential of quantitative phase imaging (QPI) with digital holographic microscopy (DHM) for quantification of cell culture quality was explored. Label-free QPI of detached single cells in suspension was performed by Michelson interferometer-based self-interference DHM. Two pancreatic tumor cell lines were chosen as cellular model and analyzed for refractive index, volume, and dry mass under varying culture conditions. Firstly, adequate cell numbers for reliable statistics were identified. Then, to characterize the performance and reproducibility of the method, we compared results from independently repeated measurements and quantified the cellular response to osmolality changes of the cell culture medium. Finally, it was demonstrated that the evaluation of QPI images allows the extraction of absolute cell parameters which are related to cell layer confluence states. In summary, the results show that QPI enables label-free imaging cytometry, which provides novel complementary integral biophysical data sets for sophisticated quantification of cell culture quality with minimized sample preparation. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kastl
- Biomedical Technology Center, University of Muenster, Mendelstr. 17, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Michael Isbach
- Biomedical Technology Center, University of Muenster, Mendelstr. 17, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Dieter Dirksen
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomaterials, University of Muenster, Waldeyerstraße 30, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnekenburger
- Biomedical Technology Center, University of Muenster, Mendelstr. 17, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
| | - Björn Kemper
- Biomedical Technology Center, University of Muenster, Mendelstr. 17, Muenster, D-48149, Germany
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31
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Thorpe SD, Lee DA. Dynamic regulation of nuclear architecture and mechanics-a rheostatic role for the nucleus in tailoring cellular mechanosensitivity. Nucleus 2017; 8:287-300. [PMID: 28152338 PMCID: PMC5499908 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2017.1285988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear architecture, a function of both chromatin and nucleoskeleton structure, is known to change with stem cell differentiation and differs between various somatic cell types. These changes in nuclear architecture are associated with the regulation of gene expression and genome function in a cell-type specific manner. Biophysical stimuli are known effectors of differentiation and also elicit stimuli-specific changes in nuclear architecture. This occurs via the process of mechanotransduction whereby extracellular mechanical forces activate several well characterized signaling cascades of cytoplasmic origin, and potentially some recently elucidated signaling cascades originating in the nucleus. Recent work has demonstrated changes in nuclear mechanics both with pluripotency state in embryonic stem cells, and with differentiation progression in adult mesenchymal stem cells. This review explores the interplay between cytoplasmic and nuclear mechanosensitivity, highlighting a role for the nucleus as a rheostat in tuning the cellular mechano-response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Thorpe
- a Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - David A Lee
- a Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
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32
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Majeed H, Sridharan S, Mir M, Ma L, Min E, Jung W, Popescu G. Quantitative phase imaging for medical diagnosis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:177-205. [PMID: 27539534 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Optical microscopy is an indispensable diagnostic tool in modern healthcare. As a prime example, pathologists rely exclusively on light microscopy to investigate tissue morphology in order to make a diagnosis. While advances in light microscopy and contrast markers allow pathologists to visualize cells and tissues in unprecedented detail, the interpretation of these images remains largely subjective, leading to inter- and intra-observer discrepancy. Furthermore, conventional microscopy images capture qualitative information which makes it difficult to automate the process, reducing the throughput achievable in the diagnostic workflow. Quantitative Phase Imaging (QPI) techniques have been advanced in recent years to address these two challenges. By quantifying physical parameters of cells and tissues, these systems remove subjectivity from the disease diagnosis process and allow for easier automation to increase throughput. In addition to providing quantitative information, QPI systems are also label-free and can be easily assimilated into the current diagnostic workflow in the clinic. In this paper we review the advances made in disease diagnosis by QPI techniques. We focus on the areas of hematological diagnosis and cancer pathology, which are the areas where most significant advances have been made to date. [Image adapted from Y. Park, M. Diez-Silva, G. Popescu, G. Lykotrafitis, W. Choi, M. S. Feld, and S. Suresh, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 13730-13735 (2008).].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassaan Majeed
- Quantitative Light Imaging Lab, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Shamira Sridharan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of California Davis, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility #2603B, 451 Health Science Dr., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mustafa Mir
- Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 485 Li Ka Shing Center, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lihong Ma
- Institute of Information Optics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Eunjung Min
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonggyu Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Gabriel Popescu
- Quantitative Light Imaging Lab, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 405 N. Mathews Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Schürmann M, Scholze J, Müller P, Guck J, Chan CJ. Cell nuclei have lower refractive index and mass density than cytoplasm. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:1068-1076. [PMID: 27010098 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Common perception regards the nucleus as a densely packed object with higher refractive index (RI) and mass density than the surrounding cytoplasm. Here, the volume of isolated nuclei is systematically varied by electrostatic and osmotic conditions as well as drug treatments that modify chromatin conformation. The refractive index and dry mass of isolated nuclei is derived from quantitative phase measurements using digital holographic microscopy (DHM). Surprisingly, the cell nucleus is found to have a lower RI and mass density than the cytoplasm in four different cell lines and throughout the cell cycle. This result has important implications for conceptualizing light tissue interactions as well as biological processes in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jana Scholze
- Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul Müller
- Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 OHE, UK.
| | - Chii J Chan
- Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 OHE, UK
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34
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Kawase T, Okuda K, Nagata M, Tsuchimochi M, Yoshie H, Nakata K. Non-invasive, quantitative assessment of the morphology of γ-irradiated human mesenchymal stem cells and periosteal cells using digital holographic microscopy. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:796-805. [PMID: 27586164 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1230242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assure the quality of cells to be used in cell therapy, we examined the applicability of digital holographic microscopy (DHM) for non-invasive, quantitative assessment of changes in cell morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (MSC-AT) and bone marrow (MSC-BM), in addition to human alveolar periosteal cells (PC) as a reference, were γ-ray irradiated (1 and 4 Gy), and their morphological changes were quantified without fixation using holographic microscopy. After detachment and fixation with ethanol, cell number and surface antigen expression were determined using an automated cell counter kit and flow-cytometry, respectively. RESULTS Among various indexes, only indexes related to cell size were significantly changed after γ-irradiation. Both BMC-AT and BMC-BM were enlarged and more sensitive to a low dose of γ-irradiation than PC. In contrast to PC, proteins related to DNA damage repair (γ-H2AX, p21waf1, p53 and Rb) were not substantially upregulated or sustained for a week in either MSC-AT or MSC-BM. CONCLUSION Instead of DNA damage markers, we suggest that cell morphological parameters (e.g. cell volume) that are monitored by DHM could be a useful and more stable marker of MSC quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kawase
- a Division of Oral Bioengineering, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Okuda
- b Division of Periodontology, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagata
- c Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuchimochi
- d Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology , The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata , Niigata , Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yoshie
- b Division of Periodontology, Institute of Medicine and Dentistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koh Nakata
- e Bioscience Medical Research Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital , Niigata , Japan
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35
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Fusco S, Memmolo P, Miccio L, Merola F, Mugnano M, Paciello A, Ferraro P, Netti PA. Nanomechanics of a fibroblast suspended using point-like anchors reveal cytoskeleton formation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26305k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are suspended and stretched using two microbeads. The formation of inner cytoskeleton structures is reported using displacement, QPM phase change and fluorescent micrographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabato Fusco
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- IIT@CRIB
- Napoli 80125
- Italy
| | - Pasquale Memmolo
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- IIT@CRIB
- Napoli 80125
- Italy
- CNR – Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti
| | - Lisa Miccio
- CNR – Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti
- Pozzuoli
- Italy
| | - Francesco Merola
- CNR – Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti
- Pozzuoli
- Italy
| | - Martina Mugnano
- CNR – Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti
- Pozzuoli
- Italy
| | | | - Pietro Ferraro
- CNR – Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti
- Pozzuoli
- Italy
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- IIT@CRIB
- Napoli 80125
- Italy
- DCMIPE
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36
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Dupont S. Role of YAP/TAZ in cell-matrix adhesion-mediated signalling and mechanotransduction. Exp Cell Res 2015; 343:42-53. [PMID: 26524510 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Signalling from the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a fundamental cellular input that sustains proliferation, opposes cell death and regulates differentiation. Through integrins, cells perceive both the chemical composition and physical properties of the ECM. In particular, cell behaviour is profoundly influenced by the mechanical elasticity or stiffness of the ECM, which regulates the ability of cells to develop forces through their contractile actomyosin cytoskeleton and to mature focal adhesions. This mechanosensing ability affects fundamental cellular functions, such that alterations of ECM stiffness is nowadays considered not a simple consequence of pathology, but a causative input driving aberrant cell behaviours. We here discuss recent advances on how mechanical signals intersect nuclear transcription and in particular the activity of YAP/TAZ transcriptional coactivators, known downstream transducers of the Hippo pathway and important effectors of ECM mechanical cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirio Dupont
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua Medical School, via Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padua, Italy.
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37
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Yoon J, Kim K, Park H, Choi C, Jang S, Park Y. Label-free characterization of white blood cells by measuring 3D refractive index maps. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3865-75. [PMID: 26504637 PMCID: PMC4605046 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of white blood cells (WBCs) is crucial for blood analyses and disease diagnoses. However, current standard techniques rely on cell labeling, a process which imposes significant limitations. Here we present three-dimensional (3D) optical measurements and the label-free characterization of mouse WBCs using optical diffraction tomography. 3D refractive index (RI) tomograms of individual WBCs are constructed from multiple two-dimensional quantitative phase images of samples illuminated at various angles of incidence. Measurements of the 3D RI tomogram of WBCs enable the separation of heterogeneous populations of WBCs using quantitative morphological and biochemical information. Time-lapse tomographic measurements also provide the 3D trajectory of micrometer-sized beads ingested by WBCs. These results demonstrate that optical diffraction tomography can be a useful and versatile tool for the study of WBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghee Yoon
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Kyoohyun Kim
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - HyunJoo Park
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Chulhee Choi
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
| | - Seongsoo Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, South Korea
| | - YongKeun Park
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
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38
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Hosseini P, Sung Y, Choi Y, Lue N, Yaqoob Z, So P. Scanning color optical tomography (SCOT). OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:19752-62. [PMID: 26367632 PMCID: PMC4523557 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.019752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an interferometric optical microscope that provides three-dimensional refractive index map of a specimen by scanning the color of three illumination beams. Our design of the interferometer allows for simultaneous measurement of the scattered fields (both amplitude and phase) of such a complex input beam. By obviating the need for mechanical scanning of the illumination beam or detection objective lens; the proposed method can increase the speed of the optical tomography by orders of magnitude. We demonstrate our method using polystyrene beads of known refractive index value and live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorya Hosseini
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yongjin Sung
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Youngwoon Choi
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | - Niyom Lue
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Zahid Yaqoob
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Peter So
- Laser Biomedical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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39
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Faigle C, Lautenschläger F, Whyte G, Homewood P, Martín-Badosa E, Guck J. A monolithic glass chip for active single-cell sorting based on mechanical phenotyping. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1267-1275. [PMID: 25537986 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of biological cells have long been considered as inherent markers of biological function and disease. However, the screening and active sorting of heterogeneous populations based on serial single-cell mechanical measurements has not been demonstrated. Here we present a novel monolithic glass chip for combined fluorescence detection and mechanical phenotyping using an optical stretcher. A new design and manufacturing process, involving the bonding of two asymmetrically etched glass plates, combines exact optical fiber alignment, low laser damage threshold and high imaging quality with the possibility of several microfluidic inlet and outlet channels. We show the utility of such a custom-built optical stretcher glass chip by measuring and sorting single cells in a heterogeneous population based on their different mechanical properties and verify sorting accuracy by simultaneous fluorescence detection. This offers new possibilities of exact characterization and sorting of small populations based on rheological properties for biological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Faigle
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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40
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El-Schich Z, Mölder A, Tassidis H, Härkönen P, Falck Miniotis M, Gjörloff Wingren A. Induction of morphological changes in death-induced cancer cells monitored by holographic microscopy. J Struct Biol 2015; 189:207-12. [PMID: 25637284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We are using the label-free technique of holographic microscopy to analyze cellular parameters including cell number, confluence, cellular volume and area directly in the cell culture environment. We show that death-induced cells can be distinguished from untreated counterparts by the use of holographic microscopy, and we demonstrate its capability for cell death assessment. Morphological analysis of two representative cell lines (L929 and DU145) was performed in the culture flasks without any prior cell detachment. The two cell lines were treated with the anti-tumour agent etoposide for 1-3days. Measurements by holographic microscopy showed significant differences in average cell number, confluence, volume and area when comparing etoposide-treated with untreated cells. The cell volume of the treated cell lines was initially increased at early time-points. By time, cells decreased in volume, especially when treated with high doses of etoposide. In conclusion, we have shown that holographic microscopy allows label-free and completely non-invasive morphological measurements of cell growth, viability and death. Future applications could include real-time monitoring of these holographic microscopy parameters in cells in response to clinically relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra El-Schich
- Department of Biomedical Science, Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Helena Tassidis
- Department of Natural Science, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Pirkko Härkönen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Falck Miniotis
- Department of Biomedical Science, Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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41
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Schürmann M, Scholze J, Müller P, Chan CJ, Ekpenyong AE, Chalut KJ, Guck J. Refractive index measurements of single, spherical cells using digital holographic microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 125:143-59. [PMID: 25640428 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we introduce digital holographic microscopy (DHM) as a marker-free method to determine the refractive index of single, spherical cells in suspension. The refractive index is a conclusive measure in a biological context. Cell conditions, such as differentiation or infection, are known to yield significant changes in the refractive index. Furthermore, the refractive index of biological tissue determines the way it interacts with light. Besides the biological relevance of this interaction in the retina, a lot of methods used in biology, including microscopy, rely on light-tissue or light-cell interactions. Hence, determining the refractive index of cells using DHM is valuable in many biological applications. This chapter covers the main topics that are important for the implementation of DHM: setup, sample preparation, and analysis. First, the optical setup is described in detail including notes and suggestions for the implementation. Following that, a protocol for the sample and measurement preparation is explained. In the analysis section, an algorithm for the determination of quantitative phase maps is described. Subsequently, all intermediate steps for the calculation of the refractive index of suspended cells are presented, exploiting their spherical shape. In the last section, a discussion of possible extensions to the setup, further measurement configurations, and additional analysis methods are given. Throughout this chapter, we describe a simple, robust, and thus easily reproducible implementation of DHM. The different possibilities for extensions show the diverse fields of application for this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Schürmann
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jana Scholze
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul Müller
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chii J Chan
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrew E Ekpenyong
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg, Dresden, Germany; Department of Physics, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kevin J Chalut
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jochen Guck
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg, Dresden, Germany; Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Dynamic operation of optical fibres beyond the single-mode regime facilitates the orientation of biological cells. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5481. [PMID: 25410595 PMCID: PMC4263128 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical purpose of optical fibres is delivery of either optical power, as for welding, or temporal information, as for telecommunication. Maximum performance in both cases is provided by the use of single-mode optical fibres. However, transmitting spatial information, which necessitates higher-order modes, is difficult because their dispersion relation leads to dephasing and a deterioration of the intensity distribution with propagation distance. Here we consciously exploit the fundamental cause of the beam deterioration—the dispersion relation of the underlying vectorial electromagnetic modes—by their selective excitation using adaptive optics. This allows us to produce output beams of high modal purity, which are well defined in three dimensions. The output beam distribution is even robust against significant bending of the fibre. The utility of this approach is exemplified by the controlled rotational manipulation of live cells in a dual-beam fibre-optical trap integrated into a modular lab-on-chip system. Transmitting spatial information through optical fibres is difficult because scalar high-order modes deteriorate. Here, the authors counter deterioration using adaptive optics to excite vectorial modes, achieving high-quality beams robust against fibre bending and use those to rotate cells in a laser trap.
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Digital holographic microscopy for non-invasive monitoring of cell cycle arrest in L929 cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106546. [PMID: 25208094 PMCID: PMC4160194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) has emerged as a powerful non-invasive tool for cell analysis. It has the capacity to analyse multiple parameters simultaneously, such as cell- number, confluence and phase volume. This is done while cells are still adhered and growing in their culture flask. The aim of this study was to investigate whether DHM was able to monitor drug-induced cell cycle arrest in cultured cells and thus provide a non-disruptive alternative to flow cytometry. DHM parameters from G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrested L929 mouse fibroblast cells were collected. Cell cycle arrest was verified with flow cytometry. This study shows that DHM is able to monitor phase volume changes corresponding to either a G1 or G2/M cell cycle arrest. G1-phase arrest with staurosporine correlated with a decrease in the average cell phase volume and G2/M-phase arrest with colcemid and etoposide correlated with an increase in the average cell phase volume. Importantly, DHM analysis of average cell phase volume was of comparable accuracy to flow cytometric measurement of cell cycle phase distribution as recorded following dose-dependent treatment with etoposide. Average cell phase volume changes in response to treatment with cell cycle arresting compounds could therefore be used as a DHM marker for monitoring cell cycle arrest in cultured mammalian cells.
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Błaszczak Z, Kreysing M, Guck J. Direct observation of light focusing by single photoreceptor cell nuclei. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:11043-11060. [PMID: 24921803 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.011043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The vertebrate retina is inverted with respect to its optical function, which requires light to pass through the entire tissue prior to detection. The last significant barrier for photons to overcome is the outer nuclear layer formed by photoreceptor cell (PRC) nuclei. Here we experimentally characterise the optical properties of PRC nuclei using bright-field defocusing microscopy to capture near-field intensity distributions behind individual nuclei. We find that some nuclei efficiently focus incident light confirming earlier predictions based on comparative studies of chromatin organisation in nocturnal and diurnal mammals. The emergence of light focusing during the development of mouse nuclei highlights the acquired nature of the observed lens-like behaviour. Optical characterisation of these nuclei is an important first step towards an improved understanding of how light transmission through the retina is influenced by its constituents.
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45
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Pavillon N, Hobro AJ, Smith NI. Cell optical density and molecular composition revealed by simultaneous multimodal label-free imaging. Biophys J 2014; 105:1123-32. [PMID: 24010655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We show how Raman imaging can be combined with independent but simultaneous phase measurements of unlabeled cells, with the resulting data providing information on how the light is retarded and/or scattered by molecules in the cell. We then show, for the first time to our knowledge, how the chemistry of the cell highlighted in the Raman information is related to the cell quantitative phase information revealed in digital holographic microscopy by quantifying how the two sets of spatial information are correlated. The results show that such a multimodal implementation is highly useful for the convenience of having video rate imaging of the cell during the entire Raman measurement time, allowing us to observe how the cell changes during Raman acquisition. More importantly, it also shows that the two sets of label-free data, which result from different scattering mechanisms, are complementary and can be used to interpret the composition and dynamics of the cell, where each mode supplies label-free information not available from the other mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pavillon
- Biophotonics Laboratory, Immunology Frontier Research Center IFReC, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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46
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Miccio L, Memmolo P, Merola F, Fusco S, Embrione V, Paciello A, Ventre M, Netti PA, Ferraro P. Particle tracking by full-field complex wavefront subtraction in digital holography microscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1129-34. [PMID: 24463986 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51104a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The 3D tracking of micro-objects, based on digital holography, is proposed through the analysis of the complex wavefront of the light scattered by the micro-samples. Exploiting the advantages of the off-axis full-field holographic interferometry, the tracking of multiple objects is achieved by a direct wavefront analysis at the focal plane overcoming the limitation of the conventional back focal plane interferometry in which only one object at a time can be tracked. Furthermore, the method proposed and demonstrated here is a step forward with respect to other holographic tracking tools. The approach is tested in two experiments, the first investigates the Brownian motion of particles trapped by holographic optical tweezers, while the second relates to the cell motility in a 3D collagen matrix, thus showing its usefulness for lab-on-chip systems in typical bioassay testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Miccio
- CNR - National Institute of Optics, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy.
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47
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Vecchio D, Daga A, Carra E, Marubbi D, Baio G, Neumaier CE, Vagge S, Corvò R, Pia Brisigotti M, Louis Ravetti J, Zunino A, Poggi A, Mascelli S, Raso A, Frosina G. Predictability, efficacy and safety of radiosensitization of glioblastoma-initiating cells by the ATM inhibitor KU-60019. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:479-91. [PMID: 24443327 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that pharmacological inhibition of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein sensitizes glioblastoma-initiating cells (GICs) to ionizing radiation (IR). Herein, we report the experimental conditions to overcome GIC radioresistance in vitro using the specific ATM inhibitor KU-60019, two major determinants of the tumor response to this drug and the absence of toxicity of this treatment in vitro and in vivo. Repeated treatments with KU-60019 followed by IR substantially delayed GIC proliferation in vitro and even eradicated radioresistant cells, whereas GIC treated with vehicle plus radiation recovered early and expanded. The tumor response to the drug occurred under a cutoff level of expression of TP53 and over a cutoff level of expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). No increased clastogenicity or point mutagenicity was induced by KU-60019 plus radiation when compared to vehicle plus radiation. No significant histological changes to the brain or other organs were observed after prolonged infusion into the brain of KU-60019 at millimolar concentrations. Taken together, these findings suggest that GIC-driven tumors with low expression of TP53 and high expression of PI3K might be effectively and safely radiosensitized by KU-60019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Vecchio
- Mutagenesis Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
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Merola F, Miccio L, Memmolo P, Di Caprio G, Galli A, Puglisi R, Balduzzi D, Coppola G, Netti P, Ferraro P. Digital holography as a method for 3D imaging and estimating the biovolume of motile cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:4512-6. [PMID: 24129638 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50515d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sperm morphology is regarded as a significant prognostic factor for fertilization, as abnormal sperm structure is one of the most common factors in male infertility. Furthermore, obtaining accurate morphological information is an important issue with strong implications in zoo-technical industries, for example to perform sorting of species X from species Y. A challenging step forward would be the availability of a fast, high-throughput and label-free system for the measurement of physical parameters and visualization of the 3D shape of such biological specimens. Here we show a quantitative imaging approach to estimate simply and quickly the biovolume of sperm cells, combining the optical tweezers technique with digital holography, in a single and integrated set-up for a biotechnology assay process on the lab-on-a-chip scale. This approach can open the way for fast and high-throughput analysis in label-free microfluidic based "cytofluorimeters" and prognostic examination based on sperm morphology, thus allowing advancements in reproductive science.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Merola
- CNR-INO, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (NA) 80078, Italy
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49
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Abstract
Fractal characteristics of chromatin, revealed by light or electron microscopy, have been reported during the last 20 years. Fractal features can easily be estimated in digitalized microscopic images and are helpful for diagnosis and prognosis of neoplasias. During carcinogenesis and tumor progression, an increase of the fractal dimension (FD) of stained nuclei has been shown in intraepithelial lesions of the uterine cervix and the anus, oral squamous cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. Furthermore, an increased FD of chromatin is an unfavorable prognostic factor in squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity and the larynx, melanomas and multiple myelomas. High goodness-of-fit of the regression line of the FD is a favorable prognostic factor in acute leukemias and multiple myelomas. The nucleus has fractal and power-law organization in several different levels, which might in part be interrelated. Some possible relations between modifications of the chromatin organization during carcinogenesis and tumor progression and an increase of the FD of stained chromatin are suggested. Furthermore, increased complexity of the chromatin structure, loss of heterochromatin and a less-perfect self-organization of the nucleus in aggressive neoplasias are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konradin Metze
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences Research Group, 'Analytical Cellular Pathology' and National Institute of Photonics Applied to Cell Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil +55 19 32893897 kmetze.at.fcm.unicamp.br
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Ekpenyong AE, Man SM, Achouri S, Bryant CE, Guck J, Chalut KJ. Bacterial infection of macrophages induces decrease in refractive index. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:393-7. [PMID: 22887897 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Infection of cells by pathogens leads to both biochemical and structural modifications of the host cell. To study the structural modifications in a label-free manner, we use digital holographic microscopy, DHM, to obtain the integral refractive index distribution of cells. Primary murine bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, undergo highly significant reduction in refractive index, RI, compared to uninfected cells. Infected BMDM cells from genetically modified mice lacking an inflammatory protein that causes cell death, caspase 1, also exhibit similar decrease in RI. These data suggest that any reduction in RI of Salmonella-infected BMDMs is pathogen induced and independent of caspase 1-induced inflammation or cell death. This finding suggests DHM may be useful for general real time monitoring of host cell interactions with infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Ekpenyong
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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