1
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Fay CD, Wu L. Critical importance of RGB color space specificity for colorimetric bio/chemical sensing: A comprehensive study. Talanta 2024; 266:124957. [PMID: 37494771 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of the RGB color model in colorimetric chemical sensing via imaging techniques is widely prevalent in the literature. However, the lack of specificity in the selection of RGB color space during capture and analysis presents a significant challenge in creating standardised methods for this field and possible discrepancies. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive comparison and contrast of a total of 68 RGB color spaces to evaluate their respective impacts on colorimetric bio/chemical sensing. We explore the impact of dynamic range, sensitivity, and limit of detection, and show that the lack of specificity in RGB color space selection can significantly impact colorimetric chemical sensing by 42-77%. We also explore the impact of underlying RGB comparisons and demonstrate a further 18.3% discrepancy between RGB color spaces. By emphasising the importance of proper RGB color space selection and handling, our findings contribute to a better understanding of this critical area and present valuable opportunities for future research. We further provide valuable insights for creating standardised methods in this field, which can be utilised to avoid discrepancies and ensure accurate and reliable analysis in colorimetric bio/chemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac D Fay
- SMART Infrastructure Facility, Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfield Avenue, Wollongong, 2522, NSW, Australia.
| | - Liang Wu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, 2006, NSW, Australia
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2
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Ye Z, Li Z, Feng J, Wu C, Fan Q, Chen C, Chen J, Yin Y. Dual-Responsive Fe 3O 4@Polyaniline Chiral Superstructures for Information Encryption. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18517-18524. [PMID: 37669537 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating stimuli-responsive mechanisms into chiral assemblies of nanostructures offers numerous opportunities to create optical materials capable of dynamically modulating their chiroptical properties. In this study, we demonstrate the formation of chiral superstructures by assembling Fe3O4@polyaniline hybrid nanorods by using a gradient magnetic field. The resulting superstructures exhibit a dual response to changes in both the magnetic field and solution pH, enabling dynamic regulation of the position, intensity, and sign of its circular dichroism peaks. Such responsiveness allows for convenient control over the optical rotatory dispersion properties of the assemblies, which are further integrated into the design of a chiroptical switch that can display various colors and patterns when illuminated with light of different wavelengths and polarization states. Finally, an optical information encryption system is constructed through the controlled assembly of the hybrid nanorods to showcase the potential opportunities for practical applications brought by the resulting responsive chiral superstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ji Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chaolumen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Qingsong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jinxing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yadong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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3
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Shaner S, Savelyeva A, Kvartuh A, Jedrusik N, Matter L, Leal J, Asplund M. Bioelectronic microfluidic wound healing: a platform for investigating direct current stimulation of injured cell collectives. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1531-1546. [PMID: 36723025 PMCID: PMC10013350 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01045c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Upon cutaneous injury, the human body naturally forms an electric field (EF) that acts as a guidance cue for relevant cellular and tissue repair and reorganization. However, the direct current (DC) flow imparted by this EF can be impacted by a variety of diseases. This work delves into the impact of DC stimulation on both healthy and diabetic in vitro wound healing models of human keratinocytes, the most prevalent cell type of the skin. The culmination of non-metal electrode materials and prudent microfluidic design allowed us to create a compact bioelectronic platform to study the effects of different sustained (12 hours galvanostatic DC) EF configurations on wound closure dynamics. Specifically, we compared if electrotactically closing a wound's gap from one wound edge (i.e., uni-directional EF) is as effective as compared to alternatingly polarizing both the wound's edges (i.e., pseudo-converging EF) as both of these spatial stimulation strategies are fundamental to the eventual translational electrode design and strategy. We found that uni-directional electric guidance cues were superior in group keratinocyte healing dynamics by enhancing the wound closure rate nearly three-fold for both healthy and diabetic-like keratinocyte collectives, compared to their non-stimulated respective controls. The motility-inhibited and diabetic-like keratinocytes regained wound closure rates with uni-directional electrical stimulation (increase from 1.0 to 2.8% h-1) comparable to their healthy non-stimulated keratinocyte counterparts (3.5% h-1). Our results bring hope that electrical stimulation delivered in a controlled manner can be a viable pathway to accelerate wound repair, and also by providing a baseline for other researchers trying to find an optimal electrode blueprint for in vivo DC stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Shaner
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Brainlinks-Braintools Center, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Anna Savelyeva
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Brainlinks-Braintools Center, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Anja Kvartuh
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Jedrusik
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Brainlinks-Braintools Center, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Lukas Matter
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - José Leal
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Brainlinks-Braintools Center, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Maria Asplund
- Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Brainlinks-Braintools Center, Georges-Köhler-Allee 201, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 19, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Division of Nursing and Medical Technology, Luleå University of Technology, 971 87, Luleå, Sweden
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, 412 58, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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4
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Gayathri V, Jaisankar SN, Samanta D. Temperature and pH responsive polymers: sensing applications. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2021.1988636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Varnakumar Gayathri
- Polymer Science & Technology division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sellamuthu Nagappan Jaisankar
- Polymer Science & Technology division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debasis Samanta
- Polymer Science & Technology division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Steinegger A, Wolfbeis OS, Borisov SM. Optical Sensing and Imaging of pH Values: Spectroscopies, Materials, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12357-12489. [PMID: 33147405 PMCID: PMC7705895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the first comprehensive review on methods and materials for use in optical sensing of pH values and on applications of such sensors. The Review starts with an introduction that contains subsections on the definition of the pH value, a brief look back on optical methods for sensing of pH, on the effects of ionic strength on pH values and pKa values, on the selectivity, sensitivity, precision, dynamic ranges, and temperature dependence of such sensors. Commonly used optical sensing schemes are covered in a next main chapter, with subsections on methods based on absorptiometry, reflectometry, luminescence, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance, photonic crystals, turbidity, mechanical displacement, interferometry, and solvatochromism. This is followed by sections on absorptiometric and luminescent molecular probes for use pH in sensors. Further large sections cover polymeric hosts and supports, and methods for immobilization of indicator dyes. Further and more specific sections summarize the state of the art in materials with dual functionality (indicator and host), nanomaterials, sensors based on upconversion and 2-photon absorption, multiparameter sensors, imaging, and sensors for extreme pH values. A chapter on the many sensing formats has subsections on planar, fiber optic, evanescent wave, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance and holography based sensor designs, and on distributed sensing. Another section summarizes selected applications in areas, such as medicine, biology, oceanography, bioprocess monitoring, corrosion studies, on the use of pH sensors as transducers in biosensors and chemical sensors, and their integration into flow-injection analyzers, microfluidic devices, and lab-on-a-chip systems. An extra section is devoted to current challenges, with subsections on challenges of general nature and those of specific nature. A concluding section gives an outlook on potential future trends and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steinegger
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Otto S. Wolfbeis
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Wang F, Zhu J, Chen L, Zuo Y, Hu X, Yang Y. Autonomous and In Situ Ocean Environmental Monitoring on Optofluidic Platform. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E69. [PMID: 31936398 PMCID: PMC7019421 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Determining the distributions and variations of chemical elements in oceans has significant meanings for understanding the biogeochemical cycles, evaluating seawater pollution, and forecasting the occurrence of marine disasters. The primary chemical parameters of ocean monitoring include nutrients, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and heavy metals. At present, ocean monitoring mainly relies on laboratory analysis, which is hindered in applications due to its large size, high power consumption, and low representative and time-sensitive detection results. By integrating photonics and microfluidics into one chip, optofluidics brings new opportunities to develop portable microsystems for ocean monitoring. Optofluidic platforms have advantages in respect of size, cost, timeliness, and parallel processing of samples compared with traditional instruments. This review describes the applications of optofluidic platforms on autonomous and in situ ocean environmental monitoring, with an emphasis on their principles, sensing properties, advantages, and disadvantages. Predictably, autonomous and in situ systems based on optofluidic platforms will have important applications in ocean environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jiaomeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Longfei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yunfeng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xuejia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro/Nano Structure of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (F.W.); (J.Z.); (L.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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7
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Li Y, Mao Y, Xiao C, Xu X, Li X. Flexible pH sensor based on a conductive PANI membrane for pH monitoring. RSC Adv 2019; 10:21-28. [PMID: 35492551 PMCID: PMC9047031 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09188b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
pH is a critical parameter used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution in chemistry, food processing, and medical care. In this study, a conductimetric-type micro pH sensor has been achieved using PANI membrane fabricated on a flexible substrate film aiming to monitor wound healing. The sensor is based on the incorporation of a polyaniline (PANI) membrane, interdigital electrode, and polyimide (PI) substrate. PANI was doped with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) to obtain good conductivity. The electrodes were patterned on the PI film by etching. The contact area between the PANI and interdigital electrodes improves the responsiveness of the pH sensor. A sensitivity of 58.57 mV per pH over the entire pH range from 5.45 to 8.62 was obtained experimentally, along with a superior repeatability of 8% FS (full scale) and a temperature drift of 6.8% FS. This micro flexible pH sensor aims to monitor the pH value of wound healing, which also facilitates the realization of online monitoring of the pH for telemedicine, food safety, and home health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqian Li
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen Shenzhen 518000 China
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace of Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 China
| | - Yunlong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace of Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 China
| | - Chi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Systems for Aerospace of Ministry of Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shaanxi 710072 China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force University Xi'an 710038 China
| | - Xueyong Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force University Xi'an 710038 China
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8
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Comparative study of polyaniline (PANI), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and PANI-PEDOT films electrochemically deposited on transparent indium thin oxide based electrodes. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Staudinger C, Breininger J, Klimant I, Borisov SM. Near-infrared fluorescent aza-BODIPY dyes for sensing and imaging of pH from the neutral to highly alkaline range. Analyst 2019; 144:2393-2402. [PMID: 30801584 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00118b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
New aza-BODIPY pH indicators with spectral properties modulated solely by photoinduced electron transfer (PET) are presented. The pH sensitive hydroxyl group is located in the meta-position of a phenyl substituent with respect to the aza-BODIPY core, which eliminates the conjugation to the chromophore. The new dyes show reversible "on"-"off" fluorescence response upon deprotonation of the receptor but no changes in the absorption spectrum, which is in contrast to state-of-the-art indicators of the aza-BODIPY family. This eliminates potential changes in the efficiency of the inner filter effect and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and makes the new dyes suitable acceptors in light harvesting systems used for ratiometric pH imaging. The introduction of electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups into the receptor results in a set of indicators suitable for measurements from physiological (pH 7) to very alkaline (pH 13) conditions. The new sensors are particularly promising for monitoring of pH changes in concrete, as was recently shown elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Staudinger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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10
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Paul N, Chakyar SP, Umadevi KS, Sikha SK, Kizhakooden J, Andrews J, Joseph VP. Humidity Sensitive Flexible Microwave Absorbing Sheet Using Polyaniline–Polytetrafluoroethylene Composite. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-018-3402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Synthesis of Novel Scolopendra-type Polydodecyloxybenzoyl[1,5]-diazocine as New Material for Optical Sensor. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Waleed Al-Qaysi W, Duerkop A. A luminescent europium complex for wide-range pH sensors and sensor microtiterplates. Analyst 2018; 143:3176-3183. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00775f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Luminescent sensor membranes and sensor microplates are presented for continuous or high-throughput wide-range measurement of pH based on a europium probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Waleed Al-Qaysi
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry
- Chemo and Biosensors
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Axel Duerkop
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry
- Chemo and Biosensors
- University of Regensburg
- 93040 Regensburg
- Germany
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13
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Ha NS, Sadeghi S, van Dam RM. Recent Progress toward Microfluidic Quality Control Testing of Radiopharmaceuticals. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:E337. [PMID: 30400527 PMCID: PMC6190332 DOI: 10.3390/mi8110337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals labeled with short-lived positron-emitting or gamma-emitting isotopes are injected into patients just prior to performing positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission tomography (SPECT) scans, respectively. These imaging modalities are widely used in clinical care, as well as in the development and evaluation of new therapies in clinical research. Prior to injection, these radiopharmaceuticals (tracers) must undergo quality control (QC) testing to ensure product purity, identity, and safety for human use. Quality tests can be broadly categorized as (i) pharmaceutical tests, needed to ensure molecular identity, physiological compatibility and that no microbiological, pyrogenic, chemical, or particulate contamination is present in the final preparation; and (ii) radioactive tests, needed to ensure proper dosing and that there are no radiochemical and radionuclidic impurities that could interfere with the biodistribution or imaging. Performing the required QC tests is cumbersome and time-consuming, and requires an array of expensive analytical chemistry equipment and significant dedicated lab space. Calibrations, day of use tests, and documentation create an additional burden. Furthermore, in contrast to ordinary pharmaceuticals, each batch of short-lived radiopharmaceuticals must be manufactured and tested within a short period of time to avoid significant losses due to radioactive decay. To meet these challenges, several efforts are underway to develop integrated QC testing instruments that automatically perform and document all of the required tests. More recently, microfluidic quality control systems have been gaining increasing attention due to vastly reduced sample and reagent consumption, shorter analysis times, higher detection sensitivity, increased multiplexing, and reduced instrumentation size. In this review, we describe each of the required QC tests and conventional testing methods, followed by a discussion of efforts to directly miniaturize the test or examples in the literature that could be implemented for miniaturized QC testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel S Ha
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Saman Sadeghi
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science; Qingdao Agricultural University; 266109 Qingdao People's Republic of China
| | - Zuwei Song
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science; Qingdao Agricultural University; 266109 Qingdao People's Republic of China
| | - Libin Gao
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science; Qingdao Agricultural University; 266109 Qingdao People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science; Qingdao Agricultural University; 266109 Qingdao People's Republic of China
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15
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Delaney C, McCluskey P, Coleman S, Whyte J, Kent N, Diamond D. Precision control of flow rate in microfluidic channels using photoresponsive soft polymer actuators. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2013-2021. [PMID: 28530723 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00368d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach that allows control of flow in microfluidic channels with unsurpassed performance using light is described. Valve structures have been created using photoresponsive hydrogels based on spiropyran-functionalised pNIPAAm hydrogels photopolymerised around pillar structures within the channels. Valve actuation is controlled from outside the fluidic system using externally located LEDs. Highly precise and accurate flow rates can be selected by passing real-time flow rate measurements into a PID algorithm. The optimised algorithm also minimises overshoot of the selected flow rate, eliminates flow rate drift, and improves the system response time. In addition to the dramatic improvements in flow rate control, the set up enables the polymer actuation behaviour to be rapidly characterised. The power supply to the LED also provides a useful system diagnostic for monitoring the performance of the valve over time. For example, degradation in the valve actuation due to photodegradation will manifest as an increasing power requirement over time, enabling predictive failure thresholds to be established for particular actuator designs and polymer compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Delaney
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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16
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Gupta R, Goddard NJ. Broadband absorption spectroscopy for rapid pH measurement in small volumes using an integrated porous waveguide. Analyst 2017; 142:169-176. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01896c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porous waveguides integrated with microfluidics allow broadband absorption spectroscopy rapidly to measure the pH of small samples with improved sensitivity compared to single pass spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
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17
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Abu-Thabit N, Umar Y, Ratemi E, Ahmad A, Ahmad Abuilaiwi F. A Flexible Optical pH Sensor Based on Polysulfone Membranes Coated with pH-Responsive Polyaniline Nanofibers. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16070986. [PMID: 27355953 PMCID: PMC4970037 DOI: 10.3390/s16070986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A new optical pH sensor based on polysulfone (PSU) and polyaniline (PANI) was developed. A transparent and flexible PSU membrane was employed as a support. The electrically conductive and pH-responsive PANI was deposited onto the membrane surface by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization (COP). The absorption spectra of the PANI-coated PSU membranes exhibited sensitivity to pH changes in the range of 4–12, which allowed for designing a dual wavelength pH optical sensor. The performance of the membranes was assessed by measuring their response starting from high pH and going down to low pH, and vice versa. It was found that it is necessary to precondition the sensor layers before each measurement due to the slight hysteresis observed during forward and backward pH titrations. PSU membranes with polyaniline coating thicknesses in the range of ≈100–200 nm exhibited fast response times of <4 s, which are attributed to the porous, rough and nanofibrillar morphology of the polyaniline coating. The fabricated pH sensor was characterized by a sigmoidal response (R2 = 0.997) which allows for pH determination over a wide dynamic range. All membranes were stable for a period of more than six months when stored in 1 M HCl solution. The reproducibility of the fabricated optical pH sensors was found to be <0.02 absorption units after one month storage in 1 M HCl solution. The performance of the optical pH sensor was tested and the obtained pH values were compared with the results obtained using a pH meter device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedal Abu-Thabit
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail Industrial City 31961, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yunusa Umar
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail Industrial City 31961, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Elaref Ratemi
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail Industrial City 31961, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ayman Ahmad
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail Industrial City 31961, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Faraj Ahmad Abuilaiwi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin 31991, Saudi Arabia.
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18
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Verma R, Adhikary RR, Banerjee R. Smart material platforms for miniaturized devices: implications in disease models and diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1978-1992. [PMID: 27108534 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00173d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Smart materials are responsive to multiple stimuli like light, temperature, pH and redox reactions with specific changes in state. Various functionalities in miniaturised devices can be achieved through the application of "smart materials" that respond to changes in their surroundings. The change in state of the materials in the presence of a stimulus may be used for on demand alteration of flow patterns in devices, acting as microvalves, as scaffolds for cellular aggregation or as modalities for signal amplification. In this review, we discuss the concepts of smart trigger responsive materials and their applications in miniaturized devices both for organ-on-a-chip disease models and for point-of-care diagnostics. The emphasis is on leveraging the smartness of these materials for example, to allow on demand sample actuation, ion dependent spheroid models for cancer or light dependent contractility of muscle films for organ-on-a-chip applications. The review throws light on the current status, scope for technological enhancements, challenges for translation and future prospects of increased incorporation of smart materials as integral parts of miniaturized devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Verma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
| | - Rishi Rajat Adhikary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
| | - Rinti Banerjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India.
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19
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Herzog C, Poehler E, Peretzki AJ, Borisov SM, Aigner D, Mayr T, Nagl S. Continuous on-chip fluorescence labelling, free-flow isoelectric focusing and marker-free isoelectric point determination of proteins and peptides. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1565-1572. [PMID: 27064144 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00055j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic platform that contains a micro flow reactor for on-chip biomolecule labelling that is directly followed by a separation bed for continuous free-flow electrophoresis and has an integrated hydrogel-based near-infrared fluorescent pH sensor layer. Using this assembly, labelling of protein and peptide mixtures, their separation via free-flow isoelectric focusing and the determination of the isoelectric point (pI) of the separated products via the integrated sensor layer could be carried out within typically around 5 minutes. Spatially-resolved immobilization of fluidic and sensing structures was carried out via multistep photolithography. The assembly was characterized and optimized with respect to their fluidic and pH sensing properties and applied in the IEF of model proteins, peptides and a tryptic digest from physalaemine. We have therefore realized continuous sample preparation and preparative separation, analyte detection, process observation and analyte assignment capability based on pI on a single platform the size of a microscope slide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Herzog
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Poehler
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Andrea J Peretzki
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sergey M Borisov
- Institut für Analytische Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Aigner
- Institut für Analytische Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institut für Analytische Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9/III, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Nagl
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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20
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Gashti MP, Asselin J, Barbeau J, Boudreau D, Greener J. A microfluidic platform with pH imaging for chemical and hydrodynamic stimulation of intact oral biofilms. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:1412-9. [PMID: 26956837 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01540e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic platform with a fluorescent nanoparticle-based sensor is demonstrated for real-time, ratiometric pH imaging of biofilms. Sensing is accomplished by a thin patterned layer of covalently bonded Ag@SiO2+FiTC nanoparticles on an embedded planar glass substrate. The system is designed to be sensitive, responsive and give sufficient spatial resolution to enable new micro-scale studies of the dynamic response of oral biofilms to well-controlled chemical and hydrodynamic stimulation. Performance under challenging operational conditions is demonstrated, which include long-duration exposure to sheer stresses, photoexcitation and pH sensor biofouling. After comprehensive validation, the device was used to monitor pH changes at the attachment surface of a biofilm of the oral bacteria, Streptococcus salivarius. By controlling flow and chemical concentration conditions in the microchannel, biochemical and mass transport contributions to the Stephan curve could be probed individually. This opens the way for the analysis of separate contributions to dental caries due to localized acidification directly at the biofilm tooth interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J Asselin
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, Québec (QC), G1V 0A6 Canada. and Centre d'optique, photonique et laser (COPL), Québec (QC), G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - J Barbeau
- Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université de Montréal (QC), H3C 3J4 Canada
| | - D Boudreau
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, Québec (QC), G1V 0A6 Canada. and Centre d'optique, photonique et laser (COPL), Québec (QC), G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - J Greener
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, Québec (QC), G1V 0A6 Canada.
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21
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Poehler E, Herzog C, Suendermann M, Pfeiffer SA, Nagl S. Development of microscopic time-domain dual lifetime referencing luminescence detection for pH monitoring in microfluidic free-flow isoelectric focusing. Eng Life Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Poehler
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Christin Herzog
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Simon A. Pfeiffer
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Stefan Nagl
- Institut für Analytische Chemie; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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22
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Porcel-Valenzuela M, Ballesta-Claver J, de Orbe-Payá I, Montilla F, Capitan-Vallvey L. Disposable electrochromic polyaniline sensor based on a redox response using a conventional camera: A first approach to handheld analysis. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Poehler E, Herzog C, Lotter C, Pfeiffer SA, Aigner D, Mayr T, Nagl S. Label-free microfluidic free-flow isoelectric focusing, pH gradient sensing and near real-time isoelectric point determination of biomolecules and blood plasma fractions. Analyst 2015; 140:7496-502. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01345c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Continuous biomolecular separation and pH gradient observation using UV and NIR fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Poehler
- Institut für Analytische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Christin Herzog
- Institut für Analytische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Carsten Lotter
- Institut für Analytische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Simon A. Pfeiffer
- Institut für Analytische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig
- Germany
| | - Daniel Aigner
- Institut für Analytische Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie
- Technische Universität Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institut für Analytische Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie
- Technische Universität Graz
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Stefan Nagl
- Institut für Analytische Chemie
- Universität Leipzig
- 04103 Leipzig
- Germany
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24
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Francis W, Fay C, Florea L, Diamond D. Self-propelled chemotactic ionic liquid droplets. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:2342-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09214g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[P6,6,6,14][Cl] droplets show self-propelled movement within open fluidic channels along the liquid–air interface in directions determined by external chemical gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Francis
- The Insight Centre for Data Analytics
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
| | - Cormac Fay
- The Insight Centre for Data Analytics
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
| | - Larisa Florea
- The Insight Centre for Data Analytics
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
| | - Dermot Diamond
- The Insight Centre for Data Analytics
- National Centre for Sensor Research
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9
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25
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Florea L, Wagner K, Wagner P, Wallace GG, Benito-Lopez F, Officer DL, Diamond D. Photo-chemopropulsion--light-stimulated movement of microdroplets. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:7339-7345. [PMID: 25236879 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201403007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The controlled movement of a chemical container by the light-activated expulsion of a chemical fuel, named here "photo-chemopropulsion", is an exciting new development in the array of mechanisms employed for controlling the movement of microvehicles, herein represented by lipid-based microdroplets. This "chemopropulsion" effect can be switched on and off, and is fully reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Florea
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9, Ireland
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26
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Zhang X, Han Y, Li J, Zhang L, Jia X, Wang E. Portable, Universal, and Visual Ion Sensing Platform Based on the Light Emitting Diode-Based Self-Referencing-Ion Selective Field-Effect Transistor. Anal Chem 2014; 86:1380-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403312f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key
Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of
Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Yanchao Han
- State Key
Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of
Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key
Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of
Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
| | - Libing Zhang
- State Key
Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of
Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
| | - Xiaofang Jia
- State Key
Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of
Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
| | - Erkang Wang
- State Key
Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of
Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wencel
- Optical Sensors Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University , Dublin, 9 Ireland
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28
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Castro F, Ferreira A, Rocha F, Vicente A, Teixeira JA. Precipitation of hydroxyapatite at 37 °C in a meso oscillatory flow reactor operated in batch at constant power density. AIChE J 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Castro
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological Engineering, Dept. of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar; Braga 4710-057 Portugal
| | - António Ferreira
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar; Braga 4710-057 Portugal
- LEPAE-Laboratory for Process, Environmental and Energy Engineering, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto; Rua Roberto Frias, s/n Porto 4200-465 Portugal
| | - Fernando Rocha
- LEPAE-Laboratory for Process, Environmental and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto; Rua Roberto Frias, s/n Porto 4200-465 Portugal
| | - António Vicente
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar; Braga 4710-057 Portugal
| | - José António Teixeira
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar; Braga 4710-057 Portugal
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